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Vocab review• Monomer= generic name for a building block unit
– eg: a monosaccharide is a monomer of a polysaccharide
• Polymer= generic name for 3 or more monomers bonded together– eg= three or more monosaccharides bonded
together are a polymer, specifically a polysaccharide
• Dehydration synthesis= building bigger molecules by taking water out
• Degradation hydrolysis= breaking up big molecules into smaller ones by putting water in
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Lipidslong term energy storage
concentrated energy
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Lipids • Lipids are composed of C, H, O
– Defining characteristic: long hydrocarbon chains (H-C) or rings
• 3 Classes:– fats– phospholipids– steroids
• Do not form polymers– big molecules made of smaller subunits– not a continuing chain
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Fats (triglycerides and fatty acids) • Structure:
– glycerol– 3 fatty acids
dehydration synthesis
H2O
enzyme
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Fats have functions!
• Long HC chain– polar or non-polar?– hydrophilic or hydrophobic?
• Function:– energy storage – cushion organs– insulates body
• think whale blubber!
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Saturated fats
• All C bonded to H
• No C=C double bonds– long, straight chain– most animal fats – solid at room temp.
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Unsaturated fats
• C=C double bonds in the fatty acids– plant & fish fats – vegetable oils– liquid at room temperature
• the kinks made by doublebonded C prevent the molecules from packing tightly together
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Saturated vs. unsaturated
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Phospholipids • Structure:
– glycerol + 2 fatty acids + PO43-
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Phospholipids
– fatty acid tails =
– PO43- head =
– split “personality”
hydrophobichydrophilic
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Phospholipids in water
• Hydrophilic heads “attract” to H2O
• Hydrophobic tails “hide” from H2O
– can self-assemble into “bubbles” or bilayers
bilayer
water
water
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Why is this important?• Phospholipids create a barrier in water
– define outside vs. inside– they make cell membranes!
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Steroids• Structure:
– 4 fused C rings + functional groups + HC tail• different steroids created by attaching different
functional groups to rings• different structure creates different function
cholesterol
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Cholesterol• Important cell component
– animal cell membranes– precursor of all other steroids
• including vertebrate sex hormones
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Cholesterol
helps keep cell membranes
fluid & flexible
Important component of cell membrane
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FAT
STEROID
PHOSPHOLIPID
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Nucleic acids
• Monomers= nucleotides
• Polymers= nucleic acids (DNA, RNA, ATP)
nucleotide