WarmUp #31. Read “London Blitz” on pg. 839 & give at least 3

details about the Battle of Britain.

2. Read “The Attack on Pearl Harbor " on pg. 841 & answer the two questions from the primary source.

The Rise of Totalitarianism

Important Terms to Know…authoritarian state: complete obedience to the authority

of the state as opposed to individual freedoms

dictatorship: one person holds all the power in the state

totalitarian state: government controls political, social, economic, intellectual & cultural lives of citizens

Fascism (Italy): political ideology where the state (& dictator) was glorified above the individual

Nazism (Germany): political ideology of extreme German nationalism…mixed with strong anti-Semitism, strong anti-communism & the Social Darwinian theories of social struggle

Japan• 1920s: economic & political crises• struggle between civilians & military to control government• 1930s: military takeover of government

– emphasis of nationalism & absolute loyalty to emperor!

• Manchurian (Mukden) Incident (1931): Japan used “attack” on railway as an excuse to take over Manchuria (NW China & Korea)

– purpose: Japanese needed natural resources

• aggressive attitudes towards U.S.A. & Western European nations

• close ties to Nazi Germany: – signed Anti-Comintern Pact (1936) with Germany

agreeing to stop spread of communism (anti-Soviet Union)

Tojo Hideki of Japan

Italy & Benito Mussolini• Benito Mussolini: “Il Duce” = the leader• 1919: created Fascio di Combattimento political

group (fascist party)• 1920-1921: formed Blackshirts to attack the

communists • 1922: demanded more land for Italy, by

emphasizing nationalism• 1922: forced the king to make him the Prime

Minister!• 1926: closed down all free press, made laws by

decree & recognized the independence of Vatican City, in exchange for the backing of the Pope

Benito Mussolini: “Il Duce”

Soviet Union & Joseph Stalin• Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) formally created in 1922

– after Vladimir Lenin’s death, power struggle between Leon Trotsky & Joseph Stalin…not Lenin’s choice of successor, but Stalin kept Lenin’s policies

– by 1929, Stalin eliminated the original Bolsheviks from Politburo (policy-making body of the Communist Party)

• 5 Year Plans: transform USSR into a fully-industrial country in 5-year increments

• collectivization: private farms eliminated & peasants worked land owned by the government

• costs of Stalin’s programs:– 1) peasants hated collectivization, so hoarded food…bad crop years

led to the starvation of over 10 million people in 1932-33– 2) continual purging of government leaders (bureaucratic, military,

intellectual) from Stalin’s paranoia• killed or sent protesters to Siberia to forced labor & work camps

(Gulag) …by 1936, 38.8 million arrested!

Joseph Stalin

Spain & Francisco Franco• Spanish Civil War (1936-39)

– rebellion under fascist Francisco Franco → overthrow of democratic government

• Hitler & Mussolini helped Franco’s troops

– Hitler saw it as a test war

• Pablo Picasso painted Guernica to show horrors of the Civil War

• Franco won & setup authoritarian government

Francisco Franco (Spain)

Pablo Picasso’s Guernica

Read pg. R74 in the textbook & answer the questions dealing with Pablo Picasso, the Spanish Civil War & the Nazi destruction of Guernica.

Germany & Adolf Hitler• der Führer

– the leader (National Socialist German Workers’ Party or Nazis)• militia: the Brownshirts

• while in jail, he wrote his ideas in Mein Kampf (my struggle)• promised to create a new Germany “Third Reich” by:

1) giving $$$ to private companies to hire workers 2) rearmament: rebuild the German army, navy & air force3) creating a pure German race (“Aryans”)4) blaming the Jewish population for Germany’s loss in World War I

& the Treaty of Versailles

• appointed German Chancellor (1933)– gained absolute power by the act of Reichstag (legislative body)

• purged government of the Jews & created concentration camps: large prison, work & death camps (Auschwitz, Dachau)

Adolf Hitler (Germany)

Nuremberg Rally & Parade

Hitler's Imperial March

Nazi Germany: 1933-1939• creation of Third Reich, full of Aryans (pure Germans with blond hair & blue

eyes; tall & strong)• SS (Gestapo): secret police, who ran the concentration camps

– 2 principles: terror & ideology• Joseph Goebbels: propaganda minister• used all means to convince people of the Nazi ideology

– movies, newspapers, posters, slogans, loudspeakers in parks, mass rallies, etc…the power of the radio!

– “if you say something often enough, people will believe it”

• Anti-Semitism: Nuremburg Laws (1935) passed– Jews not allowed to be German citizens– Jews not allowed to marry German citizens– Jews had to wear yellow star of David & carry ID cards

• Kristallnacht (November 9, 1938) “Night of Shattered Glass”– Nazis destroyed Jewish businesses & homes– sent many Jews to concentration camps– those who remained were forced to clean up the destruction– Jews were not allowed in public places

Joseph Goebbels

Kristallnacht

Graphic Organizer

Dictator Country Political Party

Type of Govt.

Policies Characteristics

Hideki

Tojo

Benito

Mussolini

fascist dictator;

authorit-arian

Joseph

Stalin

communist dictator; totalitar-ian

Francisco

Franco

fascist dictator; authorit-arian

Adolf

Hitler

Nazi dictator; totalitar-ian

Further Study!Chp. 27, Sec. 4: Dictators in Europe

Create FBI profiles on Benito Mussolini in Italy, Joseph Stalin in the Soviet Union & Adolf Hitler in Germany.

1. Who were they?2. What were their policies?3. How did they treat their people?

4. How did the people respond?