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Solid and Hazardous Waste
Chapter 21
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Core Case Study: E-waste—An Exploding Problem (1)
Electronic waste, e-waste: fastest growing solid waste problem
Composition includes• High-quality plastics• Valuable metals• Toxic and hazardous pollutants
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Core Case Study: E-waste—An Exploding Problem (2)
Shipped to other countries• What happens in China?
International Basel Convention• Bans transferring hazardous wastes from
developed countries to developing countries
European Union• Cradle-to-grave approach
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Core Case Study: E-waste—An Exploding Problem (3)
What should be done?• Recycle• E-cycle• Reuse• Prevention approach: remove the toxic materials• REDUCE CONSUMPTION (or why this chapter
kind of sucks, if this word offends you, check outhttp://www.slate.com/id/2146866/)
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21-1 What Are Solid Waste and Hazardous Waste, and Why Are They Problems?
Concept 21-1 Solid waste represents pollution and unnecessary waste of resources, and hazardous waste contributes to pollution, natural capital degradation, health problems, and premature deaths.
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We Throw Away Huge Amounts of Useful Things and Hazardous Materials (1)
Solid waste• Industrial solid• Municipal solid waste (MSW)• Hazardous, toxic, waste
Hazardous wastes• Organic compounds• Toxic heavy metals• Radioactive waste
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We Throw Away Huge Amounts of Useful Things and Hazardous Materials (2)
80–90% of hazardous wastes produced by developed countries
Why reduce solid wastes?• ¾ of the materials are an unnecessary waste of
the earth's resources• Huge amounts of air pollution, greenhouse
gases, and water pollution
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Natural Capital Degradation: Solid Wastes Polluting a River in Indonesia
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Solid Waste in the United States
Leader in solid waste problem• What is thrown away?
Leader in trash production, by weight, per person
Recycling is helping
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Hundreds of Millions of Discarded Tires in a Dump in Colorado, U.S.
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21-2 How Should We Deal with Solid Waste?
Concept 21-2 A sustainable approach to solid waste is first to reduce it, then to reuse or recycle it, and finally to safely dispose of what is left.
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We Can Burn or Bury Solid Waste or Produce Less of It
Waste Management
Waste Reduction
Integrated waste management • Uses a variety of strategies
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Fig. 21-5, p. 565
Raw materials
Processing and
manufacturingProducts
Solid and hazardous wastes generated during
the manufacturing process
Waste generated by households and
businesses
Food/yard waste
Hazardous waste
Remaining mixed wastePlastic Glass Metal Paper
To manufacturers for reuse or for recycling Compost Hazardous waste
management Landfill Incinerator
Fertilizer
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Fig. 21-6, p. 565
First Priority Second Priority Last PriorityPrimary Pollution and Waste Prevention
Secondary Pollution and Waste Prevention
Waste Management
Change industrial process to eliminate use of harmful chemicals
ReuseTreat waste to reduce toxicity
Repair Incinerate wasteUse less of a harmful product Recycle Bury waste in landfillsReduce packaging and materials in products
CompostRelease waste into environment for dispersal or dilution
Make products that last longer and are recyclable, reusable, or easy to repair
Buy reusable and recyclable products
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Science Focus: Garbology
William Rathje: analyzes garbage in landfills
Landfills and trash decomposition
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We Can Cut Solid Wastes by Reducing, Reusing, and Recycling (1)
Waste reduction is based on• Reduce• Reuse• Recycle
Seven strategies:(1) Redesign manufacturing processes and
products to use less material and energy
(2) Redesign manufacturing processes to produce less waste and pollution
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We Can Cut Solid Wastes by Reducing, Reusing, and Recycling (2)
Seven strategies cont…
(3) Develop products that are easy to repair, reuse, remanufacture, compost, or recycle
(4) Eliminate or reduce unnecessary packaging
(5) Use fee-per-bag waste collection systems
(6) Establish cradle-to grave responsibility
(7) Restructure urban transportation systems
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What Can You Do? Solid Waste
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21-3 Why Is Reusing and Recycling Materials So Important?
Concept 21-3 Reusing items decreases the use of matter and energy resources and reduces pollution and natural capital degradation; recycling does so to a lesser degree.
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Reuse: Important Way to Reduce Solid Waste, Pollution and to Save Money
Reuse: clean and use materials over and over
Downside of reuse in developing countries
Salvaging automobiles parts
Rechargeable batteries
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Case Study: Use of Refillable Containers
Reuse and recycle• Refillable glass beverage bottles• Refillable soft drink bottles made of polyethylene
terephthalate (PET) plastic
Paper, plastic, or reusable cloth bags• Pros• Cons
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Energy Consumption Involved with Using Different Types of 350 ml Containers
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What Can You Do? Reuse
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There Are Two Types of Recycling (1)
Primary, closed-loop recycling
Secondary recycling
Types of wastes that can be recycled• Preconsumer: internal waste• Postconsumer: external waste
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There Are Two Types of Recycling (2)
Do items actually get recycled?
What are the numbers?
Will the consumer buy recycled goods?
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We Can Mix or Separate Household Solid Wastes for Recycling
Materials-recovery facilities (MRFs)
Source separation• Pay-as-you-throw • Fee-per-bag
Which program is more cost effective?
Which is friendlier to the environment?
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We Can Copy Nature and Recycle Biodegradable Solid Wastes
Composting• Individual• Municipal
Benefits
Successful program in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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Backyard Composter Drum: Bacteria Convert Kitchen Waste into Compost
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Case Study: Recycling Paper
Production of paper versus recycled paper• Energy use• Water use• Pollution
Countries that are recycling
Replacement of chlorine-based bleaching chemicals with H2O2 or O2
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Case Study: Recycling Plastics (1)
Plastics: composed of resins
Most containers discarded: 4% recycled
Litter: beaches, water• Significance?
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Case Study: Recycling Plastics (2)
Low plastic recycling rate• Hard to isolate one type of plastic• Low yields of plastic• Cheaper to make it new
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Discarded Solid Waste Litters Beaches
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Science Focus: Bioplastics (1)
Plastics from soybeans: not a new concept
Key to bioplastics: catalysts
Sources• Corn• Soy• Sugarcane
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Science Focus: Bioplastics (2)
Sources cont…• Switchgrass• Chicken feathers• Some garbage
• CO2 from coal-burning plant emissions
Benefits: lighter, stronger, cheaper, and biodegradable
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Fig. 21-12, p. 573
TRADE-OFFS
Recycling
Advantages DisadvantagesReduces air and water pollution
Can cost more than burying in areas with ample landfill space
Saves energyReduces mineral demand May lose money for
items such as glass and some plasticsReduces greenhouse
gas emissions
Reduces solid waste production and disposal Reduces profits for
landfill and incinerator owners
Helps protect biodiversity
Can save landfill space
Source separation is inconvenient for some peopleImportant part of
economy
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We Can Encourage Reuse and Recycling (1)
What hinders reuse and recycling?
Encourage reuse and recycling• Government • Increase subsidies and tax breaks for using such
products• Decrease subsidies and tax breaks for making
items from virgin resources
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We Can Encourage Reuse and Recycling (2)
• Fee-per-bag collection• New laws• Citizen pressure
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21-4 The Advantages and Disadvantages of Burning or Burying Solid Waste
Concept 21-4 Technologies for burning and burying solid wastes are well developed, but burning contributes to pollution and greenhouse gas emissions, and buried wastes eventually contribute to pollution and land degradation.
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Burning Solid Waste Has Advantages and Disadvantages
Waste-to-energy incinerators
600 Globally • Most in Great Britain
Advantages
Disadvantages
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Solutions: A Waste-to-Energy Incinerator with Pollution Controls
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Trade-Offs: Incineration, Advantages and Disadvantages
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Burying Solid Waste Has Advantages and Disadvantages
Open dumps
Sanitary landfills
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When landfill is full, layers of soil and clay seal in trash
Topsoil
Sand Electricity generator buildingClay
Garbage Methane storage and compressor building
Leachate treatment system
Probes to detect methane leaks
Pipes collect explosive methane for use as fuel to generate electricity
Methane gas recovery well
Leachate storage tankCompacted
solid waste
Leachate pipesGarbage Leachate pumped
up to storage tank for safe disposal
Groundwater monitoring wellSand
Synthetic liner
Leachate monitoring wellSand Groundwater
ClayClay and plastic lining to prevent leaks; pipes collect leachate from bottom of landfill
Subsoil
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Fig. 21-16, p. 576
TRADE-OFFS
Sanitary Landfills
Advantages Disadvantages
No open burning Noise and traffic
Little odor Dust
Low groundwater pollution if sited properly
Air pollution from toxic gases and trucks
Can be built quickly
Releases greenhouse gases (methane and CO2) unless they are collectedLow operating costs
Can handle large amounts of waste
Slow decomposition of wastes
Filled land can be used for other purposes
Output approach that encourages waste production
No shortage of landfill space in many areas
Eventually leaks and can contaminate groundwater
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21-5 How Should We Deal with Hazardous Waste?
Concept 21-5 A sustainable approach to hazardous waste is first to produce less of it, then to reuse or recycle it, then to convert it to less hazardous materials, and finally, to safely store what is left.
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We Can Use Integrated Management of Hazardous Waste
Integrated management of hazardous wastes• Produce less• Convert to less hazardous substances• Rest in long-term safe storage
Increased use for postconsumer hazardous waste
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Fig. 21-17, p. 577
Produce Less Hazardous Waste
Convert to Less Hazardous or Nonhazardous Substances
Put in Perpetual Storage
Change industrial processes to reduce or eliminate hazardous waste production
Natural decomposition LandfillIncineration Underground
injection wells
Recycle and reuse hazardous waste
Thermal treatmentSurface impoundmentsChemical, physical, and
biological treatmentUnderground salt formationsDilution in air or water
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We Can Detoxify Hazardous Wastes
Collect and then detoxify• Physical methods• Chemical methods• Use nanomagnets• Bioremediation• Phytoremediation
Incineration
Using a plasma arc torch
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Solutions: Phytoremediation
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Fig. 21-19, p. 579
TRADE-OFFS
Phytoremediation
Advantages Disadvantages
Easy to establish Slow (can take several growing seasons)
InexpensiveEffective only at depth plant roots can reach
Can reduce material dumped into landfills Some toxic organic
chemicals may evaporate from plant leaves
Produces little air pollution compared to incineration Some plants can
become toxic to animalsLow energy use
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We Can Store Some Forms of Hazardous Waste
Burial on land or long-term storage
Deep-well disposal
Surface impoundments
Secure hazardous landfills
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Fig. 21-21, p. 580
TRADE-OFFS
Deep-Well Disposal
Advantages Disadvantages
Safe method if sites are chosen carefully
Leaks or spills at surface
Leaks from corrosion of well casing
Wastes can often be retrieved if problems develop
Existing fractures or earthquakes can allow wastes to escape into groundwater
Output approach that encourages waste production
Easy to do
Low cost
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Surface Impoundment in Niagara Falls, New York, U.S.
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Fig. 21-23, p. 581
TRADE-OFFS
Surface Impoundments
Advantages DisadvantagesLow construction costs
Groundwater contamination from leaking liners (or no lining)Low operating
costsAir pollution from volatile organic compoundsCan be built
quicklyOverflow from floodingWastes can often
be retrieved if necessary Disruption and
leakage from earthquakesCan store wastes
indefinitely with secure double liners
Output approach that encourages waste production
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Solutions: Secure Hazardous Waste Landfill
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Fig. 21-24, p. 582
Bulk waste
Gas vent
Topsoil
EarthPlastic cover
Sand Impervious clay cap
Clay cap
Impervious clay
Water table
Earth
Leak detection system
Groundwater
Double leachate collection system
Plastic double liner
Reactive wastes in drums
Groundwater monitoring well
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What Can You Do? Hazardous Waste
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Case Study: Hazardous Waste Regulation in the United States
1976: Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)
1980: Comprehensive Environmental, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA), or Superfund • Pace of cleanup has slowed• Superfund is broke
Laws encouraging the cleanup of brownfields
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Leaking Barrels of Toxic Waste at a Superfund Site in the United States
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21-6 How Can We Make the Transition to a More Sustainable Low-Waste Society?
Concept 21-6 Shifting to a low-waste society requires individuals and businesses to reduce resource use and to reuse and recycle wastes at local, national, and global levels.
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Grassroots Action Has Led to Better Solid and Hazardous Waste Management
“Not in my backyard”
Produce less waste• “Not in anyone’s backyard”• “Not on planet Earth”
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Providing Environmental Justice for Everyone Is an Important Goal
Environmental Justice
Which communities in the U.S. have the largest share of hazardous waster dumps? • Communities of color• Low earning communities
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We Can Make the Transition to Low-Waste Societies
Norway, Austria, and the Netherlands• Committed to reduce resource waste by 75%
East Hampton, NY, U.S. • Reduced solid waste by 85%
Follow guidelines to prevent pollution and reduce waste
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“To prevent pollution and reduce waste”
Everything is connected There is NO Away, ans in to throw away, for the
wastes we produce Dilution is not always the solution to pollution Polluters and producers should pay for the
wastes they produce Different categories of hazardous waste and
recyclable waste should no be mixed We should mimic nature by resuing, recycling, or
composing at least 7%% of the solid wastes we produce
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“To prevent pollution and reduce waste”
“The best and cheapest ways to deal with solid and hazardous wastes are waste reduction and pollution prevention.”
AND YET, still no mention of what this really means….
BUY LESS STUFF http://www.storyofstuff.com/ Seriously, if you learn nothing else in this class,
learn that stuff doesn’t make you happy and none of us need half of the junk we buy.