Download - (US History) World War I
664
WorldWar I
1914ndash1919Why It Matters
World War I changed the world The people of the time called the conflict the Great Warand they believed that there could never again be another like it Although the United States
tried to remain neutral it was drawn into the conflict
The Impact TodayThe war touched all aspects of life When the fighting was over the United States emerged
as one of the great powers in the world
The American Journey Video The chapter 23 video ldquoOver Thererdquo examinesthe impact of technology in World War I
1914bull Beginning of
Great Migration1915bull Germany torpedoes
the Lusitania
1914bull Franz Ferdinand assassinated
bull World War I begins
1917bull Lenin leads Bolshevik
Revolution
Wilson1913ndash1921
1917bull Zimmermann telegram angers US
bull United States enters WW I
bull Selective Service Act passed
CHAPTER 23 World War I
1914 1916
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null
36728065
665
1920bull Senate rejects League
of Nations
1918bull World War I ends
bull Flu epidemic kills more than 20 million worldwide
1919bull Treaty of Versailles signed
HISTORY
Chapter OverviewVisit tajglencoecom andclick on Chapter 23mdashChapter Overviews to pre-view chapter information
To the Front World War I combined traditional means of warfare suchas the cavalry with modern means such as the tank and the airplane
CHAPTER 23 World War I
1918 1920
1918bull National War Labor
Board is set up
1914 1915 1917 1919 War1916 1918 Post-
Step 1 Fold two sheets of paper in half from topto bottom
Time Line Study Foldable Time lines are usedto list important dates in chronological order Usethis foldable to sequence key events of World War I
Reading and Writing As you read the chapterrecord key events that occurred during each yearof World War I
Step 2 Turn the papers and cut each in half
Step 3 Fold the four pieces in half from topto bottom
Step 4 Tape the ends of the pieces together(overlapping the edges very slightly) to make anaccordion time line and label it as shown
Cut alongfold lines
Piecesof tape
666
June 1914Franz Ferdinandis assassinated
July 1914Austria-Hungarydeclares war on Serbia
August 1914Germany declares war on Russia and France
1916France and Germany fightthe Battle of Verdun
CHAPTER 23 World War I
The swift chain of events that led to war in Europe in 1914 stunned AmericansMost agreed with Jeannette Rankinmdashthe first woman to serve in the US Congress ata time when women could not even vote in most statesmdashthat ldquoYou can no more wina war than you can win an earthquakerdquo Most Americans wanted the country to stayout of other countriesrsquo affairs They saw no good reason to get involved in a conflictthat they believed grew out of national pride and greed As time went on the UnitedStates found it more and more difficult to remain neutral
Troubles in EuropeThe people of Sarajevo crowded the streets of their city on the morning of
June 28 1914 They wanted to see Archduke Franz Ferdinand the heir to thethrone of the Austro-Hungarian Empire The royal couple had come on a statevisit to Bosnia an Austrian province Suddenly shots rang out The archdukeand his wife were hit and died soon after The assassination destroyed the delicate balance of European stability Within weeks Europe was at war Thetensions that led to World War I had roots that went back many years The con-flicts grew as European nations pursued dreams of empires built up theirarmies and formed alliances
Main IdeaWhen Europe went to war in 1914the United States tried to stay out ofthe conflict
Key Termsnationalism ethnic groups mili-tarism alliance system ententebalance of power
Reading StrategyOrganizing Information As you readthe section re-create the diagrambelow and identify four causes ofWorld War I
Read to Learnbull what factors led to World War Ibull how the early fighting progressed
in Europe
Section ThemeScience and Technology Newweapons and other technology wereused in fighting the war
War in Europe
Causes of WWI
Preview of Events
Guide to Reading
1914 1915 1916
Jeannette Rankin
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Forming AlliancesAlong with militarism came a strengthening
of the alliance system or the defense agree-ments among nations By 1914 two majoralliances had been established Germany Aus-tria-Hungary and Italy banded together in theTriple Alliance while Great Britain France andRussia joined in the Triple Entente An ententeis an understanding among nations
The alliances aimed to keep peace by creatinga balance of powermdasha system that prevents anyone country from dominating the others Yet thealliance system actually posed a great dangerAn attack on one nation was all that was neededto trigger a war involving many countries
Europe was like a powder keg One Americandiplomat noted that it would take ldquoonly a sparkto set the whole thing offrdquo That spark wasignited in the Balkans
Describing What was the purposeof the alliance system
Crisis in the BalkansThe Balkan Peninsula in southeastern
Europe was a hotbed of nationalist and ethnicrivalries in the early 1900s The nations ofGreece Albania Romania and Bulgaria arguedover territory while Slavic nationalists hopedto unite all the Slavic peoples in the regionEspecially bitter was the dispute between Austria-Hungary whose Slavic people desiredindependence and the neigh-boring nation of Serbiawhich supported the Slavsand opposed the empire
An Assassination Leadsto War
Franz Ferdinandrsquosassassin Gavrilo Principwas a member of a Ser-bian nationalist groupPrincip and other terroristshad plotted the murder toadvance the cause of the unifi-cation of Slavic peoples
NationalismNationalism a feeling of intense loyalty to
onersquos country or group caused much of the ten-sion in Europe On the one hand nationalismencouraged new nations such as Italy and Ger-many to unify and to establish their power inthe world Italy had become a kingdom in the1860s and the German states had united in the1870s Their actions challenged the position ofolder nations such as Great Britain and France
On the other hand nationalism inspired certain groups of people to break away fromexisting nations Some of these ethnic groupsmdashpeople who share a common language and traditionsmdashdemanded independent nations oftheir own
Imperial ExpansionTension in Europe also grew out of the desire
of nations to expand their empires Nationscompeted for colonies in Africa Asia and otherparts of the world These colonies not onlybrought new markets and raw materials theyalso added to a nationrsquos prestige
Great Britain and France already possessedlarge overseas empires but they wanted toexpand them even more Germany Italy andRussia wanted to increase their colonial hold-ings as well Because few areas were left to col-onize however expansion by one Europeannation often brought it into conflict withanother power
Military BuildupAs European nations competed for colonies
they strengthened their armies and navies toprotect their interests If one nation increasedits military strength its rivals felt threatenedand built up their own military in response Inthis atmosphere of militarism GermanyFrance and Russia developed huge armies inthe early 1900s
Great Britain an island nation had theworldrsquos largest and strongest navy When Ger-many began to challenge Britainrsquos naval powerin the early 1900s a bitter rivalry grew betweenthe two nations The rivalry led to an arms racethat threatened peace in Europe
ArchdukeFranz Ferdinand
CHAPTER 23 World War I
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22591336
A day later Germany invaded Belgium aspart of a plan to sweep across eastern andnorthern France In doing so Germany violateda treaty signed in 1839 guaranteeing Belgiumrsquosneutrality The invasion of Belgium promptedGreat Britain to honor its pledge to protect Bel-gium and Britain declared war on Germany
Describing What actions did Austria-Hungary take after the assassination of Franz Ferdinand
A World War BeginsThe ldquoGreat Warrdquo had begun On one side were
the Allied Powers or the AlliesmdashGreat BritainFrance and Russia On the other were the Central
668 CHAPTER 23 World War I
44
11
77
55
99 66
88
33
22
500 kilometers
500 miles0
0Azimuthal Equidistant projection
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EW
AR
CTIC
CIRCLE
20degW
10degW0deg 10degE 20degE 30degE 40degE
40degN
50degN
30degW 60degN
70degN
Atlantic
Ocean
Mediterranean Sea
NorthSea
BlackSea
CaspianSea
AralSea
Baltic
Sea
GERMANY
SWEDEN
FRANCE
SPAIN
ITALY
PORTUGAL
SPANISHMOROCCO
MOROCCO
ALGERIA TUNISIA
SWITZ
ALBANIA
MONTE-NEGRO
SERBIA
AUSTRIA-HUNGARY
RUSSIA
ROMANIA
OTTOMAN EMPIREPERSIA
CYPRUS
GREECE
BULGARIA
DENMARK
NORWAY
ICELAND
NETH
BELG
LUX
UNITEDKINGDOMIreland
GreatBritain
Sarajevo
1 Region What nations made up the the Central Powers2 Drawing Conclusions What incident sparked the
beginning of World War I
Europe in World War I 1914
Allies
Central Powers
Neutral nations
June 28 Franz Ferdinand assassinated
July 28 Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia
July 30 Russia mobilizes armed forces
Aug 1 Germany declares war on Russia
Aug 3 Germany declares war on France
Aug 4 Germany invades Belgium
Aug 4 Britain declares war on Germany
Aug 6 Austria-Hungary declares war on Russia
Aug 12 France and Britain declare war on Austria-Hungary
11
22
33
44
55
66
77
88
99
The rulers of Austria-Hungary blamed the Ser-bian government for the assassination andmoved to crush the Serbian nationalist move-ment After making sure its ally Germany supported its decision Austria-Hungary sent a letter to Serbia listing harsh demands WhenSerbia refused the conditions Austria-Hungarydeclared war on Serbia on July 28 1914
Europersquos system of alliances caused the warto spread Russia which had agreed to protectSerbia prepared for war This brought Ger-many to the side of its ally Austria-HungaryGermany declared war on Russia on August 11914 Knowing France was an ally of RussiaGermany declared war on France on August 3
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94771286
PowersmdashGermany Austria-Hungary and theOttoman (Turkish) Empire which joined the warin October 1914 Japan a rival of Germany inAsia joined the Allies in late August 1914 Italyrefused to honor its alliance with Germany andAustria-Hungary Instead it joined the Allies in1915 after being promised territory in Austriaafter the war
Fighting on the Western FrontIn launching an offensive through Belgium
Germany hoped to defeat France quickly anddestroy the French armies This would allowGermany to move troops east against Russia
The plan almost succeeded The Belgianshowever held out heroically for nearly threeweeks against the powerful German army Thisdelay gave the French and British time to mobi-lize their forces
After defeating the Belgians the Germansmarched into France and advanced to within15 miles of Paris The British and Frenchfinally managed to stop the German advanceat the Marne River just a few miles east of thecity The Battle of the Marne fought betweenSeptember 5 and 12 1914 saved Paris frominvasion by the Germans and boosted Frenchmorale It also made it clear that neitherside was capable of winning the warquickly or easily
After the Battle of the Marne the fight-ing in western Europe reached a stale-mate For the next three years theopposing armies faced each other acrossan elaborate network of deep trenchesTrenches along the front lines providedsome protection from flying bullets andartillery shells Support trenches behindthe lines served as headquarters first-aidstations and storage areas
In 1916 both sides attempted to breakthe deadlock of trench warfare by launch-ing major offensives The German offen-sive the Battle of Verdun in northeasternFrance began in February and continuedon and off until December At first the Ger-mans made small gains but these were lostafter the French counterattacked Verdun
was one of the longest and bloodiest battles of thewar When it was over more than 750000 Frenchand German soldiers had lost their lives
While the Battle of Verdun raged the Britishand French launched their own offensive innorthern France in Julymdashthe Battle of theSomme Again the number of casualties wasextremely high The Allies gained only about 7 miles (112 km) in the offensive
Deadly TechnologyNew and more deadly weapons accounted
for the terrible slaughter during these battlesImproved cannons and other artillery firedlarger shells greater distances than ever beforeBetter rifles enabled soldiers to hit targets withgreater accuracy
Poison gas another new and devastatingweapon was first used by the Germans overAllied lines in April 1915 The gas could kill orseriously injure anyone who breathed it ABritish officer said
ldquoThey fought with terror running blindly inthe gas cloud and dropping in agonyrdquo
Airplanes were first used in combat during World War I
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18651686
Checking for Understanding1 Key Terms Write headlines for
events during the World War I erause each of the following termsnationalism militarism alliance system entente
2 Reviewing Facts What nationsmade up the Triple Alliance TheTriple Entente
Reviewing Themes3 Science and Technology Why were
casualties so high in World War I
Critical Thinking4 Determining Cause and Effect How
did forming alliances increase thelikelihood of war in Europe
5 Determining Cause and EffectRe-create the diagram below anddescribe two effects that militarismhad on rival nations
Analyzing Visuals6 Geography Skills Examine the map
on page 668 When did Germanydeclare war on France On what sidedid Belgium fight
The Allies began to use poison gas also and gasmasks became necessary equipment for soldiersin the trenches
The armored tank first used in World War I inJanuary 1916 proved effective for crossing battlelines to fire on the enemy at close range Tanksalso could crush barbed wire providing an eas-ier route for advancing troops After the Ger-mans saw the effectiveness of tanks theyproduced them too
The most dramatic new weaponmdashthe air-planemdashadded a new dimension to fighting inWorld War I Both sides used airplanes for watch-ing troop movements and bombing enemy tar-gets Daring pilots waged duels in the skies calledldquodogfightsrdquo The first fighter planes were onlyequipped with machine guns which were fas-tened to the top wing The most famous pilotsincluded Germanyrsquos ldquoRed Baronrdquo Baron vonRichthofen and Americarsquos Eddie Rickenbackerwho served in the French air force The Germansused the zeppelin or blimp to bomb Allied cities
On the SeasWith their land armies deadlocked in western
Europe both sides looked to the sea to gain anadvantage in the war Great Britain blockadedall ports under German control eventually caus-ing serious shortages Many Germans sufferedfrom malnutrition and illness because of lack offood and other supplies
Germany had an effective naval weapon of itsown the submarine Known as U-boatsmdashfromthe German word for submarine Unterseebootmdashsubmarines prevented supplies including foodfrom reaching Great Britain U-boat attacks onships at sea eventually affected the United Statesand changed the course of the war
Explaining What did both sidesrealize after the Battle of the Marne
670 CHAPTER 23 World War I
Science Research the inventionsthat were developed in World War IMake a chart in which you describeeach invention and a possiblepeacetime use of the invention
Militarism
United States neutrality was put to a test when German U-boats (shownhere) attacked American ships
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115929375
671
April 1917US declares war on Germany
Main IdeaThe United States entered the conflicton the side of the Allies
Key Termspropaganda autocracy
Reading StrategyAnalyzing Information As you readthe section re-create the diagrambelow and list two reasons the UnitedStates found it difficult to maintainneutrality
Read to Learnbull how Americans responded to the
war in Europebull what led to American involvement
in the war
Section ThemeGovernment and Democracy TheUnited States officially neutral at firstentered the conflict
Americarsquos Roadto War
CHAPTER 23 World War I
President Wilson struggled to remain neutral even after Americans had been killedat the outbreak of World War I Others felt differently An American businessmancabled the president after the Laconia was sunk by Germans ldquoMy beloved motherand sister have been foully murdered on the high seas I call upon my govern-ment to preserve its citizensrsquo self-respect and save others of my countrymen from suchdeep grief as I now feel I am of military age able to fight If my country can use meagainst these brutal assassins I am at its callrdquo Remaining neutral grew more andmore difficult
American NeutralityPresident Wilson had to make some difficult decisions He declared that the
United States would be neutral in the war and called on Americans to be ldquoneu-tral in fact as well as in name impartial in thought as well as in actionrdquo Otherinfluential political leaders also argued strongly in favor of neutrality
Maintaining neutrality
August 1914Europe goes to war
May 1915Germany torpedoesthe Lusitania
March 1917Zimmermanntelegram angers US
Preview of Events
Guide to Reading
1914 1916 1918
Magazine cover 1914
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7178473
When Europe went to war in August 1914most Americans believed that the war did notconcern them Many shared the view expressedin an editorial in the New York Sun
ldquoThere is nothing reasonable in such a warand it would be [foolish] for the country to sac-rifice itself to the policies and the clash ofancient hatreds which is urging the Old World to destructionrdquo
Despite Wilsonrsquos plea to remain neutralAmericans soon began to take sides More thanone-third of the nationrsquos 92 million people wereeither foreign-born or the children of immi-grants Many of these people naturally sympa-thized with their countries of origin Some of the8 million Americans of German or Austriandescent and the 45 million Irish Americansmdashwho hated the British because they ruled Ire-landmdashfavored the Central Powers
Even more Americans however includingPresident Wilson felt sympathetic to the AlliesTies of language customs and traditions linkedthe United States to Great Britain and manyAmericans were of British descent President Wilson told the British ambassador ldquoEverything
672 CHAPTER 23 World War I
History
The Lusitania left New York for England on May 1 1915Germany had placed a warning notice in American news-papers but few people took it seriously How did theUnited States respond to German U-boat attacks
I love most in the world is at stakerdquo A Germanvictory ldquowould be fatal to our form of govern-ment and American idealsrdquo
Using PropagandaTo gain the support of Americans both sides
in the war used propagandamdashinformationdesigned to influence opinion Allied propa-ganda emphasized the German invasion of neu-tral Belgium and included horror stories ofGerman atrocities It called the Germans ldquoHunsrdquoand pictured them as savage barbarians
The propaganda from the Central Powers wasequally horrible but because of British sympa-thies the Allied propaganda was more effectivein influencing Americans
Americarsquos Early InvolvementTrade between the United States and the
Allies helped build support for the Allied causeAs a neutral nation America sought to tradewith both sides but Britainrsquos blockade of Ger-many made this difficult
The British navy stopped and searched Amer-ican ships headed for German ports often seiz-ing the shipsrsquo goods The United Statesprotested that its ships should be able to passwithout interference The British responded
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CHAPTER 23 World War I
with the defense that they were fighting for theirsurvival ldquoIf the American shipper grumblesrdquowrote a London paper ldquoour reply is that thiswar is not being conducted for his pleasure orprofitrdquo The United States government could donothing about the blockade Barred from tradingwith Germany it continued trading with Britain
Indeed American trade with the Alliessoared In addition Great Britain and Franceborrowed billions of dollars from Americanbanks to help pay for their war efforts All thisbusiness caused an economic boom in theUnited States It also upset the Germans whowatched the United Statesmdashsupposedly a neu-tral nationmdashhelping the Allies
Submarine WarfareTo stop American aid to Britain Germany
announced in February 1915 that it would useits U-boats to sink any vessels that entered orleft British ports President Wilson warned that
America would hold Germany responsible forany American lives lost in submarine attacksDetermined to cut off supplies to Great Britainthe Germans ignored this threat
On May 7 1915 a German U-boat torpedoedthe British passenger liner Lusitania off the coastof Ireland WT Turner the captain reported
ldquoI saw the torpedo speeding towards usImmediately I tried to change our course butwas unable to maneuver out of its way Therewas a terrible impact as the torpedo struck thestarboard side of the vessel It was cold-blooded murderrdquo
The Lusitania sank in about 15 minutes Morethan 1000 people died including 128 UnitedStates citizens Americans were outraged andPresident Wilson denounced the attack Later itwas learned that the ship carried war materials (See page 973 for a passengerrsquos account of the sinking)
SubmarineDuring World War I GermanU-boats or submarinesbecame the terror of the seas What part of the craftguided the submarine up and down
The rudder steersthe vessel
3Torpedo tubes were alwaysloaded About 12 torpedoescould be carried at a time
4
673
2 The diving ruddersguide the submarine to different depths
The conning toweris the attack center
Periscope
Deck gun
Engine room
Control room
Crewrsquos quarters
1
The United States began building its own submarinefleet during the war The fastest American submarinesreached a top surface speed of 14 knots (a little morethan 16 miles per hour)
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106630264
Several months later a German U-boat torpe-doed the unarmed French passenger ship Sussexinjuring several Americans Fearing that theAmericans might enter the war Germany offeredto compensate Americans injured on the Sussexand promised to warn neutral ships and passen-ger vessels before attacking The Sussex Pledgeas it was called seemed to resolve the issue
Describing What is the aim ofpropaganda
The End of NeutralityThe crisis over submarine warfare led the
United States to take steps to strengthen its mil-itary In the summer of 1916 Congress passedlegislation that doubled the size of the army andprovided funds to build new warships Presi-dent Wilson still hoped however to stay out ofthe war
674 CHAPTER 23 World War I
Antiwar sentiment remained very strongSome Americans criticized the nationrsquos militarybuildup seeing it as a step toward entering thewar A popular song in 1915 expressed thisopposition
ldquoI didnrsquot raise my boy to be a soldierI brought him up to be my pride and joyWho dares place a musket on his shoulderTo shoot some other motherrsquos darling boyrdquo
Antiwar sentiment was strong at the 1916 Democratic national convention where all refer-ences to the presidentrsquos efforts to keep the coun-try out of war brought wild applause AfterWilson was nominated for a second term thephrase ldquoHe Kept Us Out of Warrdquo became theDemocratsrsquo slogan The question of neutralitydivided the Republicans and Republican presi-dential candidate Charles Evans Hughesavoided discussing the issue Wilson narrowlydefeated Hughes
In January 1917 German foreign min-ister Arthur Zimmermann cabled theGerman ambassador in Mexico instruct-ing him to make an offer to the Mexicangovernment Zimmermann proposedthat Mexico help Germany in the eventthat the United States entered the warTo encourage Mexicorsquos cooperation Ger-many promised that Mexico wouldregain some of the region that it lost tothe United States in 1848 A British offi-cial intercepted Zimmermannrsquos telegramThe telegram read
ldquoOn the first of February we intendto begin submarine warfare unre-stricted In spite of this it is ourintention to endeavor to keep neutralthe United States of America
If this attempt is not successfulwe propose an alliance on the follow-ing basis with Mexico That we shallmake war together and togethermake peace We shall give generousfinancial support and it is under-stood that Mexico is to reconquer thelost territory in New Mexico Texasand Arizona The details are left toyou for settlementhellip
You are instructed to inform thePresident of Mexico of the above inthe greatest confidence as soon as itis certain that there will be an out-break of war with the United Statesand suggest that the President ofMexico on his own initiative shouldcommunicate with Japan suggestingadherence at once to this plan at the
same time offer to mediate betweenGermany and Japan
Please call to the attention of thePresident of Mexico that the employ-ment of ruthless submarine warfarenow promises to compel England tomake peace in a few monthsrdquo
Widely publicized by British and inthe American press the Zimmermanntelegram angered Americans and helpedbuild popular sentiment for the warThen between March 12 and March 19four American merchant ships were sunkwithout warning On April 2 1917 Presi-dent Wilson asked the members of Con-gress to declare war on Germany
mdashadapted from Almost HistoryRoger Bruns copy2000
The British Had Not Intercepted the Zimmermann Note
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675CHAPTER 23 World War I
On the Brink of WarIn January 1917 Germany reversed its policy
on submarine warfare It announced that itwould sink on sight all merchant vessels armedor unarmed sailing to Allied ports While realiz-ing that their policy might bring the Americansinto the war the Germans believed they coulddefeat the Allies before the United States becameheavily involved An angry President Wilsonbroke off diplomatic relations with Germany
A few weeks later a secret telegrammdashinter-cepted by the British governmentmdashset off a newwave of anti-German feeling In late Februarythe German foreign minister Arthur Zimmer-mann sent a telegram to Mexico with an offer tothe Mexican government
ldquo[W]e shall make war together and togethermake peace [A]nd it is understood that Mexico is to reconquer the lost territory in NewMexico Texas and Arizonardquo
1 Why was the British government eager to inform theUnited States of Germanyrsquos offer to Mexico What didit hope to gain
2 If there were no Zimmermann note do you think theUnited States would have a) entered the war when itdid in April b) entered the war at a later time or c) notbeen drawn into the war at all
Newspapers published the secret Zimmer-mann telegram on March 1 and Americansreacted angrily to the German action
Revolution in RussiaIn the weeks following publication of the
Zimmermann telegram dramatic events pushedthe United States to the brink of war First a rev-olution took place in Russia Following a periodof rioting and strikes the Russian people over-threw the monarchy In its place they establisheda temporary government that promised freeelections
Many Americans believed that the new Russian government which vowed to defeat Germany would help the Allies With Russiarsquoschange to a democratic form of government Wilson could now claim that the Allies werefighting a war of democracy against autocracymdashrule by one person with unlimited power
Other critical events took place at sea InMarch 1917 within a few days time the Ger-mans attacked and sank four American shipsmdashthe Algonquin the City of Memphis the Illinoisand the Vigilancia Thirty-six lives were lost
President Wilson continued to struggle withhis conscience He was convinced that warwould destroy much of the optimism and sym-pathy to human needs that had allowed Amer-ica to make the social progress it had Hiscabinet on the other hand strongly favored warOne government official later explained
ldquoIf we had stayed out of the war and Ger-many had won there would no longer havebeen a balance of power in Europe or a Britishfleet to support the Monroe Doctrine and toprotect Americardquo
President Wilson decided that the UnitedStates could no longer remain neutral
America Enters the WarOn the cold rainy evening of April 2 1917
President Wilson stood before a special sessionof Congress to ask for a declaration of waragainst Germany
AJ-675
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16248186
1 Key Terms Define propaganda and autocracy
2 Reviewing Facts What did the Zimmermann telegram promise to Mexico
Reviewing Themes3 Government and Democracy What
steps did President Wilson have totake to make an official declarationof war
Critical Thinking4 Determining Cause and Effect
Explain how the war in Europebrought about an economic boom in the United States
5 Sequencing Information Re-createthe diagram below and explain howthese events led the United Statesinto the war
Analyzing Visuals6 Picturing History Examine the sub-
marine on page 673 What was thetop speed of American submarinesWhat was the purpose of the divingrudders
ldquoThe world must be made safe for democracy It is a fearful thing to lead this great peacefulpeople into war into the most terrible and disas-trous of all wars But the right is more pre-cious than peace rdquo
Congress did not agree at once to a formal res-olution of war Some members of Congressagreed with Senator George Norris of NebraskaHe held that Americarsquos involvement in the warwas the fault of American financiers and armsmanufacturers who were determined to profitfrom the war no matter what it cost the rest ofthe country
In the end however most members of Con-gress agreed that if the United States wished toremain a great world power it must defend itsrights As a result Congress passed a declara-tion of war and Wilson signed it on April 6Fifty-six members of the House and Senatevoted against war including RepresentativeJeannette Rankin of Montanamdashthe first womanto serve in Congress
The United States had to raise an armyquickly On May 18 Congress passed the Selec-tive Service Act establishing a military draftUnlike the draft during the Civil War that led toriots this draft had the support of most of theAmerican public
Men aged 21 to 30(later the draft age wasextended from 18 to 45)registered by the mil-lions By the end of thewar some 24 million menhad registered Of thoseabout 3 million werecalled to serve another 2million joined the armed forces voluntarily
In addition thousands of women enlisted inthe armed forcesmdashthe first time they wereallowed to do so Women did noncombat workserving as radio operators clerks and nurses
Many African Americans also wanted toserve their country More than 300000 joined thearmy and navymdashthe marines would not acceptthem African Americans faced discriminationand racism in the armed forces just as they didin civilian life Most held low-level jobs on mili-tary bases in the United States Among the140000 African American soldiers sent toEurope 40000 saw actual combat Many servedwith distinction An African American regimentreceived medals for bravery from the Frenchgovernment One of its members Henry John-son was the first American to receive the FrenchCroix de Guerre [Cross of War] for bravery
Describing What was the purposeof the Selective Service Act
676 CHAPTER 23 World War I
Expository Writing Create head-lines announcing major eventsdescribed in Section 2 Keep inmind that headlines condensemuch information into a few words
Event
Sinking of LusitaniaZimmermann note
HISTORY
Student Web ActivityVisit tajglencoecom andclick on Chapter 23mdashStudent Web Activitiesfor an activity on WorldWar I
AJ-676
null
15098686
677
Main IdeaWith the help of American troops and supplies the Allies turned the tideagainst Germany
Key Termsconvoy front armistice
Reading StrategySequencing Information As youread the section re-create the timeline below and identify the events thattook place
Read to Learnbull what was happening in Europe when
the United States entered the warbull what role American troops played
in the fighting
Section ThemeGlobal Connections The entry of theUnited States into the war made animmediate difference eventually lead-ing to Germanyrsquos surrender
Americans Jointhe Allies
CHAPTER 23 World War I
June 1917American troops landin France
March 1918Russia withdraws from the war
June 1918American ExpeditionaryForce begins to fight
November 1918Armistice endsWorld War I
Nov1917
June1918
Oct 41918
Nov 111918
Preview of Events
Guide to Reading
1917 1918 1919
Drafted into the United States Army in 1917 Alvin York was reluctant to serve ldquoI wasworried clean throughrdquo he said ldquoI didnrsquot want to go and killrdquo York had grown up in themountains of Tennessee where he learned to shoot while hunting wild turkeys Applyinghis sharpshooting skills in World War I York killed 17 German soldiers with 17 shots Healso took 132 Germans prisoner and captured 35 enemy machine guns For his actions and bravery in combat Sergeant York received the Medal of Honor
Supplying the AlliesIn 1917 the Allies desperately needed the help of American soldiers Years of
trench warfare had exhausted the Allied armies and some French troopsrefused to continue fighting after a failed offensive in 1917 The British hadstarted to run out of war supplies and food their people were starving Fur-thermore German submarines were taking a deadly toll on Allied shippingmdashsinking one of every four ships that left British ports
Medal of Honor
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7465805
The American entry into the war made animmediate difference To ensure that neededsupplies reached Great Britain the United StatesNavy took two steps First it helped the Britishfind and destroy German submarines Then convoysmdashteamsmdashof navy destroyers escortedgroups of merchant ships across the AtlanticThe convoy system worked well In one year itreduced Allied shipping losses from 900000 to300000 tons a month With the convoy systemnot one American soldier bound for Europe waslost to submarine attack
Russian WithdrawalThe Allies needed more troops because of a
second revolution in Russia In November 1917the Bolsheviks a group of communists over-threw the democratic Russian governmentestablished in March 1917
Led by Vladimir Lenin the Bolshevikswanted to end Russiarsquos participation in the warso they could focus their energies and resourceson setting up a new Communist state Lenin tookRussia out of the war in December In March1918 he signed the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk with
678 CHAPTER 23 World War I
N
SE
W
0Lambert AzimuthalEqual-Area projection
0 250 miles
250 kilometers
50degN
40degN
20degW 10degW 10degE 20degE 30degE 40degE0deg60degN
Atlantic
Ocean
NorthSea
BalticSea
BlackSea
MediterraneanSea
EasternFront
WesternFront
WesternFront
9
1
3
45
6
82 7
May 1915 Germanysinks Lusitania
PORTUGALSPAIN
FRANCE
LUX
BELGIUM
UNITEDKINGDOM
NORWAYSWEDEN
DENMARK
GERMANYRUSSIA
AUSTRIA-HUNGARY
ITALYROMANIA
BULGARIASERBIA
GREECEOTTOMAN
EMPIRE
1 Location What country was the site of most WesternFront battles
2 Location Nearest to what front was the battle of Tannen-berg fought
Europe During World War I 1914ndash1918
Allies
Central Powers
Neutral nations
33
11 44
55
66
77
88
99
22
Tannenberg Aug 1914
1st Marne Sept 1914
Gallipoli Apr 1915 ndash Jan 1916
Verdun FebndashDec 1916
Somme JulyndashNov 1916
Chateau-Thierry andBelleau Wood June 1918
2nd Marne July 1918
St Mihiel Sept 1918
Meuse-Argonne SeptndashNov 1918
Major Battles
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73404236
679CHAPTER 23 World War I
Germany surrendering Poland the Ukraine andother territory to the Germans Russiarsquos with-drawal from the war allowed the Germans tomove hundreds of thousands of troops from theEastern Frontmdashline of battlemdashto the WesternFront in France
New German OffensiveReinforced by the transfer of troops the Ger-
mans now launched a powerful offensiveagainst the Allies German military leadershoped to drive a wedge in the Allied lines and tocapture the city of Amiens before proceeding toParis Between March and June 1918 they ham-mered at Allied lines pushing them back towithin 40 miles (64 km) of Paris After years ofstalemate along the Western Frontmdashthe areaalong the French-German bordermdashit suddenlylooked as if Germany might win the war
American Troops in the WarAlthough the first American soldiers had
reached France in June 1917 many monthspassed before they were ready for battle Whenthey finally began to fight the Americanshelped turn the war around
General John J Pershing led the AmericanExpeditionary Force (AEF) the American troopsin Europe American correspondent Floyd Gib-bons described the tremendous welcome theFrench gave Pershing and his troops in Paris
ldquoThe sooty girders of the Gare du Nord [rail-road station] shook with cheers when the spe-cial train pulled in A minute later there wasa terrific roar from beyond the walls of the sta-tion The crowds outside had heard the cheeringwithin Pershing took Paris by stormrdquo
Life in the trenches was miserable Soldiers lived in dirt and mud for months at a timeBetween the enemy lines lay a ldquono-manrsquos landrdquo of barbed wire and land mines Endlessdays of shelling the enemy might sometimes be interrupted by an attempt to ldquobreak outrdquo of the trenches and advance into enemy territory
AJ-679
null
9983878
680
The AEF reached full strength in Europe inthe spring of 1918 The French and Britishwanted to use the American soldiers to build uptheir own troops but General Pershing refusedHe preferred to keep the AEF a separate force
The American Expeditionary Force saw its firstserious fighting in early June 1918 It helped turnback a German offensive at Chacircteau-Thierry onthe Marne River east of Paris The Americantroops then advanced to nearby Belleau WoodFor 24 hours a day for the next three weeksAmerican forces fought their way through theforest against a solid wall of German machine-gun fire In July the Americans and the Frenchfought back German attacks on Allied forcesalong the Marne and the Somme Rivers
By the middle of July the Allies had stoppedthe German offensive General Pershing wrotethat the battles had ldquoturned the tide of warrdquo TheAllies now began an offensive of their own Inmid-September about 500000 ldquodoughboysrdquomdashthenickname given to American soldiersmdashfightingalone defeated the Germans at Saint Mihiel eastof Verdun Later in the month more than onemillion American troops joined the Allies in theBattle of the Argonne Forest west of Verdun
The Battle of the Argonne Forest raged fornearly seven weeks with soldiers struggling overthe rugged heavily forested ground Rain mudbarbed wire and withering fire from Germanmachine guns hindered the Alliesrsquo advance andmany lives were lost
American lieutenant Elden Betts wondered if he would survive the battle and wrote homemdashin case ldquoI get mine tomorrowrdquo He said he hopedhis family would be proud of him ending withldquoNow good-bye and thank you Pop Edie andMargierdquo Four days later Betts was killed
The Battle of the Argonne Forest ended inearly November when the Allies finally pushedback the Germans and broke through the enemylines The Germans now were faced with aninvasion of their own country
Identifying What was the firstmajor battle to involve Americans
The End of the WarWith their troops in retreat German military
leaders realized they had little chance of win-ning the war The Allied forces were now forti-fied by the Americans In addition the Germanssuffered from severe shortages of food and otheressential supplies
Request for an ArmisticeOn October 4 1918 the German government
appealed to President Wilson for an armisticeAn armistice is an agreement to end the fight-ing Wilson consented under certain conditionsGermany must accept his plan for peace and
In 1915 the Germans introduced anew weaponmdashpoison gas In timeall of the combatants would use gaswarfare Artillery shells containinggas were fired at the enemy andwind carried the gas into trenchescausing blindness choking dam-aged lungs and death
AJ-680
null
16368361
promise not to renew hostilities All Germantroops must leave Belgium and France FinallyWilson would deal only with civilian leadersnot with the military
While German leaders considered Wilsonrsquosdemands political unrest erupted in GermanyOn November 9 the German kaiser oremperor Wilhelm II was forced to give up histhrone Germany became a republic and itsnew leaders quickly agreed to Wilsonrsquos termsfor the armistice
Peace BeginsThe armistice began on November 11 1918
Germany agreed to withdraw all land forceswest of the Rhine River withdraw its fleet tothe Baltic Sea and surrender huge amounts ofequipment
With the signing of the armistice the GreatWar ended President Wilson announced
ldquoEverything for which America fought hasbeen accomplished It will now be our duty toassist by example by sober friendly counseland by material aid in the establishment of justdemocracy throughout the worldrdquo
Describing What conditions didGermany accept to end the fighting
Checking for Understanding1 Key Terms Write headlines for three
news stories about World War I useeach of the following terms convoyfront armistice
2 Reviewing Facts Who led the Amer-ican forces in Europe
Reviewing Themes3 Global Connections According to
the armistice from where did Germany agree to withdraw its land forces
Critical Thinking4 Predicting Consequences Do you
think the Allies would have won thewar if the United States had notintervened Why or why not
5 Determining Cause and EffectRe-create the diagram below and listthree reasons the Allies needed thehelp of American forces
Analyzing Visuals6 Geography Skills Examine the map
on page 678 When was the battle atSt Mihiel fought When was the Bat-tle of Gallipoli fought Do you think it was easier for Norway Spain andSweden to remain neutral than it wasfor Switzerland Why
CHAPTER 23 World War I 681
Descriptive Writing Write the textfor a radio broadcast announcingthe arrival of American soldiers inParis in 1917
Armistice Day first observed on November 111919 honored the Allied soldiers who died inWorld War I In 1954 Armistice Day was renamedVeteransrsquo Day in honor of all those living anddead who had served with US armed forces inwartime Similar commemorations take place inCanada on Remembrance Day and the UnitedKingdom on Remembrance Sunday
Honoring the Veterans
Soldiers receive the Distin-guished Service Cross
Allied needs
AJ-681
null
7481477
682
OutliningWhy Learn This Skill
To sketch a scene you first draw the rough shapeor outline of the picture Then you fill in this roughshape with details Outlining written material is asimilar process You begin with the rough shape ofthe material and gradually fill in the details
Learning the SkillThere are two kinds of outlinesmdashformal and infor-
mal An informal outline is similar to taking notesYou write only the words and phrases needed toremember main ideas
A formal outline has a standard format In a formaloutline label main heads with Roman numbers sub-heads with capital letters and details with Arabicnumerals and lowercase letters Each level shouldhave at least two entries and should be indentedfrom the level above
When outlining written material first read thematerial to identify the main ideas In textbooks section heads provide clues to main topics Thenidentify the subheads Place supporting details underthe appropriate head
Practicing the SkillStudy the partial outline of Section 3 on this pageThen answer the following questions
1 Is this a formal or an informal outline
2 What are the three main topics
3 If you wanted to add two facts about the AEFwhere would you put them in the outline Wouldyou use numbers or letters to label the facts
Applying the SkillOutlining Following the guidelines above pre-pare an outline for Section 2 of Chapter 23
Glencoersquos Skillbuilder InteractiveWorkbook CD-ROM Level 1 providesinstruction and practice in key social studies skills
Study amp WritingStudy amp Writing
Outline of Chapter 23 Section 3I European Allies need help
A Allied armies are exhausted1 Trench warfare depletes supplies2 Russia leaves war
B Civilians are in trouble1 People are starving2 Supply ships are sunk by Germans
II Americans enter the warA United States Navy patrols seas
1 German U-boats are destroyed2 Convoys protect Allied ships
a Losses are reduced by two-thirds
b No American soldiers are killedB American Expeditionary Force (AEF)
lands in Europe1 Germans lose at Chacircteau-Thierry2 Germans are defeated at Bel-
leau WoodIII Allies take the offensive
A Battle of Argonne Forest is foughtB President Wilson lists conditions
for armistice
CHAPTER 23 World War I
AJ-682
null
9722667
683
Main IdeaWorld War I drastically changed life inthe United States
Key Termsmobilization dissent socialistpacifist espionage sabotage
Reading StrategyAnalyzing Information As you readthe section re-create the diagrambelow and describe the goals of these agencies
Read to Learnbull what steps the United States took to
organize and prepare for WorldWar I
bull how the war affected Americans
Section ThemeEconomic Factors Americarsquos involve-ment in the war in Europe led to eco-nomic challenges and opportunities at home
The War at Home
CHAPTER 23 World War I
July 1917Race riots occur in East St Louis
April 1918National War LaborBoard is set up
June 1918Congress passes Sabotageand Sedition acts
ldquoOver there over thereSend the word send the word
over thereThat the Yanks are coming the Yanks
are comingThe drums rum-tumming evrsquorywhere
So prepare say a prayrsquorSend the word send the word to
bewareWersquoll be over wersquore coming overAnd we wonrsquot come back till itrsquos over
over thererdquo
ldquoOver Thererdquo sheet music
Agency Goals
Food Administration
War Industries Board
Committee on Public Information
George M Cohan wrote this rousing song to help create enthusiasm for Americarsquosparticipation in World War I ldquoOver Thererdquo was performed at rallies to raise money forthe war
Mobilizing the NationAfter declaring war on Germany in 1917 Americans immediately focused their
energies on getting ready to fight a war Mobilizationmdashthe gathering of resourcesand the preparation for warmdashaffected almost every part of American life
Preview of Events
Guide to Reading
1917 1918 1919
AJ-683
null
62955605
684 CHAPTER 23 World War I
title FPO
The prospect of finding good jobs alsobrought hundreds of thousands of AfricanAmericans to Northern cities from the ruralSouth In addition thousands of Mexicansmigrated to the United States in search of jobs
Paying for the WarWar is costly World War I cost the United
States an enormous amount of moneymdashabout$32 billion Two-thirds of this money wasraised by selling the American people warbonds or Liberty Bonds
The federal government also raised money forthe war by increasing taxes and requiring agreater number of Americans to pay incometaxes It taxed wealthy Americans at rates as highas 70 percent of their income The governmentalso imposed steep taxes on business profits
EconomicsProducing Supplies
The United States had to produce food notonly for its own needs but also for the AlliesPresident Wilson appointed Herbert Hooverwho had helped organize food for war refugeesin Europe to head a new Food AdministrationThis agency launched a campaign to encourageAmerican farmers to produce more and to per-suade the public to eat less The agency urgedpeople to observe ldquoWheatless Mondaysrdquo ldquoMeat-less Tuesdaysrdquo and ldquoPorkless Thursdaysrdquo and toadd to their own store of food by planting ldquovic-tory gardensrdquo Slogans such as ldquoServe JustEnoughrdquo and ldquoUse All Leftoversrdquo remindedAmericans to conserve food
The Food Administration also imposed pricecontrols on various agricultural products toencourage voluntary rationingmdashlimitation ofuse As a result of such efforts Americans con-sumed less food expanded food productionand increased food exports
Another government agency the War Indus-tries Board supervised the nationrsquos industrialproduction The boardrsquos responsibilitiesincluded converting factories to the productionof war-related goods and setting prices for keyconsumer products
$
bull Nationalistic pride
bull Competition for colonies
bull Military buildup
bull Tangled web of alliances
bull Assassination of Franz Ferdinand
bull Destruction in Europe
bull Boom in the American economy
bull Suppression of dissent in US
bull Allied victory
bull Defeated empires lose their colonies
After World War I the United States was established as aworld leader and an economic giant
Analyzing Information How did World War I affect theeconomy of the United States
To ensure production of vital war materialsthe government created the National War LaborBoard in April 1918 The board pressured busi-nesses to grant some of the workersrsquo pressingdemands As a result workers won an eight-hour working day extra pay for overtime equalpay for women and the right to form unions Inreturn workers agreed not to go on strike
Workers During the WarTo meet the need for supplies and weapons
the nationrsquos industries had to expand At thesame time however millions of men left theirjobs in industry to serve in the armed forces andfew European immigrantsmdashwho might havetaken these jobsmdashcame to the United States dur-ing the war
The labor shortage provided new job opportu-nities for women and minorities Many womenjoined the workforce for the first time Womenwere hired for jobs previously held by men
AJ-684
null
1737156
685CHAPTER 23 World War I
Mobilizing SupportThe federal government also needed to
mobilize public support for the war becauseantiwar sentiment remained strong even afterthe United States entered the war PresidentWilson appointed journalist George Creel tohead the Committee on Public InformationThe mission of the committee was to persuadeAmericans that the war represented a battle fordemocracy and freedom
The Committee on Public Information distrib-uted millions of pro-war pamphlets posters articles and books It provided newspaperswith government accounts of the war and advertisements It arranged for short patriotictalks called Four-Minute Speeches to be pre-sented before plays and movies The committeehired speakers writers artists and actors tobuild support for the war It was the greatestpropaganda campaign the nation had ever seen
Explaining Why did the UnitedStates face a labor shortage during the early days of WorldWar I
Americans and the WarWorld War I provided a boost for the Ameri-
can economy Yet the war had harmful effects onAmerican society as well In the interest ofnational unity the government stifled voices ofdissent or opposition Racial and other tensionsremained and many Americans became intoler-ant of those who were ldquodifferentrdquo
African American MigrationFrom 1914 to 1920 between 300000 and
500000 African Americans left their homes inthe rural South to seek jobs and settle in North-ern cities Known as the Great Migration thistremendous population movement continuedthe northward migration that had begun in thelate 1800s
Many African American workers who trav-eled north did find jobs But their new lives werenot easy Often they lived in tiny crowdedapartments in segregated neighborhoods andthey found that racial prejudice continued tohaunt their lives in the North
The son of Swiss immigrants who settledin Ohio Edward Ricken-backer was the leadingAmerican combat pilot ofWorld War I ldquoCaptainEddierdquo recorded 26 offi-cial victories against Ger-man aircraft during WorldWar I and was awardedthe Medal of Honor
From his youngestdays Rickenbacker wasfascinated by technologyand speed He worked on
automobile engines thenstruck out on his own asa race car driver he wonmany championships andset a world record forspeed driving
When the UnitedStates entered the warRickenbacker volun-teered After less thanthree weeks of traininghe was assigned to the94th Aero Squadron The94th was the first patrolflown in France by an all-
American squadron andwon more victories thanany other squadron
After the war Ricken-backer was associatedwith several automotiveand aviation companiesHe purchased and man-aged the IndianapolisMotor Speedway He alsobuilt Eastern Airlinesinto one of the nationrsquoslargest airlines
AJ-685
null
11812355
Checking for Understanding1 Key Terms Use each of these terms
in a sentence that will help explain itsmeaning mobilization dissentsocialist pacifist espionage sabotage
2 Reviewing Facts Describe the roleof the Committee on Public Informa-tion
Reviewing Themes3 Economic Factors Where did the
United States get most of the moneyto finance the war
Critical Thinking4 Predicting Consequences Do you
think it was necessary for the govern-ment to take strong measures againstpeople who opposed the warExplain
5 Organizing Information Re-createthe diagram below and describethree ways that Americans supportedthe war effort at home
Analyzing Visuals6 Graphic Organizer Skills Examine
the cause-and-effect chart on page684 What happened to the coloniesof the defeated nations after WorldWar I ended in 1918
686 CHAPTER 23 World War I
Citizenship Suppose that theUnited States was at war todayWrite a law that states who is eligi-ble to be drafted and what to doabout people who refuse to serve
Terrible race riots took place in several Northerncities during the war years One of the worstoccurred in East St Louis Illinois In July 1917 awhite mob attacked an African American neigh-borhood burning houses and firing on residentsas they tried to escape During the riot as many as40 African Americans died and thousands losttheir homes
Controlling Public OpinionEven after America entered the war opposi-
tion to it remained strong Some GermanAmericans and Irish Americans sympathizedwith the Central Powers Many socialistsmdashpeople who believe industries should be pub-licly ownedmdashopposed the war because theythought it would only help rich business own-ers and hurt working people Also against thewar were pacifistsmdashpeople opposed to the useof violence
During the war the Committee on PublicInformation began trying to silence dissent andportrayed people who were against the war asunpatriotic The Espionage Act that Congresspassed in 1917 gave the government a newweapon to combat dissent to the war The lawprovided stiff penalties for espionage or spyingas well as for aiding the enemy or interferingwith army recruiting Congress passed evenharsher measures in 1918mdashthe Sabotage Act and
the Sedition ActThese laws made it a crime to say printor write almost any-thing perceived asnegative about thegovernment Suchacts would be consid-ered sabotagemdashsecretaction to damage thewar effort Thousandsof peoplemdashespeciallyimmigrants socialists pacifists and laboractivistsmdashwere convicted under the laws
People became suspicious of German Ameri-cans A few communities prohibited such activi-ties as performing German music and teachingthe German language in schools As a result someGerman Americans concealed their ancestryThey even gave patriotic namesmdashsuch as ldquolibertycabbagerdquo and ldquoliberty sausagerdquomdashto German-sounding words such as sauerkraut and frankfurter
Some people spoke out against these lawsand the intolerance they produced Most Amer-icans however believed that in wartime nomeasure could be ldquotoo drasticrdquo toward traitorsand disloyal Americans
Identifying What act provided stiffpenalties for spies
Aiding the war effort
AJ-686
null
1392306
Yoursquore a Grand Old FlagGeorge M Cohan (1878ndash1942)As the UnitedStates enteredWorld War Irousing songshelped bolsterthe spirits of soldiers and
civilians alike ComposerGeorge M Cohan was awardedthe Medal of Honor for writingldquoOver Thererdquo the most popularpatriotic song of the war andfor writing ldquoYoursquore a Grand Old Flagrdquo
READ TO DISCOVERAs you read the lyrics for thefollowing song think about itspurpose How might it havehelped the countryrsquos war effortWhat words used by the com-poser are especially patriotic
READERrsquoS DICTIONARYJubilee celebrationemblem symbolauld old
Therersquos a feeling comes a-stealing And it sets my brain a-reeling
When Irsquom listening to the musicof a military band
Any tune like ldquoYankee Doodlerdquo Simply sets me off my noodle
Itrsquos that patriotic something thatno one can understand
ldquoWay down South in the land of cottonrdquo
Melody untiring Ainrsquot that inspiring
Hurrah Hurrah Wersquoll join theJubilee And thatrsquos going some
For the Yankees by gum
Red white and blue I am for you Honest yoursquore a grand old flag
Yoursquore a grand old flag Yoursquore a high flying flag
And forever in peace may you wave
Yoursquore the emblem of The land I love
The home of the free and the brave
Evrsquory heart beats true lsquoneath the Red White and Blue
Where therersquos never a boast or brag
But should auld acquaintance be forgot
Keep your eye on the grand old flag
ANALYZING LITERATURE1 Recall and Interpret What
does the American flag representto Cohan
2 Evaluate and Connect Howdoes Cohan include the South in the song
Interdisciplinary ActivityScience World War I caused a horrifying number of casualtiespartly because of new technologyResearch some medical practicesand equipment used on the battle-field at the time Describe these in a report Photocopy pictures frombooks and encyclopedias to illus-trate your report
687CHAPTER 23 World War I
AJ-687
null
13066167
1921US signs separate peacetreaty with Central Powers
Main IdeaStrong opposition greeted PresidentWilsonrsquos plans for peace
Key TermsFourteen Points League of Nationsreparations
Reading StrategyAnalyzing Information As you readthe section re-create the diagrambelow and identify these individualsand the role each played in the post-war era
Read to Learnbull what principles Woodrow Wilson
proposed as the basis for peacebull why many Americans opposed the
Treaty of Versailles
Section ThemeGlobal Connections The end of thewar brought changes to many parts ofthe world and an attempt to establishworld peace
Searching for Peace
688 CHAPTER 23 World War I
1919Paris Peace Conference beginsTreaty of Versailles is signed
1920Senate rejects the League of Nations
Individual Identity and Role
Woodrow Wilson
David Lloyd George
Henry Cabot Lodge
1919 1920 1921Preview of Events
Guide to Reading
Peace song honoring Wilson
ldquoWe want Wilsonrdquo the war-weary crowd roared ldquoLong live Dr Wilsonrdquo British stu-dents with American flags smiled tossing flowers in the Presidentrsquos path Everywhere inEurope the Wilsons visitedmdashParis Rome Milanmdashthe reception was jubilant Boostedby the cheers of the European crowds Wilson walked into the Paris Peace Conferenceat the Palace of Versailles with confidence He was sure that his plan for a just and last-ing peace would win swift approval both in Europe and in America
After the WarIn January 1919 world leaders from 27 nations gathered in Paris France for
the peace conference following World War I President Woodrow Wilson led theAmerican delegation When Wilson arrived in the city enormous crowdscheered him Well-wishers threw flowers in his path and unfurled banners thatread ldquoLong Live Wilsonrdquo With great hope Europeans looked to Wilson to helpbuild a better postwar world Yet enormous problems lay ahead
AJ-688
null
7612083
Allies42 million
Central Powers23 million
Total Mobilized ForcesAllies
51 million
Central PowersCentral Powers34 million34 million
Central Powers34 million
Military Deaths
689CHAPTER 23 World War I
Europe lay in ruins Much of its landscapewas devastated its farms and towns destroyedThe human losses were terrible France RussiaGermany and Austria-Hungary each lostbetween one and two million people in thefighting Millions more were wounded Morethan 50000 Americans were killed in battlewhile another 60000 soldiers died from diseaseEstimates for the whole war placed the numberof soldiers killed worldwide at nearly 9 millionMillions of civilians also lost their lives
Europe also faced social and political tur-moil Millions of people found themselveshomeless and hungry Civil war raged in Rus-sia Poles Czechs and other peoples struggledto form independent nations out of the col-lapsed empires of Turkey Russia and Austria-Hungary These problems complicated thesearch for peace and stability
Wilsonrsquos Fourteen PointsWoodrow Wilson had a vision of a just and
lasting peace Wilson outlined his peace plan in aproposal known as the Fourteen Points Severalof the points concerned the adjustment of bound-aries in Europe and the creation of new nationsThese points reflected Wilsonrsquos belief inldquonational self-determinationrdquomdashthe right of thepeople to decide how they should be governed
Wilson also proposed a number of principlesfor conducting international relations Theseincluded calls for free trade freedom of the seasan end to secret treaties or agreements reduc-tions and limits on arms and the peaceful set-tlement of disputes over colonies (See page 993 of
the Appendix for an excerpt of Wilsonrsquos Fourteen Points)
League of NationsWilsonrsquos final point concerned the creation of a
League of Nations The Leaguersquos member nationswould help preserve peace and prevent futurewars by pledging to respect and protect oneanotherrsquos territory and political independence
Wilsonrsquos Fourteen Points reflected his strongfaith in the ability of governments to resolvetheir problems fairly At first many Europeanswelcomed Wilsonrsquos ideas Then problems arosewhen the plan interfered with the competing
interests of the individual nations Also some ofWilsonrsquos points were vague They did not pro-pose concrete solutions to difficult questionsmdashsuch as how to achieve self-determination inregions where many different ethnic groupslived closely together
Explaining What is ldquonational self-determinationrdquo
The Peace Conference The victorious Allies dominated the talks at
the Paris Peace Conference The Allies did notinvite either Germany or Russiamdashnow ruled bythe Bolsheviksmdashto participate The major fig-ures in the negotiations were the Big FourmdashPresident Wilson Prime Minister David LloydGeorge of Great Britain Premier GeorgesClemenceau of France and Prime Minister Vit-torio Orlando of Italy
The Allies DisagreeWilson faced a difficult task Although Euro-
peans cheered him their leaders showed littleenthusiasm for the Fourteen Points
While Wilson opposed punishing thedefeated nations the European Allies soughtrevenge Clemenceau wanted to make sure thatGermany which had invaded France twice in
Analyzing Information Which side hadthe larger fighting force More casualties
AJ-689
null
19383186
Britain and the United Statessupported anti-Bolshevik forcesfighting for control of RussiaAll three countries sent troopsto Russia
The Treaty of VersaillesOn June 28 1919 after
months of difficult negotiationsthe Allies and Germany signed atreaty at the Palace of Versaillesoutside of Paris The harshterms of the treaty shocked theGermans In defeat howeverthey had no choice but to sign
Under the terms of theTreaty of Versailles Germanyhad to accept full responsibilityfor the war and to pay billionsof dollars in reparations to theAllies Germany also had todisarm completely and give upall its overseas colonies andsome territory in Europe
The treaty carved up theAustro-Hungarian and RussianEmpires to create new nationsor restore old ones The emer-gence of these nations fulfilledpart of Wilsonrsquos vision ofldquonational self-determinationrdquo
Many of the borders of the new countries weredisputed however and this led to future conflicts
Though disappointed by the rejection ofmuch of his Fourteen Points Wilson succeededin having the League of Nations included in thetreaty He believed that the League would cor-rect any mistakes in the rest of the treaty
Explaining What provisions aboutreparations were included in the Treaty of Versailles
Opposition at HomeWilson presented the Treaty of Versailles to
the United States Senate for ratification in July1919 ldquoDare we reject it and break the heart ofthe worldrdquo he asked In spite of his plea a dif-ficult struggle lay ahead
N
SE
W
300 kilometers
300 miles0
0
Azimuthal Equidistant projection
20degW 10degW 0deg 10degE 20degE 30degE 40degE 50degE
40degN
50degN
30degW40degW
60degN
70degN
AR
CTIC
CIRCLE
Atlantic
Ocean
Mediterranean Sea
NorthSea
BlackSea
Bal t i c
Sea
GERMANY
FRANCE
SPAIN
ITALY
PORTUGAL
SPANISHMOROCCO
MOROCCOALGERIA TUNISIA
LIBYA
SWITZ
ALBANIA
YUGOSLAVIA
AUSTRIA
GER
POLAND
RUSSIA
ROMANIA
TURKEYGREECE
BULGARIA
HUNGARY
LITHUANIA
LATVIA
ESTONIA
FINLANDSWEDEN
DENMARK
NORWAY
ICELAND
NETH
BELG
LUX
UNITEDKINGDOM
CZECHOSLOVAKIA
690 CHAPTER 23 World War I
1 Region What new nations bordered on Germany2 Analyzing Information Which new nations did not
have any coastline along a sea or ocean
his lifetime could never invade his countryagain He believed that Germany should be bro-ken up into smaller countries Both he andLloyd George demanded that Germany makelarge reparations or payments for the damageGermans caused in the war Although Wilsonstruggled to uphold the principles of his Four-teen Points at the Paris meeting he was forcedagain and again to compromise or give in to thedemands of the other Allies
At the same time the Allies had to decide howto deal with the new Bolshevik government ofRussia Fearing the spread of communism France
New Nations
Europe After World War I
AJ-690
null
13505061
Checking for Understanding1 Key Terms Write a short article
about the plans for peace after WorldWar I use each of these key termsFourteen Points League ofNations reparations
2 Reviewing Facts What nations werecreated or restored through theTreaty of Versailles
Reviewing Themes3 Global Connections How did Presi-
dent Wilson think the League ofNations would help maintain worldpeace
Critical Thinking4 Analyzing Information Some Amer-
icans thought the Treaty of Versailleswas too hard on Germany Whatterms would you have proposed forGermany
5 Organizing Information Re-createthe diagram below and describe theprovisions of the treaty ending WorldWar I
Analyzing Visuals6 Geography Skills Examine the map
on page 690 showing European bor-ders following World War I Which of the following was not a newnationmdashPoland Latvia or BulgariaWas Portugal a new nation
CHAPTER 23 World War I 691
Many Americans had doubts about the treatySome thought the treaty dealt too harshly withGermany A great many Americans worriedabout participation in the League of Nationswhich marked a permanent American commit-ment to international affairs
In 1919 the Republicans controlled the Senatewhich had to ratify the treaty Some Republicansenators saw the ratification issue as a chance toembarrass President Wilson a Democrat and toweaken the Democratic Party before the upcom-ing elections of 1920 Other senators had sincereconcerns about the treaty particularly theLeague of Nations A few senators opposedsigning any treaty
The most powerful opponent of the treaty wasHenry Cabot Lodge of Massachusetts head ofthe Senate Foreign Relations Committee Lodgea longtime foe of President Wilson claimed thatmembership in the League would mean that
ldquoAmerican troops and American ships may be ordered to any part of the world by nationsother than the United States and that is a propo-sition to which I for one can never assentrdquo
Lodge delayed a vote on the treaty so thatopponents could present their cases He thenproposed a number of reservations that wouldlimit Americarsquos obligations under the treaty
In September Wilson went on a nationalspeaking tour to rally support for the treaty andthe League of Nations On September 25 Wilsoncollapsed The rest of his tour was canceledBack in Washington Wilson suffered a strokethat left him partially paralyzed During thepresidentrsquos illness his wife Edith Wilson triedto shield him from the pressures of responsibil-ity and took a leading role in deciding whichissues were important enough to raise with him
The Treaty Is RejectedIn the months following Wilsonrsquos stroke
opposition to the treaty grew In March 1920when the Senate voted on the treaty withLodgersquos changes Wilson ordered loyal Demo-crats to vote against it
Opposed by most Republicans and desertedby former supporters the Treaty of Versaillesmdashalong with the League of Nationsmdashwas rejectedin the Senate Wilson hoped the 1920 electionwould be a ldquogreat and solemn referendumrdquo onthe League He even considered running for athird term In the end however Wilson did notrun In 1921 the United States signed a separatepeace treaty with each of the Central Powersand it never joined the League of Nations
Explaining How did the Senatevote on the treaty
Treaty of Versailles Geography Compare the map ofEurope after World War I to a mapof Europe today Make a list of thesignificant border changes thathave occurred since that time
AJ-691
null
14649336
Reviewing Key TermsExamine the pairs of words below Then write a sentence explaining what each of the pairs has in common1 nationalism militarism2 mobilization convoy3 Fourteen Points League of Nations4 espionage sabotage
Reviewing Key Facts5 Why did European nations form alliances6 Why did the Zimmermann telegram push the United
States toward war7 What was the Sussex Pledge8 Who won the presidency in the election of 19169 How did Russiarsquos withdrawal affect World War I
10 In what ways did the war help improve conditions forAmerican workers
11 Who were the leaders at the Paris Peace Conference12 What was Henry Cabot Lodgersquos greatest concern
about the League of Nations
Critical Thinking13 Science and Technology What advantages did air-
planes provide in the war14 Government and Democracy How did President
Wilson use Russiarsquos revolution in March of 1917 togain support for the war
15 Analyzing Information What four nations dominatedthe Paris Peace Conference
16 Determining Cause and Effect Re-create the diagrambelow and explain the causes of the labor shortage inthe United States during the war
Practicing Skills17 Outlining On a separate sheet of paper prepare an
outline of Section 5 of the text
World War I
Labor shortage
1914bull Archduke Franz Ferdinand assassinated
bull Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia
bull Germany declares war on Russia andFrance
bull Germany invades Belgium
bull Great Britain joins Allies
bull Allies turn back German forces at Marne
1915bull Poison gas used for first time in battle
bull Submarine warfare begins
bull President Wilson declares he will keep Americaout of war
bull Lusitania is sunk
1916bull French suffer heavy losses at Battle
of Verdun
bull President Wilson calls for Germany to stop submarine warfare
1917bull US severs diplomatic relations with Germany
bull US declares war on Germany in April
bull First American troops reach France in June
1918bull General Pershing leads the American Expeditionary
Force in Europe
bull Allies turn back Central Powers at Chacircteau-Thierry
bull US troops drive Germans out of Belleau Wood
bull Allies defeat German forces at Second Battle of Marne
1919bull Treaty of Versailles signed officially ending the
Great War
Self-Check QuizVisit The American Journey Web site at tajglencoecom and click on Chapter XXmdashSelf-Check Quizzes to prepare for the chapter test
HISTORY
CHAPTER 23 World War I 693
Directions Choose the bestanswer to the following question
The United States did not enter World War I until1917 Which of the following was the most impor-tant factor in convincing the American public to support the war
A German submarine attacks against Americanmerchant ships
B Continued loss of troops and land by the Russian army
C Failure of the British and French to defeat Germany
D The threat of a German invasion
Test-Taking Tip
This question asks you to remember a fact aboutWorld War I Since most Americans favored apolicy of isolation answer C is not a strongenough reason to change public opinion
Standardized Test Practice
Geography and History ActivityStudy the map below then answer the questions that follow
18 Location About how far from Paris was the Battle ofAmiens
19 Movement In which direction did Allied forces moveafter the battle of Ypres
20 Location In what country were the battles of Amiens and Verdun fought
Technology Activity21 Using the Internet Search the Internet to find out more
details about the time of the ldquoGreat WarrdquomdashWorld War IUse the information you find to create a chart titledldquoWorld War ImdashA Closer Lookrdquo Focus on causes of thewar methods of warfare and the outcome of the war forvarious countries Include numbers of casualties and costsof rebuilding
Citizenship Cooperative Activity22 Drawing Conclusions With a partner research primary
and secondary sources about the Espionage Act of 1917Write a one-page paper to answer these questions Arerestrictive laws necessary during wartime Why or whynot Share your paper with your classmates
Economics Activity23 What effects does war have on a nationrsquos economy
Describe at least one positive and one negative effect
Alternative Assessment 24 Expository Writing Write a paragraph to explain why the
League of Nations was so important to President Wilson
Self-Check QuizVisit at tajglencoecom and click on Chapter 23mdashSelf-Check Quizzes to prepare for the chapter test
HISTORY
48degN
4degE
Verdun
Argonne ForestRheims
Chˆateau-Thierry
BelleauWood
Somme
Amiens
Ypres
Marne R
Somme R
NorthSea
NETH
BELGIUM
GERMANY
LUX
FRANCE
Paris
N
S
EW
50 kilometers0Albers Conic Equal-Area projection
50 miles0
Farthest Germanadvance 1914
Allied offensive1918
Armistice line1918
Indecisive battle
Allied victory
The Western Front 1914ndash1918
694
How did you learn about the latest exciting national or inter-
national event You probably heard or read about it in the mass
mediamdashnewspapers magazines radio and television Through-
out history the media have played a major part in shaping the
opinions of Americans about national and international events
Imagine you are a news reporter Create a newspaper that
reports the events of World War I to the American public
The Way It Was
Today almost every American receives information from the
mass media The media did not always grab the publicrsquos atten-
tion so easily though Before the late 1800s newspapers simply
reported the news In the late 1800s however newspapers
started using sensational headlines When many Americans
picked up their papers and read ldquoLUSITANIA SUNK BY A SUB-
MARINE PROBABLY 1260 DEADrdquo they felt angry Many
called for revenge and war against the aggressor which many
newspapers claimed was Germany Eventually this outrage led
to Americarsquos involvement in World War I Throughout the war
while American soldiers fought with the Allies in Europe
their friends and family eagerly scanned the newspapers to
learn what was happening on the war front Americans
relied on the newspapers to keep them up to date on the lat-
est happenings Now create a special edition newspaper to
inform Americans of an event or battle of World War I
Creating a Special-Edition Newspaper
On November 7 1918
Americans read in the
newspapers that
World War I had
ended Instantly peo-
ple poured into the
streets to celebrate
However in Europe
fighting continued
The newspapers were
wrong The war really
ended three days later
paper and pen or pencil access to library
andor Internetresources
newspapers or maga-zines
tape or paste a typewriter or PC
(optional)
AJ-694
null
12204171
695
1 As a group use your textbook or othersources to research and decide whatevent situation or person(s) will be thefocus of your special-edition World War Inewspaper
2 As a group assign the following roles togroup members historian journalistillustratorcartographer and biographer
3 Individually complete the research thatrelates to the role you have beenassigned Keep in mind that newspaperreporters focus on answering the ldquofiveWrdquo questions when researching their stories Who was involved What hap-pened When it happened Where ithappened and Why it happened
4 After you complete your research writeone feature story from the viewpoint ofyour role (Remember to include the fiveWrsquos) Donrsquot forget to include a headlinethat will catch readersrsquo attention
5 Provide one another with constructiveadvice and revise the stories as needed
6 Combine your final articles into a groupnewspaper Work together to choose thebest layout for the newspaper Togetherdecide if the special-edition newspaper iscomplete Is it missing some graphicsWould it look better with a cartoon orphotograph Are some of the stories toolong or too short Revise your newspaperif needed
7 Distribute your special-edition newspaperto the class
After you have organized into groups of threeor four follow the directions below Decideupon specific tasks for each member
1 What is the subject of your special-editionnewspaper Why did your group select thistopic
2 How did working with a group help you cre-ate a better newspaper How might yournewspaper be different if you had worked onit alone
3 Analyzing Information What advice wouldyou give to a younger student who wants tobecome a newspaper reporter
Turn one of the feature stories in yournewspaper into a late-breaking radiobroadcast Before writing your broadcast
consider how an audio story would be different from a writtenstory Read your broadcast to the class
AJ-695
null
1383946
- The American JourneymdashIllinois Edition
-
- Illinois Learning Standards for Social Science
- How Does The American Journey Help Me Learn the Standards
- How Does The American Journey Help Me Test My Knowledge of Social Science
- The Illinois Constitution A Summary
- Table of Contents
-
- Previewing Your Textbook
- Scavenger Hunt
- How Do I Study History
- The Structure of Illinois Government
- Constitution Test Practice
- Reading Skills Handbook
-
- Identifying Words and Building Vocabulary
- Reading for a Reason
- Understanding What You Read
- Thinking About Your Reading
- Understanding Text Structure
- Reading for Research
-
- National Geographic Reference Atlas
-
- United States Political
- United States Physical
- United States Territorial Growth
- North America Physical
- North America Political
- Middle East PhysicalPolitical
- World Political
- United States Facts
-
- Geography Handbook
-
- What Is Geography
- How Do I Study Geography
- How Do I Use Maps
- How Does Geography Influence History
- Geographic Dictionary
-
- Be an Active Reader
- Unit 1 Different Worlds Meet Beginnings to 1625
-
- Chapter 1 The First Americans Prehistory to 1492
-
- Section 1 Early Peoples
- Section 2 Cities and Empires
- Section 3 North American Peoples
- Chapter 1 Assessment and Activities
-
- Chapter 2 Exploring the Americas 1400ndash1625
-
- Section 1 A Changing World
- Section 2 Early Exploration
- Section 3 Spain in America
- Section 4 Exploring North America
- Chapter 2 Assessment and Activities
-
- Unit 2 Colonial Settlement 1587ndash1770
-
- Chapter 3 Colonial America 1587ndash1770
-
- Section 1 Early English Settlements
- Section 2 New England Colonies
- Section 3 Middle Colonies
- Section 4 Southern Colonies
- Chapter 3 Assessment and Activities
-
- Chapter 4 The Colonies Grow 1607ndash1770
-
- Section 1 Life in the Colonies
- Section 2 Government Religion and Culture
- Section 3 France and Britain Clash
- Section 4 The French and Indian War
- Chapter 4 Assessment and Activities
-
- Unit 3 Creating a Nation 1763ndash1791
-
- Chapter 5 Road to Independence 1763ndash1776
-
- Section 1 Taxation Without Representation
- Section 2 Building Colonial Unity
- Section 3 A Call to Arms
- Section 4 Moving Toward Independence
- The Declaration of Independence
- Chapter 5 Assessment and Activities
-
- Chapter 6 The American Revolution 1776ndash1783
-
- Section 1 The Early Years
- Section 2 The War Continues
- Section 3 The War Moves West and South
- Section 4 The War Is Won
- Chapter 6 Assessment and Activities
-
- Chapter 7 A More Perfect Union 1777ndash1790
-
- Section 1 The Articles of Confederation
- Section 2 Convention and Compromise
- Section 3 A New Plan of Government
- Chapter 7 Assessment and Activities
-
- Civics in Action A Citizenship Handbook
-
- Section 1 The Constitution
- Section 2 The Federal Government
- Section 3 Citizens Rights and Responsibilities
- Handbook Assessment
-
- The Constitution of the United States
-
- Unit 4 The New Republic 1789ndash1825
-
- Chapter 8 A New Nation 1789ndash1800
-
- Section 1 The First President
- Section 2 Early Challenges
- Section 3 The First Political Parties
- Chapter 8 Assessment and Activities
-
- Chapter 9 The Jefferson Era 1800ndash1816
-
- Section 1 The Republicans Take Power
- Section 2 The Louisiana Purchase
- Section 3 A Time of Conflict
- Section 4 The War of 1812
- Chapter 9 Assessment and Activities
-
- Chapter 10 Growth and Expansion 1790ndash1825
-
- Section 1 Economic Growth
- Section 2 Westward Bound
- Section 3 Unity and Sectionalism
- Chapter 10 Assessment and Activities
-
- Unit 5 The Growing Nation 1820ndash1860
-
- Chapter 11 The Jackson Era 1824ndash1845
-
- Section 1 Jacksonian Democracy
- Section 2 Conflicts Over Land
- Section 3 Jackson and the Bank
- Chapter 11 Assessment and Activities
-
- Chapter 12 Manifest Destiny 1818ndash1853
-
- Section 1 The Oregon Country
- Section 2 Independence for Texas
- Section 3 War with Mexico
- Section 4 New Settlers in California and Utah
- Chapter 12 Assessment and Activities
-
- Chapter 13 North and South 1820ndash1860
-
- Section 1 The Norths Economy
- Section 2 The Norths People
- Section 3 Southern Cotton Kingdom
- Section 4 The Souths People
- Chapter 13 Assessment and Activities
-
- Chapter 14 The Age of Reform 1820ndash1860
-
- Section 1 Social Reform
- Section 2 The Abolitionists
- Section 3 The Womens Movement
- Chapter 14 Assessment and Activities
-
- Unit 6 Civil War and Reconstruction 1846ndash1896
-
- Chapter 15 Road to Civil War 1820ndash1861
-
- Section 1 Slavery and the West
- Section 2 A Nation Dividing
- Section 3 Challenges to Slavery
- Section 4 Secession and War
- Chapter 15 Assessment and Activities
-
- Chapter 16 The Civil War 1861ndash1865
-
- Section 1 The Two Sides
- Section 2 Early Years of the War
- Section 3 A Call for Freedom
- Section 4 Life During the Civil War
- Section 5 The Way to Victory
- Chapter 16 Assessment and Activities
-
- Chapter 17 Reconstruction and Its Aftermath 1865ndash1896
-
- Section 1 Reconstruction Plans
- Section 2 Radicals in Control
- Section 3 The South During Reconstruction
- Section 4 Change in the South
- Chapter 17 Assessment and Activities
-
- Unit 7 Reshaping the Nation 1858ndash1914
-
- Chapter 18 The Western Frontier 1858ndash1896
-
- Section 1 The Mining Booms
- Section 2 Ranchers and Farmers
- Section 3 Native American Struggles
- Section 4 Farmers in Protest
- Chapter 18 Assessment and Activities
-
- Chapter 19 The Growth of Industry 1865ndash1914
-
- Section 1 Railroads Lead the Way
- Section 2 Inventions
- Section 3 An Age of Big Business
- Section 4 Industrial Workers
- Chapter 19 Assessment and Activities
-
- Chapter 20 Toward an Urban America 1865ndash1914
-
- Section 1 The New Immigrants
- Section 2 Moving to the City
- Section 3 A Changing Culture
- Chapter 20 Assessment and Activities
-
- Unit 8 Reform Expansion and War 1865ndash1920
-
- Chapter 21 Progressive Reforms 1877ndash1920
-
- Section 1 The Progressive Movement
- Section 2 Women and Progressives
- Section 3 Progressive Presidents
- Section 4 Excluded from Reform
- Chapter 21 Assessment and Activities
-
- Chapter 22 Overseas Expansion 1865ndash1917
-
- Section 1 Expanding Horizons
- Section 2 Imperialism in the Pacific
- Section 3 Spanish-American War
- Section 4 Latin American Policies
- Chapter 22 Assessment and Activities
-
- Chapter 23 World War I 1914ndash1919
-
- Section 1 War in Europe
- Section 2 Americas Road to War
- Section 3 Americans Join the Allies
- Section 4 The War at Home
- Section 5 Searching for Peace
- Chapter 23 Assessment and Activities
-
- Unit 9 Turbulent Decades 1919ndash1945
-
- Chapter 24 The Jazz Age 1919ndash1929
-
- Section 1 Time of Turmoil
- Section 2 Desire for Normalcy
- Section 3 A Booming Economy
- Section 4 The Roaring Twenties
- Chapter 24 Assessment and Activities
-
- Chapter 25 The Depression and FDR 1929ndash1941
-
- Section 1 The Great Depression
- Section 2 Roosevelts New Deal
- Section 3 Life During the Depression
- Section 4 Effects of the New Deal
- Chapter 25 Assessment and Activities
-
- Chapter 26 World War II 1939ndash1945
-
- Section 1 Road to War
- Section 2 War Begins
- Section 3 On the Home Front
- Section 4 War in Europe and Africa
- Section 5 War in the Pacific
- Chapter 26 Assessment and Activities
-
- Unit 10 Turning Points 1945ndash1975
-
- Chapter 27 The Cold War Era 1945ndash1954
-
- Section 1 Cold War Origins
- Section 2 Postwar Politics
- Section 3 The Korean War
- Section 4 The Red Scare
- Chapter 27 Assessment and Activities
-
- Chapter 28 America in the 1950s 1953ndash1960
-
- Section 1 Eisenhower in the White House
- Section 2 1950s Prosperity
- Section 3 Problems in a Time of Plenty
- Chapter 28 Assessment and Activities
-
- Chapter 29 The Civil Rights Era 1954ndash1973
-
- Section 1 The Civil Rights Movement
- Section 2 Kennedy and Johnson
- Section 3 The Struggle Continues
- Section 4 Other Groups Seek Rights
- Chapter 29 Assessment and Activities
-
- Chapter 30 The Vietnam Era 1960ndash1975
-
- Section 1 Kennedys Foreign Policy
- Section 2 War in Vietnam
- Section 3 The Vietnam Years at Home
- Section 4 Nixon and Vietnam
- Chapter 30 Assessment and Activities
-
- Unit 11 Modern America 1968ndashPresent
-
- Chapter 31 Search for Stability 1968ndash1981
-
- Section 1 Nixons Foreign Policy
- Section 2 Nixon and Watergate
- Section 3 The Carter Presidency
- Chapter 31 Assessment and Activities
-
- Chapter 32 New Challenges 1981ndashPresent
-
- Section 1 The Reagan Presidency
- Section 2 The Bush Presidency
- Section 3 A New Century
- Section 4 The War on Terrorism
- Chapter 32 Assessment and Activities
-
- Appendix
-
- What Is an Appendix and How Do I Use One
- Primary Sources Library
- Presidents of the United States
- Documents of American History
- Supreme Court Case Summaries
- Gazetteer
- Glossary
- Spanish Glossary
- Index
- Acknowledgements and Photo Credits
-