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Definition:
COGNITIONCOGNITIONThe process ofknowing
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Types of thinking
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1.1. Critical ThinkingCritical Thinking2.2. Creative ThinkingCreative Thinking
3.3. Convergent ThinkingConvergent Thinking
4.4. Divergent ThinkingDivergent Thinking
5.5. Analytical ThinkingAnalytical Thinking
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WhyIsCriticalThinkingImportant? ...it underlies the basic elements of
communication ... it plays an important part in social
change...
... it is a path to freedom from half-truths and deceptions
Critical thinking helps us develop:Critical thinking helps us develop:
1.1. Intellectual HumilityIntellectual Humility2.2. Intellectual AutonomyIntellectual Autonomy
3.3. Intellectual IntegrityIntellectual Integrity
4.4. Intellectual CourageIntellectual Courage5.5. Intellectual PerseveranceIntellectual Perseverance
6.6. Confidence in ReasonConfidence in Reason
7.7. Intellectual EmpathyIntellectual Empathy8.8. FairmindednessFairmindedness
. . . traits important to the development of a multi. . . traits important to the development of a multi--cultural world view andcultural world view and
the diminishing of irrational thought!the diminishing of irrational thought!
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Blooms Taxonomy of Thinking SkillsBlooms Taxonomy of Thinking Skills
Knowledge facts or bits of information
Comprehension understanding what informationmeans
Application finding a practical use for the knowledge
Analysis breaking down the knowledge into componentparts
Synthesis connecting knowledge to other knowledge and
devising something new Evaluation judging knowledge
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What is Critical Thinking?What is Critical Thinking?
That mode of thinkingabout anysubject, content, or problemin which
the thinker improves the quality of
his/her thinking by skillfully takingcharge of the structures inherent in
thinking and imposing intellectual
standards upon them.
Foundation for Critical Thinking, Sonoma State University, 1999
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What is Critical Thinking?What is Critical Thinking?
The object of education is to prepare people toeducate themselves throughout their lives.Robert M. Hutchins
Critical thinking is the process ofCritical thinking is the process ofanalyzing the arguments of others.analyzing the arguments of others.
It means examining the logic of suchIt means examining the logic of sucharguments. It enables people to doarguments. It enables people to domore than just repeat knowledge.more than just repeat knowledge.
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What is Critical Thinking?What is Critical Thinking?
1.1. A productive and positive activityA productive and positive activity
2.2. A process, not an outcomeA process, not an outcome
3.3. Will vary according to the contexts inWill vary according to the contexts inwhich it occurswhich it occurs
4.4. Is triggered by positive and negativeIs triggered by positive and negative
eventsevents
5.5. Is emotive as well as rationalIs emotive as well as rational
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Components ofCritical Thinking
1. Identifying and challenging assumptions is
central to critical thinking
2. Challenging the importance of context is
crucial
3. Critical thinkers try to imagine and
explore alternatives
4. Imagining and exploring alternative lead
to reflective skepticism
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Elements ofCritical ThinkingElements ofCritical Thinking
1. Clearly stated
problem or issue
2. A goal of thethinking
3. The frame of
reference4. The assumptions
made
5. Central concepts and
principles used
6. The data collected
7. The interpretations,
inferences, lines of
reasoning that lead to
conclusions8. Resulting implications
that follow
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1. Asks pertinent questions and assesses
statements and arguments
2. Able to suspend judgment and tolerateambiguity
3. Humble yet confident enough to admit a
lack of information or understanding
4. Sense of curiosity
Attributes of a Critical ThinkerAttributes of a Critical Thinker
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5. Able to clearly define a set of criteria for
analyzing ideas
6. Able to listen carefully to others and giv
eappropriate feedback
7. Willing to examine beliefs, assumptions, and
opinions against facts
8. Sees critical thinking as a lifelong process of
self-assessment
Attributes of a Critical Thinker(Cont.)
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The Ideal Critical ThinkerThe Ideal Critical Thinker
1. Habitually inquisitive
2. Self-informed
3. Trustful of reason
4. Open-minded5. Flexible
6. Fair-minded
7. Honest in facing personal
biases
8. Focused on inquiry
9. Persistent in seeking results
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The Ideal Critical Thinker(Cont.)
10. Prudent in making judgments
11.Willing to reconsider
12.Clear about issues
13.Orderly in complex matters14. Diligent in seeking relevant
information
15. Reasonable in selection of
criteria
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Key Intellectual TraitsKey Intellectual Traits
1. Intellectual humility
2. Intellectual integrity
3. Willingness to admit what you dont know
4. Continual evaluation of your own thinking and
willingness to admit when it may be flawedInt
5. ellectual courage
6. Awareness of the need to face and fairly
address ideas, beliefs, or viewpoints ,especially
those which you have negative feelings about
and havent given serious consideration
Richard PaulRichard Paul
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What is Creativity?
The creation of the new and
the rearranging of the old indifferent & new ways.
The process of producing
something original andvaluable.
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Components of CreativityComponents of Creativity
1- Intellectual Ability
2- Knowledge
3- Thinking Styles4- Personality
5- Motivation
6- Environment7- Confluence ofComponents
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1- Intellectual Abilities
The High-level Abilities of:
Problem DefinitionDefinitionUseful Problem PresentationPresentation
Problem-Solving StrategyStrategy Selection
Effective EvaluationEvaluation ofIdeas
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2- Knowledge
Importance of Knowledge for Creativity?
Helps to Recognize and Understand the ProblemNature
Prevents Rediscovery ofOld IdeasPrevents Rediscovery ofOld Ideas
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3- Thinking Styles
PreferredWaysPreferredWays of applying ones Intellectual
Abilities and Knowledge to a problem.
Two may have equal levels of intelligence, but
differ on how they focus their abilities on a
task.
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4- Personality
5 Personality Traits for Creativity:
Tolerance of Ambiguity:Tolerance of Ambiguity:
Provides time for difficult problem aspects to beresolved.
Perseverance:Perseverance:
Facing obstacles for creative products to occur.
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4- Personality (Cont.)
Openness to New ExperiencesExperiences:
Willingness to try new ideas.
Willingness to Take RisksRisks:No pain no gain.
Courage and Belief in oneself:
Creative ideas need Independence of Judgmentand Self-esteem to grow.
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5- Motivation
IntrinsicIntrinsic Motivators:
Internally generated desires that are satisfied by
talk completion.
Extrinsic Motivators:
Rewards that the environment offers (e.g.
money,job advancement, praise).
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6- Environment
Physical/Social Conditions:
Surrounding environment, freedom over ones
work, sufficient time to think, sufficientresources to develop ideas.
Role ModelsRole Models
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Stages of Creative Thought
OrientationOrientation: Defining the problem
PreparationPreparation: Gaining as much information aspossible
IncubationIncubation: The problem, while notappearing to be actively worked on, is stillcooking in the background
IlluminationIllumination: The a-ha experience; rapidinsight into the solution
VerificationVerification: Testing and critically evaluatingthe solution
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Individual Traits & Creative Ideas
1. Intelligence
2. Independence
3. Self-confidence4. Risk taking
5. Internal Locus of control
6. Tolerance for ambiguity7. Perseverance in the face of frustration
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Root Cause Analysis Technique
Fishbone Diagram
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The value of theThe value of the Fishbone DiagramFishbone Diagram is that it provides a methodis that it provides a method
for categorizing the many potential causes of problems or issuesfor categorizing the many potential causes of problems or issues
in an orderly way and in identifying root causesin an orderly way and in identifying root causes
CauseCauseDetailDetailll
CauseCause
DetailDetail
CauseCause
DetaillDetaill
CauseCause
DetailDetail
Fishbone Diagram (Cause & Effect Diagram)Fishbone Diagram (Cause & Effect Diagram) is an analysis toolis an analysis tool
that provides a systematic way of looking at effects and thethat provides a systematic way of looking at effects and the
causes that create or contribute to those effects.causes that create or contribute to those effects.
Result (ProblemResult (Problem))
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MethodsMethods
Identify Possible Causes of failureIdentify Possible Causes of failure
MachinesMachines
Man PowerMan Power
MaterialsMaterials
ComputerComputer
DataData--entryentry
ErrorsErrors
-- No preNo pre--entry checksentry checks
-- Batches too bigBatches too big
-- Not enough restNot enough rest--breaksbreaks
-- No automated checkingNo automated checking
-- Lack of SupervisionLack of Supervision
-- Untrained staffUntrained staff
-- New StaffNew Staff
-- Temp StaffTemp Staff
-- Pressure of workPressure of work
-- Untrained staffUntrained staff
-- Illegible HandwritingIllegible Handwriting
-- Incorrect dataIncorrect data
Illegible copyIllegible copy
-- Lack of regular breaksLack of regular breaks
-- No timeNo time
-- Old TechnologyOld Technology
-- Keyboard BounceKeyboard Bounce
-- Sticky KeyboardSticky Keyboard
Inadequate softwareInadequate software
-- Poor ErgonomicsPoor Ergonomics
SeatingSeating
LighteningLightening
HeatHeat
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Sample: Tony Buzans MindMapTM
Source: http:// www.imindmap.com/coporate
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Six colors and six hats
1.1. White:White:neutralneutral, objective, facts& figures, objective, facts& figures2.2. RedRed: emotional, angry, emotions &emotional, angry, emotions & feelings,feelings,
3.3. Black: serious, somberBlack: serious, somber cautious & careful,cautious & careful,
4.4. Yellow: sunny, positive hope, positive &Yellow: sunny, positive hope, positive &speculative,speculative,
5.5. GreenGreen: growth, fertility creativity, ideas & lateralgrowth, fertility creativity, ideas & lateral
thinking,thinking,6.6. BlueBlue: cool, sky above, control & organization ofcool, sky above, control & organization of
thinkingthinking