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Tata Kelola Internet Tata Kelola Internet Global Global
Kuliah umum, Universitas IndonesiaKuliah umum, Universitas Indonesia20 November 201520 November 2015
Shita LaksmiAnggota Multistakeholder Advisory Group (MAG) di PBB
untuk Internet Governance Forum @slaksmi, shitalaksmi.com
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Why Matters?Why Matters?
Internet sudah mengguncang identitas dan peran dari:PemerintahBatas negara Kedaulatan negara
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Domain Name SystemDomain Name System
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13 DNS root server: 10 di Amerika,1 di Swedia, 1 di Belanda dan 1 di Jepang
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Siapa yang berperan? Siapa yang berperan? ICANN – Internet
Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers
IETF – Internet Engineering Task Force
Lembaga non profit yang tugas paling kelihatan adalah pengaturan domain name system dan root servers.
ICANN berdiri tahun 1998 dan berada dibawah Department of Commerce, Amerika Serikat
•Menentukan standard Transmission Control Protocol/ Internet Protocol*
*alamat unik yang harus dimiliki oleh setiap alat untuk terhubung dengan Internet
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Kebijakan InternasionalKebijakan Internasional• Kerangka kebijakan internasional di Tata Kelola
Internet (dan juga telekomunikasi):
PBB: World Summit on Information Society(berserta turunannya, Internet Governance Forum)
PBB: International Telecommunication Union (ITU) PBB: Sustainable Development Goals (sejak 2015) Kesepakatan Internasional lain, seperti Trans Pacific
Partnership, Masyarakat Ekonomi ASEAN
• Multi dimensi dan penuh negosiasi
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Titik penting WSISTitik penting WSISPeran Amerika yang begitu sentral dan mulai “menganggu” banyak negara lainnya.
WSIS adalah,A clash between two models of global governance: one based on agreements among sovereign territorial states; the other based on private contracting among transnational non state actors, but relying in some respects on the global hegemony of a single state. Milton L. Mueller, Networks and States
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World Summit on Information World Summit on Information Society (WSIS)Society (WSIS)
• Diluncurkan secara “halus” di International Telecommunication Union (ITU)* – tahun 1998
*ITU: anggota adalah negara yang berdaulat
• Mengemuka tahun 2000an, kemudian dibuat dua kali pertemuan:Geneva, 2003Tunis, 2005
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OutputsOutputs paling penting: paling penting:• Multistakeholder (pemangku kepentingan
majemuk) diakui: pemerintah, kelompok bisnis, civil society organizations dan technical communities.
• Tidak ada satu negara yang bisa ambil keputusan terkait kebijakan Internet
• Muncul definisi Internet Governance• Civil society mengusung perlunya dialog
multistakeholder melalui Internet Governance Forum
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10 tahun kemudian … 10 tahun kemudian …
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Isu hangat Isu hangat Snowden revelation: security, encryption dan trust Privacy dan perlindungan data pribadi Kebebasan berekspresi dan aksesNet neutrality dan zero rating
Transisi ICANN dengan menggunakan prinsip multistakeholder – tidak lagi dibawah AmerikaWSIS+10 Review tahun ini
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Tantangan kedepan Tantangan kedepan
•Open and Secure Internet
•Kelanjutan multistakeholder (Pemerintah, Komunitas Teknis, Organisasi Masyarakat Sipil, Sektor Private) dalam proses kebijakan Internet
•Keseimbangan antar negara
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ReferensiReferensi• Kurbalija, Jovan: An Introduction to Internet
Governance • L. Mueller, Milton M: Networks and States, The
Global Politics of Internet Governance• Geneva Internet Platform: Highlight of the Internet
Governance Forum 2015
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Internet GovernanceInternet Governance• Internet Governance is the development and
application by Governments, the private sector and civil society in their respective roles of shared principles, norms, rules, decision making procedures and programmes that shape the evolution and use of Internet
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Safe Harbour Safe Harbour On October 6, the European Court of Justice ruled that the 15-year-old agreement that allowed companies to ship customer data between the E.U. and the U.S. without prior customer permission violated the privacy rights of those customers. In its bombshell decision, the court cited that the U.S. does not provide sufficient protections for personal data and scrapped the agreement. The parties were given three months to come up with something new. Tick tock.
Barb Darrow, Fortune: November 17, 2015
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Safe HarbourSafe Harbour
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Kebebasan BerekspresiKebebasan Berekspresi
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Mari diskusi. Terimakasih!!! @slaksmi / [email protected]