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Teacher Policy in East AsiaWith a Focus on High-Performing Countries
Gwang-Jo KimDirector, UNESCO Bangkok
Asia and Pacific Regional Bureau for Education
Leaning from the International Experience Harvard Kennedy School, August 17-19 2011
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Outline
I. International Learning Assessment at a Glance
II. An Overview of Teacher Policy in East Asia
III. Issues/Challenges
IV. Conclusions
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I. International Learning Assessment
at a Glance
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Note: The markers show the score of the indicated percentile
Source: EFA Global Monitoring Report (2010)
Korea
Japan USA
Singapore
TIMSS math score for 8th grade (2007)
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Percentages of Students Reaching the TIMSS 2007 International Benchmarks of Science Achievement
Source: TIMSS 2007 International Mathematics and Science Reports (2008)
Percentage of students at or above Advanced Benchmark
Percentage of students at or above High Benchmark
Percentage of students at or above Intermediate Benchmark
Percentage of students at or above Low Benchmark
Korea
SingaporeJapan
USA
TIMSS science score for 8th grade (2007)
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Source : OECD, PISA 2006
At or below Level 1
Level 2 to 4
At or above Level 5Korea
USA
Japan
Percentage of low performance students in science literacy
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OECD averageScience 501Reading 493Math 496
Performance in PISA 2009
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Source: OECD (2011), PISA 2009 Results: Students On Line
Korea Japan
Digital Reading in PISA 2009
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II. An Overview of Teacher Policy in East Asia
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“Ensuring that teachers are properly trained, resourced and supported is the single most important requirement for
raising learning achievement”
(EFA Global Monitoring Report 2011)
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• Highly selective system: 20% of applicants• Recruitment into teaching - Limiting places in the training program to those who are selected
Spend more money on teacher training (per student) - Almost all students who enroll in the teacher ED become teachers - Student teachers paid salary during in-service training in NIE
Source: UNESCO BKK (2010) , Regional Seminar on teacher Polices in Asia-Pacific
Teacher Edu-cation
ProgramTeaching in a
school High School or University
The case of Singapore
1. Pre-service Education and Recruitment
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• Teacher Education at NIE (National Institute of Education)
Programs Duration For
Postgraduate Diploma 1 year Degreein Education (PGDE) holders
Degree 4 years Polytechnic Diploma(BA/BSc Education)* & ‘A’ level
Diploma in Education 2 years Polytechnic Diploma(DipEd) & ‘A’ level
* Bachelor of Arts (Education)/Bachelor of Science (Education) to be discontinued from 2015
Source: UNESCO BKK (2010) , Regional Seminar on teacher Polices in Asia-Pacific
The case of Singapore
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Teacher Train-ing
ProgramTeaching in a
school High School
(Primary School teachers)Should be in the top 5% of their
academic cohort
(Secondary School teachers)Over-supply and severe
competition to be a teacher
Primary School Teachers: Closed/special purpose TEIs11 Public Education Universities and 1 Private University deliver pre-
service training programmesStudents quota are controlled by MoE
Secondary School Teachers: An open, flexible system Various routes; Education colleges of universities, Ed faculties of
universities, Graduate school of education confer teaching certificates
ExamExam
The case of Korea
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1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s~
Main InstituteTeacher School
*Temporary training center
Education College Upgrade to Education University(1981-4)** Temporary
Training courses
Entrance Requirements
Middle School Graduates
*Non-qualified acting teachers
High School GraduatesHigh School Graduates**College
graduates
Training Duration 3yrs*3 months
2yrs4yrs
**18 weeks
QualificationUpon graduation
PST Certificate* Associate PST
Certificate
PST CertificatePST Certificate** Associate PST
Certificate
Evolution of Pre-Service Education of Korea
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Source: CPRE(2007), A Comparative Study of Teacher Preparation and Qualifications in Six Nations
Percent of School Teachers, by Highest Degree Earned, and by Teaching Certificate, by System
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Comparison of the level and intensity of participation in professional development
Average days of professional development undertaken
Percentage of teachers undertaking professional development
Source: OECD (2010), Teaching and Learning International Survey
2. Professional Development and Support
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Strengthening In-service training• For beginning teachers, induction training (during the first
year, 60 days at school and 30 days outside of the school) became mandatory (1988)
• For teachers with 10 years service, 10th year training (40 days) became mandatory (2003)
• All teacher licenses became effective for 10 years (2009)• To renew the licenses, teachers are required to take courses
(30 hrs) at the universities or receive in-service training organized by the boards of education.
Renewal of teaching license
Source: UNESCO BKK (2010), Regional Seminar on teacher Polices in Asia-Pacific
The case of Japan
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Source: UNESCO BKK (2010), Regional Seminar on teacher Polices in Asia-Pacific
• Education Service Professional Development And Career Plan (Edu-Pac) to provide attractive career development pathways
The case of Singapore (Career Path)
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• Instructional career: Teacher – Vice-principle – Principle• Administrative career: Teacher – School inspector –
Superintendent
• “Master Teacher” piloted(2008) and newly legalized (2011) - Another career path as a professional in instruction - Could reduce excess competition for promotion
Teacher (Grade II)
Teacher (Grade I)
Master Teacher
Principal / Vice-
principalManagement
Instruction
The case of Korea (Career Path)
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Teachers’ salaries in lower secondary education, 2008 (OECD)
Source: OECD (2010), Education at a Glance
Korea Japan
3. Compensation and Workload
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0
15,000
30,000
45,000
60,000
75,000
90,000
Starting salary Salary after 15 years ofexperience
Salary at top of scale
Cambodia 2003
Indonesia 2006
Japan 2006
Korea 2006
Lao PDR 2002
Malaysia 2006
Philippines 2006
Thailand 2006
Korea
Japan
Malaysia
Source: UNESCO BKK(2009), Teacher Numbers, Teacher Quality
Philippines
Thailand
Lower secondary teachers’ salaries in equivalent USD converted using PPPs
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Source: OECD (2010), Education at a Glance
Number of weeksof instruction
Number of daysof instruction
Net teaching time(in hours)
Total statutory working time
(in hours)
Pri Mid High Pri Mid High Pri Mid High Pri Mid High
Korea 37 37 37 204 204 204 755 545 480 1554 1554 1554
OECD average 38 38 38 187 186 184 798 709 653 1662 1652 1656
Korea JapanUSA
Annual teaching hours by education level (2008)
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Source: UIS (Singapore) (2010) *Data only available for public schools only, OECD(2010), Education at a Glance (2010); UIS (2008)
Primary Lower Secondary
China 37 55Indonesia 27 36Japan 28 33Korea 30 35Philippines 38 52Singapore 34 37Thailand 21 34Malaysia 36 34.2*OECD 22 24
Class size in East & Southeast Asia
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0
10
20
30
40
50
20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Secondary GER
Seco
ndar
y ST
R
China
HongKong
Indonesia
Japan
Korea
Malaysia
Philippines
Singapore
Taiwan
Thailand
%
Variation in Student-teacher ratioby Secondary Gross Enrollment Ratio in East Asia
Source: UNESCO BKK(2009), Teacher Numbers, Teacher Quality
Korea
PhilippinesHong Kong
Singapore
Class size and GER
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EPMS: Enhanced Performance Management System
• Competency-based and defines the knowledge, skills and professional characteristics appropriate for each track • Key Result Area for the Teaching Track are: - Holistic development of students, Contribution to the school, - Collaboration with parents and Professional Development
Planning
CoachingEvaluation
Minstry/School/Department Work-plan
Informal Guidanceand Coaching
Multiple Inputs - Self, Reporting Officer, - Countersigning officer
Affecting annual performance bonus
During evaluation phase decision re promotion made
Source: Christine Kim-Eng Lee (2010), Singapore MoE
4. Performance Evaluation in Singapore
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• Most of the boards of education have established teacher evaluation system
• In 2006, 450 teachers were evaluated to be incompetent and sent for training.
• Award system for excellent teachers was introduced in many provinces
Source: UNESCO BKK (2010), Regional Seminar on teacher Polices in Asia-Pacific
The case of Japan
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Peer Eval-uation
Peer Evaluation (Teachers)
SatisfactionMeasurement (Parents and
Students)
TeachersInstruction/ Guidance
(Vice) Principals Management
Professional Development
- Paid leave for PD for the excellent
- Mandatory mid/ long-term PD for the unqualified
• Monitoring & Evaluation to determine the needs for promotion and training (by inspectors and principals)
• Newly adopted Teacher Evaluation system - Focus on professional capacity of teachers
• Pay- for-Performance System - Based on performance of individual and school level
The case of Korea
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Sources :OECD (2010), TALIS
Perception of teachers of appraisal and feedback and its impact in their school (07-08)
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Country Korea Japan Hong Kong
Right to organize (Independent Organization)
Yes Yes Yes
Collective Bargaining
Yes (partially) Yes (partially) Yes
Collective Action No No Yes
Union/Association KTEWU (The Korean Teachers & Education Workers’ Union)KFTA (Korean Federation of Teachers Association)
JTU (Japan Teachers Union) and others
HKPTU (Hong Kong Professional Teachers‘ Union)
5. Teachers’ Organization
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III. Issues / Challenges
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Country means of teacher self-efficacy and job satisfaction (2007-08)
1. Motivation of teachers
Sources: OECD (2010), Education at a Glance
Job Satisfaction
Self-efficacy: Standard factors scores
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School autonomy factors (2007-2008)
Sources :OECD (2010), Education at a Glance
2. School Autonomy
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Autonomy and accountability for Schools• Since 1995 (5.31 Education Reform), the government has moved
towards increased school autonomy: delegation of education authority from central to local, and then to schools
Expansion of “Autonomous Schools” that operate with increased administrative autonomy
Increased autonomy in school curriculum and personnel management - All school principals can now recruit up to 20% of the teaching force
• This move has been accompanied by accountable measures such as School Information Disclosure System and Evaluation of Local offices and Schools
The case of Korea
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Country Examination Candidate & Purpose Examining Body
China •National Higher Education Entrance Examination
•End of Year 12 (Entry to higher education)
•Ministry of Education
Japan •National Center Test for University Admission
•End of Year 12 (Entry to higher education)
•National Center for University Entrance Examination
Korea •College Scholastic Assessment Examination (NCAE)
•End of Year 12 (Entry to higher education)
•Korea Institute for Curriculum and Evaluation
Singapore •Primary School Leaving Examination (PSLE)•General Certificate of Education ‘N’ and ‘O’ Level Examination•General Certificate of Education A Level Examination
•End of Year 6 (Completion of primary and entry to secondary education)•End of Year 10 (entry to secondary education)•End of Grade 12 (Completion of secondary and entry to higher education)
•Singapore Examinations and Assessment Board
Sources :UNESCO Bangkok (2009), Asia-Pacific Secondary Education System Review Series: Examination System
3. High Stake Examinations & Shadow Education
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• At least 25 countries in AP region have undertaken some
forms of National Learning Assessments
Source: Compiled by UNESCO BKK based on Benavot and Tanner (2007)
% of countries
More Countries Undertaking National Learning Assessments
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Primary
Lower-secondary
Upper-secondary
01,000
2,0003,000
4,0005,000
6,0007,000
8,0009,000
10,000
9,412
5,764
4,719
8,931
5,556
4,714
2010 2009
Unit: Million USD
The cost on shadow education in Korea (2009-2010)
Sources :Yonhap News (2011)
Participant rate of private tutoring in Asia Korea: 75.1% (From primary to upper-secondary, 2009, NSO)Japan: 75.7% (Secondary, 2003, MEXT) Hong Kong: 72%(lower), 82%(middle), 85(senior secondary level, Bray, 2010)Taiwan: 81.2% (Secondary, 1998, Tseng)Vietnam: 76.7% (Upper-secondary, 2007, Dang)
Sources: Compiled by MEST, Korea (2010)
Private tutoring in Asia
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IV. Conclusions
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• Importance of quality teaching forces • Strong labor market incentives to attract and
retain good teachers• Possible policy choices: teacher salary vs class
size • Down-side of international/national high-stake
(standardized) assessments focusing on cognitive skills