WarmUp #31. Read “London Blitz” on pg. 839 & give at least 3
details about the Battle of Britain.
2. Read “The Attack on Pearl Harbor " on pg. 841 & answer the two questions from the primary source.
The Rise of Totalitarianism
Important Terms to Know…authoritarian state: complete obedience to the authority
of the state as opposed to individual freedoms
dictatorship: one person holds all the power in the state
totalitarian state: government controls political, social, economic, intellectual & cultural lives of citizens
Fascism (Italy): political ideology where the state (& dictator) was glorified above the individual
Nazism (Germany): political ideology of extreme German nationalism…mixed with strong anti-Semitism, strong anti-communism & the Social Darwinian theories of social struggle
Japan• 1920s: economic & political crises• struggle between civilians & military to control government• 1930s: military takeover of government
– emphasis of nationalism & absolute loyalty to emperor!
• Manchurian (Mukden) Incident (1931): Japan used “attack” on railway as an excuse to take over Manchuria (NW China & Korea)
– purpose: Japanese needed natural resources
• aggressive attitudes towards U.S.A. & Western European nations
• close ties to Nazi Germany: – signed Anti-Comintern Pact (1936) with Germany
agreeing to stop spread of communism (anti-Soviet Union)
Tojo Hideki of Japan
Italy & Benito Mussolini• Benito Mussolini: “Il Duce” = the leader• 1919: created Fascio di Combattimento political
group (fascist party)• 1920-1921: formed Blackshirts to attack the
communists • 1922: demanded more land for Italy, by
emphasizing nationalism• 1922: forced the king to make him the Prime
Minister!• 1926: closed down all free press, made laws by
decree & recognized the independence of Vatican City, in exchange for the backing of the Pope
Benito Mussolini: “Il Duce”
Soviet Union & Joseph Stalin• Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) formally created in 1922
– after Vladimir Lenin’s death, power struggle between Leon Trotsky & Joseph Stalin…not Lenin’s choice of successor, but Stalin kept Lenin’s policies
– by 1929, Stalin eliminated the original Bolsheviks from Politburo (policy-making body of the Communist Party)
• 5 Year Plans: transform USSR into a fully-industrial country in 5-year increments
• collectivization: private farms eliminated & peasants worked land owned by the government
• costs of Stalin’s programs:– 1) peasants hated collectivization, so hoarded food…bad crop years
led to the starvation of over 10 million people in 1932-33– 2) continual purging of government leaders (bureaucratic, military,
intellectual) from Stalin’s paranoia• killed or sent protesters to Siberia to forced labor & work camps
(Gulag) …by 1936, 38.8 million arrested!
Joseph Stalin
Spain & Francisco Franco• Spanish Civil War (1936-39)
– rebellion under fascist Francisco Franco → overthrow of democratic government
• Hitler & Mussolini helped Franco’s troops
– Hitler saw it as a test war
• Pablo Picasso painted Guernica to show horrors of the Civil War
• Franco won & setup authoritarian government
Francisco Franco (Spain)
Pablo Picasso’s Guernica
Read pg. R74 in the textbook & answer the questions dealing with Pablo Picasso, the Spanish Civil War & the Nazi destruction of Guernica.
Germany & Adolf Hitler• der Führer
– the leader (National Socialist German Workers’ Party or Nazis)• militia: the Brownshirts
• while in jail, he wrote his ideas in Mein Kampf (my struggle)• promised to create a new Germany “Third Reich” by:
1) giving $$$ to private companies to hire workers 2) rearmament: rebuild the German army, navy & air force3) creating a pure German race (“Aryans”)4) blaming the Jewish population for Germany’s loss in World War I
& the Treaty of Versailles
• appointed German Chancellor (1933)– gained absolute power by the act of Reichstag (legislative body)
• purged government of the Jews & created concentration camps: large prison, work & death camps (Auschwitz, Dachau)
Adolf Hitler (Germany)
Nuremberg Rally & Parade
Hitler's Imperial March
Nazi Germany: 1933-1939• creation of Third Reich, full of Aryans (pure Germans with blond hair & blue
eyes; tall & strong)• SS (Gestapo): secret police, who ran the concentration camps
– 2 principles: terror & ideology• Joseph Goebbels: propaganda minister• used all means to convince people of the Nazi ideology
– movies, newspapers, posters, slogans, loudspeakers in parks, mass rallies, etc…the power of the radio!
– “if you say something often enough, people will believe it”
• Anti-Semitism: Nuremburg Laws (1935) passed– Jews not allowed to be German citizens– Jews not allowed to marry German citizens– Jews had to wear yellow star of David & carry ID cards
• Kristallnacht (November 9, 1938) “Night of Shattered Glass”– Nazis destroyed Jewish businesses & homes– sent many Jews to concentration camps– those who remained were forced to clean up the destruction– Jews were not allowed in public places
Joseph Goebbels
Kristallnacht
Graphic Organizer
Dictator Country Political Party
Type of Govt.
Policies Characteristics
Hideki
Tojo
Benito
Mussolini
fascist dictator;
authorit-arian
Joseph
Stalin
communist dictator; totalitar-ian
Francisco
Franco
fascist dictator; authorit-arian
Adolf
Hitler
Nazi dictator; totalitar-ian
Further Study!Chp. 27, Sec. 4: Dictators in Europe
Create FBI profiles on Benito Mussolini in Italy, Joseph Stalin in the Soviet Union & Adolf Hitler in Germany.
1. Who were they?2. What were their policies?3. How did they treat their people?
4. How did the people respond?