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The Turbulent 20’s
E-Book Info
Website: http://my.hrw.com - EBOOK
Assignments:
Chapter 13: 1) New Directions for Women: pg 399b-400a (answer questions in notebook)
Chapter 14: 1) Henry Ford: pg 416b-417a (answer question in notebook) & 418b-419 (answer question in notebook)... 2) Mass Entertainment: pg 424b-426a (answer question in notebook)... 3) Religion in 1920s: 427b-429a (answer question in noteb
1) THE RED SCARE
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Strikes Of 1919!!!
Workers wanted better pay & conditions, shorter hours
Seattle General Strike = 35,000 shipyard workers went on strike... 60,000 other workers joined
Boston Police Strike = Went on strike after co-workers were fired... chaos ensued in Boston
Steel Strike = 365,000 steel workers went on strike in Western Pennsylvania... companies used Blacks and Mexicans to replace strikers
United Mine Workers Strike = 400,000 coal workers went on strike... organizer John Lewis was accused of being a Bolshevik
Marxism & Labor
Karl Marx wrote “The Communist Manifesto” (1848)
Urged armed uprising of the working class to destroy capitalism throughout the world
Communism = “From each according to his ability, to each according to his need(s)”
Bolsheviks & Lenin used Labor Strikes to cause Russian Revolution
Marxism & Labor
Americans thought Labor Unions were trying to cause Revolution in U.S.
Eugene V. Debs ran for President 5 times as the American Socialist Party candidate
Marx = violent revolution.... Debs = peaceful revolution
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The Palmer Raids
1919... 36 bombs were discovered in U.S. mail
Public was outraged and demanded action
Attorney General Mitchell Palmer began raiding houses
Deported many immigrants for “radical activities”
Sacco & Vanzetti
Both men were Anarchists & avoided Military Draft in 1917
Charged with murder during a robbery in 1920
Men had guns when police arrested them
Judge found both men guilty
Sacco & Vanzetti
Judge’s Statement: “This man, although he may not actually have committed the crime attributed to him, is nevertheless morally guilty, becuase he is an enemy of our existing institutions... The defendant’s ideals are associated with crime.”
Protests of verdict formed in NYC, France, Italy
Both men were executed for their crimes
John Dos Passos (American Novelist): “We are two nations”
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2) a nation divided
Rise of KKK
Ku Klux Klan reformed in 1915 @ Stone Mountain, Georgia
Carried out kidnappings, beatings & lynchings
New KKK grew out of South into North & Midwest
New KKK targeted Blacks, Catholics, Jews, Immigrants
Had 5 million members during 1920s
Helped elect officials in Louisiana, Oregon, Oklahoma, Texas, Ohio, Indiana
Fall of KKK
By 1930 KKK had only 9,000 members
Decline in membership:
End of Red Scare, Economic success, KKK’s use of terrorism & public investigations of KKK
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Anti-Immigration
By 1920... 25% of nation was foreign born/non-white
1919 = 140,000 immigrants... 1921 = 805,000 immigrants
Belief that immigrants took jobs & had anti-American ideals
Immigration Act of 1924: Excluded all Asian immigrants... massively limited Southern & Eastern Europeans
1925 = 153,000 new immigrants from Asia, Africa, Europe
Mexican American migration
Immigration Act did not impact Mexicans
Employers in Southwest wanted Mexican laborers
During 1920s... 500,000 Mexican immigrants came to US
Left Mexico due to poverty, lack of jobs, political chaos
Went to Chicago, Detroit, Los Angeles, San Antonio, El Paso
Mexican American migration Many worked/lived in Southwest Agricultural Labor Camps
“Shelters were made of almost every conceivable thing - burlap, canvas, palm branches... We found one woman carrying water in large milk pails from the irrigation ditch... This is evidently all the water which they have in camp.”
In cities, parents worked in factories & young unmarried daughters went to work... caused conflicts within family cultures
“[the new independence brought] conflict with their parents. They learn... about the outside world, learn how to speak English, and then they become ashamed of their parents who brought them up here.”
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Black Ideologies - Nationalism & Equality
W.E.B. Du Bois
Created N.A.A.C.P.
Beleived in Black Equal Rights in American society
Adopted Communist political beliefs
Set up Pan-African Congress
Poet, Author, Journalist, Political Activist
Marcus Garvey
Created Universal Negro Improvement Association
National Hero of Jamacia
Black Nationalist
Journalist, Publisher, Author, Political Activist
Garveyism = Pan-African philosophy of mass migration to Africa
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Langston Hughes
Poet during Harlem Renaissance
Creator of “jazz poetry”
Left Columbia University due to racial injustice
Communist Activist, Poet, Journalist
Black Ideologies - Civil Rights & “By Any Means Necessary”
Martin Luther King Jr.
Southern Baptist Preacher, Civil Rights/Political Activist, Public Speaker, Author
Founder: Southern Christian Leadership Conference
Advocated Nonviolence, Socialist
Youngest winner of Nobel Peace Prize
Inspired by: Gandhi & Quaker Religion
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Malcolm X
Born: Malcolm Little... Changed to: Malcolm X... AKA: El-Hajj Malik El-Shabazz
African-American Muslim Minister, Author, Public Speaker, Black Nationalism Activist
Former Pimp & Drug Dealer
Member: Nation of Islam
Founder: Muslim Mosque, Inc & Organization of Afro-American Unity
Tupac Amaru Shakur
Born: Lesane Parish Crooks... Changed to: Tupac Amaru Shakur
Mother, Father, Step-Father, God Parents = Members of Nation of Islam & Black Panther Party
Actor, Poet, Musician, Dancer, Rapper, Political Activist
Inspired By: Black Nationalism, Black Panthers, Gang-life
WHOTS
Ideologies are never static. All current and previous political/social movement have/had roots in past movements.
Agree or Disagree
Compare/Contrast Tupac’s art, Malcolm & Martin’s speeches with Hughes’ art, Marcus & W.E.B.’s writings/speeches.