73
CHAPTER III
POPULATION STRUCTURE OF TRIBALS
Sr. No. Unit Page No.
3.1 Introduction 74
3.2 Distribution of Population 74
3.3 Tribal Households and Population 77
3.4 Tribal Population 78
3.5 Tribes in Tehsil 82
3.5.1 Mahadev Koli 82
3.5.2 Thakar 83
3.6 Population Growth 84
3.7 Density of Population 87
3.8 Index of Concentration 93
3.9 Sex Ratio 97
3.10 Population Between 0 To 6 Age 102
3.11 Religious Composition of Tribals 103
3.12 Rural Urban Composition of Population 105
3.13 Migration 106
3.13.1 Duration of Migration 107
3.13.2 Number of Migrants in Family 108
3.14 Resume 109
74
CHAPTER-III
POPULATION STRUCTURE OF TRIBALS
3.1. Introduction:
Maharashtra is considered as an important developed state in our country in
terms of education, industrialization and social growth, but scheduled tribes in
this state are found in backward state. The social status of tribes is far behind
mainstream society. They struggle for survival in forests. Therefore it is
immensely necessary to study and understand population structure and social set
up of study area. It gives population change over time and space and it studies
the various determinants of population change and the impact of such changes on
socio-economic development of area.
This chapter gives more attention to geographical factors and its
relationship with social and demographic setup in study area. It is always
observed that geographical factors are very closely associated with social and
demographic organization.
This chapter attempts to analyze population structure of tribal people who
are associated with child malnutrition. Population study for study area is based
on census enumeration of 2001 and 2011. Population characteristic of tribals
were studied and village-wise parameters like population size, religious
composition, tribe combination, population density, growth rate, percentage of
tribal population, sex ratio, working population etc have been taken in to
account.Tripathi and Viswakarma (1986) has stated that variables like growth
and density of population, literacy, proportion of non primary workers and
commercialization were important aspect of population.1
3.2 Distribution of Population:
Population of a tehsil is characterized by unevenness. James, K.S. and
Sathyanarayana, K.N. (2011) has mentioned that distribution of population
75
means dispersion of population in study region. The differences from place to
place in racial and social character of population are studied in social science 2.
The study of population gives a clear picture about the dispersion of
population. The population distribution is studied with regards to population
concentration. In this concern it is interesting to study the population and their
changes in study area over time and space. The change in population is not only
change in its numbers but also in structure, composition and distribution. On the
one hand population of Akole tehsil is highly concentrated in certain patches, in
lowland area of Mula and Pravara River where agricultural productivity is high,
while on the other hand some areas of hilly mountains and thick forest towards
South, West and North are sparsely populated. Many geographic factors play
vital role in distribution of population. Some social, historical and political
factors also make remarkable impression on distribution.According to Clark ,
John (1972) cultural factors are more prominent in determining concentration of
population in an area.3
Total population of Akole tehsil is 2,91,950. According to 2011
population census enumeration total population is settled in 189 villages. Out of
this 47.86 percent (1,39,730) population of Akole tehsil is tribal which is
distributed in western part of tehsil. Western area of tehsil is characterized by
sparse population because of thick forests, hilly area and low productivity of
agriculture. Some villages like Rajur (10,046), Kotul (7917) and Akole (18278)
are major settlements in tehsil. Villages of Akole tehsil were grouped according
thier population from 2001 census.It has been observed that in 102 Villages
population is below 1046. In 62 villages population is between 1047 and 2242.
23 villages have population between 2243 and 4421. There are only 4 villages
where population is more than 15500.
76
Map.No.3.1
Map.No:3.2
77
Large number of population is distributed in small hamlet and villages.
The population between 185 to1135 was distributed in 102 Villages of Akole
tehsil. This figure was same like last census data.
In the next population between 1136 and 2378 was distributed in 65
villages. In tehsil there are 20 villages where population between 2379 and 4883
is distributed. There are only four villages viz. Devthan, Akole, Kotul and Rajur
where population is more than 4800.
3.3. Tribal Households and Population:
There is very close relationship between size of population and number of
settlements. With increasing size of population number of villages were
decreases and with decreasing size of population number of villages increases.
Table No.3.1 No. of Tribal and Non Tribal Villages in Akole Tehsil
Sr.No Population No. of
Total
Villages
No. of Villages having
Tribal Population
More than 50
No. of Non-
Tribal
Villages
1. Below 500 22 18 04
2. 501 to 1000 63 52 11
3. 1001 to 2000 71 43 28
4. 2001 to 3000 15 04 11
5. 3001 to 4000 8 03 05
6. 4001 to 5000 6 00 06
7. Above 5000 4 00 04
Total 189 120 69
Source: Population Census 2011.
It is very clear that tribals are living in hamlets and small
settlements where population size is low. In Study region 44.97 percent villages
have population below 1000.
In case of tribal villages 58.33 percent villages have population
below1000.Whereas in case of non tribal only 21.73 percent villages having
population below 1000.Population data of Akole tehsil reveals that most of small
villages are inhabited by tribals while big villages are populated by non tribals.
78
Ugale, Vilas (2006) has observed that Tribal zone is marked by small size
settlements in tehsil where more than 40 percent of tribal population is
distributed in the villages having population below 1000.However more than 65
percent non-tribal population settled in villages having size more than 2000.4
In map villages with brown colour like Brahmanwada, Akole, Rajur,
Devthan show higher number of household. Villages with light yellow colour in
map indicate small number of household.
It is observed that the eastern part of tehsil is inhabited by non-tribals
shows large numbers of household on the other hand western part characterized
by small households which is inhabited by tribal population.
3.4 Tribal Population:
There are three major tribal regions in Maharashtra: Eastern part known as
Gondwana zone, Northern part known as Satpuda zone and Western part known
as Sahyadri zone.
Many ranges of Sahyadri pass through Akole tehsil Therefore it is
homeland of many tribal groups. As per 1981 census of India, the scheduled tribe
area of Maharashtra is spread over eleven districts (Thane, Nasik, Dhule,
Jalgaon, Ahmednagar, Pune, Nanded, Amarawati, Yawatmal, Gadchiroli and
Gadchiroli District.)
Reddy, Sudhakar (1999) have stated that Maharashtra has an extent of
50,75 sq.Km (16.5 percent) under Tribal Sub Plan (TSP) out of its total
geographic area 3,07,713 sq.Km.5 TSP is a state creation for planning and
development programme in areas where quite a substantial tribal population
inhabits.
In other words it has covered scheduled areas which constitute as pockets
of Talukas having more than 50 percent tribal concentration areas or which have
proximity to such areas with predominantly tribal population .Tribal population
out of 35 district in Maharashtra is largely concentrated in 14 districts.
79
Table No.3.2 Tribal Population of Tehsil
Sr.No.
Circles
2001 2011
Tribal Non
Tribal
Tribal Non
Tribal
1 Rajur 78.11 21.89 81.36 18.63
2 Akole 26.94 73.06 29.6 70.4
3 Kotul 43.43 56.57 46.04 53.95
Source: 2011 Population Census.
It is very clear that tribal population in study area has experienced rise in all
three blocks of tehsil. From distributional point of view tribal population of tehsil
has occupied remote places predominantly western block of Rajur, where 78.11
percent tribal population live in 2001.This figure goes up to 81.36 percent in
2011 census. In Akole block with majority of non-tribals only 29.6 percent
tribals are living in this block. In Kotul block46.04 percent tribals dwelled
according to 2011 census.
Map.No:3.3
No.of Household of Akole Tehsil
80
Map.No:3.4
Map No.3.5
81
Map.No.3.6
Village wise percentage of tribal population has been shown in table
No 3.4.This Map is based on census of 2001.It is generally observed that Eastern part
of tehsil is inhabited by non tribal population but in this eastern part small number of
tribal population is located.In nearly 48 villages 0-17 percent tribal population is
concentrated.18 villages in the same part having tribal population between 18 and 37
percent. There are 20 villages where tribal population is between 38 and 67 percent.
Majority of tribal population was found in western part of tehsil.Therefore 24
villages in this area were inhabited by 68 to 87 percent tribal population. Highest
number of villages in this area belongs to tribals.It is observed that there are 81
villages where 87 to 100 percent tribals were residing. It is very clear picture about
tribal concentration whole western area is characterized by undulating topography
and forests.Therefore it is occupied by the tribals.
Tribal population in 2011has been presented in fig.3.5.In nearly 37 villages 0-
17 percent tribal population is concentrated. In 22 villages in same part having tribal
population is between 18 and 37 percent. There are 22 villages where tribal
82
population is between 38 and 67 percent. Majority of tribal population was observed
in western part of tehsil. Therefore 18 villages in this area were inhabited by 68 to 87
percent tribal population. Highest number of villages in this area belongs to tribals.It
is observed that there are 91 villages where 87 to 100 percent tribals reside.
It has been observed that in Akole tehsil 2.27 percent positive change
in tribal population has been recorded in last decade. At the same time in rural area
2.54 percent growth in tribal population is seen.During last decade 76 villages have
recorded negative growth rate.Out of them 57 villages are tribal and only 19 villages
are non tribal. On the other hand only 15 villages have recorded population growth of
more than 10 percent in last decade. Out of these 15 villages 4 villages are
exclusively non-tribal.
3.5. Tribes in Tehsil:
In field survey it is observed that most villages and hamlets were inhabited by
Mahadev Koli tribe. This tribe is predominantly observed in Akole tehsil
everywhere, While Thakar is another important tribe in study region which lives in
westernmost hamlets and villages surrounded by dense forests.
Das and Palo (1995)6 and Siralkar (1977)
7 have pointed out that the tribals in
the state may be classified mainly into the following four classes.
1. Primitive Tribals –Madia Gonds and Kolams.
2. Tribals in Transition-Warli and Bhils.
3. Assimilated Tribals-Mahadev Kolis.
4. Economically developed Tribals-Raj Gond and Mahadev Kolis.
Mahadev kolis are in economically developed tribal group while Thakar are in
transition group.
3.5.1 Mahadev Koli:
Kulkarni (1987) has pointed out that Mahadev koli is second largest tribal
race in Maharashtra and it is mainly concentrated in the eastern part of Sahyadri
ranges. Mahadev koli is one of the major tribe in study region. 8
Enthoven (1920)
has described the traditional occupation of Mahadev koli as that of infantrymen.
Tribhuvan (2003) havs stated that they derived their caste name from the god
Mahadev. This tribe is concentrated in Pune, Thane, Ahmednagar and Nasik district
83
of Maharashtra.9 Enthoven (1920) has rightly observed that Mahadev kolis has been
one division of the koli of Deccan and Konkani.10
Climate and topographical
conditions has been responsible for isolating and preserving tribal culture.
Ghurye (1957) has stated that Mahadev koli is leading tribe in
Ahmednagar district. They live in valleys in eastern portion of western ghat from
Mulshi in southeast of Pune to Trimbakeshwar in Nasik.11
According to one
opinion, this tribe lives from Trimbakeshwar to Bhimashankar and they are
priests .The Mahadev kolis have also been found westword especially in Jawhar
in north konkan. The cluster of tribal people lived near Thal pass (Jawhar Tehsil)
in fourteen century, they extended eastward in Balaghat or Mahadev Hills which
is traditionally home of Mahadev kolis. (Gazetteer of India 1976 &1982).Chari
(1972) has given information that Mahadev Kolis are predominantly Marathi
speaking community in Maharashtra.12
3.5.2 Thakar:
Out of 47 tribes in Maharashtra, Thakar is one of the dominant tribe. This
tribe is hosted in Thane, Raigad, Pune, Nasik and Ahmednagar District. Ka.Thakar
and Ma. Thakar are two major sub tribes of Thakar community in Maharashtra state.
Table No.3.3 Distribution of Thakar Tribe
Sr.No Districts Major Tehsils
1. Thane Mokhada, Jawhar, Palghar, Shahapur, Vada, Vasai,
Bhivandi, Murbad,Kalyan and Thane
2. Raigad Karjat, Khalapur, Pen, Panwel and Sudhagad
3. Pune Junnar, Ambegaon, Khed, Maval
4. Ahmednagar Akole, Rahuri and Sangamner
Source: Benchmark Survey 1996, TRTI, Pune
According to Benchmark Survey (1996) Maharashtra state is homeland of
1,82,018 Thakar population of which 92769 (50.96 percent) are male among
them and 89249 (49.03 percent) are female were observed.13
Tikone, P.R (2001)
has rightly observed that in Thakar community majority of ill people (52 percent)
try and are happy with domestic remedies.14
It is observed that in field survey
296 (78.93 percent) families of Mahadev Kolis were found in partly central patch
of Akole tehsil. Whereas 79 (21.07 percent) families of Thakar were observed in
84
western part of tehsil. In tribe wise distribution western part is inhabited by
Thakar community and southern and internal part is inhabited by Mahadev Koli
community.
3.6. Population Growth:
Population growth is one of essential aspects of population in overall
development of study area. Ian, O.M. Brocks and John, W. Webb (1973) have
stated that those geographers, who are interested in geography not only as an
academic discipline but as a geographic point of view to understand the world,
point out that it is useful to know how the various issues facing the world for
instance, rapid population growth, urbanization and race relations etc. assume
different forms in different regions.15
The growth in population is outcome of
birth, death and migration. In brief, change in population over a given period
with reference to area is called population growth. Population growth in any
region can be negative or positive. Village wise population data for 2001 and
2011 census were made available and population growth computed by using
following formula
P2 - P 1
Decadal Population Growth Rate = -------------------- x 100
P2
Where,
P 1 Stands for Population of Previous Decade.
P 2 Stands for Population of Next Decade.
Population growth of Akole tehsil from 2001 to 2011has been computed
by using above formula. Population of Akole tehsil was recorded 2,66,638 in
2001and it slowly increased to 2,91,950 in 2011. There was population growth
of 8.66 percent in last decade. The tribal population in tehsil was recorded
1,21,566 in 2001and it is slowly increased up to 1,39,730 in 2011 at the growth
rate of 14.94 percent. It is observed that growth rate in tribal area is quite higher
than total growth rate of tehsil.
85
Table No.3.4 Decadal Population Growth in Region
Sr.
No.
Census
Years
Decadal Growth in Percentage
Akole
Tribal
Akole
Non –Tribal
Akole Ahmednagar Maharashtra India
1 2001 15.87 17.36 16.68 21.20 22.60 21.54
2 2011 12.99 4.69 8.66 12.43 16.00 17.64
Source: 2011 Population Census
It is very clear from the table that tribal population in region has
been increasing constantly where as non tribal population has decreased by four
times. It was 17.36 percent in 1991 to 2001 decade which declined by 4.69
percent in 2011.Overall tehsil shows declining trend of population growth. In
1991 to2001 decade, population has growing at the rate of 16.68 percent, In last
decade growth rate declined to 8.66 percent.
Population growth of Akole tehsil during 2001 to 2011 census has been
presented in fig.No.3.6.It has been identified that during this period, population
growth has been detected 9.49 percent per decade. At the same time population
growth rate for rural Akole is 5.73 percent per decade. The above map shows that
there are 24 villages in tehsil which show negative population growth between -6
to -34 percent per decade. Digambar (-34.26 percent), Bhandardara (-25.68
percent), Nilwande (-16.92 percent), Lavhali Otur (-15.81 percent) Kodani (-
14.68 percent), Nibral (-11.14 percent), Ghatghar (-8.27 percent)These villages
show negative growth rate.
This is mainly because of migration of population due to rehabilitation
and for employment purpose. Ghatghar, Bhandardara, Nilwande, Kodani, Nibral
these villages were displaced during construction of dam hence majority of
population were migrated from these places, which resulted in to negative growth
rate. Another important thing about negative growth rate is that maximum tribal
86
population from village make groups (tolies) for working in farms of landlord in
irrigated zone.
This is also one important reason behind negative growth rate in Ekdara
(-19.02 percent), Shenit (-20.60 percent), Lavhali Otur (-15.81 percent.),
Manyale (-14.97 percent) Sherewadi (-11.42 percent),Vihir (-17.61 Percent),
Kohane (-9.86 percent) etc.
Map No.3.7
On the other side certain villages were observed in medium population
growth of 10 to 25 percent per decade. This group includes these villages
Karandi (14.57 percent), Keli Kotul (15.03 percent), Manhere (13.58 percent),
Chichodi (10.50 percent), Shelvihire (19.98 percent), Ranad (15.46 percent),
Koltembhe (17.71 percent), Maveshi (12.18 percent) and Jamgaon (13.11
percent).
There are some villages in Akole tehsil in which high population growth
rate is observed. In this, population growth rate was found to be 26 to 72 percent
87
per decade. In this group very few villages are tribal villages and rest are non-
tribal villages. Bari (37.56 Percent), Bhabhulwandi (28.43 percent), Samrad
(32.16 percent), Shinganwade (30.54 percent), Shivajinagar (71 percent),
Dhumalwadi (45 percent), Navalewadi (29.30 percent).These villages show
highest growth rate in decade. This is because some villages like Samrad,
Shinganwade and Bari have good irrigation facilities, this leads tougher
economic growth. Navalewadi Dhumalwadi, Shivajinagar such villages are in
sphere of Akole village Therefore high growth rate is seen in these villages.
The main villages in tehsil show medium population growth likewise
Akole (17.87 percent) Kotul (11.52 percent) Brahmanwada (7.45 percent),
Devthan (19.08 percent) only one town in Akole tehsil Rajur shows 12.60
percent population growth per decade.
3.7 Density of Population:
Here density of total population and tribal population were studid intensively.
Density of Total Population:
Density of population is one of the better measures of understanding the
variation in the distribution of population .It is always expressed as number of
persons per unit of area. Number of persons inhabiting in one square K.m. or
mile of area is known as population density. In short density is calculated by
dividing population by area. Thus it measures the degree of population
concentration. According to Sing, Deva N.(2006) tribal communities are
unevenly distributed largely in hilly areas and each tribe has specific socio-
cultural milieu and specific problems.Density of population helps us to
understand nature of population distribution.17
Population density of Akole tehsil
is 193 person per sq.Km.in 2011 Census enumeration,which is much lower than
National Average (382 person per sq.Km),State average (365 person per sq.Km.)
and District average 266 persons/Sq.km.in 2011.Population Density of Akole
tehsil was 179 person per sq.Km.in 2001.Agriculture is the main occupation in
this area and therefore density of population is high in low land area and fertile
88
river basins. Thick forest and hilly region does not support population to settle.
Mainly western part of tehsil is occupied by tribals, which shows low density.
Map.No.3.8
Map.No.3.9
89
According to 2001 population census 62 villages comprised low density
group where population density is below 100 persons per sq.Km. In Medium
density group 104 villages were included where population density is between
100 to 300 persons per sq. Km. In last high population density group 25 villages
were included and population density in these villages is more than 300 persons
per sq. Km.
According to 2011 population census density of Akole tehsil are 193
persons per sq. Km. and rural population density in Akole tehsil was recorded at
186 persons sq. Km. It has been detected that in low density group only 53
villages are included where population density is below 100 persons per sq.Km.
In Medium Density group with 100 to 300 persons per sq.km 113 villages were
included. In High population density group 28 villages were included where
population density was observed more than 300 persons per sq. Km.
Map.No.3.10
It has been observed that volume of change between both 2001 and 2011 were
presented in Fig.no.3.9. It is very clear that during this decade population density
90
changed slowly .The volume of change varies from area to area. This change ranged
between -87 persons to 537 persons per sq.km. In low change group negative change
in density was recorded. The villages which show population density less than o or
negative are in this group. Total 63 villages are there in this group. The villages
where population density observed between 1 to 20 persons per sq. Km are included
in this medium change group. Total 66 villages are there in this group. In the last
high change group, where villages having change of more than 20 persons were
included in this group. Overall 62 villages have experienced this change.
Density of Tribal Population:
Density of non- tribal and tribal population has quite a few differences in
many ways. Tribal villages and non tribal villages show noteworthy difference in
density Therefore tribal density were measured to study distributional pattern of
tribal population and their concentration in Akole tehsil. Even though total
density of Akole tehsil was 176 person per sq. Km and 193 person per sq. Km in
2001 and 2011 respectively in this same decade tribal population density for
tehsil was 80 person per sq. Km and 92 person per sq. Km.
Tribal density was categorized in five sub groups in ascending order in
that very low, low, medium, high very high groups are included. In this
classification 54 villages were sort out in first very low tribal density group in
which density was observed below 24 people per sq.km. In next class low
density group 42 villages were included in these villages tribal density was
between 25 to 69 person per sq. Km. In next medium density group 48 villages
were included in these villages 48 villages were categorized and density in these
villages were observed between 70 to 141 persons per sq. Km .In high density
group 38 villages were included and density in these villages ranges between 142
to 278 person per sq. Km. In last very high density group very few, only 5
villages were categorized in these villages population density were observed
between 279 to 507 person per sq. Km.
In case of 2011 data 74 villages were include in very low density group
density in these villages were below 47 person per sq. Km. In low density group
91
46 villages were included where density is ranges between 48 to 111 persons
per sq. Km. In medium density group 42 villages were categorized where density
is ranges
Map.No.3.11
Map.No.3.12
92
Map.No.3.13
Between 112 to 186 people per sq. Km. In high density group 22 villages
were included in these villages density observed ranges from 187 to 320. In last
very high density group only five villages were included in which population
density was above 321 person per sq. Km.
Volume of change between 2001 to2011 was detected in Fig.No.3.12.
It has been observed that volume of change was classified in to three major
categories, low, medium and high. Low volume of change was found in 36 villages
where change is in negative form. This change ranges from - 47 to -1. In medium
volume of change in 149 villages of Akole tehsil were scrutinized. In this group
change ranges from 0 to 50 persons per sq. Km. In the last group where tribal density
was found more than 50 people per sq. Km. In the only 6 villages were seen.
93
3.8. Index of Concentration:
The index of concentration is an important tool to measure magnitude of
spatial concentration. This index can be calculated on district, state and national
level. The index of concentration shows share of particular area in state or country.
Index of concentration can be calculated with the help of following formula.
Total Tribal Population of Village
Tribal Index of Concentration=------------------------------------------------x 100
Total Tribal Population of Tehsil
The index values have been classified in to four groups. With the help of this
index of concentration the percentage share of each village in tehsil in total tribal
population, considered as hundred percent, can be calculated.
94
Table No.3.5. Tribal Index of Concentration
Concentration Index Less than 0.50
Village C.I. Village C.I. Village C.I. Village C.I.
Dongarwadi 0.38 Bhojadarawadi 0.21 Unchkhadak kh. 0.39 Agar 0.09
Digambar 0.49 Nirgudwadi 0.47 Tambhol 0.33 Rede 0.07
Ladgaon 0.41 Jamgaon 0.33 Dhokri 0.08 Sugaon Kh. 0.15
Pendshet 0.43 Kauthewadi 0.49 Ambikanagar 0.25 Kumbhefal 0.07
Pimpalgaon Khand 0.21 Pimpalgaon Nipani 0.37 Unchkhadak Bk. 0.10 Dhamangaon Pat 0.24
Ranad Kh. 0.16 Koltembhe 0.35 Mehenduri 0.19 Sultanpur 0.01
Sarowar 0.28 Kumshet 0.47 Bahirwadi 0.27 Manoharpur 0.01
Sawargaonpat 0.29 Shirpunje Kh. 0.23 Sherankhel 0.34 Sugaon Bk. 0.20
Nagawadi 0.34 Maveshi 0.45 Mhaladevi 0.30 Parakhatpur 0.04
Tahakari 0.21 Wanjulshet 0.49 Nilwande 0.13 Agastinagar 0.04
Poparewadi 0.26 Khadki Kh. 0.48 Nimbral 0.42 Navalewadi 0.43
Kombhalne 0.26 Purushawadi 0.44 Rumbhodi 0.48 Aurangpur 0.03
Muthalane 0.38 Ambit 0.47 Induri 0.11 Ambad 0.30
Hivargaon 0.18 Pachanai 0.50 Manik Ozar 0.41 Vashere 0.05
95
Dongargaon 0.34 Kokanwadi 0.35 Takali 0.30 Kalas Bk. 0.45
Tale 0.41 Ekdare 0.46 Belapur 0.23 Mogras 0.13
Shinde 0.13 Bitaka 0.15 Chaitanyapur 0.07 Shidawad 0.20
Vihir 0.31 Jaynawadi 0.31 Jambhale 0.02 Kodni 0.24
Somalwadi 0.43 Ghodsarwadi 0.07 Kalewadi 0.01 Thakarwadi 0.31
Shilvandi 0.37 Pisewadi 0.37 Badgi 0.00 Lingdev 0.10
Ambhol 0.11 Nachanthav 0.09 Jachakwadi 0.21 Sherewadi 0.01
Mahadeowadi 0.47 Abit Khind 0.50 Khuntewadi 0.23 Dhagewadi 0.20
Bholewadi 0.02 Umbarwadi 0.24 Bramhanwada 0.27 Pimpri 0.35
Bori 0.32 Morwadi 0.41 Manyale 0.08 Wagdari 0.42
Waghapur 0.23 Khetewadi 0.38 Chas 0.17 Lavhali Kotul 0.32
Lahit Bk. 0.25 Esarthav 0.40 Chand Suraj 0.09 Lavhali Otur 0.29
Lahit Kh. 0.26 Kalamb 0.20 Ganore 0.06 Khanapur 0.49
Pabhulwandi 0.41 Chital Wedhe 0.07
96
Table No. 3.5 (a) show that there are 110 villages in tehsil where index of
concentration below 0.50 percent. It has been observed that these 110 villages
support more than one fourth tribal population of tehsil. In this group 28.86 percent
tribes were reside sparsely. It has been investigated that total 110 villages in tehsil
have index of concentration is below 0.50 percent.
Table No. 3.5.(a) Tribal Index of Concentration
Concentration Index 0.51 to 1.0
Village C.I
. Village C.I
. Village C.I
. Village C.I
. Bari 0.7
1 Katalapur 0.8
0 Garwadi 0.6
5
Dhamanv
an
0.8
9 Jahagirdarw
adi
0.8
3
Pimpaldar
awadi
0.5
4 Karandi 0.7
3 Balthan 0.7
4 Shenit 0.5
8
Bhandard
ara
0.9
6
Chincha
vane
0.8
0 Gondoshi 0.6
4 Senit Kh. 0.8
4 Mutkhel 0.9
4 Shelad 0.8
6 Sakirwadi 0.9
2 Kohondi 0.8
7 Terungan 0.7
1
Padalan
e
0.8
8
Khadki
Bk.
0.6
1 Malegaon 0.6
0 Vithe 0.6
0
Dhumal
wadi
0.5
5 Shiswad 0.5
5 Babhul
Wandi
0.8
8
Pimpalga
on
Nakvinda
0.6
7
Dhaman
gaon-
awari
0.9
2
Pachapatt
awadi
0.8
0 Ambevanga
n
0.5
3 Virgaon 0.6
3 Pangari 0.9
6
Dagadwa
di
0.8
4 Waki 0.5
9 Paithan 0.7
2 Kothale 0.5
1 Mhalungi 0.5
2 Shinganwadi 0.6
4 Ghoti 0.5
2
Palsund
e
0.9
8
Pedhewad
i
0.6
5 Ghatghar 0.6
1 Keli Otur 0.6
2
Phophas
andi
0.6
3
Chandgir
wadi
0.8
1 Samrad 0.5
2
Keli
Kotul
0.7
8 Kohane 0.6
5 Titavi 0.6
4 Ratanwadi 0.7
9 Godewadi 0.8
4
Savarku
te
0.7
9 Padoshi 0.9
6 Murshet 0.5
4 Kalas Kh. 0.9
4
Shivajin
agar
0.5
0 Sangavi 0.7
6 Shendi 0.9
4 Deogaon 0.7
8
Shelvihi
re
0.7
6
Samsherp
ur
0.9
3 Ranad Bk. 0.7
9 Guhire 0.6
2
Table No.3.5.(b) Tribal Index of Concentration
Concentration Index 01.01 to 1.50
Village C.
I. Village C.I
. Village C.I
. Village C.I
. Pimparka
ne
1.
09 Kelungan 1.0
2
K.Rumnw
di
1.0
2 Akola 1.0
8 Manhere 1.
34
Shirpunje
Bk.
1.0 Gardani 1.1
4
Satewa
di
1.1
3 Chichond
i
1.
09 Baravwadi 1.0
5 Khirvire 1.3
0
Pimpal
dari
1.2
5 Panjare 1.
08 Tirdhe 1.0
6 Kotul 1.0
0
Udada
wane
1.0
3
Table No.3.5.(c) Tribal Index of Concentration
Concentration Index More than 1.51
Village C.I. Village C.I. Village C.I.
Waranghushi 1.97 Deothan 3.14 Rajur (CT) 2.89
97
In next group of index concentration 62 villages of Akole tehsil are included where
0.51 to 1.00 percent tribal concentration has been observed. In these villages 45.26
percent tribal population resides. Most of the villages are from western tract of
tehsil.There is a set of 16 villages in which tribal share vary from 01.01 to 01.50
percent. These villages accounts for 17.77 percent of tehsil total tribal population.
Table No.3.5c Shows in Akole tehsil there are 3 villages where tribal
population concentration is more than 1.51 percent. These are villages like
Waranghushi, Devthan and Rajur where tribal concentration is 1.97, 3.14 and 2.89
percent respectively. These three villages account for 8 percent tribal population of
tehsil. .
3.9. Sex Ratio:
This is an important social indicator to measure the extent of prevailing
equity between males and females at given point of time. Sex ratio is generally
expressed in terms of number of females per 1000 males. Sex ratio is an index of
socio-economic conditions, revealing in the area and is useful tool to measure
regional development. Sex ratio also influences volume of population,
employment and pattern of consumption.Sex composition also influences fertility
potential and labor participation. According to Chandana R.C. (2001)the separate
data for males and females are important for various types of planning and for
analysis of other demographic characteristic such as a natality, mortality,
migration, marital status and economic characteristics etc.16
The balance of sexes
affects the social and economic relationship within community.
Table-3.6 Sex Ratio of Region
Census
Years
Sex ratio
Akole
Tribal
Akole Non
Tribal
Akole Ahmednagar Maharashtra India
2001 985 965 974 940 922 933
2011 987 963 974 933 925 940
Source : Census from 2001 and Census of India 2011
According to 2011 census, sex ratio of Akole tehsil is 974females per
thousand males, which is much higher than national average (940), state average
(925) and district average (933).Generally tribal region express female
98
outnumbers than male.This is another an important characteristic of tribal
population. Graph No.3.1:Sex Ratio of Region
Source : Census from 2001 and Census of India 2011
Graph No.3.1 illustrates decrease of sex ratio in Ahmednagar district.In
2001 sex ratio was 940 which declined to 933 in 2011. Sex ratio of state is show
a little improvement, whereas sex ratio at national level indicates remarkable
growth in 2011.In case of Akole tehsil sex ratio remain same in both Census
whereas there is some variation in tribal and non tribal sex ratio.Tribal sex ratio
in tehsil is remarkably higher than any region.Nontribal group shows a little
decrease from 965 to 963 females per thousand males.Tribal group shows slight
increase in sex ratio.
Non tribal population sex ratio is given in Fig no.3.15 for 2001 census and
fig.no 3.16 has revealed sex ratio of non-tribal for 2011census.The volume of
change has been presented in Fig.3.17.Sex ratio of non- tribal population in 2001
census is recoreded as 965 females per 1000 males.This sex ratio was same for
rural Akole tehsil.On the basis of actual figures of sex ratio three groups low,
medium and high were prepared.It has been marked that 56 villages in tehsil
showed low sex ratio i.e. than 900 females per1000 males.In medium sex ratio
group 74 villages have been included here sex ratio is between 900 to 1000. In
case of high sex ratio group 61 villages were included in these villages sex ratio
is more than 1000 females per 1000 males. According to 2011 census 51 villages
show low sex ratio below 900.In medium sex ratio there are 84 villages where
850
900
950
1000
Sex
Rat
io (P
er
th
ou
sa
nd
Ma
le
s)
Regions
2001
2011
Sex Ratio
99
sex ratio is between 900 to 1000.and 56 villages have recorded in high sex ratio
group.
Map.No.3.14
Map .No.3.15
100
Map .No.3.16
Map No.3.17
Map.No.3.18
101
Map.No.3.19
The volume of change has been shown in Map no.3.17. It shows 97
villages from tehsil having negative change in sex ratio.There are 26 villages in
102
tehsil which shows change between 0 to 50 percent and lastly there are 68
villages where change in volume is more than 50 percent.
Tribal population sex ratio is presented in Map no.3.17 for 2001
census.It is very clear that sex ratio of tribal population is gerater than non tribal
society.In low sex ratio group 35 villages were classified. In this group sex ratio
is below 900 females per 1000 males.In medium sex ratio group, 72 villages are
included where sex ratio ranges between 900 to 1000.In last high sex ratio group
84 villages were detected In this class sex ratio is observed more than 1000.
Sex ratio of tribal for 2011census has been revealed in Fig.no 3.18. In
2011 census tribal sex ratio shows increasing trend.Only 23 villages with low sex
ratio group were found.In these group sex ratio is below 900.In medium sex
group 82 villages were observed where sex ratio is between 900 to 1000.In the
last high sex ratio group 86 villages were icluded where sex ratio is greater than
1000.
The volume of change has been indicated in fig.3.19. It shows 95 villages
from tehsil having negative change in sex ratio.There are 45 villages in tehsil
which show change between 0 to 50 percent and lastly there are 51 villages
showing recorded more than 50 percent change in volume.
3.10 Population Below 0 to 6 Age:
Population from 0 to 6 is important age group for demographic study in any
area. It also helps planners and policy makers for decision making process. Study of
this age group provides us specific information with regard to growth pattern and sex
ratio in coming generations. This population is more vulnerable in the context of
future population policy and three components of population changethat are fertility,
mortality and migration.
According to Bhende, A. and Kanitkar, T. (2006) Sex and age are the basic
characteristics or the biological attributes, of any demographic group and affect
not only its demographic but also social, economic and political structure, for
they influence birth, death, migration, marital status composition, manpower
,gross national product planning regarding educational and medical services and
103
housing etc. 18
This age group is more vulnerable in respect of health Therefore in
present study this age group has been considered as target group.
Population of this group decreased from 43,251 in 2001 to 34,854 in
2011 with the negative growth rate of -24.09. For the same period male
population in this age group of area has experienced -20.46 percent growth rate,
while females have experienced -28.15 percent growth rate. Sex ratio below 6
has decreased from 950 females per thousand male in 2001 to 894 females per
thousand male in 2011.It is really pathetic that sex ratio of this age group
decreased drastically. Generally tribal area shows higher sex ratio but it is
alarming threat for future that sex ratio in this area is significantly low.
Map. 3.20.
Total Popualtion Below 6 Age
3.11 Religious Compostition in Tribals:
Religion is very important characteristic of population. People of every
religion have different socio-economic characteristics, food habits, taboos, traditions
and customs which reflect through disparity in its social, political and cultural life.
Khullar, D.R. (2006) stated that religion is a way of life in India and it affects the
104
social, economic and political structure of society.19
Therefore TRB (1998) India is
considered to be an anthropological laboratory because of its regional, religious,
ethnic, racial and linguistic diversities.20
Ailaiah, K. (2003) has observed that a
conversion of tribals to Hindu and Christain religion, tribal group have been divided
into several sects on the basis of religion and hence tribal people are gradually
forgetting their tribal religion.21
At the national level many tribes are divided in to
religious group such as Hindus, Muslims, Christians, and Buddhist. It is really
interesting that, very insignificant proportion of tribal population identifies itselves as
traditional form of tribal religion such as animism or totemism. On the other hand a
large number of tribal groups have moved in to Hinduism which is religion of the
land where they reside. It is observed that majority of tribes in mid Indian belt and
Himalayan tribes are more exposed to Hindu religion, On the other hand north east
tribal belt is mostly influenced by Christians. During British period emergence of
Christianity was traced in different tribes of Northeast and Chota Nagpur plateau.
Many Christian missionaries motivated tribes to convert to Christianity. Massive
number of conversion took place in such tribal area among tribes during British rule.
1961 census has enumerated 1.65 million tribal Christians, which constitute 5.53
percent of total tribal population. Their share in country’s total Christian population
was 15.41 percent. Raza, M. and Ahmed, A. (1990) has observed that the Buddhist
tribals are concentrated in sub Himalayan Northwest and Sikkim and Darjeeling.22
The Share of tribal Buddhist in total Buddhist population of country is however very
low, that is 3.08 percent only and at the aggregative level Buddhist tribals accounts
for only 0.34 percent of total tribal population of India.18
In case of Muslims only
0.20 percent Muslim population is tribal and they are residing in Lakshadweep and
Gujrat (Junagad, Kutch) and Maharashtra (Jalgaon). In case of study area Hinduism
is the dominant religion and bulk of tribal population of tehsil has been swayed to
Hinduism. In present study out of 375 households 375 families were follower of
Hindu religion. Geographically 100 percent households represent Hindu religion.
Hindus are predominant and majority in most of tribal area.
105
3.12. Rural Urban Composition of Population:
The spatial pattern of tribal distribution is generally characterized by rural
population. Even today majority of Indian population live in rural environment.
Spatial pattern of tribal distribution is therefore characterized by rural segment. Very
small amount of tribal population resides in urban areas. According to 1971 census,
36.7 million tribes were lived in rural areas, which accounts for 8.36 percent of all
rural population. In this way share of tribals in rural environment is predominantly
high. Tribal population is characterized by high degree of concentration in a few
pockets of rural area. At a national level 95.59 percent Tribal population is
concentrated in rural areas. Rural terrains satisfy all basic needs of tribals, living in
the core of forests at the level of equilibrium with nature, they survive with minimum
needs. Their habitat and economy is closely associated. Economic activities
performed by tribes depend upon nature viz. hunting, food gathering, fishing,
sedentary agriculture etc. All these means of livelihood can be executed only in rural
periphery, therefore percentage of tribal living in rural area is proportionally very
high. Forests, hills, valleys were habitat of tribals, but in recent period encroachment
of non-tribal in tribal area has been brought about many changes. Large scale
deforestation, rehabilitation of tribal settlements caused by irrigation projects, canals,
dams create problem in their traditional economic ecology. Hence in contemporary
period tribals have started migrating towards urban centers for the sake of livelihood.
In his paper on Jenu Kurubas who traditionally make their living mainly the food
gathering, specially collecting honey Misra, R.P. (1970) has provided interesting
example of the changing relationships between habitat, economy and society in the
context of economic development With the forests fully protected by laws and
agricultural land extensively usurped by other communities, the Kurubas have been
left with no alternative except working as coolies in forests and agricultural labourers
in plains. Neither does the traditional imperative permit them to escape from their
roots in the forested, hilly habitat.23
In Akole tehsil, proportion of urban population is
very less. According to 2001 census there is no single town or urban centre in Akole
tehsil, after 2011 census enumeration Rajur is the only urban center in tehsil. Out of
2,91,950 of total population of tehsil 1,39,730 is tribal population and out of them
106
only 4043 population resides in Rajur town .Total percentage of tribals who live in
urban centers is only 2.89 percent,While on the other hand 97.11 percent tribal
population is living in rural area.
Table No.3.7.Rural Urban Composition
Region Urban
Population
Percentage
of Urban
Population
Rural
Population
Percentage
of Rural
Population
Total Percentage
Akole
Tribals
4,043 2.89 1,35,687 97.10 1,39,730 100
Akole
NonTribals
6,003 3.94 1,46,217 96.05 1,52,220 100
Akole Total 10,046 3.44 2,81,904 96.55 2,91,950 100
Source: 2011 Provisional Population Census.
It is observed that non-tribal population residing in urban centers is much higher
than that of tribals. In tehsil 3.94 percent non-tribal population live in Rajur
town. On the other hand 96.55 percent non- tribal population resides in rural
zone. In case of total tehsil only 3.44 percent population resides in urban centers
and 96.56 percent lies in rural periphery.
3.12. Migration:
In study area it was observed that 145 (43.93 percent) families migrated from
their village to surrounding area, where as 185 (56.06 percent) families did not
migrate from villages. Banrjee, Arpita (2007) has stated that Socio-cultural
factors plays crucial role in decision making process, Historically poor and
assetless communities who typically belong to lower castes and tribes seem to
have greater propensity to move.24
Migration is a strategy of tribals to cope with
poverty and seasonal economic instability. Tribals migrate from their village to
surrounding big villages to earning their livelihood. Anonymous,(2010) has
stated that migration to towns and cities often negatively influences the tribal
culture and identity. In addition to dam construction and mining, there are
problems with access to forest resources where tribals neither have control nor
any kind of participation in forests, which once were their abode and were one of
107
the major sources of their livelihood.25
According to Grigg, D.B.(1980) migration
is an important outlet for overpopulation.26
Tribal people are not sure and do not
have enough source of employment in their native place, Therefore they have to
migrate annually to nearby big agricultural villages or towns.viz Akole,
Narayangaon, Otur, Brahmanwada, Ghargaon etc. The details of migration
characteristics are given below. The proportion of migration is higher in villages
from Ghatghar, Panzare, Udadavane, Manikozar etc.
3.12.1 Durration of Migration:
The migration data collected by surveyor shows that very less number of migrate
only for a month. It was observed that with increasing duration of migration
number of migration decreases.Small spell of migration is not feasible and it is
not economically gainful to travel. Therefore very little number of tribals prefers
small duration migration.
Table No.3.8 Duration of Migration
Sr.No. Duration of Migration
(In Months)
No. of Migrants Percent of
Migrants
1 0 to 1 34 20.48
2 1 to2 103 62.04
3 2 to 3 17 10.24
4 3 to 4 6 3.61
5 4 to 5 3 1.80
6 5 to 10 2 1.20
7 10 to 12 1 0.60
Source: Field Survey Data Compiled by Researcher.
Maximum tribals go for medium spell migration. Migration of 1 to 2
months duration is chosen by maximum tribals. More than 103 (62.04 percent)
families have chosen migration duration between 1 to 3 months. Generally these
migrants work as agricultural laborers in nearby agriculturally advanced area.
Here most of tribals move seasonally and in groups. Many times these tribal
people form a group of agricultural laborers and accept contract of harvesting
onions, Jowar, Bajara and some cash crops from land owner. Therefore duration
108
of migration is equivalent to crop season. Usually duration between 4 to 12
months is very low. Only 10 (6.85 percent) families go for such kind of
migration. The tribals, who are mostly unskilled, work as agricultural laborers in
adjacent irrigated area.
3.12.2 Number of Migrants in Family:
In majority of villages male and females mostly husband and wife prefer to
migrate together. On the other hand old peoples stay at home to take care of
children. It has been observed that number of single migrant from family is quite
low. In tribal area only 40 (24.09 percent) families send single migrants outside
for employment. In case of 121 (72.89 percent) families 2 people from family
migrate to satisfy the need of bread and butter. Very few families show distinct
characteristic about migration by sending 3 persons from family. 2 (1.20 percent)
families send 3 people outside area for the purpose of employment. Only 3 (1.80
percent) families send 4 persons for migration.
Table No.3.9. Number of Migrants in Family
Sr.No. Number of Migrants
In Family
No. of Families percent of
Families
1 1 40 24.09
2 2 121 72.89
3 3 2 1.20
4 4 3 1.80
Source: Field Survey Data Compiled by Researcher.
It was found during investigation that migration of family with all family
members is very rare. Insecurity of women and girls at work, trafficking of
women, women’s have incapability to do some laborious work, to look after and
protect house and animals, children’s education and care of old people were main
reasons behind family migration scenario in Tribal area.
3.13. Resume:
This chapter has provided population characteristics in Akole tehsil. In this
chapter details about population size, population of ST, growth of population, sex
ratio, density and migration were studied. Distribution of tribal population and its
109
percentage gives idea about concentration of population. In this concern tribal
concentration index was prepared. It is observed that tribal belts are
demographically rich where high sex ratio is ever observed as compared to
nontribal belt. Population growth in tribal society is be marked with slow pace
compared to non tribals. Density of population is important factor which presents
man force for agricultural work. Migration is one important aspect of tribal
population which affects the economy of tribal. Problems related to migration
and their relations with malnutrition were also considered in this chapter.
110
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