Download - NEW TESTAMENT FOUNDATIONS NT 102
![Page 1: NEW TESTAMENT FOUNDATIONS NT 102](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062422/5681328d550346895d992405/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
NEW TESTAMENT FOUNDATIONSNT 102
![Page 2: NEW TESTAMENT FOUNDATIONS NT 102](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062422/5681328d550346895d992405/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Introduction A. Importance of the NT
1. Status2. Content
![Page 3: NEW TESTAMENT FOUNDATIONS NT 102](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062422/5681328d550346895d992405/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
B. OT & NT: Continuity & Discontinuity “The days are coming when I will make a new covenant with the house of Israel and the house of Judah. It will not be like the covenant I made with their ancestors the day when I took them by the hand to lead them forth from the land of Egypt … I will place my law within them and write it upon their hearts. I will be their God and they shall be my people” (Jer. 31:31-33).
![Page 4: NEW TESTAMENT FOUNDATIONS NT 102](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062422/5681328d550346895d992405/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Moving from an Exiled Israel of the OT the Reconstitution of Israel (the new Israel to include Gentile believers) the Redemption of the Cosmos in the New
![Page 5: NEW TESTAMENT FOUNDATIONS NT 102](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062422/5681328d550346895d992405/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
(Dis)continuity with the OT Differences from the OT:1. Cultural situation:
a. Language shiftsb. Hellenism
2. Political forces
a. From the Westb. Tensions in Palestine
![Page 6: NEW TESTAMENT FOUNDATIONS NT 102](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062422/5681328d550346895d992405/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
3. Socio-economic affairsa. Economic realitiesb. Travel & multi-cultural environmentsc. Cosmopolitan landscaped. Focus lies outside Israel
4. Religious tradition
![Page 7: NEW TESTAMENT FOUNDATIONS NT 102](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062422/5681328d550346895d992405/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
C. Text & Books of the NTi. Language of the NT world
ii. Characteristics of NT Greek1. Koiné style 2. Semitic influence
![Page 8: NEW TESTAMENT FOUNDATIONS NT 102](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062422/5681328d550346895d992405/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
D. The Canon of the NTi. Preliminary remarks (see B. Metzger, The Canon
of the NT)
1. Canon defined
2. How did the canon come about? (Why was there a need?)
3. Why only these books?
![Page 9: NEW TESTAMENT FOUNDATIONS NT 102](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062422/5681328d550346895d992405/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
ii. Authoritative works in the 1st century1. The OT
2. The teachings of Jesus
3. The writings of the apostles
![Page 10: NEW TESTAMENT FOUNDATIONS NT 102](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062422/5681328d550346895d992405/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
iii. The Rise of the New Testament 1. Major developments contributing to
formalizing NT a. Marcion controversy (circa. 150AD)
b. a spate of various kinds of Christian writings (see Schneemelcher,
NT Apocrypha) c. church’s response
![Page 11: NEW TESTAMENT FOUNDATIONS NT 102](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062422/5681328d550346895d992405/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
2. Qualifications for canonicitya. apostolicity
b. regular reading in church liturgy (lections)
c. consistency of theology 3. Muratorian Canon (c. AD 200); Origen (c. AD 250);
Eusebius (c. AD 300)
![Page 12: NEW TESTAMENT FOUNDATIONS NT 102](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062422/5681328d550346895d992405/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
4. Development of the inclusion of NT letters:a. around 150-70, formally certainly
authoritative: 4 Gospels, Acts, Paul’s letters, 1 Peter, 1 John (21 books) [Revelation?]
b. certainly not authoritative: Acts of Paul, Shepherd of Hermas, Apocalypse of
Peter, Epistle of Barnabas, Didache, Gospel According to the Hebrews
![Page 13: NEW TESTAMENT FOUNDATIONS NT 102](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062422/5681328d550346895d992405/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
c. disputed: James, Jude, 2 Peter, 2 and 3 John, Revelation (authorship issue)
5. Recognition of present 27 books (last half 4th c.) E. Current Issues
![Page 14: NEW TESTAMENT FOUNDATIONS NT 102](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062422/5681328d550346895d992405/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Aims of the Course1. historical & cultural background 2. basic content of the NT 3. coherence of individual books and what issues they
address in what settings.
![Page 15: NEW TESTAMENT FOUNDATIONS NT 102](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062422/5681328d550346895d992405/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Emphases:1. NT documents as unitary Wholes:
a. literary context
b. historical context 2. NT as Word of God both to live it & to teach others
![Page 16: NEW TESTAMENT FOUNDATIONS NT 102](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062422/5681328d550346895d992405/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
1 Tim. 4:16: “Pay close attention to yourself and to your teaching; continue in these things, for in doing this you will save both yourself and your hearers.”
![Page 17: NEW TESTAMENT FOUNDATIONS NT 102](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062422/5681328d550346895d992405/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
The Graeco-Roman World of the Apostles
![Page 18: NEW TESTAMENT FOUNDATIONS NT 102](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062422/5681328d550346895d992405/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Introduction I. Roman Caesars
![Page 19: NEW TESTAMENT FOUNDATIONS NT 102](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062422/5681328d550346895d992405/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Roman Emperors
![Page 20: NEW TESTAMENT FOUNDATIONS NT 102](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062422/5681328d550346895d992405/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Arch of Titus: Fall of Jerusalem
![Page 21: NEW TESTAMENT FOUNDATIONS NT 102](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062422/5681328d550346895d992405/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
II. The Geography & the Peoplesi. Roman Empire & Provinces
![Page 22: NEW TESTAMENT FOUNDATIONS NT 102](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062422/5681328d550346895d992405/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Roman Empire
![Page 23: NEW TESTAMENT FOUNDATIONS NT 102](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062422/5681328d550346895d992405/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Roman Provinces in Asia Minor
![Page 24: NEW TESTAMENT FOUNDATIONS NT 102](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062422/5681328d550346895d992405/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Inscription of Pontius Pilate
![Page 25: NEW TESTAMENT FOUNDATIONS NT 102](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062422/5681328d550346895d992405/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
ii. Travel
![Page 26: NEW TESTAMENT FOUNDATIONS NT 102](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062422/5681328d550346895d992405/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Via Appia
![Page 27: NEW TESTAMENT FOUNDATIONS NT 102](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062422/5681328d550346895d992405/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Cargo ship
![Page 28: NEW TESTAMENT FOUNDATIONS NT 102](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062422/5681328d550346895d992405/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
iii. Language III. Everyday Life in Graeco-Roman Society
i. Classes in society3 classes of people: Slaves; Freedmen; Free.
![Page 29: NEW TESTAMENT FOUNDATIONS NT 102](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062422/5681328d550346895d992405/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
1. Emperor & the imperial household 2. Aristocracy (Honestiores)
i. Senateii. Equestriansiii. Decurionsiv. Wealthy landowners & tradersv. Examples of wealthy or powerful early
Christians
![Page 30: NEW TESTAMENT FOUNDATIONS NT 102](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062422/5681328d550346895d992405/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
3. Slaves (Humiliores)a. 1/5 of the populationb. Reasons for enslavementc. Lifestyle & conditionsd. Many were believers
![Page 31: NEW TESTAMENT FOUNDATIONS NT 102](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062422/5681328d550346895d992405/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
4. Artisans, freedmen & working classes 5. Roman military 6. Roman citizenship 7. Patrons & Clients
![Page 32: NEW TESTAMENT FOUNDATIONS NT 102](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062422/5681328d550346895d992405/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Inscription honoring a benefactor
![Page 33: NEW TESTAMENT FOUNDATIONS NT 102](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062422/5681328d550346895d992405/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
8. Marriage & family
![Page 34: NEW TESTAMENT FOUNDATIONS NT 102](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062422/5681328d550346895d992405/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Marriage
![Page 35: NEW TESTAMENT FOUNDATIONS NT 102](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062422/5681328d550346895d992405/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
i. Husbands/Menii. Wives/Womeniii. Children
![Page 36: NEW TESTAMENT FOUNDATIONS NT 102](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062422/5681328d550346895d992405/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Child’s toy
![Page 37: NEW TESTAMENT FOUNDATIONS NT 102](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062422/5681328d550346895d992405/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
9. Educationa. Public Gymnasium b. Rhetoric
10. Work & leisure
11. Guilds, clubs & associations
![Page 38: NEW TESTAMENT FOUNDATIONS NT 102](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062422/5681328d550346895d992405/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
IV. Religions
A. Role of religion1. pervasive
![Page 39: NEW TESTAMENT FOUNDATIONS NT 102](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062422/5681328d550346895d992405/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Temple of Hephaestus
![Page 40: NEW TESTAMENT FOUNDATIONS NT 102](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062422/5681328d550346895d992405/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Temples of Jupiter
![Page 41: NEW TESTAMENT FOUNDATIONS NT 102](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062422/5681328d550346895d992405/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
2. corporate, civic activity 3. religion & politics inseparable 4. bolster political unity 5. society critical of those who rejected traditional religions
![Page 42: NEW TESTAMENT FOUNDATIONS NT 102](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062422/5681328d550346895d992405/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
B. The gods1. classical Greek pantheon with Roman deities 2. Agricultural activities3. Urban matters4. Healing figures5. Pagan temples
![Page 43: NEW TESTAMENT FOUNDATIONS NT 102](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062422/5681328d550346895d992405/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Temple housing an image of deity
![Page 44: NEW TESTAMENT FOUNDATIONS NT 102](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062422/5681328d550346895d992405/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
C. Characteristics1. Ceremonial, ritual purity & rites
2. polytheistic
3. popularity of astrology, magic & occult practice
4. sense of helplessness before all-pervading Fate
5. gods as benefactors/patrons of communities
6. gods subjected to human passions
![Page 45: NEW TESTAMENT FOUNDATIONS NT 102](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062422/5681328d550346895d992405/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
D. Imperial Cult or Emperor Worship
![Page 46: NEW TESTAMENT FOUNDATIONS NT 102](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062422/5681328d550346895d992405/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Promoting power in coinage
![Page 47: NEW TESTAMENT FOUNDATIONS NT 102](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062422/5681328d550346895d992405/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Coin Augustus
![Page 48: NEW TESTAMENT FOUNDATIONS NT 102](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062422/5681328d550346895d992405/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
E. Mystery religionsMystery religions appeal to:1. the emotions
2. the intellect
3. the conscience
![Page 49: NEW TESTAMENT FOUNDATIONS NT 102](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062422/5681328d550346895d992405/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Varieties of mystery religions:1. Dionysus
2. Cybele (Great-mother of the gods) & Attis (her consort
3. Isis, Osiris & Serapis
4. Mithraism
![Page 50: NEW TESTAMENT FOUNDATIONS NT 102](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062422/5681328d550346895d992405/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Common features of mystery religions:i. elaborate secret initiation, revelation of ‘mysteries’ ii. regular fellowship & the sharing of sacrificial meals iii. spiritual ecstasy (in some cases) iv. reputation for immorality v. notions of a dying & rising god?
![Page 51: NEW TESTAMENT FOUNDATIONS NT 102](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062422/5681328d550346895d992405/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
F. Fate
G. Private religions & personal pietyOracles, dreams & divination
magical papyri
![Page 52: NEW TESTAMENT FOUNDATIONS NT 102](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062422/5681328d550346895d992405/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
One curse tablet reads: “Spirits of the netherworld, I consecrate and hand over to you, if you have any power, Ticene of Carisius. Whatever she does, may it all turn out wrong. Spirits of the netherworld, I consecrate to you her limbs, her complexion, her figure … and if I see her wasting away, I swear that I will be delighted to offer a sacrifice to you every year” (CIL 10.8249)
![Page 53: NEW TESTAMENT FOUNDATIONS NT 102](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062422/5681328d550346895d992405/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
H. Demons
![Page 54: NEW TESTAMENT FOUNDATIONS NT 102](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062422/5681328d550346895d992405/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
V. PhilosophyReligion for the intellectuals
Philosophical schools1. General concerns: moral exhortation (e.g. I Thess); diatribe (e.g. Rom. 2-4)
2. Social setting
![Page 55: NEW TESTAMENT FOUNDATIONS NT 102](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062422/5681328d550346895d992405/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
A philosopher with his scrolls
![Page 56: NEW TESTAMENT FOUNDATIONS NT 102](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062422/5681328d550346895d992405/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Stoa in Athens
![Page 57: NEW TESTAMENT FOUNDATIONS NT 102](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062422/5681328d550346895d992405/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
3. General beliefs 4. NT moral teachings 5. Main types:
a. Stoics (1) Origin (founded by Zeno, ca. 300 BC)
(2) Concerns
(3) Metaphysical issues
(4) Comparison with Christianity
(5) Contrasts with Christianity
b. Epicureans (founded by Epicurus, ca. 300 BC)
![Page 58: NEW TESTAMENT FOUNDATIONS NT 102](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062422/5681328d550346895d992405/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
Epicurus
![Page 59: NEW TESTAMENT FOUNDATIONS NT 102](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062422/5681328d550346895d992405/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
(1) Beliefs
(2) Goals
(3) Popular version: “eat, drink, and be merry for tomorrow we die” (cf. Acts 17; 1 Cor. 15:32)
(4) Comparison with Christianity c. Platonists (Plato: 4th c. BC)
(1) Values
(2) Outgrowth
(3) NT Response
![Page 60: NEW TESTAMENT FOUNDATIONS NT 102](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062422/5681328d550346895d992405/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
Summary of Graeco-Roman religious lifea. closely bound up with politics & culture
b. little to do with personal reformation
c. to cope with Fate
d. some attracted to Jewish law, ethics & way of life
![Page 61: NEW TESTAMENT FOUNDATIONS NT 102](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062422/5681328d550346895d992405/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
Summary of Graeco-Roman social lifeA. Modern cities today not too different from Graeco- Roman civilization
1. Socio-economic differences
2. General feeling of moral decay & loss of standards
3. Value of human life B. Paul’s judgments in Rom 1:18-32 were echoed in the writings of many others C. An age of pessimism & depression