Download - Unit 3B The Brain
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Unit 3B
The Brain
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The Brain
Lesion tissue
destruction a brain lesion
is a naturally or experimentally caused destruction of brain tissue
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Ways of Viewing the Brain:
Structure?Function?
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Electroencephalogram (EEG)
an amplified recording of the waves of electrical activity that sweep across the brain’s surface
these waves are measured by electrodes placed on the scalp
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The Brain (Video1) CT (computed tomography) Scan
a series of x-ray photographs taken from different angles and combined by computer into a composite representation of a slice through the body; also called CAT scan
PET (positron emission tomography) Scan a visual display of brain activity that detects where a
radioactive form of glucose goes while the brain performs a given task
MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) a technique that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to
produce computer-generated images that distinguish among different types of soft tissue; allows us to see structures within the brain
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PET Scan
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MRI Scan
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Brain Structure:
Oldest parts of the brain are in all mammals. Humans have the most developed Cerebral Cortex.
We will work from the inside….up.
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The Brain
Brainstem the oldest part and central core of the brain,
beginning where the spinal cord swells as it enters the skull
responsible for automatic survival functions (Pons, Medulla, and Reticular Formation)
Medulla [muh-DUL-uh] base of the brainstem controls heartbeat and breathing
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The Brain
Pons- key role in sleep and dreams
Reticular Formation a nerve network in the brainstem that
plays an important role in controlling arousal
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The Brain
Thalamus [THAL-uh-muss] the brain’s sensory switchboard, located
on top of the brainstem it directs messages to the sensory
receiving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla
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The Brain
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The Brain
Cerebellum [sehr-uh-BELL-um] the “little brain”
attached to the rear of the brainstem
it helps coordinate voluntary movement and balance
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The Brain Limbic System
a doughnut-shaped system of neural structures at the border of the brainstem and cerebral hemispheres
associated with emotions such as fear and aggression and drives such as those for food and sex
includes the hippocampus, amygdala, and hypothalamus.
Amygdala [ah-MIG-dah-la] two almond-shaped neural clusters that are
components of the limbic system and are linked to emotion
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The Brain Hypothalamus
neural structure lying below (hypo) the thalamus; directs several maintenance activities eating drinking body temperature
helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland
is linked to emotion
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The Limbic System
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The Cerebral Cortex
Cerebral Cortex the intricate fabric of
interconnected neural cells that covers the cerebral hemispheres
the body’s ultimate control and information processing center
Glial Cells cells in the nervous system that
support, nourish, and protect neurons
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The Cerebral Cortex
Frontal Lobes involved in speaking and muscle movements
and in making plans and judgments Parietal Lobes
include the sensory cortex Occipital Lobes
include the visual areas, which receive visual information from the opposite visual field
Temporal Lobes include the auditory areas
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The Cerebral Cortex
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The Cerebral Cortex
Motor Cortex area at the rear of the frontal lobes that
controls voluntary movements Sensory Cortex
area at the front of the parietal lobes that registers and processes body sensations
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The Cerebral Cortex
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Visual and Auditory Cortex
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The Cerebral Cortex
Functional MRI scan shows the visual cortex activated as the subject looks at faces
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Association Areas More intelligent animals have increased
“uncommitted” or association areas of the cortex
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The Brain and Language Aphasia
impairment of language, usually caused by left hemisphere damage either to Broca’s area (impairing speaking) or to Wernicke’s area (impairing understanding)
Broca’s Area an area of the left frontal lobe that directs
the muscle movements involved in speech Wernicke’s Area
an area of the left temporal lobe involved in language comprehension and expression
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Specialization and Integration (video5)
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Specialization and Integration
Brain activity when hearing, seeing, and speaking words
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Brain Reorganization
Plasticitythe brain’s capacity for modification, as evident in brain reorganization following damage (especially in children) and in experiments on the effects of experience on brain development
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Video, number 25
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http://news.yahoo.com/video/brazilian-man-survives-pole-piercing-203614138.html
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Our Divided Brain
Corpus Callosum large band
of neural fibers
connects the two brain hemispheres
carries messages between the hemispheres
Corpus callosum
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Our Divided Brain The information
highway from the eye to the brain
http://www.web-us.com/BRAIN/braindominance.htm
video
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Split Brain
a condition in which the two hemispheres of the brain are isolated by cutting the connecting fibers (mainly those of the corpus callosum) between them
Roger Sperry Split Brain Video
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Brain Structures and their Functions
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