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www.wiley.com/wiley-blackwell
twentieth-century war and conflict
With rich entries that highlight the political context, strategic significance, and tactical detail of each conflict, this encyclopedia is an essential reference for students of military history and strategic studies.
Theo Farrell, Kings College London
Drawn from the award-winning five-volume Encyclopedia of War (Choice Outstanding Academic Title 2013), the single-volume Twentieth-Century War and Conflict provides an essential guide to the conflicts and concepts that shaped warfare in the twentieth-century and up to the present day. This concise reference contains a range of entries from 1,000 to 6,000 words long, each written by a leading international scholar.
This concise encyclopedia provides full coverage of global conflicts and themes in twentieth-century war. World Wars I and II are covered by 10 separate entries. Lesser conflicts are also incorporated in this volume, including the Russo-Japanese War, the Greco-Turkish War, the Falklands War, the Soviet War in Afghanistan, the Gulf Wars, and more. Issues such as chemical warfare, ethnic cleansing, psychological warfare, and women and war also receive substantial treatment, making this an invaluable resource for students and general readers alike.
Gordon Martel is Emeritus Professor of History at the University of Northern British Columbia, Canada, and Adjunct Professor at the University of Victoria, Canada. He has written widely on the history of modern war. Among his best-known books are Imperial Diplomacy (1985) and The Origins of the First World War (revised 3rd edition, 2008). He has edited numerous scholarly publications, including The World War Two Reader (2004), A Companion to Europe, 19001945 (Blackwell, 2006), A Companion to International History, 19002001 (Blackwell, 2007), and The Encyclopedia of War (five volumes, Wiley-Blackwell, 2012). His most recent work is The Month That Changed the World: July 1914 (2014).
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a concise encyclopedia
EDITED BY GORDON MARTEL
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ISBN 978-1-118-88463-8
9 781118 884638
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Twentieth-Century War and Conflict
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Twentieth-Century War and ConflictA Concise Encyclopedia
Edited by
Gordon Martel
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This edition first published 2015 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Registered OfficeJohn Wiley & Sons, Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK
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Paperback ISBN: 978-1-118-88463-8
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Cover image: Jack Sullivan / Alamy.
Set in 9.5/11.5pt Minion by SPi Publisher Services, Pondicherry, India
1 2015
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Contents
List of Entries vi
List of Maps viii
Chronological Guide to Entries ix
About the Editors xi
Notes on Contributors xiv
Editors Preface xix
AZ ENTRIES 1385
Index 386
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List of Entries
Algerian War of Independence (19541962) 1Angolan Civil Wars (19752002) 8ArabIsraeli Conflict 10Balkan Wars (19121913) 19Biological Warfare: Past, Present, and Future 23Chechnya Wars (1990sPresent) 35Chemical Warfare 38China, Invasion of (1931, 19371945) 48Chinese Civil War (Modern) 53Combat Film 57Congo Wars (1960s2000s) 65Ethnic Cleansing 68Falklands War (1982) 73First Indochina War (19451954) 74Greco-Turkish War (19191922) 81Gulf Wars (19901991, 2003Present) 84Indo-Pakistani Wars (19471948, 1965, 1971) 91IraqIran War (19801988) 95Irish Revolution, Wars of the 103Italo-Abyssinian Wars 112Korean War (19491953) 115Lebanese Civil War (19751990) 122Malayan Emergency (19481960) 126Mau Mau Emergency (19521960) 129National Liberation, Wars of 132Nigerian Civil War (19671970) 136Peacekeeping 140Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder 146Psychological Warfare 155Russian Civil War (19171920) 162Russo-Finnish War (19391940) 168Russo-Japanese War (19041905) 169
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Russo-Polish War (19191920) 173Rwandan Genocide 174Somalia Civil War (2006) 179Soviet War in Afghanistan (19791992) 181Spanish Civil War (19361939) 185Sri Lankan Civil War 190Submarine Warfare 192Terrorism, War Against 197Turco-Italian War (19111912) 208Veterans 212Vietnam War (19591975) 218War and Cinema 227War and Sexuality 235War Crimes 243War Photography 247War Poetry 256War Propaganda 259Women and War 269World War I: Afro-Asian Theaters 278World War I: Eastern Front 288World War I: Southern Front 297World War I: Western Front 310World War II: Battle of Britain 320World War II: Eastern Front 328World War II: Invasion of Normandy to the Surrender of Germany 339World War II: Mediterranean Campaign 349World War II: The Defeat and Occupation of France 361World War II: War in Asia 369Yugoslav Succession, Wars of (19901999) 380
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List of Maps
General Maps
1. Colonial Africa, 1914 xx 2. Colonialism in Asia, 1914 xxi 3. Ottoman Empire: disintegration xxii 4. The Japanese Empire xxiii 5. German-occupied Europe, 1942 xxiv 6. Africa: decolonization xxv 7. Cold War Europe xxvi 8. Contemporary Middle East xxvii
Specific Maps
9. ArabIsraeli conflict 1110. Balkan wars, 19121913 2111. Invasion of China 4912. Guomindang and the Japanese occupation 5613. Greco-Turkish War, 19191922 8214. Nigerian Civil War, 19671970 13715. Spanish Civil War, 19361939 18816. The Gallipoli Campaign, 19151916 28417. World War I: Eastern Front 28918. World War I: Western Front 31119. German invasion of Poland, 1939 32920. Operation Barbarossa, 1941 33021. World War II: War in Asia 370
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Chronological Guide to Entries
Russo-Japanese War (19041905) 169Turco-Italian War (19111912) 208Balkan Wars (19121913) 19Chinese Civil War (Modern) 53World War I: Western Front 310World War I: Eastern Front 288World War I: Afro-Asian Theaters 278World War I: Southern Front 297Irish Revolution, Wars of the 103Russian Civil War (19171920) 162Russo-Polish War (19191920) 173Greco-Turkish War (19191922) 81China, Invasion of (1931, 19371945) 48Spanish Civil War (19361939) 185Italo-Abyssinian Wars 112Russo-Finnish War (19391940) 168World War II: The Defeat and Occupation of France 361World War II: Battle of Britain 320World War II: Eastern Front 328World War II: Invasion of Normandy to the Surrender of Germany 339World War II: Mediterranean Campaign 349World War II: War in Asia 369Indo-Pakistani Wars (19471948, 1965, 1971) 91ArabIsraeli Conflict 10First Indochina War (19451954) 74Malayan Emergency (19481960) 126Korean War (19491953) 115Mau Mau Emergency (19521960) 129Algerian War of Independence (19541962) 1Vietnam War (19591975) 218Congo Wars (1960s2000s) 65Nigerian Civil War (19671970) 136
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x Chronolo gical Guide to Entries
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Angola Civil Wars (19752002) 8Lebanese Civil War (19751990) 122Soviet War in Afghanistan (19791992) 181Iraq-Iran War (19801988) 95Falklands War (1982) 73Sri Lankan Civil War 190Yugoslav Succession, Wars of (19901999) 380Chechnya Wars (1990sPresent) 35Gulf Wars (19901991, 2003Present) 84Terrorism: War Against 197Somalia Civil War (2006) 179Rwandan Genocide 174
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About the Editors
Editor-in-Chief:
Gordon Martel is Emeritus Professor of History at the University of Northern British Columbia and Adjunct Professor at the University of Victoria. He has written widely on the history of modern war. Among his best-known books are Imperial Diplomacy (1985) and The Origins of the First World War (revised 3rd edition, 2008). He was one of the founding editors of the leading scholarly journal, TheInternational History Review, and is editor of Seminar Studies in History. He has edited numerous scholarly publications, including The World War Two Reader (2004), A Companion to Europe, 19001945 (Blackwell, 2006), and A Companion to International History, 19002001 (Blackwell, 2007). His The Month That Changed the World: July 1914 was published in June 2014.
Board of Advisory Editors:
Richard Bonney is Emeritus Professor at the University of Leicester and Professorial Research Fellow in South Asian Security at the Royal United Services Institute for Defence and Security Studies (RUSI), Whitehall.
Brian Campbell is Professor of Roman History in the School of History and Anthropology at Queens University of Belfast.
Karl Friday is Professor of History at the University of Georgia.
Susan R. Grayzel is Professor of History at the University of Mississippi.
John Lamphear was Professor of History at the University of Texas until his retirement.
S. P. Mackenzie is Caroline McKissick Dial Professor of History at the University of South Carolina.
Stephen C. Neff is Reader in Public International Law at the University of Edinburgh.
Helen J. Nicholson is a Reader in History at Cardiff University, Wales, and publishes on the military orders, crusades, and related subjects.
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xii Abou t the Editors
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Mark A. Stoler is Professor Emeritus of History at the University of Vermont where he taught US diplomatic and military history from 1970 to 2007.
David R. Stone is Pickett Professor of Military History at Kansas State University.
Bruce Vandervort is Professor of Modern European and African History at the Virginia Military Institute and is also the editor of the Journal of Military History.
Geoffrey Wawro is the General Olinto Mark Barsanti Professor of Military History and Director of the Military History Center at the University of North Texas.
Contributing Editors:
Virginia H. Aksan is Professor of History at McMaster University.
Stephen Badsey, MA (Cantab.), FRHistS, is Professor in Conflict Studies in the School of Law, Social Sciences, and Communications at the University of Wolverhampton, UK.
Stephen Conway is Professor of History at University College, London.
Kelly DeVries is Professor of History at Loyola University Maryland and Honorary Historical Consultant at the Royal Armouries, United Kingdom.
Alan Forrest is Professor of Modern History at the University of York.
J. Michael Francis is Professor of History at the University of North Florida.
Michael D. Gambone is Professor of History at Kutztown University of Pennsylvania.
Gian P. Gentile is a serving Army colonel and currently runs the Military History Program at West Point.
Kate Gilliver is Senior Lecturer in Ancient History at Cardiff University.
David M. Glantz is chief editor of the Journal of Slavic Military Studies.
John Haldon is Professor of History at Princeton University.
Matthew Hughes is Reader in History at Brunel University.
Norrie MacQueen is Honorary Research Fellow in the School of International Relations at the University of St Andrews.
K. A. J. McLay is Head of the Department of History and Archaeology at the University of Chester.
Alexander Mikaberidze is Assistant Professor of History at Louisiana State University (Shreveport).
Stephen Morillo is the Jane and Frederic M. Hadley Chair in History at Wabash College.
Douglas M. Peers is Dean of Graduate Studies at York University.
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Heather R. Perry is Assistant Professor of German and Medical History at the University of North Carolina at Charlotte.
Brian Holden Reid is Professor of American History and Military Institutions, Kings College, London.
Richard Reid is Reader in the History of Africa at the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London.
Clifford J. Rogers is a Professor of History at the United States Military Academy.
Michael Sage is Professor in the Department of Classics at the University of Cincinnati.
Pedro Santoni is Professor of History and Department Chair at California State University, San Bernardino.
Matthew S. Seligmann is Reader in History at the University of Northampton.
Dennis Showalter is Professor of History at Colorado College.
Louis Sicking is Lecturer in History at the University of Leiden.
Jennifer Siegel is Associate Professor at the Ohio State University.
Armstrong Starkey is a Professor of History at Adelphi University.
Carol B. Stevens, PhD (University of Michigan, 1985), is Professor in the History Department at Colgate University, Hamilton, New York.
Frank Tallett is Head of the School of Humanities at the University of Reading.
Blair Turner holds appointments as Professor in the Departments of History and of International Studies and Political Science at the Virginia Military Institute and is an editor of the Journal of Military History.
Anne Sharp Wells is assistant editor of the Journal of Military History and assistant editor of The Papers of George Catlett Marshall (volume 6) for the George C. Marshall Foundation.
Peter H. Wilson is G. F. Grant Professor of History at the University of Hull.
David Zimmerman is Professor at the University of Victoria, Canada.
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Notes on Contributors
Mary Elizabeth Ailes is a Professor of History at the University of Nebraska at Kearney. Her publications include Military Migration and State Formation: The British Military Community in Seventeenth-Century Sweden (2002) and Wars, Widows, and State Formation in 17th-Century Sweden, Scandinavian Journal of History (March 2006).
John E. Ashbrook is an Associate Professor of History at Sweet Briar College. He teaches Modern European History and researches political and military history of eastern and central Europe and the Balkans.
Donald Avery is Professor Emeritus and Adjunct Research Professor in the Department of History, University of Western Ontario. His publications on biological and chemical warfare include The Science of War: Canadian Scientists and Allied Military Technology During the Second World War (1998).
Stephen Badsey, MA (Cantab.), FRHistS, is Professor in Conflict Studies in the School of Law, Social Sciences, and Communications at the University of Wolverhampton, UK. His personal website is www.stephenbadsey.com
Pradeep P. Barua is Professor of History at the University of Nebraska at Kearney. He is the author of Gentlemen of the Raj: The Indian Army Officer Corps 18171949 (2003) and The State at War in South Asia (2005). He has published several articles on the military history of South Asia and the developing world.
Colin F. Baxter received his MA and PhD degrees from the University of Georgia. He is Emeritus Professor of History at East Tennessee State University where he served as chair of the department until 2008. His books include The Normandy Campaign, 1944: A Selected Bibliography (1992), The War in North Africa, 19401943: A Selected Bibliography (1996), and Field Marshal Bernard Law Montgomery, 18871976: A Selected Bibliography (1999).
Gary J. Bjorge is an Associate Professor in the Military History Department of the US Army Command and General Staff College, Fort Leavenworth, Kansas. His degrees include an MA in political science and a PhD in Chinese language and literature from the University of Wisconsin. His publications include English translations of Chinese fiction and articles and books on Chinese military history topics.
http://www.stephenbadsey.comhttp://www.stephenbadsey.com
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Laura Brandon is Historian, Art and War, at the Canadian War Museum and an Adjunct Professor in the School for Studies in Art and Culture at Carleton University, Ottawa. She is the author of Art or Memorial? The Forgotten History of Canadas War Art (2006) and Art and War (2007).
Ahron (Ronnie) Bregman was born in Israel in 1958. After six years of army service, during which he took part in the 1982 Lebanon war and reached the rank of captain, he left the army to work at the Knesset as a parliamentary assistant. He studied in Jerusalem and London, completing a doctorate in War Studies at Kings College, London, in 1994. He is the author of The Fifty Years War (1998), Israels Wars: A History since 1947 (2000), A History of Israel (2002), and Elusive Peace (2005). He teaches at the Department of War Studies, Kings College, London.
James Chapman is Professor of Film Studies at the University of Leicester. He has wide-ranging research interests in the history of film and television and in the representation of war and history in the media. His books include The British at War: Cinema, State and Propaganda, 19391945 (1998), Past and Present: National Identity and the British Historical Film (2005), War and Film (2008), and The New Film History: Sources, Methods, Approaches (co-edited with Mark Glancy and Sue Harper, 2007).
Richard L. DiNardo is Professor For National Security Affairs at the United States Marine Corps Command and Staff College, Quantico, Virginia. He is the author of numerous books and articles on a wide variety of topics in military history. His most recent work, Breakthrough: The GorliceTarnow Campaign 1915, was published in 2010.
Kenneth W. Estes, a US Marine Corps officer 19691993, earned a doctorate in European history (1984) and taught Military, European, and US History at Duke University, the US Naval Academy, and in adjunct positions in Seattle and Europe. He has written or edited over a dozen books, and published numerous articles.
Brian P. Farrell has been teaching military history at the National University of Singapore since 1993. His research focuses on the military history of the British empire and on problems of coalition warfare.
Giuseppe Finaldi teaches history at the University of Western Australia. He is the author of Mussolini and Italian Fascism (2008) and Italian National Identity and the Scramble for Africa (2009).
Michael D. Gambone received his doctorate from the University of Chicago in 1993. He is the author of Capturing the Revolution: The United States, Central America, and Nicaragua, 19611972 (2001) and The Greatest Generation Comes Home: The Veteran in American Society (2005). Dr Gambone is currently a Professor of History at Kutztown University of Pennsylvania. He is a veteran of the 82nd Airborne Division. In 2006, Dr Gambone deployed to Iraq and served in the city of Mosul.
David M. Glantz is chief editor of the Journal of Slavic Military Studies and one of the first US members of the Soviet (now Russian) Academy of Natural Sciences.
Christopher E. Goscha is an Associate Professor in the History Department at the Universit du Qubec Montral. He has published widely on the Indochina War and colonial and postcolonial Indochina.
Susan R. Grayzel is Professor of History at the University of Mississippi. She is the author of Womens Identities At War: Gender, Motherhood, and Politics in Britain and France during the First World War (1999), Women and the First World War (2002), a global history, At Home and Under Fire: Air Raids and Culture in Britain from the Great War to the Blitz (2011), and The First World War: A Brief History with Documents (2013).
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Richard C. Hall is a Professor of History at Georgia Southwestern State University. He has served in the US Army and also taught at Ohio State University, University of Nebraska, Minnesota State University, and the Air War College. He is the author of Bulgarias Road to the First World War (1996), The Balkan Wars 19121913 (2000), Consumed by War : European Conflict in the 20th Century (2009), and Balkan Breakthrough: The Battle of Dobro Pole 1918 (2010).
Jos Mara Herrera earned his PhD in history from Purdue University in 2008. He is currently Assistant Professor at the University of Houston-Downtown in the Department of Urban Education. He specializes in United States foreign relations with Latin America, early national Mexican history, and twentieth-century guerrilla movements in the Southern Cone.
Chalmers Hood received his PhD from the University of Maryland. His Royal Republicans: The French Naval Dynasties between the World Wars (1985) examined the French naval officer corps later involved at Vichy. Currently, he is writing a biography of Admiral Franois Darlan, based on recently released papers. He teaches at the University of Mary Washington.
Matthew Hughes is Reader in History at Brunel University and from 2008 to 2010 he held the Major-General Matthew C. Horner Chair in Military Theory at the US Marine Corps University. His recent publications include co-editing Palgrave Advances in Modern Military History (2006).
Michael P. Infranco teaches in the Department of Political Science at Washington State University. Dr Infranco also instructs graduate courses in international relations and international law at Troy Universitys Western Region sites.
Douglas V. Johnson, II is a retired US Army officer with a PhD from Temple University. He was with the US Army Strategic Studies Institute from 1985 until 2009, first as Strategic Research Analyst and then as Research Professor of National Security Affairs.
Artemy Kalinovsky is an Assistant Professor of East European Studies at the University of Amsterdam and holds a PhD from the London School of Economics. He writes and teaches on Russia and the Soviet Union, the Cold War, and other aspects of international history.
W. H. Kautt received his PhD in modern history from the University of Ulster at Jordanstown and is the author of The Anglo-Irish War (1999) and Ambushes and Armour (2010). He is an Associate Professor of Military History at the US Army Command and General Staff College and is a Fellow of the Royal Historical Society.
John T. Kuehn is a retired naval aviator and serves on the faculty of the US Army Command and General Staff College. He is the author of the well-received Agents of Innovation (2008) and, with Dennis Giangreco, Eyewitness Pacific Theater (2008).
Steven Hugh Lee is Associate Professor of History at the University of British Columbia. He is author of Outposts of Empire: Korea, Vietnam, and the Origins of the Cold War in Asia, 19491954 (1996) and The Korean War (2001), and co-editor, with Chang Yun-Shik, of Transformations in Twentieth-Century Korea (2006).
Norrie MacQueen is Honorary Research Fellow in the School of International Relations at the University of St Andrews. His most recent books include: The United Nations: a Beginners Guide (Oneworld, 2010); The United Nations, Peace Operations and the Cold War (Pearson, 2011); and Humanitarian Intervention and the United Nations (Edinburgh University Press, 2011). He was an electoral adviser in the UN peacekeeping mission in Timor-Leste.
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Randal Marlin has taught in the Philosophy Department at Carleton University, Ottawa, since 1966, specializing in philosophy of law, existentialism, and, more recently, in propaganda studies. He is the author of Propaganda and the Ethics of Persuasion (2002) and many newspaper articles. In 19791980 he held a Department of National Defense Fellowship enabling him to study with Jacques Ellul in Bordeaux, France.
Jennifer Gayle Mathers is a Senior Lecturer in the Department of International Politics at Aberystwyth University. Her published work includes Women, Society and the Military: Women Soldiers in Post-Soviet Russia, in Military and Society in Post-Soviet Russia, edited by Stephen L. Webber and Jennifer G. Mathers (2006), and Women and State Militaries, in Women and Wars: Contested Histories, Uncertain Futures, edited by Carol Cohn (2011).
Sean McGlynn is History Lecturer for the University of Plymouth at Strode College and the Open University. He is the author of By Sword and Fire: Cruelty and Atrocity in Medieval Warfare (2008) and Blood Cries Afar: The Forgotten Invasion of England 1216 (2011). He is currently working on commissioned studies of medieval generals and the Albigensian Crusade.
John C. McManus is Associate Professor of US Military History at Missouri University of Science and Technology. He has authored nine books on the United States in World War II and the modern combat experience.
Seumas Miller is Professor of Philosophy at the Australian National University, Foundation Professor of Philosophy at Charles Sturt University (1994), and Foundation Director of the Centre for Applied Philosophy and Public Ethics, an Australian Research Council Special Research Centre (20002007). He is also a Senior Research Fellow at the 3TU Centre for Ethics and Technology at Delft University of Technology. His extensive publications include writings on social action and institutions, terrorism, business ethics, and police ethics.
Edwin Mose (PhD University of Michigan, 1977), a historian of the Vietnam War and of modern China and Vietnam, is a Professor of History at Clemson University. He is the author of Land Reform in China and North Vietnam (1983), Tonkin Gulf and the Escalation of the Vietnam War (1996), and other books.
Draen Petrovi is the Principal Legal Officer of the International Labor Office (ILO) in Geneva. He received his LLB from the University in Sarajevo, MA from the University of Belgrade, LLM from the European University Institute in Florence, and PhD from the University of Geneva. He has been associated with both international organizations and universities.
Gervase Phillips is Principal Lecturer in History at the Manchester Metropolitan University. He is the author of The Anglo-Scots Wars, 15131550 (1999) and has contributed to the Journal of Military History, War in History, War and Society, Technology and Culture, and the Scottish Historical Review.
David Pizzo is a Professor of History at Murray State University in Murray, Kentucky. He teaches courses on European, African, and imperial history as well as courses focusing on war and genocide. He has published a monograph on colonial warfare in German East Africa.
Fiona Reid lectures in history at the University of Glamorgan. She has published Mending Mentally Broken Men: Shell Shock, Treatment and Recovery in Britain, 19141930 (2010). She has recently written on the French Exode (1940), and her interests include the broader medical and social history of modern warfare.
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Stuart Robson is a graduate of the University of British Columbia and Oxford. He taught at Trent University for 34 years and now teaches at the University of Victoria. He specializes in German history and the two world wars.
David Schimmelpenninck van der Oye is Professor of Russian History at Brock University. His research interests focus on eighteenth-and nineteenth-century cultural, intellectual, diplomatic, and military history. He is the author of, among other works, Toward the Rising Sun and Russian Orientalism.
Timothy J. Stapleton is a Professor of African History at Trent University in Canada. He has taught history at Rhodes University and the University of Fort Hare in South Africa and was a Research Associate at the University of Zimbabwe. His books include Maqoma: Xhosa Resistance to Colonial Advance 17981873 (1994), Faku: Rulership and Colonialism in the Mpondo Kingdom 17801867 (2001), and No Insignificant Part: The Rhodesia Native Regiment and the East African Campaign of the First World War (2006).
David R. Stone received his PhD in history in 1997 from Yale University and is currently Pickett Professor of Military History at Kansas State University. He is the author of numerous books and articles on Russian/Soviet military and diplomatic history.
Michael Sturma is Chair of the History Program at Murdoch University in Perth, Australia. His books include Death at a Distance: The Loss of the Legendary USS Harder (2006) and The USS Flier: Death and Survival on a World War II Submarine (2008).
Blair Turner holds appointments as Professor in the Departments of History and of International Studies and Political Science at the Virginia Military Institute and is an editor of the Journal of Military History.
Ian van der Waag, MA (Pretoria), PhD (Cape Town), is Associate Professor of Military History at Stellenbosch University, South Africa. Recent publications include Wyndhams, Parktown, 19011923: Domesticity and Servitude in an Early Twentieth-Century South African Household, Journal of Family History (2007); and Rural Struggles and the Politics of a Colonial Command: The Southern Mounted Rifles of the Transvaal Volunteers, 19051912, in Soldiers and Settlers in Africa, 18501918, edited by S. Miller (2009). He is working on the first single-volume military history of South Africa.
Bruce Vandervort received a PhD in modern European history from the University of Virginia in 1989. He is a Professor of Modern European and African History at the Virginia Military Institute and is also the editor of the Journal of Military History.
James A. Winn is William Fairfield Warren Professor at Boston University, Director of the Boston University Humanities Foundation. His eight books include a prizewinning biography of Dryden. The Poetry of War (2008), Winns book for general readers, is available from Cambridge University Press.
David R. Woodward is Professor Emeritus at Marshall University. His publications include David Lloyd George and the Generals (1983); Military Correspondence of Field Marshal Sir William Robertson (1989); Field Marshal Sir William Robertson (1998); Trial by Friendship: Anglo-American Relations, 19171918 (2003); Hell in the Holy Land (2006); America and World War I: A Selected Annotated Bibliography of English-Language Sources (2007), andWorld War I Almanac (2009).
Eyal Zisser is Director of the Moshe Dayan Center for Middle Eastern and African Studies and the former Head of the Department of Middle Eastern and African History, both at Tel Aviv University. Professor Zisser has written extensively on the history and modern politics of Syria and Lebanon and the ArabIsraeli conflict.
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Editors Preface
The articles in this collection are drawn from the five-volume Encyclopedia of War (2012). It is the hope of the general editor, and the advisory and contributing editors, that this concise one-volume paperback version devoted to the twentieth century (and beyond) will make it accessible to students and general readers. We believe that the selection here will provide a use-ful introduction to the subject of war since 1900. Unfortunately, given the limitations of space and the wish to keep the price within reach of stu-dents, many of the entries in the full encyclope-dia could not be included. In particular, the numerous biographical entries devoted to peo-ple like Churchill, Stalin, and Hitler (and less well-known figures such as generals Brusilov,
Liman von Sanders, and Nogi Maresuke) have been omitted here. Neither was there space for separate entries devoted to specific battles, such as the battles of Khalkin Gol and Stalingrad, the Gallipoli Campaign, and Operation Barbarossa. Many students will have access to the complete list of entries via their university librarys sub-scription to the online version of the full ency-clopedia, however.
I would like to thank the contributors to this concise version for their willingness to revise their articles and to bring up to date their sugges-tions for further reading.
Gordon MartelVictoria
November 2013
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Map 1 Colonial Africa, 1914.
SPANISHMOROCCO
MOROCCO
RIO DE ORO
THEGAMBIA
ALGERIA LIBYAEGYPT
(occupiedby British)
TUNISIA
PORTUGUESEGUINEA
SIERRALEONE
LIBERIAGOLD COAST
TOGOLANDSPANISH GUINEA
(Rio Muni)
CABINDA (Port.)
ANGOLA
MOZAMBIQUEMADAGASCAR
NYASALAND
GERMANEAST
AFRICA
BRIT.EAST
AFRICA
ETHIOPIA
ERITREA
ANGLO-EGYPTIAN
SUDAN
FRENCHSOMALILAND
BRITISHSOMALILAND
FRENCHEQUATORIAL
AFRICANIGERIA
FRENCHWEST AFRICA
CAMEROONITALIANSOMALILAND
BELGIANCONGO
UGANDA
ZANZIBAR(British)
SWAZILAND (Brit. Protectorate)
BASUTOLAND (Brit. Protectorate)
N.RHODESIA
S.RHODESIAGERMAN
SOUTH-WEST
AFRICA
UNIONOF SOUTH
AFRICA
BECHUA-NALAND
Atlantic Ocean
1000 miles
Colonial rule in 1914
British
Belgian
French
German
Italian
Portuguese
Spanish
Independent
1600 km
IndianOcean
Red Sea
Mediterranean Sea
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Colonial possessions
British
500 km
500 miles
AUSTRALIA
TIMORDUTCH EAST INDIES
MALAYASARAWAK
BRUNEI NORTHBORNEO
NEWGUINEA
Hainan
Hong Kong
Shanghai
Tsingtao
Port Arthur
RUSSIA
Weihaiwei
Macao
Cities possessed byimperial powers
Britain
Germany
Portugal
Japan
PAPUA
PHILIPPINEISLANDS
TAIWAN
FRENCHINDOCHINA
SIAM
BURMA
BHUTAN
CHINA
MONGOLIA KOREA
JAPAN
Singapore
FrenchJapanesePortuguese
USA
Map 2 Colonialism in Asia, 1914.
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AUSTRIAHUNGARY
BOSNIA
HERZEGOVINA
SER
BIA
MONTENEGRO
ITALY ALBANIA
MACEDONIA THRACE
TURKEY
ANATOLIA
CILICIA
HATAY
SYRIA
LEBANONCYPRUS
RHODESCRETE
CYRENAICA EGYPT
PALESTINEARABIA
300 miles450 km
IRAQ
IRAN
KUWAIT
AZERBAIJAN
ARMENIA
KARS
POTI
ABKHAZIA
CRIMEA
RUSSIA Ottoman Empire boundary in 1807Territory lost, 18071829Territory lost, 18301878Territory lost, 18791915Territory lost, 19161923Turkey in 1924
ACHALZICHBATUM
TRANS-JORDAN
DO
DECAN
ESE
WALLA
CHIA
BESSARA
BIA
ROM
ANIA
MOLDAVIA
THESSALY
GREECE
MOREA
BULGARIAEAST
RUMELIA
Map 3 Ottoman Empire: disintegration.
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KOREA(CHOSEN)
U
MONGOLIA MANCHURIA(MANCHUKUO)
Amur River
Yello
w
FORMOSA(TAIWAN)
PHILIPPINEISLANDS
AUSTRALIA
MALAYSTATES
IND
O-CH
INA
SARAWAK
C H I N A
INDIA
BURMA
SIAM(THAILAND)
JA PA N E S E M A N DAT E
P a c i f i c O c e a n
N E T H E R L A N D S I N D I E S
CAROLINE ISLANDS
GUAM (US)
Pearl Harbor
Boundary of Japanese Mandate, 1920
Japanese Empire, 1941
Farthest extent of Japanese controlin World War II
MARIANAISLANDS
MARSHALLISLANDS
MIDWAY
Dutch Harbor
HAWAIIAN ISLANDS(US)
(US)
JAPANTokyo
SAKHALIN
KURILISLANDS
Vladivostok
Beijing
Nanjing
Shanghai
HongKong
Hanoi
Rangoon
Bangkok
Singapore
N. BORNEO
BORNEOCELEBES
Saigon
Manila
KwantungLeased
Territory
OKINAWA RYU
KYU
ISLA
ND
S
Seoul
Sea of Japan
KARAFUTO
S S R
Rive
r
Yangtze R
iverEast
ChinaSea
South ChinaSea
J a v a S e a
JAVA
NEWGUINEA
GUADALCANAL
C o r a lS e a
SUMATRA
A L E U T I A N I S L A N D
S
Map 4 The Japanese Empire.
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BalticSea
USSR
Greater GermanyIncorporated by GermanyOccupied by GermanyAxis territoriesAllied territoriesNeutral territoriesVichy Line
0 200 km
Black Sea
Mediterranean Sea
Map 5 German-occupied Europe, 1942.
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Anti-colonial revolt or war since 1945
SOUTHAFRICA
(191019601994 wholepopulation
votes) 19601994
SOUTH-WESTAFRICA
[controlled bySouth Africa]
(Namibia 1990) 1960s1990
CONGO(1960)
GABON(1960)
CAMEROON(1960)
CENTRALAFRICANREPUBLIC
(1960)
CHAD(1960) SUDAN
(1956)
SOUTHSUDAN(2011)
RWANDA(1962)
UGANDA(1962)
KENYA(1963)
19521957
TANZANIA(TANGANYIKA)
(1961)
CONGO (ZAIRE)(1960)
BURUNDI(1962)
ANGOLA(1975)
19611974 ZAMBIA(1964)
RHODESIA(1965)
SOMALIA(1960)
19501960
LIBYA(1951)
EGYPT(1922 with severe
restrictions1954 British
withdraw troops)
ERITREA(1993)
DJIBOUTI(1977)
ETHIOPIA
TUNISIA(1956) Mediterranean Sea
Red Sea
ALGERIA(1956)
19541962
MOROCCO(1956)
SO TOM & PRINCIPE (1975)
EQUATORIAL GUINEA(1968)
GHANA(1957)
IVORYCOAST(1960)
LIBERIASIERRALEONE(1961)
AtlanticOcean
IndianOcean
LESOTHO(1966)
SWAZILAND(1968)
MOZAMBIQUE(1975)
19641974
MADAGASCAR(1960)
19471948ZIMBABWE
(1980) 19651980
BOTSWANA(1966)
GUINEABISSAU(1974)
19611974
GUINEA(1958)
GAMBIA(1965)
SENEGAL(1960)
WESTERNSAHARA
(1975)
MAURITANIA(1960) MALI(1960)
UPPERVOLTA
(BURKINA FASO)(1960)
NIGER(1960)
NIGERIA(1960)
TOGO(1960)
DAHOMEY(BENIN)
(1960)
MALAWI(1964)
(1956) Date of independenceFormer colonial power
British
French
1000 miles1600 km
Portuguese
Spanish
Belgian
ItalianFormer German colony mandateof League of Nations aer WW1Independent state
Suezcrisis 1956
Map 6 Africa: decolonization.
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ICELAND
NORWAY
DENMARK
NETHERLANDS
FRANCE
LUXEMBOURG
WESTGERMANY
SWITZ.
MONACO
ANDORRA
SPAINPOR
TUGA
L SANMARINO
VATICANCITY
ITALY
LIECHT. AUSTRIA HUNGARY
ROMANIA
YUGOSLAVIA
LIBYA
MALTATUNISIA
ALGERIA
Founding members of the North Atlantic Alliance (NATO) 1949Entry of Greece and Turkey 1952, West Germany 1955, Spain 1982Founding members of the Warsaw Pact 1955Entry of East Germany 1955Withdrawal of Albania 1968
MOROCCO
BULGARIA
SOVIET UNION
TURKEY
CYPRUS
EGYPT
GREECE
ALBA
NIA
CZECHOSLOVAKIA
EASTGERMANY POLAND
BELGIUM
SWEDEN FINLAND
UNITEDKINGDOM
IRELAND
500 miles
800 km
Map 7 Cold War Europe.
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S U
D A
N
CHAD
LIBY
AEG
YPT
JORD
ANKU
WAI
T
BAH
RAIN
Riya
dhM
anam
a Doh
a
Sana
aA
smar
a
Addi
sAb
aba
Kha
rtou
m
Mus
cat
Kuw
ait C
ity
Abu
Dha
bi
QAT
AR
ERIT
REA
ETH
IOPI
AD
JIBO
UTI SO
MAL
IA
Gulf
of A
den
Soco
tra(Y
EMEN
)LA
KSH
ADW
EEP
(IN
DIA
)
Djib
outi
OM
AN
Pers
ian
Gulf
Red
Sea
SAU
DI
ARAB
IAU
NIT
ED A
RAB
EMIR
ATES
IRAN
TU
RK
EY
BULG
ARIA
Blac
k Se
a
GREE
CE
Athe
ns
Cret
eCY
PRU
SLE
BAN
ON
ISRA
EL
SYRI
AIR
AQN
icos
ia
Beiru
t
Cairo
Sina
iPe
nins
ula
Jeru
sale
mA
mm
an
Dam
ascu
s
Bagh
dad
Ank
ara
Yere
van
ARM
ENIA
Tbili
siGE
ORG
IA
AZER
BAIJA
N
Casp
ian
Sea Ba
ku Tehe
ran
Ash
gaba
r
Tash
kent
Dus
hanb
e
Kabu
l Isla
mab
ad
New
Del
hi
JAM
MU
AND
KASH
MIR
Bish
kek
TURK
MEN
ISTA
NKY
RGYZ
STAN CH
INA
TAJIK
ISTA
N
UZB
EKIS
TAN
AFGH
ANIS
TAN
OM
AN
YEM
EN
PAKI
STAN
IND
IA
Arab
ian
Sea
Map
8
Con
tem
pora
ry M
iddl
e Ea
st.
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