![Page 1: The Kula-Ring of Bronislaw Malinowski Co-Evolution of … · The Kula-Ring of Bronislaw Malinowski Co-Evolution of an Economic and Ceremonial Exchange System ... Process 2: The Peace-spreading](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022021610/5b5378487f8b9aa40e8bd664/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
The Kula-Ring of Bronislaw MalinowskiCo-Evolution of an Economic and
Ceremonial Exchange System
Rolf ZieglerInstitute of SociologyUniversity of Munich
![Page 2: The Kula-Ring of Bronislaw Malinowski Co-Evolution of … · The Kula-Ring of Bronislaw Malinowski Co-Evolution of an Economic and Ceremonial Exchange System ... Process 2: The Peace-spreading](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022021610/5b5378487f8b9aa40e8bd664/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Bronislaw Malinowski1922
![Page 3: The Kula-Ring of Bronislaw Malinowski Co-Evolution of … · The Kula-Ring of Bronislaw Malinowski Co-Evolution of an Economic and Ceremonial Exchange System ... Process 2: The Peace-spreading](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022021610/5b5378487f8b9aa40e8bd664/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
The Kula-Ring of Bronislaw Malinowski
Theoretical interpretations have so far concentrated on the functions of the Kula
![Page 4: The Kula-Ring of Bronislaw Malinowski Co-Evolution of … · The Kula-Ring of Bronislaw Malinowski Co-Evolution of an Economic and Ceremonial Exchange System ... Process 2: The Peace-spreading](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022021610/5b5378487f8b9aa40e8bd664/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
The Kula-Ring of Bronislaw Malinowski
Theoretical interpretations have so far concentrated on the functions of the Kula
Unsolved problem: What kind of starting mechanism can explain the emergence of the Kula exchange?
![Page 5: The Kula-Ring of Bronislaw Malinowski Co-Evolution of … · The Kula-Ring of Bronislaw Malinowski Co-Evolution of an Economic and Ceremonial Exchange System ... Process 2: The Peace-spreading](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022021610/5b5378487f8b9aa40e8bd664/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
The Kula-Ring of Bronislaw Malinowski
Twofold basic aim: to theoretically derive the behavioral
assumptions of a starting mechanism for the emergence and co-evolution of a peaceful system of economic and ceremonial exchange from game-theoretic reasoning
![Page 6: The Kula-Ring of Bronislaw Malinowski Co-Evolution of … · The Kula-Ring of Bronislaw Malinowski Co-Evolution of an Economic and Ceremonial Exchange System ... Process 2: The Peace-spreading](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022021610/5b5378487f8b9aa40e8bd664/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
The Kula-Ring of Bronislaw Malinowski
Twofold basic aim: to theoretically derive the behavioral
assumptions of a starting mechanism for the emergence and co-evolution of a peaceful system of economic and ceremonial exchange from game-theoretic reasoning
to use simulation as a methodological device in order to demonstrate the macro-social consequences of a multi-level, multi-agent, dynamic system and compare them with the observed structure
![Page 7: The Kula-Ring of Bronislaw Malinowski Co-Evolution of … · The Kula-Ring of Bronislaw Malinowski Co-Evolution of an Economic and Ceremonial Exchange System ... Process 2: The Peace-spreading](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022021610/5b5378487f8b9aa40e8bd664/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
The Kula-Ring of Bronislaw Malinowski
A short description of the social
system of Kula exchange
![Page 8: The Kula-Ring of Bronislaw Malinowski Co-Evolution of … · The Kula-Ring of Bronislaw Malinowski Co-Evolution of an Economic and Ceremonial Exchange System ... Process 2: The Peace-spreading](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022021610/5b5378487f8b9aa40e8bd664/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
![Page 9: The Kula-Ring of Bronislaw Malinowski Co-Evolution of … · The Kula-Ring of Bronislaw Malinowski Co-Evolution of an Economic and Ceremonial Exchange System ... Process 2: The Peace-spreading](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022021610/5b5378487f8b9aa40e8bd664/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Kitava
![Page 10: The Kula-Ring of Bronislaw Malinowski Co-Evolution of … · The Kula-Ring of Bronislaw Malinowski Co-Evolution of an Economic and Ceremonial Exchange System ... Process 2: The Peace-spreading](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022021610/5b5378487f8b9aa40e8bd664/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Kiriwina
![Page 11: The Kula-Ring of Bronislaw Malinowski Co-Evolution of … · The Kula-Ring of Bronislaw Malinowski Co-Evolution of an Economic and Ceremonial Exchange System ... Process 2: The Peace-spreading](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022021610/5b5378487f8b9aa40e8bd664/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Kayleula
![Page 12: The Kula-Ring of Bronislaw Malinowski Co-Evolution of … · The Kula-Ring of Bronislaw Malinowski Co-Evolution of an Economic and Ceremonial Exchange System ... Process 2: The Peace-spreading](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022021610/5b5378487f8b9aa40e8bd664/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Sinaketa
![Page 13: The Kula-Ring of Bronislaw Malinowski Co-Evolution of … · The Kula-Ring of Bronislaw Malinowski Co-Evolution of an Economic and Ceremonial Exchange System ... Process 2: The Peace-spreading](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022021610/5b5378487f8b9aa40e8bd664/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Vakuta
![Page 14: The Kula-Ring of Bronislaw Malinowski Co-Evolution of … · The Kula-Ring of Bronislaw Malinowski Co-Evolution of an Economic and Ceremonial Exchange System ... Process 2: The Peace-spreading](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022021610/5b5378487f8b9aa40e8bd664/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Amphletts
![Page 15: The Kula-Ring of Bronislaw Malinowski Co-Evolution of … · The Kula-Ring of Bronislaw Malinowski Co-Evolution of an Economic and Ceremonial Exchange System ... Process 2: The Peace-spreading](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022021610/5b5378487f8b9aa40e8bd664/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
NW Dobu
![Page 16: The Kula-Ring of Bronislaw Malinowski Co-Evolution of … · The Kula-Ring of Bronislaw Malinowski Co-Evolution of an Economic and Ceremonial Exchange System ... Process 2: The Peace-spreading](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022021610/5b5378487f8b9aa40e8bd664/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Dobu
![Page 17: The Kula-Ring of Bronislaw Malinowski Co-Evolution of … · The Kula-Ring of Bronislaw Malinowski Co-Evolution of an Economic and Ceremonial Exchange System ... Process 2: The Peace-spreading](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022021610/5b5378487f8b9aa40e8bd664/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
SE Dobu
![Page 18: The Kula-Ring of Bronislaw Malinowski Co-Evolution of … · The Kula-Ring of Bronislaw Malinowski Co-Evolution of an Economic and Ceremonial Exchange System ... Process 2: The Peace-spreading](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022021610/5b5378487f8b9aa40e8bd664/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
East Cape
![Page 19: The Kula-Ring of Bronislaw Malinowski Co-Evolution of … · The Kula-Ring of Bronislaw Malinowski Co-Evolution of an Economic and Ceremonial Exchange System ... Process 2: The Peace-spreading](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022021610/5b5378487f8b9aa40e8bd664/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
East EndIslands
![Page 20: The Kula-Ring of Bronislaw Malinowski Co-Evolution of … · The Kula-Ring of Bronislaw Malinowski Co-Evolution of an Economic and Ceremonial Exchange System ... Process 2: The Peace-spreading](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022021610/5b5378487f8b9aa40e8bd664/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Wari
![Page 21: The Kula-Ring of Bronislaw Malinowski Co-Evolution of … · The Kula-Ring of Bronislaw Malinowski Co-Evolution of an Economic and Ceremonial Exchange System ... Process 2: The Peace-spreading](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022021610/5b5378487f8b9aa40e8bd664/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Tubetube
![Page 22: The Kula-Ring of Bronislaw Malinowski Co-Evolution of … · The Kula-Ring of Bronislaw Malinowski Co-Evolution of an Economic and Ceremonial Exchange System ... Process 2: The Peace-spreading](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022021610/5b5378487f8b9aa40e8bd664/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Misima
![Page 23: The Kula-Ring of Bronislaw Malinowski Co-Evolution of … · The Kula-Ring of Bronislaw Malinowski Co-Evolution of an Economic and Ceremonial Exchange System ... Process 2: The Peace-spreading](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022021610/5b5378487f8b9aa40e8bd664/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Laughlan
![Page 24: The Kula-Ring of Bronislaw Malinowski Co-Evolution of … · The Kula-Ring of Bronislaw Malinowski Co-Evolution of an Economic and Ceremonial Exchange System ... Process 2: The Peace-spreading](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022021610/5b5378487f8b9aa40e8bd664/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Alcesters
![Page 25: The Kula-Ring of Bronislaw Malinowski Co-Evolution of … · The Kula-Ring of Bronislaw Malinowski Co-Evolution of an Economic and Ceremonial Exchange System ... Process 2: The Peace-spreading](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022021610/5b5378487f8b9aa40e8bd664/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Woodlark
![Page 26: The Kula-Ring of Bronislaw Malinowski Co-Evolution of … · The Kula-Ring of Bronislaw Malinowski Co-Evolution of an Economic and Ceremonial Exchange System ... Process 2: The Peace-spreading](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022021610/5b5378487f8b9aa40e8bd664/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Marshall Bennets
![Page 27: The Kula-Ring of Bronislaw Malinowski Co-Evolution of … · The Kula-Ring of Bronislaw Malinowski Co-Evolution of an Economic and Ceremonial Exchange System ... Process 2: The Peace-spreading](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022021610/5b5378487f8b9aa40e8bd664/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
![Page 28: The Kula-Ring of Bronislaw Malinowski Co-Evolution of … · The Kula-Ring of Bronislaw Malinowski Co-Evolution of an Economic and Ceremonial Exchange System ... Process 2: The Peace-spreading](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022021610/5b5378487f8b9aa40e8bd664/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
![Page 29: The Kula-Ring of Bronislaw Malinowski Co-Evolution of … · The Kula-Ring of Bronislaw Malinowski Co-Evolution of an Economic and Ceremonial Exchange System ... Process 2: The Peace-spreading](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022021610/5b5378487f8b9aa40e8bd664/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Kula-expedition
![Page 30: The Kula-Ring of Bronislaw Malinowski Co-Evolution of … · The Kula-Ring of Bronislaw Malinowski Co-Evolution of an Economic and Ceremonial Exchange System ... Process 2: The Peace-spreading](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022021610/5b5378487f8b9aa40e8bd664/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Sailing boat
![Page 31: The Kula-Ring of Bronislaw Malinowski Co-Evolution of … · The Kula-Ring of Bronislaw Malinowski Co-Evolution of an Economic and Ceremonial Exchange System ... Process 2: The Peace-spreading](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022021610/5b5378487f8b9aa40e8bd664/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Karumosa, a Kula canoe from the Trobriand-island
![Page 32: The Kula-Ring of Bronislaw Malinowski Co-Evolution of … · The Kula-Ring of Bronislaw Malinowski Co-Evolution of an Economic and Ceremonial Exchange System ... Process 2: The Peace-spreading](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022021610/5b5378487f8b9aa40e8bd664/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
A friendly welcome
![Page 33: The Kula-Ring of Bronislaw Malinowski Co-Evolution of … · The Kula-Ring of Bronislaw Malinowski Co-Evolution of an Economic and Ceremonial Exchange System ... Process 2: The Peace-spreading](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022021610/5b5378487f8b9aa40e8bd664/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Ceremonial Dance
![Page 34: The Kula-Ring of Bronislaw Malinowski Co-Evolution of … · The Kula-Ring of Bronislaw Malinowski Co-Evolution of an Economic and Ceremonial Exchange System ... Process 2: The Peace-spreading](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022021610/5b5378487f8b9aa40e8bd664/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Amphlett Island pot
![Page 35: The Kula-Ring of Bronislaw Malinowski Co-Evolution of … · The Kula-Ring of Bronislaw Malinowski Co-Evolution of an Economic and Ceremonial Exchange System ... Process 2: The Peace-spreading](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022021610/5b5378487f8b9aa40e8bd664/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Trobriand gourd lime container
![Page 36: The Kula-Ring of Bronislaw Malinowski Co-Evolution of … · The Kula-Ring of Bronislaw Malinowski Co-Evolution of an Economic and Ceremonial Exchange System ... Process 2: The Peace-spreading](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022021610/5b5378487f8b9aa40e8bd664/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Yam storage shelter on Kiriwina, Trobriand Islands
![Page 37: The Kula-Ring of Bronislaw Malinowski Co-Evolution of … · The Kula-Ring of Bronislaw Malinowski Co-Evolution of an Economic and Ceremonial Exchange System ... Process 2: The Peace-spreading](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022021610/5b5378487f8b9aa40e8bd664/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Dancers at Kaibola, Kiriwina, Trobriand Islands
![Page 38: The Kula-Ring of Bronislaw Malinowski Co-Evolution of … · The Kula-Ring of Bronislaw Malinowski Co-Evolution of an Economic and Ceremonial Exchange System ... Process 2: The Peace-spreading](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022021610/5b5378487f8b9aa40e8bd664/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Dancers at Kaibola, Kiriwina, Trobriand Islands
![Page 39: The Kula-Ring of Bronislaw Malinowski Co-Evolution of … · The Kula-Ring of Bronislaw Malinowski Co-Evolution of an Economic and Ceremonial Exchange System ... Process 2: The Peace-spreading](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022021610/5b5378487f8b9aa40e8bd664/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
A corpse covered with valuables
![Page 40: The Kula-Ring of Bronislaw Malinowski Co-Evolution of … · The Kula-Ring of Bronislaw Malinowski Co-Evolution of an Economic and Ceremonial Exchange System ... Process 2: The Peace-spreading](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022021610/5b5378487f8b9aa40e8bd664/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
The Explanandum:the „Empirically Observed“ Kula Ring
The Kula-Ring of Bronislaw Malinowski
![Page 41: The Kula-Ring of Bronislaw Malinowski Co-Evolution of … · The Kula-Ring of Bronislaw Malinowski Co-Evolution of an Economic and Ceremonial Exchange System ... Process 2: The Peace-spreading](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022021610/5b5378487f8b9aa40e8bd664/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Soulava – Necklaces
![Page 42: The Kula-Ring of Bronislaw Malinowski Co-Evolution of … · The Kula-Ring of Bronislaw Malinowski Co-Evolution of an Economic and Ceremonial Exchange System ... Process 2: The Peace-spreading](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022021610/5b5378487f8b9aa40e8bd664/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Kiriwina
KitavaKaileula
Sinaketa
Vakuta
Amphletts
NW Dobu
SE Dobu
Dobu
East Cape
TubetubeEast EndIslands
Wari
Misima
Laughlan
MarshallBennets
Alcesters
Woodlark
The Kula-RingDirection and entry of necklaces
![Page 43: The Kula-Ring of Bronislaw Malinowski Co-Evolution of … · The Kula-Ring of Bronislaw Malinowski Co-Evolution of an Economic and Ceremonial Exchange System ... Process 2: The Peace-spreading](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022021610/5b5378487f8b9aa40e8bd664/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Mwali – Armshells
![Page 44: The Kula-Ring of Bronislaw Malinowski Co-Evolution of … · The Kula-Ring of Bronislaw Malinowski Co-Evolution of an Economic and Ceremonial Exchange System ... Process 2: The Peace-spreading](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022021610/5b5378487f8b9aa40e8bd664/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Kiriwina
KitavaKaileula
Sinaketa
Vakuta
Amphletts
NW Dobu
SE Dobu
Dobu
East Cape
TubetubeEast EndIslands
Wari
Misima
Laughlan
MarshallBennets
Alcesters
Woodlark
The Kula-RingDirection and entry of armshells
![Page 45: The Kula-Ring of Bronislaw Malinowski Co-Evolution of … · The Kula-Ring of Bronislaw Malinowski Co-Evolution of an Economic and Ceremonial Exchange System ... Process 2: The Peace-spreading](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022021610/5b5378487f8b9aa40e8bd664/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Kiriwina
KitavaKaileula
Sinaketa
Vakuta
Amphletts
NW Dobu
SE Dobu
Dobu
East Cape
TubetubeEast EndIslands
Wari
Misima
Laughlan
MarshallBennets
Alcesters
Woodlark
The Kula-Ring
![Page 46: The Kula-Ring of Bronislaw Malinowski Co-Evolution of … · The Kula-Ring of Bronislaw Malinowski Co-Evolution of an Economic and Ceremonial Exchange System ... Process 2: The Peace-spreading](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022021610/5b5378487f8b9aa40e8bd664/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
The Kula-Ring of Bronislaw Malinowski
The general problem of explanation:barter, social order and ceremonial exchange
![Page 47: The Kula-Ring of Bronislaw Malinowski Co-Evolution of … · The Kula-Ring of Bronislaw Malinowski Co-Evolution of an Economic and Ceremonial Exchange System ... Process 2: The Peace-spreading](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022021610/5b5378487f8b9aa40e8bd664/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
The Kula-Ring of Bronislaw Malinowski
The general problem of explanation:barter, social order and ceremonial exchange
Three processes will be distinguished:
![Page 48: The Kula-Ring of Bronislaw Malinowski Co-Evolution of … · The Kula-Ring of Bronislaw Malinowski Co-Evolution of an Economic and Ceremonial Exchange System ... Process 2: The Peace-spreading](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022021610/5b5378487f8b9aa40e8bd664/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
The Kula-Ring of Bronislaw Malinowski
The general problem of explanation:barter, social order and ceremonial exchange
Three processes will be distinguished: the development of an economic trading
network
![Page 49: The Kula-Ring of Bronislaw Malinowski Co-Evolution of … · The Kula-Ring of Bronislaw Malinowski Co-Evolution of an Economic and Ceremonial Exchange System ... Process 2: The Peace-spreading](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022021610/5b5378487f8b9aa40e8bd664/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
The Kula-Ring of Bronislaw Malinowski
The general problem of explanation:barter, social order and ceremonial exchange
Three processes will be distinguished: the development of an economic trading
network the spread of peaceful relationships
![Page 50: The Kula-Ring of Bronislaw Malinowski Co-Evolution of … · The Kula-Ring of Bronislaw Malinowski Co-Evolution of an Economic and Ceremonial Exchange System ... Process 2: The Peace-spreading](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022021610/5b5378487f8b9aa40e8bd664/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
The Kula-Ring of Bronislaw Malinowski
The general problem of explanation:barter, social order and ceremonial exchange
Three processes will be distinguished: the development of an economic trading
network the spread of peaceful relationships the evolution of a ceremonial exchange
network of Kula valuables
![Page 51: The Kula-Ring of Bronislaw Malinowski Co-Evolution of … · The Kula-Ring of Bronislaw Malinowski Co-Evolution of an Economic and Ceremonial Exchange System ... Process 2: The Peace-spreading](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022021610/5b5378487f8b9aa40e8bd664/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Problem 1:Establishing Economic Trade
![Page 52: The Kula-Ring of Bronislaw Malinowski Co-Evolution of … · The Kula-Ring of Bronislaw Malinowski Co-Evolution of an Economic and Ceremonial Exchange System ... Process 2: The Peace-spreading](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022021610/5b5378487f8b9aa40e8bd664/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Problem 1:Establishing Economic Trade
„Double coincidence of wants“
![Page 53: The Kula-Ring of Bronislaw Malinowski Co-Evolution of … · The Kula-Ring of Bronislaw Malinowski Co-Evolution of an Economic and Ceremonial Exchange System ... Process 2: The Peace-spreading](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022021610/5b5378487f8b9aa40e8bd664/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Problem 1:Establishing Economic Trade
„Double coincidence of wants“ Empirical boundary conditions:
geographic distances as indicators of costs supply and demand of 25 goods
![Page 54: The Kula-Ring of Bronislaw Malinowski Co-Evolution of … · The Kula-Ring of Bronislaw Malinowski Co-Evolution of an Economic and Ceremonial Exchange System ... Process 2: The Peace-spreading](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022021610/5b5378487f8b9aa40e8bd664/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Process 1:Results of the Economic Trading Module
This simple model is completely unable to reproduce the structure of the exchange network
![Page 55: The Kula-Ring of Bronislaw Malinowski Co-Evolution of … · The Kula-Ring of Bronislaw Malinowski Co-Evolution of an Economic and Ceremonial Exchange System ... Process 2: The Peace-spreading](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022021610/5b5378487f8b9aa40e8bd664/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Process 1:Results of the Economic Trading Module
This simple model is completely unable to reproduce the structure of the exchange network
Trading by middlemen has to be added as another incentive to obtain a good fit
![Page 56: The Kula-Ring of Bronislaw Malinowski Co-Evolution of … · The Kula-Ring of Bronislaw Malinowski Co-Evolution of an Economic and Ceremonial Exchange System ... Process 2: The Peace-spreading](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022021610/5b5378487f8b9aa40e8bd664/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Process 1:Results of the Economic Trading Module
This simple model is completely unable to reproduce the structure of the exchange network
Trading by middlemen has to be added as another incentive to obtain a good fitDemand is determined not only by consumptive needs but also by demand of other exchange partners
![Page 57: The Kula-Ring of Bronislaw Malinowski Co-Evolution of … · The Kula-Ring of Bronislaw Malinowski Co-Evolution of an Economic and Ceremonial Exchange System ... Process 2: The Peace-spreading](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022021610/5b5378487f8b9aa40e8bd664/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Problem 2: Establishing Social Order
The interaction structure among two communities is a prisoners’ dilemma game
![Page 58: The Kula-Ring of Bronislaw Malinowski Co-Evolution of … · The Kula-Ring of Bronislaw Malinowski Co-Evolution of an Economic and Ceremonial Exchange System ... Process 2: The Peace-spreading](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022021610/5b5378487f8b9aa40e8bd664/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
Problem 2: Establishing Social Order
The interaction structure among two communities is a prisoners’ dilemma game
Prerequisites of peaceful trade: recognizing property rights
![Page 59: The Kula-Ring of Bronislaw Malinowski Co-Evolution of … · The Kula-Ring of Bronislaw Malinowski Co-Evolution of an Economic and Ceremonial Exchange System ... Process 2: The Peace-spreading](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022021610/5b5378487f8b9aa40e8bd664/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
Problem 2: Establishing Social Order
The interaction structure among two communities is a prisoners’ dilemma game
Prerequisites of peaceful trade: recognizing property rights
Shadow of the future
![Page 60: The Kula-Ring of Bronislaw Malinowski Co-Evolution of … · The Kula-Ring of Bronislaw Malinowski Co-Evolution of an Economic and Ceremonial Exchange System ... Process 2: The Peace-spreading](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022021610/5b5378487f8b9aa40e8bd664/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
Problem 2: Establishing Social Order
The interaction structure among two communities is a prisoners’ dilemma game
Prerequisites of peaceful trade: recognizing property rights
Shadow of the future Exit option
![Page 61: The Kula-Ring of Bronislaw Malinowski Co-Evolution of … · The Kula-Ring of Bronislaw Malinowski Co-Evolution of an Economic and Ceremonial Exchange System ... Process 2: The Peace-spreading](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022021610/5b5378487f8b9aa40e8bd664/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
Problem 2: Establishing Social Order
The interaction structure among two communities is a prisoners’ dilemma game
Prerequisites of peaceful trade: recognizing property rights
Shadow of the future Exit option Importance of expectations, trust,
reputation and fear of ostracism
![Page 62: The Kula-Ring of Bronislaw Malinowski Co-Evolution of … · The Kula-Ring of Bronislaw Malinowski Co-Evolution of an Economic and Ceremonial Exchange System ... Process 2: The Peace-spreading](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022021610/5b5378487f8b9aa40e8bd664/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
Process 2: The Peace-spreading Module
In the beginning all actors use the defective “ALL D-exit strategy”; one pair exogenously changes to the conditionally cooperative “TFT-exit strategy”
![Page 63: The Kula-Ring of Bronislaw Malinowski Co-Evolution of … · The Kula-Ring of Bronislaw Malinowski Co-Evolution of an Economic and Ceremonial Exchange System ... Process 2: The Peace-spreading](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022021610/5b5378487f8b9aa40e8bd664/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
Process 2: The Peace-spreading Module
In the beginning all actors use the defective “ALL D-exit strategy”; one pair exogenously changes to the conditionally cooperative “TFT-exit strategy”
An actor i contacts actor j iff j ’s reputation (= the opinion of i’s other partners about j) is predominantly positive; if it is undecided or unknown it depends on i ‘s trust
![Page 64: The Kula-Ring of Bronislaw Malinowski Co-Evolution of … · The Kula-Ring of Bronislaw Malinowski Co-Evolution of an Economic and Ceremonial Exchange System ... Process 2: The Peace-spreading](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022021610/5b5378487f8b9aa40e8bd664/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
Process 2: The Peace-spreading Module
In the beginning all actors use the defective “ALL D-exit strategy”; one pair exogenously changes to the conditionally cooperative “TFT-exit strategy”
An actor i contacts actor j iff j ’s reputation (= the opinion of i’s other partners about j) is predominantly positive; if it is undecided or unknown it depends on i ‘s trust
If a contact is made the chances of peaceful trading depend on the strategies used by both actors and the trust and perception of a conditionally cooperative host j about his “guest’s” reputation
![Page 65: The Kula-Ring of Bronislaw Malinowski Co-Evolution of … · The Kula-Ring of Bronislaw Malinowski Co-Evolution of an Economic and Ceremonial Exchange System ... Process 2: The Peace-spreading](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022021610/5b5378487f8b9aa40e8bd664/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
Process 2: The Peace-spreading Module
In the beginning all actors use the defective “ALL D-exit strategy”; one pair exogenously changes to the conditionally cooperative “TFT-exit strategy”
An actor i contacts actor j iff j ’s reputation (= the opinion of i’s other partners about j) is predominantly positive; if it is undecided or unknown it depends on i ‘s trust
If a contact is made the chances of peaceful trading depend on the strategies used by both actors and the trust and perception of a conditionally cooperative host j about his “guest’s” reputation
After an interaction has taken place both actors recognize and remember each other’s present true strategies
![Page 66: The Kula-Ring of Bronislaw Malinowski Co-Evolution of … · The Kula-Ring of Bronislaw Malinowski Co-Evolution of an Economic and Ceremonial Exchange System ... Process 2: The Peace-spreading](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022021610/5b5378487f8b9aa40e8bd664/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
Process 2: The Peace-spreading Module
In the beginning all actors use the defective “ALL D-exit strategy”; one pair exogenously changes to the conditionally cooperative “TFT-exit strategy”
An actor i contacts actor j iff j ’s reputation (= the opinion of i’s other partners about j) is predominantly positive; if it is undecided or unknown it depends on i ‘s trust
If a contact is made the chances of peaceful trading depend on the strategies used by both actors and the trust and perception of a conditionally cooperative host j about his “guest’s” reputation
After an interaction has taken place both actors recognize and remember each other’s present true strategies
Afterwards defective players adopt the conditionally cooperative TFT-exit strategy if they have made a certain number of contacts because of fear of exclusion due to a bad reputation
![Page 67: The Kula-Ring of Bronislaw Malinowski Co-Evolution of … · The Kula-Ring of Bronislaw Malinowski Co-Evolution of an Economic and Ceremonial Exchange System ... Process 2: The Peace-spreading](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022021610/5b5378487f8b9aa40e8bd664/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
Process 2: Results of the Peace-spreading Module
Without trust, reputation and fear of ostracism a coherent network almost never develops
![Page 68: The Kula-Ring of Bronislaw Malinowski Co-Evolution of … · The Kula-Ring of Bronislaw Malinowski Co-Evolution of an Economic and Ceremonial Exchange System ... Process 2: The Peace-spreading](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022021610/5b5378487f8b9aa40e8bd664/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
Process 2: Results of the Peace-spreading Module
Without trust, reputation and fear of ostracism a coherent network almost never develops
With trust, reputation mechanism working and fear of ostracism peace always prevails and all actors can satisfy their consumptive needs
![Page 69: The Kula-Ring of Bronislaw Malinowski Co-Evolution of … · The Kula-Ring of Bronislaw Malinowski Co-Evolution of an Economic and Ceremonial Exchange System ... Process 2: The Peace-spreading](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022021610/5b5378487f8b9aa40e8bd664/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
Problem 3: Signaling Peaceful Intentions
![Page 70: The Kula-Ring of Bronislaw Malinowski Co-Evolution of … · The Kula-Ring of Bronislaw Malinowski Co-Evolution of an Economic and Ceremonial Exchange System ... Process 2: The Peace-spreading](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022021610/5b5378487f8b9aa40e8bd664/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
Problem 3: Signaling Peaceful Intentions
If both actors have a lasting interest, then they are both interested in reducing their uncertainty concerning their partner’s strategy through a reliable signaling system
![Page 71: The Kula-Ring of Bronislaw Malinowski Co-Evolution of … · The Kula-Ring of Bronislaw Malinowski Co-Evolution of an Economic and Ceremonial Exchange System ... Process 2: The Peace-spreading](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022021610/5b5378487f8b9aa40e8bd664/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
Problem 3: Signaling Peaceful Intentions
If both actors have a lasting interest, then they are both interested in reducing their uncertainty concerning their partner’s strategy through a reliable signaling system
Main thesis: Reciprocal gift-giving issuch a signaling system of peaceful intentions
![Page 72: The Kula-Ring of Bronislaw Malinowski Co-Evolution of … · The Kula-Ring of Bronislaw Malinowski Co-Evolution of an Economic and Ceremonial Exchange System ... Process 2: The Peace-spreading](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022021610/5b5378487f8b9aa40e8bd664/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
Problem 3: Signaling Peaceful Intentions
If both actors have a lasting interest, then they are both interested in reducing their uncertainty concerning their partner’s strategy through a reliable signaling system
Main thesis: Reciprocal gift-giving is such a signaling system of peaceful intentions
There is a common interest in creating the following convention: „Don‘t forget to present a gift, if you have a lasting interest!“
![Page 73: The Kula-Ring of Bronislaw Malinowski Co-Evolution of … · The Kula-Ring of Bronislaw Malinowski Co-Evolution of an Economic and Ceremonial Exchange System ... Process 2: The Peace-spreading](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022021610/5b5378487f8b9aa40e8bd664/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
Problem 3: Signaling Peaceful Intentions
If both actors have a lasting interest, then they are both interested in reducing their uncertainty concerning their partner’s strategy through a reliable signaling system
Main thesis: Reciprocal gift-giving is such a signaling system of peaceful intentions
There is a common interest in creating the following convention: „Don‘t forget to present a gift, if you have a lasting interest!“
The problem of cheating and trust
![Page 74: The Kula-Ring of Bronislaw Malinowski Co-Evolution of … · The Kula-Ring of Bronislaw Malinowski Co-Evolution of an Economic and Ceremonial Exchange System ... Process 2: The Peace-spreading](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022021610/5b5378487f8b9aa40e8bd664/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
Problem 3: Signaling Peaceful Intentions
If both actors have a lasting interest, then they are both interested in reducing their uncertainty concerning their partner’s strategy through a reliable signaling system
Main thesis: Reciprocal gift-giving is such a signaling system of peaceful intentions
There is a common interest in creating the following convention: „Don‘t forget to present a gift, if you have a lasting interest!“
The problem of cheating and trust The mechanism of reputation and the fear of
being ostracized foster both cooperative and honest behavior
![Page 75: The Kula-Ring of Bronislaw Malinowski Co-Evolution of … · The Kula-Ring of Bronislaw Malinowski Co-Evolution of an Economic and Ceremonial Exchange System ... Process 2: The Peace-spreading](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022021610/5b5378487f8b9aa40e8bd664/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
The Simulation Model:Coupling of the Three Processes
EconomicBarter
Peaceful Cooperation
CeremonialExchange
![Page 76: The Kula-Ring of Bronislaw Malinowski Co-Evolution of … · The Kula-Ring of Bronislaw Malinowski Co-Evolution of an Economic and Ceremonial Exchange System ... Process 2: The Peace-spreading](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022021610/5b5378487f8b9aa40e8bd664/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
The Simulation Model:Coupling of the Three Processes
EconomicBarter
Peaceful Cooperation
CeremonialExchange
Barter only possible if both actors cooperate
![Page 77: The Kula-Ring of Bronislaw Malinowski Co-Evolution of … · The Kula-Ring of Bronislaw Malinowski Co-Evolution of an Economic and Ceremonial Exchange System ... Process 2: The Peace-spreading](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022021610/5b5378487f8b9aa40e8bd664/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
The Simulation Model:Coupling of the Three Processes
EconomicBarter
Peaceful Cooperation
CeremonialExchange
Barter only possible if both actors cooperate
Change of strategy due to fear of loss of reputation
![Page 78: The Kula-Ring of Bronislaw Malinowski Co-Evolution of … · The Kula-Ring of Bronislaw Malinowski Co-Evolution of an Economic and Ceremonial Exchange System ... Process 2: The Peace-spreading](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022021610/5b5378487f8b9aa40e8bd664/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
The Simulation Model:Coupling of the Three Processes
Signaling function of gift exchange if reputation and trust is workingEconomic
Barter
Peaceful Cooperation
CeremonialExchange
Barter only possible if both actors cooperate
Change of strategy due to fear of loss of reputation
![Page 79: The Kula-Ring of Bronislaw Malinowski Co-Evolution of … · The Kula-Ring of Bronislaw Malinowski Co-Evolution of an Economic and Ceremonial Exchange System ... Process 2: The Peace-spreading](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022021610/5b5378487f8b9aa40e8bd664/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
The Simulation Model:Coupling of the Three Processes
EconomicBarter
Signaling function of gift exchange if reputation and trust is working
Peaceful Cooperation
CeremonialExchange
Barter only possible if both actors cooperate
Exchange of Kula valuables only if trading is possible
Change of strategy due to fear of loss of reputation
![Page 80: The Kula-Ring of Bronislaw Malinowski Co-Evolution of … · The Kula-Ring of Bronislaw Malinowski Co-Evolution of an Economic and Ceremonial Exchange System ... Process 2: The Peace-spreading](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022021610/5b5378487f8b9aa40e8bd664/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
The Simulation Model:Coupling of the Three Processes
Signaling function of gift exchange if reputation and trust is workingEconomic
Barter
Peaceful Cooperation
CeremonialExchange
Barter only possible if both actors cooperate
Exchange of Kula valuables only if trading is possible
Change of strategy due to fear of loss of reputation
Contact of Kula partners independent of distance
![Page 81: The Kula-Ring of Bronislaw Malinowski Co-Evolution of … · The Kula-Ring of Bronislaw Malinowski Co-Evolution of an Economic and Ceremonial Exchange System ... Process 2: The Peace-spreading](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022021610/5b5378487f8b9aa40e8bd664/html5/thumbnails/81.jpg)
The Simulation Model:Coupling of the Three Processes
Signaling function of gift exchange if reputation and trust is workingEconomic
Barter
Peaceful Cooperation
CeremonialExchange
Barter only possible if both actors cooperate
Exchange of Kula valuables only if trading is possible
Change of strategy due to fear of loss of reputation
Contact of Kula partners independent of distance
![Page 82: The Kula-Ring of Bronislaw Malinowski Co-Evolution of … · The Kula-Ring of Bronislaw Malinowski Co-Evolution of an Economic and Ceremonial Exchange System ... Process 2: The Peace-spreading](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022021610/5b5378487f8b9aa40e8bd664/html5/thumbnails/82.jpg)
The Kula-Ring of Bronislaw Malinowski
Is the process converging towards „fixed points“?
![Page 83: The Kula-Ring of Bronislaw Malinowski Co-Evolution of … · The Kula-Ring of Bronislaw Malinowski Co-Evolution of an Economic and Ceremonial Exchange System ... Process 2: The Peace-spreading](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022021610/5b5378487f8b9aa40e8bd664/html5/thumbnails/83.jpg)
The Kula-Ring of Bronislaw Malinowski
Is the process converging towards „fixed points“?
Goodness-of-fitness measures: Similarity of trading network Degree of clockwise circulation Reachability of gift exchange
![Page 84: The Kula-Ring of Bronislaw Malinowski Co-Evolution of … · The Kula-Ring of Bronislaw Malinowski Co-Evolution of an Economic and Ceremonial Exchange System ... Process 2: The Peace-spreading](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022021610/5b5378487f8b9aa40e8bd664/html5/thumbnails/84.jpg)
The Kula-Ring of Bronislaw Malinowski
Is the process converging towards „fixed points“?
Goodness-of-fitness measures: Similarity of trading network Degree of clockwise circulation Reachability of gift exchange
Mean values of fixed points
![Page 85: The Kula-Ring of Bronislaw Malinowski Co-Evolution of … · The Kula-Ring of Bronislaw Malinowski Co-Evolution of an Economic and Ceremonial Exchange System ... Process 2: The Peace-spreading](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022021610/5b5378487f8b9aa40e8bd664/html5/thumbnails/85.jpg)
The Kula-Ring of Bronislaw Malinowski
Is the process converging towards „fixed points“?
Goodness-of-fitness measures: Similarity of trading network Degree of clockwise circulation Reachability of gift exchange
Mean values of fixed points Aggregate simulated Kula Ring
![Page 86: The Kula-Ring of Bronislaw Malinowski Co-Evolution of … · The Kula-Ring of Bronislaw Malinowski Co-Evolution of an Economic and Ceremonial Exchange System ... Process 2: The Peace-spreading](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022021610/5b5378487f8b9aa40e8bd664/html5/thumbnails/86.jpg)
The Kula-Ring of Bronislaw Malinowski
The empirical fit of this baseline model is unsatisfactory
Mean(945 fixed points)
Aggregate
Similarity .539 .628
Circulation .064 .647
Reachability .483 .039
![Page 87: The Kula-Ring of Bronislaw Malinowski Co-Evolution of … · The Kula-Ring of Bronislaw Malinowski Co-Evolution of an Economic and Ceremonial Exchange System ... Process 2: The Peace-spreading](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022021610/5b5378487f8b9aa40e8bd664/html5/thumbnails/87.jpg)
The Kula-Ring of Bronislaw Malinowski
A substantial improvement is gained by differentiating between different historical phases in the emergence of the Kula-ring
![Page 88: The Kula-Ring of Bronislaw Malinowski Co-Evolution of … · The Kula-Ring of Bronislaw Malinowski Co-Evolution of an Economic and Ceremonial Exchange System ... Process 2: The Peace-spreading](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022021610/5b5378487f8b9aa40e8bd664/html5/thumbnails/88.jpg)
Differentiation of Historical Phases
Myths as evidence for an early „Urkula“
![Page 89: The Kula-Ring of Bronislaw Malinowski Co-Evolution of … · The Kula-Ring of Bronislaw Malinowski Co-Evolution of an Economic and Ceremonial Exchange System ... Process 2: The Peace-spreading](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022021610/5b5378487f8b9aa40e8bd664/html5/thumbnails/89.jpg)
Differentiation of Historical Phases
Myths as evidence for an early „Urkula“ Phase 1: the process develops among the 9
members of the Urkula in the Western part
![Page 90: The Kula-Ring of Bronislaw Malinowski Co-Evolution of … · The Kula-Ring of Bronislaw Malinowski Co-Evolution of an Economic and Ceremonial Exchange System ... Process 2: The Peace-spreading](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022021610/5b5378487f8b9aa40e8bd664/html5/thumbnails/90.jpg)
Phase 1 ofthe Ur-Kula
Kiriwina
KitavaKaileula
Sinaketa
Vakuta
Amphletts
NW Dobu
SE Dobu
Dobu
East Cape
TubetubeEast EndIslands
Wari
Misima
Laughlan
MarshallBennets
Alcesters
Woodlark
![Page 91: The Kula-Ring of Bronislaw Malinowski Co-Evolution of … · The Kula-Ring of Bronislaw Malinowski Co-Evolution of an Economic and Ceremonial Exchange System ... Process 2: The Peace-spreading](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022021610/5b5378487f8b9aa40e8bd664/html5/thumbnails/91.jpg)
Differentiation of Historical Phases
Myths as evidence for an early „Urkula“ Phase 1: the process develops among the 9
members of the Urkula in the Western part Phase 2: the potential link between Tubetube
and Woodlark is “opened”
![Page 92: The Kula-Ring of Bronislaw Malinowski Co-Evolution of … · The Kula-Ring of Bronislaw Malinowski Co-Evolution of an Economic and Ceremonial Exchange System ... Process 2: The Peace-spreading](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022021610/5b5378487f8b9aa40e8bd664/html5/thumbnails/92.jpg)
Phase 2 ofthe Ur-Kula
Kiriwina
KitavaKaileula
Sinaketa
Vakuta
Amphletts
NW Dobu
SE Dobu
Dobu
East Cape
TubetubeEast EndIslands
Wari
Misima
Laughlan
MarshallBennets
Alcesters
Woodlark
![Page 93: The Kula-Ring of Bronislaw Malinowski Co-Evolution of … · The Kula-Ring of Bronislaw Malinowski Co-Evolution of an Economic and Ceremonial Exchange System ... Process 2: The Peace-spreading](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022021610/5b5378487f8b9aa40e8bd664/html5/thumbnails/93.jpg)
Differentiation of Historical Phases
Myths as evidence for an early „Urkula“ Phase 1: the process develops among the 9
members of the Urkula in the Western part Phase 2: the potential link between Tubetube
and Woodlark is “opened” Phase 3: the simulated Urkula is embedded in
the total Kula; members of the Urkula stick to their “traditional way of ceremonial exchange” among themselves
![Page 94: The Kula-Ring of Bronislaw Malinowski Co-Evolution of … · The Kula-Ring of Bronislaw Malinowski Co-Evolution of an Economic and Ceremonial Exchange System ... Process 2: The Peace-spreading](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022021610/5b5378487f8b9aa40e8bd664/html5/thumbnails/94.jpg)
Simulation Results with Historical Phases
Bifurcation of development depending on the outcome in the Ur-Kula
![Page 95: The Kula-Ring of Bronislaw Malinowski Co-Evolution of … · The Kula-Ring of Bronislaw Malinowski Co-Evolution of an Economic and Ceremonial Exchange System ... Process 2: The Peace-spreading](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022021610/5b5378487f8b9aa40e8bd664/html5/thumbnails/95.jpg)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
-1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
circulation measure
num
ber o
f fixe
d po
ints
Baseline Model
![Page 96: The Kula-Ring of Bronislaw Malinowski Co-Evolution of … · The Kula-Ring of Bronislaw Malinowski Co-Evolution of an Economic and Ceremonial Exchange System ... Process 2: The Peace-spreading](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022021610/5b5378487f8b9aa40e8bd664/html5/thumbnails/96.jpg)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
-1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
circulation measure
num
ber o
f fixe
d po
ints
Model with Historical Phases after positive Ur-Kula
Baseline Model
![Page 97: The Kula-Ring of Bronislaw Malinowski Co-Evolution of … · The Kula-Ring of Bronislaw Malinowski Co-Evolution of an Economic and Ceremonial Exchange System ... Process 2: The Peace-spreading](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022021610/5b5378487f8b9aa40e8bd664/html5/thumbnails/97.jpg)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
-1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
circulation measure
num
ber o
f fixe
d po
ints
Model with Historical Phases after positive Ur-KulaModel with Historical Phases after negative Ur-KulaBaseline Model
![Page 98: The Kula-Ring of Bronislaw Malinowski Co-Evolution of … · The Kula-Ring of Bronislaw Malinowski Co-Evolution of an Economic and Ceremonial Exchange System ... Process 2: The Peace-spreading](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022021610/5b5378487f8b9aa40e8bd664/html5/thumbnails/98.jpg)
Simulation Results with Historical Phases
Bifurcation of development depending on the outcome in the Ur-Kula
Better goodness-of-fit
![Page 99: The Kula-Ring of Bronislaw Malinowski Co-Evolution of … · The Kula-Ring of Bronislaw Malinowski Co-Evolution of an Economic and Ceremonial Exchange System ... Process 2: The Peace-spreading](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022021610/5b5378487f8b9aa40e8bd664/html5/thumbnails/99.jpg)
Simulation Results with Historical Phases(mean values of fixed points)
Baseline Model
(945 fixed points)
Model with Historical Phases
After positive Urkula (597 fixed points)
After negative Urkula (385 fixed points)
Similarity .539 .556 .556
Circulation .064 .395 –.340
Reachability .483 .657 .758
![Page 100: The Kula-Ring of Bronislaw Malinowski Co-Evolution of … · The Kula-Ring of Bronislaw Malinowski Co-Evolution of an Economic and Ceremonial Exchange System ... Process 2: The Peace-spreading](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022021610/5b5378487f8b9aa40e8bd664/html5/thumbnails/100.jpg)
Simulation Results with Historical Phases(values of aggregate Kula)
Baseline Model
Model with Historical Phases
After positive Urkula
After negative Urkula
Similarity .628 .659 .659
Circulation .647 .622 –.676
Reachability .039 1.000 .595
![Page 101: The Kula-Ring of Bronislaw Malinowski Co-Evolution of … · The Kula-Ring of Bronislaw Malinowski Co-Evolution of an Economic and Ceremonial Exchange System ... Process 2: The Peace-spreading](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022021610/5b5378487f8b9aa40e8bd664/html5/thumbnails/101.jpg)
The Kula-Ring of Bronislaw Malinowski
Limits and future directions
![Page 102: The Kula-Ring of Bronislaw Malinowski Co-Evolution of … · The Kula-Ring of Bronislaw Malinowski Co-Evolution of an Economic and Ceremonial Exchange System ... Process 2: The Peace-spreading](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022021610/5b5378487f8b9aa40e8bd664/html5/thumbnails/102.jpg)
![Page 103: The Kula-Ring of Bronislaw Malinowski Co-Evolution of … · The Kula-Ring of Bronislaw Malinowski Co-Evolution of an Economic and Ceremonial Exchange System ... Process 2: The Peace-spreading](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022021610/5b5378487f8b9aa40e8bd664/html5/thumbnails/103.jpg)
![Page 104: The Kula-Ring of Bronislaw Malinowski Co-Evolution of … · The Kula-Ring of Bronislaw Malinowski Co-Evolution of an Economic and Ceremonial Exchange System ... Process 2: The Peace-spreading](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022021610/5b5378487f8b9aa40e8bd664/html5/thumbnails/104.jpg)
![Page 105: The Kula-Ring of Bronislaw Malinowski Co-Evolution of … · The Kula-Ring of Bronislaw Malinowski Co-Evolution of an Economic and Ceremonial Exchange System ... Process 2: The Peace-spreading](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022021610/5b5378487f8b9aa40e8bd664/html5/thumbnails/105.jpg)