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PROBOSCIDEAand the
Subungulate Radiation
MammalogyEEOB 625
8 March 2004
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The Subungulate Radiation
• Orders Proboscidea, Hyracoidea, & Sirenia
• Descendants of a common ancestor: Condylartha, but does this make them close all that closely related?
• Morphology & agreement in cladistic analyses
• Hyracoidea as a sister group to Proboscidea & Sirenia, or
• Perhaps more closely related to Perissodactyla
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Colbert 1955
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.
Character states: Proboscidea Hyracoidea Sirenia
Carpal & tarsal bones x x x
Short, hoof-like nails 5/4 or 4/3 4 /3 4/
No clavicle x x x
Pectoral mammaries x x x
Abdominal testes x x x
Horizontal molariform
tooth replacement x x x
Similarities among the Subungulates
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Range of Body Mass in Mammals
• 3 g in Sorex hoyi to 7500 kg in elephants
• Most mammals – 10 to 100 g (0.001 – 0.1 kg)
• Relatively few (10 orders) > 10 kg
• Orders with species > 100 kg? (5-7)
• The largest: Bovidae: 1000 kg
• Rhinocerotidae: 2000 kg
• Hippopotamidae: 4500 kg
• Elephantidae: 7500 kg
• Advantages & Disadvantages of large body size
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Origin & Evolution of Proboscidea I
• Subungulate descendants of Condylartha - First fossils in Eocene, Elephantidae Miocene
- Moeritherium of Oligocene ‑ pig‑like
- Dinotherium & Primelephas (Trilophodon): ancestral?
• Morphological trends in divergent forms• Rapid evolution of three genera of “modern”
elephants during the Pliocene & Pleistocene
• Elephas: greatest in adaptive radiation?
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Vaughan ‘00
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Fig. 143, Colbert ‘55
MoeritheriumDinotherium
Mastodons
Elephants from the Oligocene to Pleistocene
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Fig. 18.5, Feldhamer
Recent Radiation of Elephantidae: since the Pliocene
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Origin & Evolution of Proboscidea II
• Morphological trends in divergent forms
- increased body size: graviportal locomotion
- shortening of the skull & mandible
- upper or lower incisors as tusks
- lengthening of legs
• Special features of modern elephants - graviportal adaptations of legs & feet
- proboscis with hydrostatic muscle,
- dental formula: - 1/0, 0/0, 3/3, 3/3
- sequential replacement of cheek teeth
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Fig. 18.2, Feldhamer
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Diphyodonty: modified for diet and long life
Fig. 18.4, Feldhamer
45-60 years
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Rapid Evolution of Modern Elephants During the Pleistocene
• Similar to the time scale for humans
Mastodons & Mammoths of Ohio
• Elephant Fossils & Ohio Historical Society
• Differences in molars & feeding habits (?)
mastodons: with cusps (bunodont)
mammoths: lophodont (vertical plates)
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Ohio Historical Society
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Rapid evolution Pliocene + - similar time scale to humans - elephants in Ohio
Dental morphology and feeding habits of mastodons & mammoths: bunodont vs. lophodont
Ohio Historical Society
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Elephas maximus
2 species, 6 subspecies
forest
savanna
I
C
M
S
Loxodonta africana