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Chapter
Fourth Edition
THE WORLD’S HISTORYTHE WORLD’S HISTORY
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The World’s History, Fourth EditionHoward Spodek
Rome and the BarbariansRome and the BarbariansThe Rise and The Rise and Dismemberment of EmpireDismemberment of Empire750 b.c.e – 500 b.c.e.750 b.c.e – 500 b.c.e.
6
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The World’s History, Fourth EditionHoward Spodek
Rome and the Barbarians
• At height, 2nd century C.E., Roman Empire contained 70-100 million people in an empire reaching 2,700 miles east to west and 2,500 miles north to south
• Rome enforced Pax Romana across empire
• Contemporaries praised it for promoting peace and prosperity while critics claimed Pax Romana was brute military conquest
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The World’s History, Fourth EditionHoward Spodek
From Hill Town to Republic
• The Founding of the Roman Republic– Founded in 753 B.C.E. [in legend]– Ruled for 250 years by Etrurians [Etruscans]– Republic created in 509 B.C.E. when upper-
class Romans drove Etruscans out of city– New republican government had two
consuls and a Senate using a system of checks and balances
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The World’s History, Fourth EditionHoward Spodek
From Hill Town to Republic
• Conquest of Italy 396–264 B.C.E.– Punic Wars
Rivalry of Carthage First Punic War 264–241 B.C.E.; Roman
conquest of Sicily Second Punic War 219–202 B.C.E.• The threat of Hannibal (247–183 B.C.E.)
Third Punic War 149–146 B.C.E.; destruction of Carthage
– Conquests in Europe and Near East
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The World’s History, Fourth EditionHoward Spodek
Social World of the Late Republic
• Social War and extension of Roman citizenship to Italians
• Patron/client relationship
– Protection/dependence as social glue• Family
– Power of paterfamilias
– Position of women in Roman society
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The World’s History, Fourth EditionHoward Spodek
Social World of the Late Republic
• Struggle of the Orders 494–440 B.C.E.
– Patrician v. plebeian
– Limitations on absolute power of the rich
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The World’s History, Fourth EditionHoward Spodek
Social World of the Late Republic
• The late Republican struggle between nobles and the poor (cont.)– Extremes of wealth and poverty in Rome– Great reform effort: the Gracchi (130s and
120s B.C.E.) New violence of Roman politics Support of poor as political strategy Noble/poor conflict paved way for end of
Republic
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The World’s History, Fourth EditionHoward Spodek
Social World of the Late Republic
• “Bread and circuses”
• Slaves– Very widespread slavery– Three great slave revolts
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Military Might
• A. Militarism = central to Roman ideology
• Generals as politicians– Marian reform of army: recruitment of
propertyless soldiers– New dependence of soldiers on their generals
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The World’s History, Fourth EditionHoward Spodek
Military Might
• First Triumvirate– Rise of G. Julius Caesar– Conquest of Gaul– Caesar as dictator
• Octavian - Antony civil war for sole control of Roman state
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The World’s History, Fourth EditionHoward Spodek
From Republic to Empire
• Establishment of the principate
– Octavian (Augustus Caesar) as sole ruler 30 B.C.E.–14 C.E. Rule of Augustus as “golden age”
– Augustus as imperator– Further conquests
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The World’s History, Fourth EditionHoward Spodek
From Republic to Empire
• Economic life in the Empire
– Exploitation of subject peoples
– The problem of decadence
– Flourishing of trade and administrative cities
– Luxury trade and its profits
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The World’s History, Fourth EditionHoward Spodek
Roman Culture
• The deep influence of Greece
• Virgil and the rhetoric of greatness
• Stoicism
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The World’s History, Fourth EditionHoward Spodek
Roman Culture
• Roman religion
– Greco-Roman polytheism
– Addition of a cult of deified emperorsAddition of mystery religionsMithraismCybele, Isis
– Tolerance of all religions that weren’t harmful to the state
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Roman Culture
• Roman religion (cont.)
–Triumph of ChristianityPersecutionConstantine and the Peace of the Church
Outlawing of polytheism 394 C.E.
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The World’s History, Fourth EditionHoward Spodek
Transformation of the Roman Empire
• The problem of “barbarians”– Celts
Arrival in Europe c. 2000 B.C.E. Expansion/threat to Mediterranean c. 400
B.C.E. on Defeats by Romans
– Germans Many conflicts along long frontier Gradual settlement of Germanic tribes within
western Empire
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The World’s History, Fourth EditionHoward Spodek
Transformation of the Roman Empire
• The problem of “barbarians”
– Steppe peoples, especially HunsHuns upset balance of borders c. 370
C.E.Move of Goths into imperial territory to
escape Huns
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The World’s History, Fourth EditionHoward Spodek
Transformation of the Roman Empire
• Dismemberment of Empire– Plague– Third-century crisis: series of invasions– Division into eastern and western empires– Settlement of Germans within Empire as
“federates”– 410 sack of Rome– 476 abdication of last western emperor
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The World’s History, Fourth EditionHoward Spodek
Transformation of the Roman Empire
• Causes for the “fall”
– Military = too expensive for its economic base
– No fixed system of imperial succession
– Germans
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The World’s History, Fourth EditionHoward Spodek
Eastern Roman Empire (Byzantine Empire)
• Survival of eastern empire
• Resurgence under Justinian I (r. 527–565 C.E.)
– Justinian Code
– Reconquest of much of the West
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The World’s History, Fourth EditionHoward Spodek
Eastern Roman Empire (Byzantine Empire)
• Religious Disputes
– Monophysites
– Iconoclasm
• Build-up of strong Byzantine bureaucracy
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The World’s History, Fourth EditionHoward Spodek
Legacy of the Roman Empire
• Linguistic
• Legal
• Urban
• Transformation of Roman administration by Christian church