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The Industrial Period In the 18th & 19th Centuries
ARCH 1121 History of Architectural Technology
Department of Architectural Technology New York City College of Technology, CUNY
3 Reasons for change in Architecture:
-Introduction of new materials and techniques
-Demand for new types of Buildings to meet social needs
-Changes in Cultural climate and sources of Patronage
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18th & 19th Century Steam Engine used to move Rail Cars 1804
Fulton invents the Steamboat 1807
First Passenger railroad in England 1825
Morse sends 1st telegraph message 1844
Invention of sewing machine, refrigerator, telephone, film, automobile, phonograph 1845-95
Otis invents the elevator 1852
Edison invents electric light 1879
Large scale production of rolled steel 1880s
Reinforced concrete perfected 1892
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Industrial Revolution Started in England in last quarter of the 18th Century and spread during the 19th Century through Europe and America
There were new types of buildings for transport and industry
New techniques were created with new materials
Iron was used in “progressive” buildings
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Industrial Revolution Engineers were used to design buildings
Buildings were straight forward, simple, functional buildings
Building types included:
Viaducts, dockyards, textile mills & railway stations
Hospitals, stores and offices (Social and Commercial development)
This is the 1st time new Architecture was predominantly civic not religous
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Industrial Revolution Previously the design trend was set by the aristocrats
Now Architects and Engineers looked to Ancient Models:
Greek and Gothic Architecture
Many styles were revived throughout Europe and America
Greek Revival Venetian Gothic
Gothic Revival Flemish
Neo-Roman Byzantine
Neo-Baroque
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Schauspielhaus, Berlin, Germany 1819-21
Karl Friedrich Schinkel (1781-1841)
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Brandenberg Gate, Berlin, Germany 1784-93, C.G. Langens & Friedrich Gilly
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The British Museum 1823-47 London, England
Sir Robert Smirke
Built to house England’s Collection of Antiqities
Art & Knowledge were extremely important and so Museums were treated like temples
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Trinity Church 1846 New York City, NY
Richard Upjohn
Best known Neo-Gothic Building in America
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Victor Emmanuel II Monument 1884-1922 Rome, Italy
Giuseppe Sacconi
Vast Platform with a terrace that holds a large statue of the king on a horse.
Blocks view to the Ancient Roman Forum Ruins
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Industrial Revolution (emerged in England by 1750) Architecture linked to Transportation
Canal Structures: Waterways, Aqueducts & warehouses
Road Structures: Roads & Bridges
Railroad Structures: Terminal structures
Ocean Trade: Enlarged harbors, warehouses
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Menai Suspension Bridge 1826
A suspension bridge between the island of Anglesey and
mainland Wales
Designed by Thomas Telford
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Menai Suspension Bridge 1826
Construction consisted of:
concrete towers on both sides of the strait.
sixteen huge chain cables, each made of 935 iron bars that support the 176 meter span.
To avoid rusting, each cable was first soaked in linseed oil.
Chain suspension bridge with gravity anchored
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Clifton Suspension Bridge 1836-64
I.K. Brunnel
Spans 702’ across the Aron Gorge new Bristol
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Clifton Suspension Bridge 1836-64
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Clifton Suspension Bridge 1836-64
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Central Railroad Station @ New Castle
1846 and 1850
John Dobson
Neo-Classical Front Façade
Iron and Glass arched roof
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Central Railroad Station @ New Castle
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Crystal Palace 1851
John Paxton
Designed for the Great Exhibition in Hyde Park, London, England
Standardized Prefab parts
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Crystal Palace 1851
Iron Frame in sections
Glass Panels set in wood sashbars in 4’ length
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Crystal Palace 1851
Re-erected, but was accidentally destroyed by fire in 1936
In 1851, it was the largest building ever constructed 700,000 sf
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Paris Exhibition of 1889 Exhibitions showcased great Architecture and Technical Accomplishments
Most buildings at the Exhibition were quite ordinary, except for 2:
Machine Hall
Eiffel Tower
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Machine Hall Paris Exhibition of 1889 Engineering Masterpiece
Engineer Contamint and Architect Ferdinand Dutert
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Machine Hall Vast Open Space to display Industrial Machinery
Spans 380’ wide and a height of 150’
Mainly Steel and Glass
Outside walls did not between girders = Curtain Walls
Decorative Glass Panels
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Eiffel Tower Paris Exhibition of 1889 Alexandre Gustave Eiffel
1000’ tall – tallest structure of its time
Rests on 4 pylons
Symbol of Modern Paris
Steel structure
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Eiffel Tower
Rests on 4 pylons
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Eiffel Tower
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Galleria Vittorio Emanuele 1865-1877 Milan, Italy Giuseppe Mengoni
Cruciform plan with a large octagonal dome over the crossing
Vast Arcade that covered shops and cafes.
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Galleria Vittorio Emanuele 1865-1877 Milan, Italy
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The Reliance Building 1890 Chicago, Illinois Daniel H. Burnham and John W. Root
Ancestor of the Modern Skyscraper
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The Reliance Building 1890 Chicago, Illinois Four-Storeyed Structure was completed in 1890
Extended to 13 Floors in 1894
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The Reliance Building 1890 Chicago, Illinois Designed based on Proportions
Steel Frame faced with Terracotta
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The Paris Opera House 1874 Paris, France
Won by competition – Charles Garnier
Tight Site – Carriage Ramp, Approach Steps
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The Paris Opera House 1874 Paris, France
Monumental and much ornament – multicolored marble and elaborate statuary
A place to be seen – large staircase and balconies
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The Paris Opera House 1874 Paris, France
The marble ornament was not structural, but hung from a steel frame
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The Paris Opera House 1874 Paris, France
Arranged around a central horseshoe auditorium