Download - Post Harvest Handling of Flower Crops
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Introduction
Flowers and post production handling
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Need for post harvest handling
Flowers remain alive even after harvest and continue their metabolic activities causing
Depletion of carbohydrates Rise in temperature and respiration ratesRapid deterioration due to micro-organisms Water stressIncreased accumulation of ethylene
DeteriorationOf harvested Produce
Need for appropriate post harvest handling technologies
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Factors effecting post harvest quality and longevity of flowers
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1.Pre harvest factors 2. Post harvest factors
Genetic / inherent make up
Growing conditions
Stage of harvest
Respiration rate
RH
Growth regulators
Preservative solutions
Precooling and storage
Packing and transporting
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Critical factors involved in post harvest longevity
Stage of Harvest
Post harvest treatments like pulsing
storage
Packing
Transportation with cold chain
Vase5
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1.Stage of harvest
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Stage of harvest
Plays a key role
Varies with species
With in species it varies with varieties
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Yoode et al., 2013Acta Hort . Dendrobium Orchid cv.Suree white and Suree peach
S1 = 25 % opened flowersS2 = 40 % opened flowers S3 = 50 % opened flowersS4 = 75 % opened flowers
cv.Suree white no difference cv.suree peach – 25 % opened flowers - increased vase life
Singh et al., 2010 J.Ornam. Hort. Chrysanthemum cv.Reagen
S1 = ray floret diameter 1-1.5 cmS2 = buds half open S3 = ¾ open buds
Maximum floret longevity with S1
Varu and Barad. 2010 J.Hort.Sciences Tuberose
S1= unopened floretsS2 = one floret openedS3 = two florets opened
Stem length : 45, 60, 75, 90 cms
90 cm stem length with one floret open stage
Reviews on stage of harvest
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2.Precooling and pulsing treatments
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Precooling and pulsing treatments Removal of excess field heat
Methods- hydro cooling / refrigeration , forced air cooling
Brings down respiration rate- enhance post harvest quality
Pulsing
Pre-storage / pre shipment treatment for short and prescribed duration
Sugar is the main component in pulsing solution
To regain turgidity of flowers
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Acharyya et al ., 2013Acta.Hort. Gerbera var Sunway
100 ppm AgNo3 + 4% sucrose Vase life correlated with water uptake
Kumar et al.,2012, Annals of Hort.Gladiolus cv. yellow stone
25 ppm AgNo3 + 2% sucrose Water uptakeFlower diameterRachis lengthFloret length
Hajizadeh et al.,2012Rosa hybrid cv. Black magic
100 ppm Al2So4 + 2% ethanol + 2.5% sucrose
Vase life extended to 18 days
Marandi et al.,2011J.Med . Plant.ResGladiolus
500 ppm Ajowan oil + 150 ppm STS + 1.5 mM SA
Water uptakeFresh weight
Reviews on preservative chemicals
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The Comparison of anti microbial effects silver nano particles and silver nitrate to extend the
vase life of “Red ribbon” cut rose flowers.
Hatami et al.(2013)
Trakia. J.Sci.,11 (2): 144-151.
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Long
itud
inal
Se
ctio
n
Cross section
Vascular occlusion in the stem end of cut rose
Xylem blockages
A,B stem ends pulsed With 50 mg SNP/lFor 1 hr
C,D- control
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Conclusion
Use of 33 nm SNP @50 mg/lt + 5 % sucrose extends vase life of cut flowers of rose cv. Red Ribbon
Mobility of silver ion in stem of rose flowers is very slow
Application of nano particles with antimicrobial effects can improve mobility
Although AgNo3 maintains the flower quality , its application have to be avoided due its environmental risks
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3.Grading of flowersDamaged or infested flowers if any are discarded.
Good flowers are graded according to bud size and stem length
Uniform buds of a particular grade are bunched for further process
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Potential of spectral reflectance as post harvest classification tool for flower development of Calla Lily (Zantedeschia aethiopica L. Spreng.)
Steidle et al.,2009
Chilean . J . Agri. Sci., 69(4) :588-592
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Conclusion
Spectral reflectance has large potential
to distinguish different postharvest development stages
Hence this can be used within automatic systems for flower classification
Automation of grading will ensure the availability of quality flowers with better post harvest life
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Packaging materials
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cellophane paper butter paper CFB papers aluminum laminated foil polyethylene sheet
Packing materials
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Polythene films
LDPE films
Aluminium foil
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Packaging materials:
CFB boxes with holes
Thermacol boxes
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Singh et al. 2007J. Ornam.Hort., Gladiolus
Cellophane PolypropyleneNews paperButter paperBrown paperPlastic coated brown paper
Poly propylene (60 micron) - cold stored upto 10 days .
Thamirai selvi et al., 2010 j.Ornam.Hort.,Jasmine sambac
Polypropylene without vents ( 20 , 40,60,80) microns
Corrugated fibre board with 4 % vents
Polypropylene package 60 micron packing and CFB packaging with 4 % boric acid pre treatment increased shelf life up to 8 days
Reviews on packing materials
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Jasmine now from our local Market to foreign market
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Standardization of export packing technology for Jasmine sambac
flowers.
Jawaharlal et al., 2013
International conference on quality management of supply chains of ornamentals Acta Horticulture ., 970: 81-91.
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Treatments
Box A – Aluminum foil lined cardboard boxes
Box B – thicker polypropylene boxes
Box C – thinner polypropylene boxes
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T1 - Sucrose 2 %
T2 - Sucrose 4%
T3 - Boric acid 2%
T4 - Boric acid 4 %
T5 - Salicylic acid 25 ppm
T6 - Salicylic acid 50 ppm
T7 - Ascorbic acid 50 ppm
T8 - Ascorbic acid 100 ppm
T9 - NAA 50 ppm
T10 - NAA 100 ppm
T 11 - distilled water
T 12 - without soaking
Cont….
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Influence of shelf life of jasmine flowers with different packing and chemical treatments
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Influence of export packing material on PLW of jasmine
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Influence of export packing material on moisture content of jasmine flowers
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Cost economics of export packing technology per Kg of Jasmine flowers from India to destination market in New Jersey, US
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ConclusionThe export packing technology involving
chemical treatments of flowers – 4 % boric acid packing - aluminium foil lined boxes Packaging – thermacol boxes under gel-ice cold condition
Shelf life recorded - 42.88 hours ( including 36 hours of air transit)
BCR - 1: 2.5
This package found to be highly suitable for export to overseas market
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Export packing technology for roses ( loose flower) with gel ice packs
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4.cold chain Includes the temperature regulation at all stages in
post harvest practices
Starting from precooling to shipment the optimum temperatures should be maintained
Increase the longevity of the flowers
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Cold chain – an optimum temperature regulation
Stage Temperature Maintained
Pre cooling 6- 12 0C
Cold storage 5 0 C
Grading and packing 20 o C
Refrigerated vans 5-8 o C
Cargo cabin 16 O C
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Rungruchkananth et al.2013 Acta horticultureDendrobium cvs. Sonia Anna Sanam white Fatima
an alternative to high freight charges shipment in sea with different storage (10,15,20) temperatures for 3 days was experimented
Anna – 15o CSonia, Sanan white ,Fatima-15-20o C is optimum consumer vase life -15 days
Gul et al.2013journal of horticultural sciences and ornamental plants Narcissus cv. Kashmir Local
Wet storage in distilled water for 72 hrs compared with dry storage at 5 and 10o C
Cool wet storage in distilled water for 72 hrs is 5o C improved performance in vase .
Reviews on storage temperatures
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Best practices for retail display of fresh cut Roses and Lilies
Nell et al., 2010
American Floral Endowment , Special research report # 447www.endowment.org
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Model display cooler used for studies
Temperature – ≤ 5 o C
RH – 65-70%
24 hrs – day light for retail display
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Fig : 1 Changes in rose fresh weight / stem from initial weight at various display temperature
Time in retail display (days)
Fresh Weightchange (%)
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Changes in Lily fresh weight / stem from initial weight at various display temperature.
Fig : 2
Time in retail display (days)
Fre
sh W
eigh
t cha
nge
(%
)
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Effect of display conditions on vase life of cut Roses and Lilies
Fig 3:
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‘Charlotte’ Roses 5 days after removal from 8 days in display conditions
Lilies 8 days after removal from 4 days in display conditions
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Conclusion
Impact to the industry - using display coolers is an easy way to maintain flower quality during retail display
Flowers longevity at the customers’ end will increase when flowers are displayed in coolers
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Preservative solutions
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Holding solution:
- The f l ow er f o od1. Sucrose
Gives nourishment 10-20 g/ ltr is optimum More we add the faster is the life cycle - so use
optimum concentrations
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2.Biocide /Germicide
Chemicals which kills the micro- organisms
Retard bacterial growth
Ultimately increase water and nutrient uptake
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3. Acidifier
Brings down the pH of the water we use
Increased water uptake
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4.Ethylene Inhibitor
Senescence and aging
Amino oxy acetic acid
Amino ethoxy vinyl glycine
Methoxyvinyl glycine
1-methyl cyclo propane
ETHYLENE
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Site of action of ethylene inhibitors
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Effect of Gibberlic Acid on vase life and oxidative activities in senescing cut
gladiolus flowers.
Plant Growth Regulators DOI 10.1007/s 10725-013-9839-y spinger online publication
Saeed et al ., 2013
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Effect of various levels of GA3 on percent fresh weight change in Gladiolus cut flowers during 10 days vase life
Ch
ange
in f
resh
Wei
ght
%
Days in vase solution
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Effect of various levels of GA3 on SOD activity in gladiolus cut flowers during 10 days vase life
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Conclusion
GA3 application at 25-50 mg/L recorded highest results for improving vase life and quality
GA3 enhanced
Water uptake
Membrane stability
Antioxidant enzyme activity
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Conclusion
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Thank youPresented by Ch. Girija Sr. M.Sc (FLA)
Chair personSujatha. A. NairPrincipal ScientistDivision of Ornamental Crops IIHR , Bengaluru