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©2017, New Buildings InstituteAll Rights Reserved © 2018 New Buildings Institute
The Budding Energy Impact of Indoor
Agriculture
Alexi Miller, PE
Senior Project Manager
New Buildings Institute
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• New industry = new facilities & new loads
• New issues facing building code officials and energy efficiency stakeholders
• More energy intensive than data centers!
Indoor Agriculture SectorSector Load Growth
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• Intro – Scale of the Issue
• Growing Stages
• Snapshot: Energy Use in Indoor Ag Facilities
Topics
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• NWPCC’s Seventh Power Plan prediction: Indoor Agriculture may account for ~ 3% of total regional electricity demand
• Xcel Energy (CO): 45% of load growth due to Indoor Agriculture
Indoor Agricultural LightingSector Load Growth
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CA Cannabis License Tiers
• 45% of prospective producers plan to grow indoors
Source: 2016 CalCannabis survey
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• Indoor Ag has 3 primary end-uses:• Lighting:
~30%-50% of total energy usage
• Ventilation & Dehumidification:
~25%-35% of total
• Air Conditioning:
~20%-25% of total
• Major Interactive Effects
Indoor AgricultureEnergy End Uses
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Mother/Clone Stage
Source: Blair Gable/Reuters
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Vegetative Growth Stage
Source: Danny Danko, High Times
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Flowering Stage
Source: Danny Danko, High Times
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Drying/Processing Stage
Source: Danny Danko, High Times
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Growing Phases - Summary
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Lighting Efficiency Metrics
• Metric: Lumens/Watt vs. Photon EfficiencyLumens are for Humans
CIE 1931 luminosity function
Visible
Spectrum
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Lighting Efficiency Metrics
• Metric: Lumens/Watt vs. Photon EfficiencyPhoton Efficiency Makes Sense for Plants
Keith McCree
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Photon Efficiency Threshold
• Proposed Minimum Photon Efficiency:
1.6 µmol/J
• A reasonable minimum performance level based on interviews with growers, manufacturers, technical consultants, academics, and other stakeholders.
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Compliant FixturesTech
Type Manufacturer Model Wattage
Photon
Output µmol/J
CMH AirSupplies Dimlux 1000W DE EL UHF 1260 2470 2.0
CMH BoulderLamp 315W CDL Agro 315 614 2.0
CMH Cycloptics Greenbeams 315 599 1.9
CMH Philips Elite Agro 315W T12 315 614 2.0
HPS AirSupplies Dimlux 630W EL UHF 799 1411 1.8
HPS Papillon ePAP-1000 1150 1975 1.7
HPS Solistek A1 1100 2100 1.9
HPS Ushio ASH 1000 Opti-Red 5001671 1000 1810 1.8
HPS Ushio ASH 1000 Opti-Red 5001670 600 1150 1.9
HPS Ushio ASH 1000 Opti-Red 5001669 400 720 1.8
HPS Ushio ASH-DE 1000 Opti-Red 5002272 1000 1950 2.0
HPS Ushio ASH 1000 Opti-Red 5002442 1000 2100 2.1
LED Bios Icarus Gi 660 1221 1.9
LED Bios Icarus Vi High Output 4' HO Module 217 412 1.9
LED Bios Icarus Vi High Output 3' HO Module 163 309 1.9
LED Bios Icarus Vi Low Output 4' HO Module 100 200 2.0
LED Bios Icarus Vi Low Output 3' HO Module 75 150 2.0
LED California Light Works SolarSystem® 550 400 720 1.8
LED Fluence RAY66 PhysioSpec Indoor 120 270 2.3
LED Fluence RAY66 PhysioSpec Greenhouse 120 270 2.3
LED Fluence RAY66 AnthoSpec 125 265 2.1
LED Fluence RAY66 PfrSpec 100 195 2.0
LED Fluence RAY66 PrSpec 100 255 2.6
LED Fluence RAY44 PhysioSpec Indoor 85 185 2.2
LED Fluence RAY44 PhysioSpec Greenhouse 85 185 2.2
LED Fluence RAY44 AnthoSpec 85 180 2.1
LED Fluence RAY44 PfrSpec 70 135 1.9
LED Fluence RAY44 PrSpec 70 175 2.5
LED Fluence RAY22 PhysioSpec Indoor 45 90 2.0
LED Fluence RAY22 PhysioSpec Greenhouse 45 90 2.0
LED Fluence RAY22 AnthoSpec 45 90 2.0
LED Fluence RAY22 PfrSpec 35 65 1.9
LED Fluence RAY22 PrSpec 35 85 2.4
LED Fluence VYPRx PLUS 515 1100 2.1
LED Fluence VYPRx 320 700 2.2
LED Fluence SPYDRx PLUS 660 1410 2.1
LED Fluence SPYDRx 330 730 2.2
LED Fluence RAZR 91 200 2.2
LED heliospectra LX601 10.5-630 862-1011 1.6
LED heliospectra LX602 630 1011 1.6
LED heliospectra E60 630 1096 1.7
LED heliospectra V101G-L 92 160 1.7
LED Illumitex NeoSol DS 520 830 1.6
LED Illumitex NeoSol LS 50 80 1.6
LED Illumitex NeoSol NS 295 470 1.6
LED Illumitex Eclipse Gen2 N F3 65 104 1.6
LED Illumitex PowerHarvest W10 565 1000 1.8
LED Lighting Science Group VividGro V1 390 636 1.6
LED Lighting Science Group VividGro V2 588 1081 1.8
LED NextLight Veg8 190 350 1.9
LED NextLight Mini LED 150 260 1.7
LED NextLight MEGA(unreleased) 650 1400 2.2
LED Papillon L-Light Hortiled Top 320 860 2.7
LED Papillon L-Light Hortiled Multi 72 180 2.5
LED Papillon L-Light Hortiled Inter 190 500 2.6
LED Philips GreenPower LED toplighting DR/B LB 400V 190 520 2.7
LED Philips GreenPower LED toplighting DR/B MB 400V 195 520 2.7
LED Philips GreenPower LED toplighting DR/B HB 400V 200 520 2.6
LED Philips GreenPower LED toplighting DR/W LB 400V 195 520 2.7
LED Philips GreenPower LED toplighting DR/W MB 400V 200 520 2.6
LED Philips GreenPower LED toplighting DR/W Vision 400V 190 430 2.3
LED Philips GreenPower LED toplighting DR/W/FR_2 MB 400V 175 410 2.3
LED Philips GreenPower LED toplighting DR/B LB 400V 190 440 2.3
LED Philips GreenPower LED toplighting DR/B MB 400V 195 440 2.3
LED Philips GreenPower LED toplighting DR/B HB 400V 200 440 2.2
LED Philips GreenPower LED toplighting DR/W LB 400V 195 440 2.3
LED Philips GreenPower LED toplighting DR/W MB 400V 200 440 2.2
LED Philips GreenPower LED toplighting DR/W VISION 400V 190 400 2.1
LED Philips GreenPower LED toplighting DR/W/FR_2 MB 400V 180 360 2.0
LED PL Systems HortiLED TOP 320 86 2.7
LED powerPAR powerPAR200 185 350 1.9
LED powerPAR powerPAR400 390 690 1.8
LED powerPAR powerPAR600 530 1020 1.9
LED Valoya R-150 138 234.6 1.7
LED Valoya R-300 275 469.2 1.7
LED Valoya B-100 102 183.6 1.8
LED Valoya B-150 144 259.2 1.8
LED Valoya B-200 192 345.6 1.8
LED Valoya C-65 65 110.5 1.7
LED Valoya C-75 80 136 1.7
LED Valoya C-90 90 153 1.7
Plasma Alphalite NIT400-2T 235 455 1.9
Plasma Iunu Dual Plasma 520 850 1.6
• This is market-ready today
• Catalogued 80+ fixtures from 19 manufacturers with photon efficiency ≥1.6 µmol/J
• Light Emitting Diode
• 2x Ended High Pressure Sodium
• Ceramic Metal Halide
• Light Emitting Plasma
• Fast Moving Industry: By 2018 many more will be available
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IECC 2018 Proposed Language(Not in CA Title 24 Code)
405.4 Lighting for Plant Growth and Maintenance (Mandatory)
Not less than 95% of the permanently installed light fixtures used for plant growth and maintenance shall have a photon efficiency of not less than 1.6 µmol/J.
EXCEPTION: Greenhouses.
Lighting for nonvisual applications, such as plant growth and food warming, shall be controlled by a dedicated control that is independent of the controls for other lighting within the room or space.
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A Shining Opportunity:Indoor Agricultural Lighting Performance Standards
• Importance due to new industry being born• Now is the time to address this, before millions of sq. ft. are built out
• Determined a reasonable, attainable minimum fixture efficiency
(1.6 µmol/J)• Wide variety of fixtures & various technologies available on the market
today… and more appear all the time
Voluntary Pathway: Market Based Labeling/Rating
Mandatory Pathway: Code and Policy
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Indoor Agriculture Resource:Technical Briefs
• Intended to help utilities evaluate incentive applications
• Assembled group of experienced engineers, builders, and consultants
• Document information on typical base-case and efficient technologies and practices
• 5-9 pages; focused on topics requested by utilities
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Thank you for joining us!
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Contact:
Alexi Miller: [email protected]
All Rights Reserved © 2018 New Buildings Institute
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Powering forward. Together.
Matt McGregor
Strategic Account Advisor
Sacramento Municipal Utility District
April 9th, 2018
Indoor Cultivation
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Agenda
• My Role
• Indoor Cultivation 101
• SMUD’s Territory
• Energy Efficiency
• R&D Tests
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SMUD’s Stance
SMUD is committed to partnering with our
customers to ensure safe, reliable and
efficient energy distribution.
To help meet our customers’ electricity
needs, whether simple or unique, we
promise to deliver cost-effective energy
utilizing renewable energy sources with the
quality our customers have come to expect
and value.
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My Role
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Strategic Account Advisor
A dedicated SMUD Strategic Account
Advisor is a personal energy expert
available to help businesses navigate the
energy landscape to save time, energy and
money.
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What do I do all day?
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Indoor Cultivation 101
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PhotosynthesisThe process by which plants use light to synthesize foods from carbon dioxide and water. Photosynthesis in plants generally involves the green pigment chlorophyll and generates oxygen as a byproduct.
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Seedling/Clone (2‐4 weeks)18 hour photo period
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Vegetative (2‐4 weeks)18 hour photo period
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Flowering (8‐12 weeks)12 hour photo period
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13
Lighting 101
Photopic Vision• Lumens • Lux / Foot‐Candles • Lumens / Watt
Horticulture • PPF • PPFD • μmol / J
Source: Nick Klase, Fluence Bioengineering, 2017 DOE SSL Conference
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14
Lighting 101
Source: Nick Klase, Fluence Bioengineering, 2017 DOE SSL Conference
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15
Lighting Load, HPS
• Current 4.42A @277VAC• Power max 1200W• Heat 4,000btus (radiant)• Covers 16 to 25 sqft
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16
HVAC Load, Cooling
Example Daikin 20ton • Current max 41.2A @460VAC• Power max 32.8kW• EER 9.8
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17
Additional Load
• Fans• Filters• Pumps• General, Exterior Lighting• Office
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19
Watts/sqft Assumptions
(1) 1200W light per 20 sqft of planted area
.33 ton HVAC per light
Additional 20% load
1200W
-----------
20sqft
400W
---------------
20sqft
Additional
20% =+ X
96W/sqft
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SMUD’s Territory
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City of Sacramento
Feb 2, 2016 city adopts “certain properties” allowed commercial cultivation of cannabis
Nov 22, 2016 city adopts regulation for commercial cultivation of cannabis
April 3, 2017 city starts accepting conditional use permits
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Green Zone
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Applications
In 2017, SMUD received:
• 139 Conditional Use Permit applications for
review
• 66 applications for new/upgraded service
• Most in saturated areas
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Current proposed square feet of canopy?
>2,700,000
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Energy Efficiency
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How to engage and collaborate?
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From
“What do you know!”
To
“What do you know?”
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To help businesses and our
community, we offer a wide variety of
incentives and financing options to
encourage investment in energy
efficiency.
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New load or initial build out
Compares standard practices
Requires Letter of Interest
Requires pre meeting
We provide analysis
Requires post inspection
Typically $.10/kWh, $200/kW
-up to 30% project cost
-up to $150,000/year
Retrofits
Compares existing technology
Requires Application
Requires pre meeting
We provide analysis
Requires post inspection
Typically $.10/kWh, $200/kW
-up to 30% project cost
-up to $150,000/year
Savings by Design Custom Incentive
Program
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R&D Tests
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What we wanted to know• What are the energy (kWh) and
electrical demand (kW) savings?• Does using LED lighting instead of HPS
affect the quality or quantity of the product? If so, in what ways?
• What are the financial cost savings for the customer? What is the simple payback?
• Should SMUD provide energy efficiency incentives?
• Is the technology viable for this application? What is needed for wider adoption?
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What we did
Worked with two local cannabis cultivators
to test LED lighting for indoor cultivation applications.
• Two rooms with HPS lighting
• Two rooms with LED lighting
• Cadmus performed the energy
savings and cost-effectiveness analysis• Cultivators determined quality of crop
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What we tracked• Lighting kW and kWh• Cumulative PAR (LI‐COR loggers)
‐Below light fixtures‐Plant bed
• Plug loads (fans, portable dehumidifiers, etc.)
• HVAC system kW & kWh• Room conditions
‐ CO2 levels‐ Relative humidity‐ Room temperature
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• Lighting energy savings was an average of 34%
• Plug loads were 7% lower• Total HVAC system usage was slightly
lower (2%)• Overall energy consumption was 18 to
25% lower
Amplified Farms: energy consumption
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Amplified Farms: grow results
• LED Grow number #1
– Awful start: 3-days without cooling or lights
– Overall yield was still within normal ranges
for two of the three varieties
– THC levels were slighter higher
• LED Grow number #2
– Overall yield was within normal ranges
– THC levels were slighter higher
– Overall quality was excellent!
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• Lighting energy savings was 36%• Overall HVAC system usage was
37.5% lower• Plug loads were 10.5% higher• Overall energy savings was 30.3%
(17,720 kWh / cycle)
Seven Leaves: energy consumption
23%39%
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
HPS P1 HPS P2 LED P1 LED P2M
Wh
Lights HVAC Dehumidification Plug Loads Savings
23%39%
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
HPS P1 HPS P2 LED P1 LED P2M
Wh
Lights HVAC Dehumidification Plug Loads Savings
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Seven Leaves: grow results
• LED Grow number #1
– Awful start: plants in shock from too much
light
– Overall yield was 40% lower than our target
– THC levels were slighter higher
• LED Grow number #2
– Overall yield was 35% lower than our target
– THC levels were slighter higher
– Overall quality was excellent!
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SMUD reports
Full reports for these projects are available for download via the Customer Advanced Technologies Program webpage:
https://www.smud.org/en/Business‐Solutions‐and‐Rebates/Business‐Rebates/Advanced‐Tech‐Solutions