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Phonetics… Sound Principles
Chapter 3
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By the End of this Unit…
You will be able to transcribe this:
(Jeff Foxworthy’s “Words in the South” You won’t not be able to hear it at home)
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If You Were in Charge…
…would you implement a spelling system with a “one for one”
correspondence between spoken & written words?
Why or Why Not?
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Audio Ambiguity
I scream ~ Ice Cream Grade A The sun’s rays meet It’s hard to recognize speech
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Sound Safari – I
Find ‘audio-ambiguity’ in the lyrics of a song.
Email me with: the title the lyrics with the ambiguity highlighted
what the words sound like to you what the words really are
a sound file (if possible) Choose I or II, or both for 1.5 total points…
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Identical, but distinct
Write ‘rite’ ‘rait’
Boiling Springs Bowlin’ Spraings
Others?
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Speech vs. Orthography
Did he believe Caesar could see the people seize the seas? Red Green Blue
You Tell Me: The silly amoeba stole the key to the machine
(identify the [i]’s)
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Why so Many Discrepancies?
Developmental influences Old system Global language Phonological changes (next chapter) Variation in speech & writing
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Phonetics Defined
The branch of linguistics that studies the inventory and structure of the sounds of speech
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Phonetic Disciplines
Acoustic Phonetics Articulatory Phonetics
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Name One (at least) of…
The 4 ways [f] is spelled… The 6 ways “a” is pronounced Multiple letters making only one
sound <gh> in “enough” Find another…
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IPA Familiarize yourself
Charts inside the covers of the textbook
front (vowels) & back (consonants) Focus on American English sounds…
Be able to: Produce each sound Identify sounds from description Provide description of sounds Transcribe words
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For your Transcription
Use the Charts See also:
http://www.paulmeier.com/ipa/charts.html
http://www.chass.utoronto.ca/%7Edanhall/phonetics/sammy.html (this one helps you visualize how sounds are made… But beware, Sammy offers lots of symbols we don’t need…)
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A. Nasal Cavity
(nasal)
B. Soft Palate (Velum)
(velar)
C. Epiglottis
(glottal)
D. Vocal cords
(voicing)
E. Tongue – Back
F. Tongue – Front
G. Tongue – Tip
H. Teeth
(dental)
I. Lips
(labio)
J. Alveolar Ridge
(alveolar)
K. Hard Palate
(palatal)
B
C
D
G
I
H
J
A
EF
Vocal Tract (for SAE sounds):
K
Be ready to identify these areas and talk about what sounds they produce.
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Voiced or Voiceless? Put your hands over your ears
OR on your larynx: [s] bus sip [z] buzz zip
thin tooth
these bathe
Except for ‘Approximates’, on the chartthe 1st line = voiceless, 2nd line = voiced
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Consonants (inside the back cover)
Manners of Articulation
Places of Articulation Chart follows the mouth – front to
back…
Approximates
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What’s the difference?
Pronounce each of the following [p] & [t] [t] & [k] [k] & [g]
[ f ] & [ h ] [ r ] & [ l ]
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Manner of Articulation?
Find words for each…
What are these? (try it without the chart first…)
Stop (stops air flow) Nasal (air into nasal
cavity) Fricative (air barely
escapes) Affricate (stop + fricative) Approximate (almost a vowel…)
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Place of Articulation?
What are these? (try it without the chart first…)
Bilabial (two lips together) Labiodental (teeth meet lips) Interdental (tongue between teeth) Alveolar (tongue on Alv. Ridge) Alveolarpalatal (tongue btn A.R. & palate) Velar (back of tongue on velum) Glotttal (epiglottis stops air flow)
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Get Some Exercise
Find Place & Manner for What’re the IPA symbols for these sounds:
Voiced interdental fricative Glottal fricative Voiceless alveopalatal affricate High front tense vowel
How can the following sounds be categorized?
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Any Questions…
…before we move on?
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Position Matters
Try it yourself: Say “key” then “caw”
Try not to move your tongue… Does it sound normal?
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Vowels
Tongue
Lips
Nasalization
Diphthongs
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Get Some Exercise
Transcribe the vowels in the following words. Which have the same vowel?
back sat [ ]cot caught [ ]ooze deuce [ ]mouse cow [ ]hide height [ ]
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Suprasegmentals (prosodic features)
Length Ooooouuuuch! Pitch “e” … vs. Eeeek! Loudness ‘Hi’ vs. HI! Stress She said what? Tone Mom vs. (aww)
Môm
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Representing Sounds
Transcription Syllables Segments Features
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Get Some Exercise
Transcription: “I scream for ice cream”
Segments How many in “I scream for ice cream”?
Syllables How many in “I scream for ice cream”?
Features What are the features of [s], [m], and [i]?
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Kinds of Sound Change Assimilation (become more alike)
Nasalization Voicing Flapping
Dissimilation (become less alike) Elision // Deletion (take a sound away) Epenthesis // Intrusion (add a sound) Metathesis (shift sounds around) Vowel Reduction (shorten or ‘schwa’ a sound)
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Kinds of Sound Change
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Sound Safari – II
Find example words for one subcategory of each sound change in the previous slide
Email me the examples highlighting where/how each takes place
Choose I or II, or both for 1.5 total points…
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If You Were in Charge… Revisited
…would you implement a spelling system with a “one for one”
correspondence between spoken & written words?
Why or Why Not?
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For “Tomorrow” Exercises
Be aware of these: 3-1,2,3,4,5,7,10
Spend time on these 3-11,12,13
BTW, nothing in this chapter was ‘skippable’
Read Chapter 4 Start your transcription