![Page 1: Skew-T Analysis and Stability Indices to Diagnose Severe](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042109/625706a6a693697228739342/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Skew-T Analysis and Stability Indices to Diagnose Severe
Thunderstorm Potential
Mteor 417 – Iowa State University – Week 6Bill Gallus
![Page 2: Skew-T Analysis and Stability Indices to Diagnose Severe](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042109/625706a6a693697228739342/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Basic features on a skew-T chart
isotherm
Moist adiabat
Mixing ratio line
isobar Dry adiabat
![Page 3: Skew-T Analysis and Stability Indices to Diagnose Severe](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042109/625706a6a693697228739342/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Parameters that can be determined on a skew-T chart
• Mixing ratio (w)– read from dew point curve
• Saturation mixing ratio (ws) – read from Temp curve
• Rel. Humidity = w/ws
![Page 4: Skew-T Analysis and Stability Indices to Diagnose Severe](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042109/625706a6a693697228739342/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
More parameters• Vapor pressure (e) – go from dew point up an
isotherm to 622mb and read off the mixing ratio (but treat it as mb instead of g/kg)
• Saturation vapor pressure (es)– same as above but start at temperature instead of dew point
• Wet Bulb Temperature (Tw)– lift air to saturation (take temperature up dry adiabat and dew point up mixing ratio line until they meet). Then go down a moist adiabat to the starting level
• Wet Bulb Potential Temperature (θw) – same as Wet Bulb Temperature but keep descending moist adiabat to 1000 mb
![Page 5: Skew-T Analysis and Stability Indices to Diagnose Severe](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042109/625706a6a693697228739342/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
More parameters
• Potential Temperature (θ) – go down dry adiabat from temperature to 1000 mb
• Equivalent Temperature (TE) – lift air to saturation and keep lifting to upper troposphere where dry adiabats and moist adiabats become parallel. Then descend a dry adiabat to the starting level.
• Equivalent Potential Temperature (θE) –same as above but descend to 1000 mb.
![Page 6: Skew-T Analysis and Stability Indices to Diagnose Severe](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042109/625706a6a693697228739342/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Meaning of some parameters
• Wet bulb temperature is the temperature air would be cooled to if if water was evaporated into it. Can be useful for forecasting rain/snow changeover if air is dry when precipitation starts as rain. Can also give a rough idea of temperature within the cold pools of thunderstorms
• Equivalent Potential temperature – gives an idea of total energy in the atmosphere (sensible heat plus latent heat)
![Page 7: Skew-T Analysis and Stability Indices to Diagnose Severe](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042109/625706a6a693697228739342/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Conserved quantities
• For unsaturated lift, potential temperature and mixing ratio are conserved (which is why you move along dry adiabats and mixing ratios when lifting/sinking parcels on a skew-T chart)
• For satured lift, θE or θW are conserved so parcels follow a moist adiabat (line of constant θE or θW ), and thus dew point drops faster than for unsaturated lift, and temperature cools more slowly due to latent heat release
![Page 8: Skew-T Analysis and Stability Indices to Diagnose Severe](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042109/625706a6a693697228739342/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Other parameters to compute• Tc – Convective temperature – temperature air
has to be heated to for it to rise on its own and form deep convection
• CCL – Convective condensation level – level at which air becomes positively buoyant when Tc is reached
• LCL – Lifted Condensation Level – level where air first becomes saturated after lifting
• LFC – Level of Free Convection – level where air becomes positively buoyant after being lifted past LCL
![Page 9: Skew-T Analysis and Stability Indices to Diagnose Severe](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042109/625706a6a693697228739342/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
More parameters • EL – Equilibrium Level – level where parcel no
longer is positively buoyant and acceleration would cease
• MCL – Mixing Condensation Level – levelwhere saturation occurs due to mixing of layer near ground
• CAPE – Convective Available Potential Energy – positive area in region where parcel is warmer than environment
• CIN – Convective Inhibition – negative energy where parcel is cooler than environment
![Page 10: Skew-T Analysis and Stability Indices to Diagnose Severe](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042109/625706a6a693697228739342/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
More…
• Cap – informal term for warm layer of air, usually between 700 and 850 mb, which creates CIN and prevents convection from easily forming
• Overshooting top – go beyond EL to the point where it appears you’ve created enough negative area to balance the positive area in the CAPE region
![Page 11: Skew-T Analysis and Stability Indices to Diagnose Severe](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042109/625706a6a693697228739342/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
LCLLFC
EL
CAPE
Overshooting top
Negative area
CIN
![Page 12: Skew-T Analysis and Stability Indices to Diagnose Severe](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042109/625706a6a693697228739342/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Stability changes
• Diabatic (radiation, evaporation, condensation)
• Advection of different lapse rate• Differential advection due to wind shear• Vertical motion (“potential instability” can
exist if currently stable lapse rates wouldbecome unstable due to lift – this usuallyhappens if lower part of layer is moist andupper part is dry)
![Page 13: Skew-T Analysis and Stability Indices to Diagnose Severe](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042109/625706a6a693697228739342/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Lift this layer 100 mb and see how lapse rate changes
![Page 14: Skew-T Analysis and Stability Indices to Diagnose Severe](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042109/625706a6a693697228739342/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Stability Indices
• LI (Lifted Index) = T(env@500mb) –T(parcel@500 mb).
• Lift an air parcel from the surface (requires useof skew-T)
• LI < 0 significant cu convection possible• -4 < LI < 0 showers• -6 < LI < -4 thunderstorms• LI < -6 severe thunderstorms (SPC has -6 to -9
is very unstable; < -9 extremely unstable)
![Page 15: Skew-T Analysis and Stability Indices to Diagnose Severe](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042109/625706a6a693697228739342/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
LI here is about -4 since parcel temp at 500 is -12 and environ. Temp is -16.
![Page 16: Skew-T Analysis and Stability Indices to Diagnose Severe](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042109/625706a6a693697228739342/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
SI (Showalter Index)
• Same as LI but lift the parcel from 850 mb• Index is mostly used in Midwest but not so much
elsewhere. Why? (elevated convection at nightdominates the Midwest – so lifting from 850makes more sense than from surface)
• SI 0 – 3 Thunderstorm possible but need trigger• SI -3 to 0 unstable, T.storm probable• SI -4 to -6 very unstable, svr.storm potential• SI < -6 extremely unstable, svr.storms likely
![Page 17: Skew-T Analysis and Stability Indices to Diagnose Severe](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042109/625706a6a693697228739342/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
K Index
• K = (T850 – T500) + Td850 – DD700
• Because DD (dew point depression is subtracted out at 700 mb, and dry air there is helpful for severe weather (thus big DD), this index works best for general thunderstorm prediction and NOT severe storm prediction
![Page 18: Skew-T Analysis and Stability Indices to Diagnose Severe](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042109/625706a6a693697228739342/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
K guidelines
K value Thunderstorm probability
< 15 0%15-20 <20%21-25 20-40%26-30 40-60%31-35 60-80%36-40 80-90%>40 Near 100%
![Page 19: Skew-T Analysis and Stability Indices to Diagnose Severe](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042109/625706a6a693697228739342/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
TT (Total Totals)East Central/
WestWx
44 48 Iso. Storms (winds < 35 knts, hail < .5 inch)
46 52 Scatt. Storms (winds 35-50 knts, hail .5-1 in.)
48 55 Scatt. MDT, iso. SVR
50 58 Scatt. MDT, few SVR, iso Tornadoes
52 61 Scatt-numerous MDT, Scatt. SVR, few Tornadoes
56 64 Numerous MDT, Scatt. SVR, Scatt. Tornadoes
• TT = T850+Td850 -2*(T500)
• Works forsevere stormprediction
![Page 20: Skew-T Analysis and Stability Indices to Diagnose Severe](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042109/625706a6a693697228739342/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
SWEAT (Severe WEAther Threat)
• SWI = 12*Td850 +20*(TT-49) +2*fff850+fff500 +125*(S + 0.2)
• fff is wind speed in knots• S = sin (dd500 – dd850) where dd is
direction in degrees, and S= -0.2 ifdd850 < 130 or > 250dd500 < 210 or > 310dd500 - dd850 < 0Both 850 and 500 speeds < 15 knots
![Page 21: Skew-T Analysis and Stability Indices to Diagnose Severe](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042109/625706a6a693697228739342/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
SWI Interpretation
• This is a good index for helping withrotating storm/tornado forecasting since itincludes wind and wind shear information
• SWI > 300: high severe storm potential• SWI > 400: high tornado potential
![Page 22: Skew-T Analysis and Stability Indices to Diagnose Severe](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042109/625706a6a693697228739342/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
HWBZ (Height of the Wet Bulb Zero)
• This is a standard procedure forforecasting large hail probability
• HWBZ between 2.1 – 2.7 km is ideal• HWBZ between 1.5 – 3.4 km is possible
range for large hail• HWBZ > 3.4 km can still yield large hail IF
very large CAPE exists
![Page 23: Skew-T Analysis and Stability Indices to Diagnose Severe](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042109/625706a6a693697228739342/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
HWBZ calculation is an interativeprocedure. Try a point like 650 mb and compute Twthere. It looks like -8C. So, obviously HWBZ is lower down than that.
Try new point, like 700mb.
![Page 24: Skew-T Analysis and Stability Indices to Diagnose Severe](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042109/625706a6a693697228739342/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
700mb Twstill is colder than 0 (about -6 C), so we need to try further down –maybe 740 mb?
![Page 25: Skew-T Analysis and Stability Indices to Diagnose Severe](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042109/625706a6a693697228739342/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Tw at 740 mb looks like exactly 0C, so this is HWBZ level.
Need to convert to a height value to apply the rule.
Usually, 740 mb will be around 2.6 km, so this is probably a good large hail sounding
![Page 26: Skew-T Analysis and Stability Indices to Diagnose Severe](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042109/625706a6a693697228739342/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
BRN (Bulk Richardson Number)• BRN is used to predict storm type, and in
particular supercell potential• BRN = CAPE/(.5*∆U2) where∆U = Ave U in 0-6km layer – Ave U in 0-500 m layer ( U here is full wind, so components are needed for calculation)
BRN < 10 – too much shear and storms are ripped apart
BRN 15-35 – Severe weather likely with supercellsfavored
BRN > 50 – Multicells likely (less tornado potential)
![Page 27: Skew-T Analysis and Stability Indices to Diagnose Severe](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042109/625706a6a693697228739342/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
EHI (Energy-Helicity Index)
• EHI = CAPE * SRH /166000where SRH is storm relative helicity
EHI > 2.5 supercells with tornado potential
![Page 28: Skew-T Analysis and Stability Indices to Diagnose Severe](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042109/625706a6a693697228739342/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Sounding from around time of tornadic thunderstorms
![Page 29: Skew-T Analysis and Stability Indices to Diagnose Severe](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042109/625706a6a693697228739342/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Sounding from near tornadic storms that hit Waterloo area