Unit 3B:Biological Bases of Behavior:

The BrainOverview model of brain

Unit Overview

1. The Tools of Discovery: Having Our Head Examined

2. Brain Structures

3. The Cerebral Cortex

4. Our Divided Brain

5. Right-Left Differences in the Intact Brain

6. The Brain and Consciousness

Click on the any of the above hyperlinks to go to that section in the presentation.

The Tools of Discovery: Having Our Head Examined

prep DVD1, Neuroscience and Behavior, #2

Introduction

• lesion two effects of

damage to a rat’s hypothalamus?

LO #1, p. 67

What are three ways scientists can stimulate parts of the brain?

1.

2.

3.

Recording the Brain’s Electrical Activity

• electroencephalogram (EEG)

How does an EEG work?

What might it reveal?

Rachel W. taste

Neuroimaging Techniques• CT (Computed Tomography) scan

• PET (Positron Emission Tomography) scan

• MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging)

• fMRI (Functional MRI)

How is a CT scan different from PET scan?

MRI from fMRI?

Structure or function?

Video: Mapping the Brain Through Electrical Stimulation, 2:40 (DVD1, Neuroscience and Behavior, clip 05, p. 13)

prep Vol. 2, DVD1 (Neuroscience and Behavior), Clip 106

Brain Structures

The Brainstem

• brainstem–medulla–pons (relays signals from

forebrain to the cerebellum

–reticular formation

LO #2 – importance of lower-level brain structures

The Thalamus

• thalamus–all the senses

EXCEPT smell; (brain’s sensory switchboard or post office)

The Cerebellum

• cerebellum–“little brain”

Michael Jordan

The Limbic System

• limbic System–hippocampus

Video: Compulsive Gambling and the Brain’s Pleasure Center

Vol. 2, DVD1 (Neuroscience and Behavior), Clip 106, 5:20 min.

The Limbic SystemThe Amygdala

• amygdala–aggression and

fear

The Limbic SystemThe Hypothalamus

• hypothalamus, p. 72

–influence on the pituitary gland

–reward centers–reward deficiency

syndrome (e.g., Kim Rainer)

Hypothalamus is responsible for “drives” including sexual behavior.

Yes, the hypothalamus is responsible for “sexual behavior.”

What does THAT mean?

“. . . and the two shall become one flesh.”

Review of web site

www.pureintimacy.org

Click on God’s design for sexThen on What’s Good About Sex

The Cerebral Cortex

prep Phineas Gage video

Introduction

• cerebrum – the two large hemispheres

–cerebral cortexthin surface layer

LO #3 – cerebral cortex regions

Structure of the Cortex

• glial cells (“glue cells”)

• lobes–frontal lobe

–parietal lobe

–occipital lobe

–temporal lobe

Functions of the CortexMotor Functions

• motor cortex• mapping the

motor cortex(surgery humor)

• neural prosthetics(paralyzed 25-yr. old man)

Functions of the CortexSensory Functions

• sensory cortex

(brain model)

A B

CD

Listening to music

Waving your arm

Feeling gloves on your hands

Viewing a sunset

Hearing your name being called

Making plans for dinner

Seeing your friend’s face

Experiencing an itch

Temporal

Temporal

Occipital

Parietal

Frontal

FrontalOccipitalParietal

Lobes of the Cerebral Cortex

For each statement, identify the lobe that has the primary responsibility for that activity or experience.

Functions of the CortexAssociation Areas

• association areas–frontal lobe (motor strip)

–Phineas Gage(demo of frontal association

area at work)

–parietal lobe (sensory strip)

–temporal lobe(brain model)

Video: Phineas Gage

then prep DVD1, Neuroscience and Behavior, clip 06

Video: Planning, Life Goals, and the Frontal Lobe, (DVD1, Neuroscience and Behavior, clip 06, p. 14, 6:20)

(Vietnam veteran)

Language

• aphasia, p. 80

–Broca’s area (damage disrupts speaking)

–Wernicke’s area (damage disrupts understanding)

LO #4 – areas of language processing

Language, p. 81

prep DVD1, Neuroscience and Behavior, clip 08

Language

Language

Language

Language

Language

Video: Language and Brain Plasticity, 4:00 (DVD1, Neuroscience and Behavior, clip 08, p. 18)

prep “Split Brain”

The Brain’s Plasticity

• brain damage–plasticity

(ability to modify itself after . . .)

–constraint-induced therapy (forced use of . . .)

–neurogenesis (generate new brain cells)

LO #5 – reorganization of damaged brain

Our Divided Brain

Splitting the Brain

• Vogel and Bogen, p. 83

–corpus-callosum–split brain (result?)

–Myers and Gazzaniga (brains of cats and monkeys)

LO #6 – what split brains reveal

Video: Split Brain, 12:26

Right-Left Differences in the Intact Brain

While sitting at your desk, lift your right foot off the floor and make clockwise circles with it.

Now, while doing this, draw the number "6" in the air with your right hand. What happens?

How Smart Is Your Right Foot?

Right-Left Brain Differences

• hemispheric specialization, p. 87

–perceptual tasks (right)

–language (effect of sedative to left hemisphere)

LO #7 – handedness

ACTIVITYHandout 3B-4

The Wagner Preference Inventory

Hand Usage Questionnaire

1. Draw? Left Right Either

2. Write? Left Right Either

3. Use a bottle opener? Left Right Either

4. Throw a snowball? Left Right Either

5. Use a hammer? Left Right Either

6. Use a toothbrush? Left Right Either

7. Use a screwdriver? Left Right Either

8. Use an eraser on paper? Left Right Either

9. Use a tennis racket? Left Right Either

10.Use a scissors? Left Right Either

11.Stir a can of paint? Left Right Either

12.On which do you rest Left Right Eithera bat before swinging?

With which hand do you . . .

Hemisphere Activity Demonstration

The Brain and Consciousness

Introduction

• consciousness, p.89

(two proposed advantages)- helps us act in long-term interests- promotes survival

LO #8 – dual processing

Cognitive Neuroscience

• cognitive neuroscience(interdisciplinary study)

View CT scan images

Dual Processing

• dual processing, p. 90

–conscious left brainconscious deliberate “high road”

–intuitive right brainunconscious, automatic “low road”

• visual perception track• visual action track clip

E. Cerebellum

Spinal cord

D. MedullaC. Reticular formation

Hypothalamus

Pituitary

B. Hippocampus

A. Amygdala

Corpus callosum

ThalamusCerebral cortex

Activation of this area would result in:

coordinated movementangerwaking up from a napa steady heartbeatthe ability to remember what you did two minutes ago

E. Cerebellum

Spinal cord

D. MedullaC. Reticular formation

Hypothalamus

Pituitary

B. Hippocampus

A. Amygdala

Corpus callosum

ThalamusCerebral cortex

Damage to this area would result in:

not breathingstumblingan inability to store new memoriesbeing unable to wake upan inability to feel fear

Cerebellum

D. Spinal cord

MedullaReticular formation

C. Hypothalamus

Pituitary

Hippocampus

Amygdala

A. Corpus callosum

B. ThalamusE. Cerebral cortex

Activation of this area would result in:

the maintenance of body temperature.recalling old memories.your brain being able to tell your legs to move.the routing of visual signals to the occipital lobe.communication between the two hemispheres

Cerebellum

D. Spinal cord

MedullaReticular formation

C. Hypothalamus

Pituitary

Hippocampus

Amygdala

A. Corpus callosum

B. ThalamusE. Cerebral cortex

Damage to this area would result in:

a split brain.inoperative reward centers.your feet being unable to tell your brain you’re wearing socks.an inability to send auditory signals to your temporal lobes.an altered personality.

Test Time!

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Definition Slide

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Definition Slides

Lesion

= tissue destruction; a brain lesion is a naturally or experimentally caused destruction of brain tissue.

Electroencephalogram (EEG)

= an amplified recording of the waves of electrical activity that sweep across the brain’s surface. These waves are measured by electrodes placed on the scalp.

CT (computed tomography) Scan

= a series of X-ray photographs taken from different angles and combined by computer into a composite representation of a slice through the body.

• Also called CAT scan.

PET (positron emission tomography) Scan

= a visual display of brain activity that detects where a radioactive form of glucose goes while the brain performs a given task.

MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)

= a technique that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computer-generated images of soft tissue. MRI scans show brain anatomy.

fMRI (functional MRI)

= a technique for revealing bloodflow and, therefore, brain activity by comparing successive MRI scans. fMRI scans show brain function.

Brainstem

= the central core of the brain, beginning where the spinal cord swells as it enters the skull; the brainstem is responsible for automatic survival functions.

Medulla

= the base of the brainstem; controls heartbeat and breathing.

Reticular Formation

= a nerve network in the brainstem that plays an important role in controlling arousal.

Thalamus

= the brain’s sensory switchboard, located on top of the brainstem; it directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla.

Cerebellum

= the “little brain” at the rear of the brainstem; functions include processing sensory input and coordinating movement output and balance.

Limbic System

= doughnut-shaped neural system (including the hippocampus, amygdala, and hypothalamus) located below the cerebral hemispheres; associated with emotions and drives.

Amygdala

= two lima bean-sized neural clusters in the limbic system; linked to emotion.

Hypothalamus

= a neural structure lying below (hypo) the thalamus; it directs several maintenance activities (eating, drinking, body temperature, sexual behavior), helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland, and is linked to emotion and reward.

Cerebral Cortex

= the intricate fabric of interconnected neural cells covering the cerebral hemispheres; the body’s ultimate control and information-processing center.

Glial Cells

= cells in the nervous system that support, nourish, and protect neurons.

Frontal Lobe

= portion of the cerebral cortex lying just behind the forehead; involved in speaking and muscle movements and in making plans and judgments.

Parietal Lobe

= portion of the cerebral cortex lying at the top of the head and toward the rear; receives sensory input for touch and body position.

Occipital Lobe

= portion of the cerebral cortex lying at the back of the head; includes areas that receive information from the visual fields.

Temporal Lobe

= portion of the cerebral cortex lying roughly above the ears; includes the auditory areas, each receiving information primarily from the opposite ear.

Motor Cortex

= an area at the rear of the frontal lobes that controls voluntary movements.

Sensory Cortex

= area at the front of the parietal lobes that registers and processes body touch and movement sensations.

Association Areas

= areas of the cerebral cortex that are not involved in primary motor or sensory functions; rather, they are involved in higher mental functions such as learning, remembering, thinking, and speaking.

Aphasia

= impairment of language, usually caused by left hemisphere damage either to Broca’s area (impairing speaking) or to Wernicke’s area (impairing understanding).

Broca’s Area

= controls language expression that directs the muscle movements involved in speech.

Wernicke’s Area

= controls language reception – a brain area involved in language comprehension and expression; usually in the left temporal lobe.

Plasticity

= the brain’s ability to change, especially during childhood, by reorganizing after damage or by building new pathways based on experience.

Neurogenesis

= the formation of new neurons.

Corpus Callosum

= the large band of neural fibers connecting the two brain hemispheres and carrying messages between them.

Split Brain

= a condition resulting from surgery that isolates the brain’s two hemispheres by cutting the fibers (mainly those of the corpus callosum) connecting them.

Consciousness

= our awareness of ourselves and our environment.

Cognitive Neuroscience

= the interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition (including perception, thinking, memory and language).

Dual Processing

=the principle that information is often simultaneously processed on separate conscious and unconscious tracks.