TRANSPORT MORTALITYTRANSPORT MORTALITY
• Poor water qualityPoor water quality
• Water & ion imbalancesWater & ion imbalances
• Stress-induced immunosuppressionStress-induced immunosuppression
WATER QUALITYWATER QUALITY
• TemperatureTemperature
• OxygenOxygen
• pH/ammonia/carbon dioxidepH/ammonia/carbon dioxide
• Total dissolved solidsTotal dissolved solids
DISSOLVED OXYGEN SATURATION
y = 0.0044x2 - 0.3532x + 14.113
r2 = 0.999
5
10
15
0 10 20 30 40Temperature (C)
DO
(m
g/L
)
FW760 mm Hg
Dissolved Oxygen SaturationDissolved Oxygen Saturation
DISSOLVED OXYGEN AND SALINITYy = -0.0709x +
7.5818
r2 = 0.9869
6
6.5
7
7.5
8
0 5 10 15 20Salinity (g/L)
DO
(m
g/L
)
30 C760 mm Hg
Dissolved Oxygen and SalinityDissolved Oxygen and Salinity
NH3 NH4+
Ammonia
Un-ionized
Ammonium
Ionized
Low pH
Low Temp
High pH
High Temp
Ammonia RelationshipsAmmonia Relationships
0 g/L 35 g/LFreshwater Seawater
Iso-osmoticIso-osmotic
10-12 g/L
Fish pump ions in and do not drink
Fish pump ions out and drink
Salinity
Water and Mineral TransportWater and Mineral Transport
ALKALINITY AND pH
6
7
8
9
0 10 20Carbon Dioxide (mg/L)
pH 100 mg/L
25 mg/L
Alkalinity and pHAlkalinity and pH
RULES OF THUMBRULES OF THUMB
• Reduce the number of stressors (Know what you are doing)Reduce the number of stressors (Know what you are doing)
• Reduce severity of stressors (Don’t knock your fish around)Reduce severity of stressors (Don’t knock your fish around)
• Minimize duration of stressors (Don’t haul fish around the USA!)Minimize duration of stressors (Don’t haul fish around the USA!)
• Minimize plasma ion disturbances (Use salt)Minimize plasma ion disturbances (Use salt)
• Minimize increases in metabolic rate (Correct temp., etc.)Minimize increases in metabolic rate (Correct temp., etc.)
“101, 102…”
“Gee…This is time consuming!”
“I’m hungry, anyone bring donuts??”
“Well, he said, then she told him to….”
“Was that 203, 204, 205?”
“Whose counting these???” 8:02 AM
“Did anyone calibrate the scale this AM?”
“Don’t look at me, I thought Becky was supposed to do it?”
11:07 AM