Download - The European Enlightenment
1650-1800
The European Enlightenment
SWBAT EXPLAIN HOW SCIENCE LED TO THE ENLIGHTENMENT
SWBAT COMPARE THE IDEAS OF LOCKE AND HOBBES
Objective
Do Now 12/6/12
Have your homework out – ready to go over
Answer the following in your notes:What is the Enlightenment?
How do you think events such as the English Civil War and the Glorious Revolution sparked new ideas of the Enlightenment?
BACON and DESCARTES:Reason & Logic
ISAAC NEWTON:Natural Law
HOBBES and ROUSSEAU:The Social Contract
JOHN LOCKE:Natural Rights—Life, Liberty,
and Property
VOLTAIRE:Religious Tolerance
MONESTESQUIEU:Separation of Powers
BECCARIA:Reform of Criminal Justice
System
Growth of Secular Ideas;Importance of Education
Belief in Progress
American and French Revolutions,
Independence MovementsDeclaration of Independence,
Rights of Man and Citizen, Growth of Individualism
U.S. Bill of Rights and Enlightened Monarchies
French, U.S., and Latin American Constitutions
Abolishment of Torture and Capital Punishment
ENLIGHTENMENT THOUGHT
Foundations of the
EnlightenmentImpact of the
Enlightenment
The Age of Reason
Scientific Revolution Enlightenment
1700s scientists expanded European knowledge in Scientific Revolution
Scientific successes created great confidence in the power of REASON
If people used reason to find laws that governed the physical world, why not use reason to discover natural laws (laws that govern human nature)
Scientific Revolution Enlightenment
With the use of REASON, Enlightenment thinkers could solve every social, political, and economic problem
Two thinkers: John Locke and Thomas Hobbes
Philosophes – “lovers of wisdom”
Enlightenment thinkers that applied the methods of science to better understand and improve society
Thomas Hobbes1588 - 1679
Saw English Civil WarBelieves society must be
ruled by absolute monarch
Humans are nasty and brutal by nature
Social contract – give up freedom for an organized society
Leviathan
Enlightenment Thinkers
LOCKE1632-1704
Saw Glorious RevolutionNatural law: use of reason to
study human behavior and create binding rules of moral behavior
Divine purpose for humanity
Life, liberty, propertyTwo Treaties of
Government
Enlightenment Thinkers
Comparing Locke and HobbesViews toward the "state of nature”
Hobbes compared the English
Civil War to the “state of nature”, which was brutal
his negative view of the revolution led him to conclude that society needed a strong king. ABSOLUTE MONARCH
Lockebelieved that the
state of nature was good.
if governments could not do as much for people than they did for themselves in the state of nature, then government could be dismantled.
Comparing Locke & Hobbes Views toward human nature
Hobbes:has a negative view
toward human nature “nasty, brutal….”;
Locke: the human mind is
like a blank slate.
Comparison and contrast of views on government
Hobbes: a contract exists
between the king and the people; but once the king becomes king, he cannot be overthrown & obtains absolute power.
Locke:government
conditional & can be overthrown if it does not represent the people
Using your notes & Section 1 packet
Explain how the leaders of the Scientific Revolution influenced the philosophes.
How did the Glorious Revolution influence the ideas of the Enlightenment?
How might the Declaration of Independence, the Bill of Rights, and the U.S. Constitution be considered to be documents of the Age of Enlightenment?
Do Now – 12/6/12
Pick up the “Face-off” & Locke and Hobbes worksheets
take out your notes on Locke & Hobbes
Face Off – Locke vs. Hobbes
FIRST – read Hobbes’ & Locke’s quotes and answer their corresponding questions by yourself!
SECOND – you will be placed in groups to answer the bottom 3 summary questions TOGETHER!
THIRD – read the background on both Locke & Hobbes Underline the IMPORTANT information in each section You will need to use this information to support your
“debate”!
Debate
Participate in a CONSTRUCTIVE manner
3 times – 10 points2 times – 8 points1 time – 5 points times – points
Questions to think about…Why would the basic nature of humans be a topic of
discussion?
Why would this be important for developing a concept for an ideal form of government?
How would these writers have come up with their point of view?
How could Locke and Hobbes have such different conclusions?
Think about your personal experiences & the role environment plays in forming YOUR ideas.
Hobbes vs. Locke
There are three major causes of fighting...Competition: People see themselves as in
competition with each other.(invade for gain)Diffidence: People lack self confidence and
thus tend to overcompensate for it. (invade for safety)
Glory: People tend to desire glory. They expect others to value them as well as they value themselves. (invade for reputation)
How can you attain peace?
Conclusion
Which philosophe did you side with prior to our class discussion? (Locke or Hobbes) WHY???
Do you still agree with his beliefs as strongly as you once did? Yes? – explain! No? – Explain!
SWBAT SUMMARIZE HOW ECONOMIC THINKING CHANGED DURING THE
ENLIGHTENMENT
Objective
Do Now
How did Locke and Hobbes differ in their views on the role of government?
What convinced educated Europeans to accept the power of reason?
Enlightenment Philosophers and Writers
Fill out your chart for the following individuals:
VoltaireMontesquieu
DiderotJean-Jacques Rousseau
Mary Wollstonecraft
Voltaire
Francois-Marie Arouet Voltaire (1694-1778)Targeted corrupt officialsBattled inequality, injustice, and superstitionDisagreed with slave trade & religious prejudice Offended French government and Catholic
ChurchBastille prison twiceExiled – forced to leave ParisDefended principles of freedom of speech
Baron de Montesquieu
Charles Louis de Secondat (1689-1755)Persian Letters: ridiculed the French government and
social classesCriticized absolute poweridea of separation of powers Divide powers among three branches
Legislative, executive, judicialChecks and balancesStudied various governments across Europe and historyInfluenced framers of the U.S. Constitution
Denis Diderot
Encyclopedias “change the general way of thinking”Explained government, philosophy, and religionarticles from Voltaire and MontesquieuDenounced slavery, praised freedom of expression,
urged education for all Attacked divine right and other traditionsPope excommunication to any Catholic that read Spread Enlightenment ideas
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Wrote The Social ContractPeople by nature are good corrupt by evils of
societySociety = too many limitations on people’s behaviorSome controls – but should be minimalOnly governments that are freely elected should
impose these controls“general will” - best conscience of the peopleGood of the community should be placed above
individual interestsThomas Paine & Marquis de Lafayette adopt this
view
Mary Wollstonecraft“free and equal” did not apply to womennatural rights limited to areas of home and familymid to late 1700s women protested this viewArgued they were being excluded from social
contract Wollstonecraft accepted women’s duty to be a good
motherShould be able to determine their best interest
without depending on men1792: Vindication of Rights of WomanEqual education for boys and girlsEducation would help women participate equally
with men
Questions
What were the “hot” topics addressed by the philosophes and published in the Encyclopedia? To you, which was the most important?
Which philosophe would you side with?
WHY? Explain. If it’s a combination – explain what you would
include and what you would eliminate and WHY.
Political Cartoon
Complete handout Answer questions 1 & 2