Download - Nepal Industrial Development Digest 2009_MoI
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8/9/2019 Nepal Industrial Development Digest 2009_MoI
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pBf]u / ljsf;Te Nepalese Journal of Industry & Development
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Vol 5
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June, July 2009
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Issue 10
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No. 2
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pBf]u dGqfnol;+xb/af/, sf7df08f}Government of Nepal
Ministry of IndustrySinghadurbar, Kathmandu, Nepal
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Phone : 4211579/4211293
Fax : 977-1-4211619
Email : [email protected]
Website : http//www.moi.gov.np
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pBf]u / ljsf;Te Nepalese Journal of Industry & Development
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oL r'gf}tL Pj+ ;dofx ;dfwfg ub}{ cg's"n cf}Bf]lus jftfj0f lgdf{0f ug{ pBf]u dGqfno cGtu{t lgsfoxaf6 ljleGg sfo{qmdx ;+rfng x'Fb} cfPsf 5g s'g} g s'g} ?kdf cf}Bf]lusljsf;sf ;DaGwdf k|sfzgsf dfWodaf6} eP klg hgr]tgf clea[l4 ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] p2]Zon]o; dGqfnoaf6 cw{ jflif{s ?kdf cf}Bf]lus klqsf k|sfzg x'Fb} cfPsf] 5
cf}Bf]lus ljsf;sf lbzfdf ;d;fdlos n]v rgf, tYof, ;"rgfd"ns ;fdu|Lx k|sfzgsfdfWodaf6 cfd hgtfdf hfgsfL lbnfpg] tyf ;';'lrt ug]{ p2]Zon] ljutdf pBf]u emnssf]gfdn] k|sfzg x'Fb} cfOx]sf] o; klqsfnfO{ o; cFsb]lv pBf]u / ljsf; gfd kljt{g u]cfb0fLo kf7sju{;dIf k'ofpg] k|of; u]sf 5f}+ cf}Bf]lus If]q;Fu ;DaGw fVg'x'g] ljleGgljfgxsf] n]v rgfsf cnfjf ljleGg cf}Bf]lus ultljlw, ;"rgf, tYof nufotsf ljifojt'x ;d]6] k|sflzt o; klqsfn] kf7sxnfO{ k"0f{ 1fg ;"rgf k|bfg ug{ ;Ifd x'g]5eGg t ;lsGg tyflk g]kfnsf] cf}Bf]lus ljsf;sf nflu gLltut Jojyf, pBf]u jftfj0faLrsf] ;DaGw, ;sfL ;+yfgxsf] pklylt logLxdf ug'{kg]{ ;'wf, af}l4s ;DklQ o;sf] dxTj, cfof]hgf Jojyfkg, n3' pBd ljsf;, Ps ufpF Ps pTkfbg, cf}Bf]uLs0f uLaL lgjf0f cflb htf ;d;fdlos ljifodf ;fdfGo hfgsfL k|bfg ug]{5 eGg]df xfdLljZjt 5f}+
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rGb| axfb'/ sfsL{ ^= Micro-Enterprise Development Programme:
An Overview - Niranjan Baral $*- Dr. Laxman Pun
&= Industrialization and Poverty Reduction - Dr. Bhavani P. Dhungana ^) *= Industrial Project Management
- Dinesh Mani Ghimire &*
(= One Village One Product- Ganesh Shakya ()
!)= Ozone: Good in Stratosphere Bad in roposphere- Deepak Pudasainee (&
!!= pBf]u dGqfnosf] kl/ro !)#
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Fiscal YearNo. of
Industriesotal Project
Costotal Fixed
Costotal No. ofEmployees
2054/55 2311 10441.4 81847.05 254005
2055/56 110 12546.50 9416.02 8882
2056/57 158 25958.36 21408.90 15290
2057/58 145 10766.61 8064.46 9165
2058/59 139 22661.64 18747.48 11741
2059/60 109 13203.46 8666.02 12877
2060/61 147 13290.41 10292.43 11687
2061/62 107 18003.13 13758.76 8490
2062/63 120 9527.85 7105.84 10398
2063/64 177 8123.68 5973.02 9232
2064/65 277 20126.36 15509.56 12844
Summary Sheet of Number of Industries Registered inDepartmeny of Industry
Source: Department of Industry
Fiscal YearPrivate
FirmPartnership P. Ltd otal
CapitalInvestmentRs. Karod
EmploymentNumber
Upto2054/55
424,667 2827 2132 47,426 974.254 440,940
2055/56 8789 684 533 10006 962.000 88973
2056/57 8889 549 685 10123 1035.000 79618
2057/58 8368 407 542 9317 732.000 67975
2058/59 8851 526 513 9890 772.000 65374
2059/60 6768 454 340 7562 591.000 47455
2060/61 5985 548 600 7133 611 44725
2061/62 6972 499 559 8030 1101 47695
2062/63 5864 372 1994 8230 670 39738
2063/64 7587 386 738 8711 782.6 54145
Cottage and Small Industries: Firm Registration
Source: Department of Cottage of Small Industries
(Million Rs.)
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pBf]u / ljsf;
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nflu cfjZos kg]{ at' ;]jf pTkfbg ug{sf nflu sRrf kbfy{,
1fg, rgfTds k|ltefnfO{ k|ljlw, tf}tlsf tyf Jojlyt
k|lqmofsf] pkof]uaf6 d"No clej[l4 ug]{ Jojlyt k|oTgnfO{
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jf sDkgLn] cfo cfh{g ug]{ p2]Zo lnO{ jt' pTkfbg jf ;]jf
k|bfg ug]{ cfly{s lqmofsnfknfO{ g} cf}Bf]lus Joj;fosf ?kdf
lng ;lsG5 pBf]u d'n'sdf ulaL lgjf0f Pj+ cfly{s ljsf;sf]
g} cfwf xf] pBf]un] g} jb]zL tyf ljb]zL nufgL cfsif{0f uL k"+hL lgdf{0fdf ;3fp+5,
f]hufL ;[hgf d"No clej[l4 ub{5, yfgLo dfu adf]lhd at' ;]jfsf] cfk"lt{ ub{5,
cGtf{li6o ahfdf lgof{tsf nflu at' ;]jf pTkfbg ub{5, d'n'ssf] cy{tGqdf ljQLo
tyf u}ljQLo ?kdf of]ubfg ub{5, cfly{s yfloTj ;Gt'lnt ljsf;df d2t ub{5, k|ljlw
tyf hgzlQmsf] ljsf; ub{5, ;dfhdf cf}Bf]lus tyf pBdzLntfsf] ;+s[ltsf] ;Dj4{g
ub{5 bLuf] cf}Bf]lus ljsf;n] g} cy{Jojyfsf] k|ltkwf{Tdstf, cfly{s j[l4sf] ;+efjgf,
;xsfo{ ;fem]bfLsf] k|j4{g Pj+ nufgLsf] cj;sf] Jofkstf ;d]6]sf] x'G5
ljZjJofkLs0fsf] k|efjj?k ljZj cfly{s ahfdf 1fg k|ljlwsf] tLa| k|jfx k|;f,
a9bf] k"+hL k|jfx, cGtf{li6o Jofkfsf] gjLg k|j[lQ, ljZj Jofkf ;Fu7gsf dfGotf
l;4fGt, lkIfLo, If]qLo tyf ax'kIfLo Jofkf tyf nufgL ;Demf}tf, cflbn] ljsf;f]Gd'v
d'n'ssf nflu gofF gofF cj; tyf r'gf}tL k}bf u]sf] 5 ;fy} pTkfbsTj u'0ffTdstfsf
nflu k|ltkwf{Tds Ifdtf ljsf;tkm{ a9bf] pGd'vtf, cfly{s pbfLs0f ahf ;+oGqdf
cfwflt cy{tGqsf] ljsf;, cf}Bf]lus ;'zf;g yfkgfsf nflu fHosf] k|ltj4tf, ;sfLlghL ;xsfo{ ;fem]bfL k4ltsf] cg'z0f, ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] ljsf;, cflbsf sf0f cGtf{li6o,
If]qLo tyf fli6otdf cf}Bf]lus ljsf;sf] bfof kmflsnf] kfg{ dfu{ k|zt ePsf] 5
k|tfk s'df/ kf7s
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pBf]u / ljsf;
@= g]kfndf cf}Bf]lus ljsf;M r'gf}tL / ;Defjgfg]kfnsf] cf}Bf]lus jftfj0fsf] d"NofFsg ubf{ 0fgLltut, ;+rgfut, sfo{k|0ffnLut,
dgf]Jojxfls Pj+ jftfj0fLo ;a} kIfdf r'gf}tL ;dof x]sf] kfOG5 d'n'ssf] ef}uf]lns
cjlylt, e"wftnLo jgf}6, pBf]u ;~rfngsf] nflu c;xh jftfj0f, bIf hgzlQmsf]
cefj, k|ltkwL{ ?kdf k|ljlw u|x0f ug]{ Ifdtfsf] sdL, Go"g pTkfbg Ifdtf lgof{tof]Uo
jt'xsf] ljljwLs0fdf sdL, sdhf] cfk"lt{ lylt htf kIfx g]kfnsf] cf}Bf]lus
ljsf;df ;dofsf ?kdf x]sf 5g cf}Bf]lus ljsf; k|ltkwf{Tdstfsf nflu gLltut
Jojyf ;Ifd ;+oGqsf] cefj, fhgLlts clytf nfdf] ;Fqmd0f Pj+ cf}Bf]lus b[li6n]
c;xh zflGt ;'Iffsf] cjyf, cf}Bf]lus ;'zf;gsf] sdL, d'n'ssf] s[lif, vlgh tyfko{6sLo ;DefjgfnfO{ cf}Bf]lus Jojyfkg k|ljlwsf] pkof]u uL k|ltkwL{ t'Nofpg
g;lsPsf], cf}Bf]lus hgzlQm, pBdzLntf, ;xhLs0f ;+sfsf] cefj, sdhf] tyf Go"g
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tfnd]nsf] sdL, cf}Bf]lus k|j4{gsf nflu sfg'gL h6Lntf, c;Ful7t If]qsf] jfx'Notf,
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g]kfnsf] sdhf] ;xeflutf, lghL If]qsf] JojyfksLo sdhf]L, d"No clej[l4 f]hufL
;[hgf eGbf JofkfpGd'v cf}Bf]lus Joj;fosf] afx'Notf, v'nf l;dfgf tsLtGqsf]
bjfjsf sf0f cf}Bf]lus lqmofsnfkdf gsffTds c;, a}b]lzs nufgLsf] ;+If0f k|j4{gsf nflu sfg'gL, ;+yfut Pj+ k|lqmofut sldsdhf]L, ?U0f pBf]usf] ;+VofTds tyf
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g]kfnsf ljsf; of]hgfxn] cf}Bf]lus ljsf;sf nflu k|bfg u]sf] k|fyldstf, ;dli6ut
cfly{s gLltdf cf}Bf]lus If]qsf] dxTjk"0f{ yfg, v'nf ahf pbf cy{gLlt, ljZjJofkf
;Fu7g nufot jx'kIfLo, If]qLo tyf lkIfLo cf}Bf]lus tyf Jofkfls ;lGw ;Demf}tf,
lghL If]qsf] ljsf; ;lqmotf, l5d]sL d'n'sxdf ePsf cfly{s tyf k|ljlwsf] ljsf;,
;"rgf k|ljlwsf] ljsf; k|ljlw xtfGt0fsf] tLj|tf, fli6o tyf cGtf{li6o kF"hLahfsf]
ultzLntf, cf}Bf]lus If]qdf nufgLsf nflu a9bf] cfsif{0f Pj+ n3' tyf 3]n' pBf]usf]
ljsf; tyf ;+nUgtfsf nflu yfgLo ;d'bfosf] a9bf] ;lqmotfn] cf}Bf]lus ljsf;
k|j4{gsf nflu Jofks ;Defjgf k|bfg u]sf] 5
@= cf}Bf]lus gLlt eg]sf] s] xf] d ljb]zL ahfdf cfslif{t x'g', g]kfndf Jojyfkg b]lv >lds tx;Dd bIf
hgzlQmsf] cefj a9b} hfg', fli6o pTkfbgdf cf}Bf]lus If]qsf] of]ubfg sd x'+b} hfg'htf sf0fsf k5f8L cf}Bf]lus gLltsf sdhf]Lsf ?kdf lng ;lsG5 To;y{ lghL tyf
Jofj;flos If]qnfO{ fli6o lxtsf] ;Dj4{g ;fdflhs pQbfloTj axg ug{ clek|]lt ug]{
tyf ;Ifd t'Nofpg] bfloTj jxg ug{ ;d]t gLltut ;jntf h?L x'G5
$= cf}Bf]lus gLltsf ljleGg b[li6sf]0f / d"ne"t dfGotf M
gjpbf/jfbL b[li6sf]0f(Neoliberal Approach)d'n'ssf] cf}Bf]lus gLltn] v'nf ahf, jfoQtf jtGqtf, lghL If]qsf] ljsf;, nufgLsf
nflu k|f]T;fxg, lgof{t k|j4{gsf nflu gLltut ;xhLs0fhtf dfGotf o; b[li6sf]0fn]fv]sf] x'G5 ljZj Jofkf ;Fu7gn] k|ltkfbg u]sf cfwfe"t l;4fGtnfO{ o; b[li6sf]0fn]
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pBf]u / ljsf;
;+/rgfjfbL b[li6sf]0f(Structuralist Approach)d'n'sdf cf}Bf]lus jftfj0f lgdf{0f tyf k|j4{gsf nflu ahfnfO{ k|ltkwL{ ultzLn
t'Nofpgsf nflu cfjZos kg]{ k|ltkwf{Tds Ifdtf clej[l4 ug{ fhgLlts k|zf;lgs
;+oGqsf] pkfb]otf uxg x'G5 eGg] dfGotf o; b[li6sf]0fsf] x]sf] x'G5 vf;uL ljsf;f]Gd'v
d'n'sdf cfly{s ljsf;nfO{ ahf ;+oGqn] lhDd]jfL hjfkmb]xLk"j{s ;+rfng ug{ g;Sg]
x'+bf ;sfsf] ;lqmo lqmofzLn ;+yfut ;xeflutf cfjZos kb{5 o;} ;Gbe{df Psk|ltj]bgn] eg]sf] 5M "Markets are powerful forces but they are not perfect; the institutionsneeded to make them work effi ciently are often weak or absent. Government interventions are
needed to improve on market outcomes." (Sanjaya Lall: "Reinventing Industrial Strategy: Te
Role of Government Policy in Building Industrial Competitiveness", September 2003, p.2.)
%= cf}Bf]lus gLltsf] /0fgLlts dgzfo(Strategic Intent) :
%=! g]kfnsf] gofF cf}Bf]lus gLltn] cfkmgf] bL3{sfnLg ;f]r nIosf ?kdf kmflsnf]
cf}Bf]lus cfwfsf] ljsf;, ;'lIft ekbf]{ nufgL yn, Jofks ;xsfo{ cf}Bf]lus;'zf;gsf] k|Tofe"lt;lxtsf] cf}Bf]lus Ifdtf xfl;n uL fli6o cy{tGqdf ultnf] tyf
k|efjsfL of]ubfg ug{ ;Sg] cGtf{li6o If]qdf ;d]t dxTjk"0f{ yfg cf]u6g ;Ifd
t'Nofpg] 0fgLlts dgzfo fVg' cfjZos x'G5
The neoliberal approach has strong theoretical premises: markets are 'e cient', the
institutions needed to make markets work exist and are eective, and if there aredeviations from optimality they cannot be remedied eectively by governments.
The premises are a mixture of theoretical, empirical and political assumptions. Their
theoretical core relies, among other things, on a restrictive view of the technological
basis of competitiveness. The empirical one relies on a particular interpretation of
the experience of the most successful industrializing economies, the 'Tigers' of East
Asia. The political element - that governments are necessarily and universally less
e cient than markets - has less to do with economies than with ideology.
Sanjaya Lall: "Reinventing Industrial Strategy: The Role of Government Policy in BuildingIndustrial Competitiveness", September 2003, p.2.)
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pBf]u / ljsf;
%=@ To;}uL g]kfndf Nofpg nfluPsf] cf}Bf]lus k|j4{g ljsf;sf] gLltut Jojyfn]b]xfosf p2]ZonfO{ cfkmgf] sfo{nIo (Mission) sf ?kdf cfTd;ft uL cl3 a9g' kg]{
b]lvG5 M
-s_ u'0ftLo cf}Bf]lus pTkfbg Pjd pTkfbsTj clej[l4af6 fli6o cfo tyf f]hufL
a9fpg]
-v_ nufgLsf] ;jn, ;Ifd ekbf]{ cfwf v8f uL g]kfnnfO{ cfsif{s ;'lIft
nufgLynsf] ?kdf yflkt ug]{
-u_ yfgLo ;|f]t, ;Lk, ;fwg k|ljlwsf] klrfng uL ;Gt'lnt If]qLo ljsf;df
of]ubfg k'ofpg]
-3_ gjLgtd k|ljlw Pjdjftfj0f d}qL pTkfbg k|s[ofnfO{ k|of]u uL pBf]u Joj;fonfO{
lbuf] Pjd ekbf]{ If]qsf] ?kdf yflkt ug]{
-_ af}ls ;DklQ clwsfsf] ;+If0f ug]{
-r_ pTkfbgzLn, bIf Jojyfkgo'Qm hgzlQmsf] ljsf; uL cf}Bf]lus ;+sfo'Qm
;dfhsf] lgdf{0f ug]{
%=# gofF cf}Bf]lus gLltsf] pknJwLnfO{ ;fy{s kl0ffdd'vL t'Nofpgsf nflu gLltn]
cfkmgf] kl0ffdfTds nIo (Quantifiable argets) sfod ug'{ h?L x'G5 o;sf nflu
fli6o pTkfbgdf cf}Bf]lus If]qsf] of]ubfg, k"+hL nufgL, f]hufL ;[hgf, lgof{t a[l4nfO{kldf0ffTds nIosf] cfwf agfpg' kg]{ b]lvG5 h;n] ubf{ gLltsf] cg'udg d"Nof+sg
sfo{nfO{ p2]Zoks agfpg ;lsG5
%=$ cf}Bf]lus gLltsf] 0fgLlts dgzfo, p2]Zo kldf0ffTds nIo xfl;n ug{sf nflu
gLltn] nufgLsf] cfsif{0f a9fpg], pBf]u If]qnfO{ f]hufLsf] k|d'v cfwfsf ?kdf
yflkt ug]{, gLlt sfof{Gjog tyf ;]jf k|jfxsf nflu ;+yfut Jojyf ;'b[9 t'Nofpg],
cf}Bf]lus ;'ljwf ;x'lnot k|bfg ug]{, ljz]if cfly{s If]q cf}Bf]lus k"jf{wfsf] ljsf;
ug]{, cf}Bf]lus JojyfkgnfO{ ;n, ;xh, kfbzL{ pQbfoL t'Nofpg], fli6o dxTjsfpBf]usf] ;+If0f k|j4{g ug]{, ?U0f pBf]usf] k'gyf{kg ug]{, cf}Bf]lus pTkfbsTj
clej[l4 ug]{, >d pTkfbsTj a[l4uL dof{lbt cf}Bf]lus ;DaGwsf] ljsf; ug]{, cf}Bf]lus
;DklQsf] ;+If0f pkof]u ug]{, ;xsfo{ ;fem]bfLnfO{ Jofkstf k|bfg ug]{, t'ngfTds
nfe k|ltkwf{Tds kmfObfsf If]qsf] ljsf; ug]{, n3' tyf 3]n' pBdsf] ljsf;uL
;dfj]zL cf}Bf]uLs0fnfO{ k|f]T;fxg lbg] htf sfo{gLltut k|ltj4tf ki6 ug{' cfjZos
b]lvPsf] 5
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pBf]u / ljsf;
^= gLlt sfof{Gjogsf nflu pko'Qm ;+/rgfTds Joj:yf M^=!gLltdf plNnlvt cf}Bf]lus k|j4{g ljsf;;DaGwL nIo p2]ZonfO{ aftljs ?kdf
sfof{Gjogdf ptfg{sf nflu b]xfo adf]lhdsf] ;+yfut ;+rgf cfjZos x'G5 M
-s_ nufgL af]8{sf] Joj:yfM pBf]usf] yfkgf ;+rfngdf ulg] dxTjk"0f{ nufgLnfO{
plrt ;+If0f lbg], ;]jf ;x'lnot tyf ;a} k|sfsf ;]jf Ps} ynf]af6 k|bfg ug]{,
;dofsf] ;dfwfg ug]{, nufgLstf{nfO{ k|f]T;fxg lbg] lhDd]jfL hjfkmb]xL axg
ug{;Sg] pRr clwsf;DkGg, jfoQ, Jofj;flos ?kn] ;Ifd ;xeflutfd"ns
;+yfut Jojyf ljz]if sfg'gaf6} ug'{ cfjZos x'G5 h;af6 ljZjfzof]Uo
sfo{d"ns jftfj0fsf] lgdf{0f x'G5
-v_cf}Bf]lus k|j4{g af]8{M cf}Bf]lus If]qsf] ;di6Lut k|j4{g, ljsf; ;xhLs0fsf
nflu ;f]sfjfnfsf] ;fy{s ;xeflutf xg] uL ;dGjo ;fdGho sfod
ug{, ;dofsf] ;dfwfg ug{, ;]jf ;'ljwfsf] JojyfkgnfO{ bIf t'Nofpg, dof{lbt
cf}Bf]lus ljsf; ug{, gLltut ;'wfsf nflu ;'emfj l;kmflz ug{, cf}Bf]lus
nufgLnfO{ k|f]T;fxg lbg, cg'udg d"Nof+sg ug{ ljz]if sfg'gsf cfwfdf Ps
pRrtLo sfo{d"ns ;+rgfsf ?kdf cf}Bf]lus k|j4{g af]8{sf] cfjZostf
dxz"z ulPsf] 5
-u_ ljz]if cfly{s If]q Joj:yfkg k|flws/0fM lgof{thGo pBf]uxsf] yfkgf, ;+rfng
ljsf;sf nflu PsLs[t ?kdf u'0ffTds ;]jf ;'ljwf pknJw ufpg k"jf{wfsf]
ljsf; uL clwstd pkof]u ug]{ sfo{nfO{ ;Ifd ?kdf Jojyfkg ug]{ lhDd]jfL
Ifdtf;lxtsf] clwsf;DkGg ljz]if cfly{s If]q Jojyfkg k|flws0fsf] Jojyf
gLltsf] dxTjk"0f{ kIfsf ?kdf ;dfj]z ug'{ h?L b]lvPsf] 5
-3_ cf}Bf] lus pTkfbsTj ljsf; s]Gb|M cg';Gwfg, kfdz{, k|lzIf0f tyf pTkfbsTj
clej[l4;DaGwL sfo{ ug]{ uL Jofj;flos Ifdtf ;lxtsf] cf}Bf]lus pTkfbsTj
ljsf; s]Gb|sf] yfkgf uL cf}Bf]lus ljsf; k|j4{gdf o;sf] e"ldsfnfO{
k|efjsfL jgfO{ gLlt sfof{Gjogdf ;xhtf Nofpg' cfjZos 5
-_ cf}Bf] lus If]q Joj:yfkg tyf cf}Bf] lus k"jf{wf/ ljsf; k|flws/0fM cf}Bf]lus
If]qxsf] tf]Gglt ug]{, ;+efJo If]qdf cf}Bf]lus If]qsf] ljsf; ug]{, k|efjsfL
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pBf]u / ljsf;
?kdf cf}Bf]lus If]qxsf] Jojyfkg ug]{ cf}Bf]lus k"jf{wfsf] ljsf; ug{ ;Ifd clwsf;DkGg lgsfosf ?kdf o; k|flws0fsf] lqmofzLntf h?L b]lvG5
-r_ u'0f:t/ tyf gfktf}n k|flws/0fM pkef]Qmfsf] xslxt ;+If0f u'0fto'Qm at'
;]jfsf] pTkfbgsf] u'0ftsf] tLs0f cg'udg, lgof{thGo pBf]usf pTkfbgsf]
u'0ftk|df0fLs0f, k|ljlwsf] ljsf; k|of]uzfnfsf] ;'b[9Ls[t ;+rfngsf nflu
;Ifd jfoQ tyf clwsf;DkGg lgsfosf] cfjZostf x]sf] klk|]Iodf ljBdfg
g]kfn u'0ft tyf gfktf}n ljefusf] ;+yfut ?kfGt0f uL k|flws0fsf ?kdf
ljsf; ug{ cfjZos 5
-5_ pBf]u ljefuM sfg'g adf]lhd pBf]uxsf] k|zf;sLo Jojyfkg, ;]jf ;'ljwf tyf
;x'lnotsf] k|efjsfL pknJwL, pBf]usf] yfkgf ;+rfng;DaGwL ;xhLs0f
PsLs[t ;]jf k|jfx, aftfj0f kLIf0f ;]jf, cflb k|bfg ug]{ ;Ifd ljefuLo
lgsfosf ?kdf xfnsf] pBf]u ljefu 3]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u ljefunfO{ PsLs0f
uL Pp6} ljefusf ?kdf ;+rfng ug]{ Jojyf ug{ plrt b]lvG5
-h_ ?U0f pBf]u ;+/If0f tyf k'g?Tyfg ;ldltM ?U0f pBf]usf] klxrfg, lgbfg
k'g?Tyfgsf sfo{ of]hgfj4 Jojlyt ?kdf ;+rfng ug{, ;dGjo ;fdGhosfod ug{ ljsf;fTds lgsfosf ?kdf ?U0f pBf]u ;+If0f tyf k'g?Tyfg ;ldltsf]
Jojyf gLltsf] cleGg cFusf ?kdf xg' h?L 5
-em_ af} l4s ;DklQ k|j4{g kl/ifbM af}ls ;DklQsf] clwsf ;DaGwL ;du| ljwfnfO{
;d]6L af}ls ;DklQ klifb yfkgf ulg] af}ls ;DklQ clwsfsf] k|j4{g
k|efjsfL ;+If0fsf] sfd ;DkGg ug{ o; klifbnfO{ ;lqmo t'NofOg] s'f gLltdf
;dfj]z ug'{ kg]{ b]lvG5 .
-`_ cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo ljsf; k|lti7fgM pBf]u Joj;fosf] ljsf; sfo{df ;+nUg ;sfL
tyf lghL If]qsf ;+3 ;+yfxsf] hgzlQm ljsf; ug{ ljleGg k|sfsf k|lzIfssf]
k|lzIf0f, Jojyfkg kfdz{ ;]jf k|bfg ug]{ ;Ifd Jofj;flos lgsfosf ?kdf
o; k|lti7fgsf] Jojyf gLltn] ug'{ cfjZos 5
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pBf]u / ljsf;
-6_ sDkgL /lhi6f/sf] sfof{noM Jofj;flos tyf u}Jofj;flossDkgLxsf] k|zf;sLoJojyfkg sDkgL sfg'gsf] sfof{Gjog k|efjsfL ?kdf ug{ Jojlyt ;Ifd
lgsfosf ?kdf sDkgL lhi6fsf] sfof{nonfO{ ;'b[9 t'Nofpg' h?L 5
-7_ vfgL tyf e"ue{ ljefuM vlghhGo tyf ef}ule{s ;|f]tsf] klxrfg, cGj]if0f, pTvgg,
pkof]u, ;+If0f ljsf;sf nflu sfg'gL tyf k|zf;lgs ?kdf ;Ifd lgsfosf
?kdf o; ljefusf] cltTj ;lqmotfsf] ck]Iff gLltn] ug'{ cfjZos 5
-8_ n3' pBd, 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u k|j4{g af]8{M fli6otb]lv yfgLot;Dd
;xeflutfTds ljs]lGb|t tlsfn] n3', 3]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u Joj;fosf] k|j4{g,
ljsf; ljtfsf] nflu clwsf;DkGg jfoQ lgsfosf ?kdf xfn 3]n' tyf
;fgf pBf]u ljefuaf6 x'+b} cfPsf] pBf]u k|j4{g ljsf;sf sfo{;d]tnfO{ PsLs[t
uL ljBdfg 3]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u ljsf; ;ldltnfO{ tf]Ggt ;'b[9 lgsfosf
?kdf n3', 3]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u k|j4{g af]8{sf] ;+rgf sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg' kg]{
b]lvG5
-9_ Psn laGb' cf}Bf]lus ;]jf s]Gb|M sfg'gff k|bQ ;'ljwf, ;x'lnot tyf k"jf{wf ;]jf
;dod} lagf eGem6 Ps} ynf]af6 pBf]u k|lti7fg tyf nufgLstf{nfO{ Ps} 7fp+af6pknAw ufpg Jofj;flos ?kn] ;Ifd ;fwg;|f]to'Qm Psn laGb" ;]jf s]Gb|sf]
yfkgf ;+rfngn] g} cf}Bf]lus ;'zf;g ;'lglZrt ub{5 gLltnfO{ ekbf]{
sfof{Gjogo'Qm t'Nofp+b5
-r_cf}Bf]lus ;'/Iff jnM cf}Bf]lus If]q, cf}Bf]lus sl8f] tyf dxTjk"0f{ cf}Bf]lus tyf
Jofj;flos k|lti7fgxsf] ljz]ifLs[t ;'Iffsf nflu bIf, k|lzlIft, pRrdgf]jno'Qm
Jofj;flos ;Ifdtf;lxtsf] cf}Bf]lus ;'Iff jnsf] Jojyf 5'66} sfg'gsf
cfwfdf yfkgf ;+rfng uL pBf]u If]qnfO{ ;'lIft ;+lIft t'Nofpg' cfjZosb]lvPsf] 5
^=@ pBf]usf] juL{s/0f / ;]jf ;'ljwf
-s_ cf}Bf]lus Joj;fonfO{ pBf]usf] k|s[ltsf cfwfdf s[lif tyf jg k}bfdf cfwflt
pBf]u, pTkfbgd"ns pBf]u, lgsf;Ld"ns pBf]u, phf{d"ns pBf]u, vfgLhGo
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pBf]u / ljsf;
pBf]u, ko{6g pBf]u, lgdf{0f pBf]u, ;"rgf tyf ;+rf k|ljlw pBf]u, ;]jf pBf]usf?kdf juL{s0f gLltdf ulPdf pBf]usf cfwfdf ;]jf ;'ljwf Jojyfkg tyf
;xhLs0fdf ki6tf pko'Qmtf xfl;n x'g] b]lvG5
-v_ nufgLsf cfwfdf ;d]t pBf]u Joj;fonfO{ juL{s0f ug'{ cfjZos x'G5 o;
cGtut n3' pBd, kDkfut 3]n' pBf]u, xtsnf pBf]u, ;fgf pBf]u, demf}nf
pBf]u 7"nf pBf]usf ?kdf juL{s0f plrt b]lvG5
-u_ fli6o dxTj cfjZostfsf pBf]u, d'n'sn] ljz]if ;+If0f ug'{kg]{ pBf]u, b'u{d
cljsl;t If]qdf yfkgf x'g] pBf]u, t'ngfTds nfe k|ltkwf{Tds kmfObf
x'g] pBf]u, a9L f]hufL k|bfg ug]{ pBf]u, yfgLo k|ljlw ;Lk tyf ;|f]t ;fwg
pkof]u x'g] pBf]unfO{ fli6o k|fyldstf k|fKt pBf]usf ?kdf dfGotf lbO{ ljz]if
;'ljwf ;x'lnot pknJw ufpg] gLltut Jojyf cfjZos x'G5
-3_ ;'Iff, hgjfYo tyf jftfj0fdf k|lts"n c; kfg]{ pBf]usf] yfkgf] yfkgf,
ljtf ljljwLs0f tyf cfw'lgsLs0f ug{sf] nflu cg'dlt lng'kg]{ pBf]uxsf]
juL{s0f ;d]t gLltn] lgwf{0f ug'{ kg]{ x'G5
-_ cf}Bf]lus nufgLnfO{ k|f]T;fxg ug{, pBf]unfO{ k|ltkwf{Tds ?kdf ;+rfng ug{
;3fpg, f]hufL lbg] pBf]unfO{ k|f]T;fxg lbg, cf}Bf]lus pTkfbsTj clej[l4 ug{
fli6o cy{tGqdf cf}Bf]lus of]ubfg ;fy{s ?kdf a9fpgsf nflu pbf, pko'Qm
cf}lrTok"0f{ ?kdf cf}Bf]lus k|j4{g ;'ljwf ;x'lnotsf] Jojyf gLltn] ug'{ h?L
5 o; cGtut ;a} pBf]u Joj;fodf lglZrt cjlwsf nflu s, eG;f
d"No clej[l4 sdf 5"6, k"+hLsf] pknJwtfdf ;xhtf Jofhbdf ;x'lnot,
;x'lnoto'Qm bdf kfgL ljh'nLsf] cfk"lt{, ljz]if cfly{s If]qdf yflkt pBf]u
lgof{thGo pTkfbgdf ljz]if ;x'lnot, f]hufLsf] ;+Vofsf cfwfdf ljz]ifk|f]T;fxg, fli6o k|fyldstf k|fKt tyf cljsl;t If]qdf yflkt pBf]unfO{ ljz]if
;'ljwf ;x'lnot, ?U0f pBf]usf] ;+If0f k'g?Tyfgsf nflu ljQLo tyf u}ljQLo
;x'lnot, yfgLo ;d'bfodf cfocfh{g tyf jf]hufL a[l4 ug]{ pBf]usf nflu
hgzlQm tyf pBdzLntf ljsf;sf nflu ljz]if sfo{qmd ;xof]usf] Jojyf, cflb
;'ljwf ;x'lnot pBf]u k|j4{gsf nflu cfjZos b]lvG5 To;}uL ljZjahfdf
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pBf]u / ljsf;
k|ltkwf{ ug{ ;lqmo pBf]unfO{ ahf k|j4{gsf nflu ljz]if ;xof]u ;'ljwf k|bfgug'{ klg plQs} cfjZos 5 gLltdf plNnlvt ;'ljwf tyf ;x'lnot kl5 aGg] tyf
;+zf]wg ulg] sfg'gn] ;Fs'rg gug]{ k|ltj4tf k|Tofe"lt;d]t gLltn] ug'{ kb{5
^=# pBf]usf] k|j4{g / ljsf;sf nflu ljifout sf]ifsf] Joj:yfM pBf]usf] k|j4{gsf nflu
;fwg;|f]tsf] ;xh ;n pknJwL Pj+ ;f] sf] jfoQ Pj+ ;xeflutfTds Jojyfkgsf
nflu b]xfosf fli6otsf sf]ifsf] Jojyf gLltdf ;dfj]z ug'{ cfjZos 5M
-s_ n3', 3]n' tyf ;fgf pBd ljsf; sf]if
-v_ ljz]if cfly{s If]q ljsf; sf]if-u_ cf}Bf]lus k"jf{wf ljsf; sf]if
-3_ k|ljlw ljsf; sf]if
-_ ?U0f pBf]u ;+If0f tyf k'g?Tyfg sf]if
-r_ nufgL k|j4{g sf]if
&= cf}Bf]lus gLltsf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjogsf nflu ;+:yfut Joj:yf M
cf}Bf]lus gLltsf 0fgLlts dgzfo p2]Zodf cGtlglxt pknJwL xfl;n ug{sf
nflu sfo{of]hgf lgdf{0f, sfof{Gjogsf] ;+oGqsf] Ifdtf ljsf; klrfng, sfo{qmd ;fwg ;|f]t Jojyfkg uL glthf k|fKt ug{ ulg] ;+of]lht ;dGjofTds k|oTgnfO{ g}
gLltsf] sfof{Gjog xf] gLltsf] k|efjsfL sfof{Gjogsf nflu b]xfosf cfwfe"t zt{
k"f ug'{ h?L x'G5 M
-s_ gLlt sfof{Gjogsf nflu ;jn / ;xof]uL jftfj/0fsf] lgdf{0f (Enabling
Environment)M fhgLlts k|ltj4tf ;dy{gefj Pj+ fhgLlts Ifdtf, gLltsf
jf]df Jofks ;+rf, ;r]tgf lzIff, gLltsf] klkfngfsf nflu Jofks ;dy{gsf]
cjyfn] g} gLlt sfof{Gjogsf nflu ;jntf cg's"ntf k|Tofe"t ub{5
-v_ gLlt sfof{Gjogsf nflu k|efjsf/L ;+:yfut Joj:yf (Effective Institutional
Arrangement)M gLlt sfof{Gjogsf nflu ki6 sfo{of]hgf, pko'Qm sfg'gL Jojyf,
clwsf;DkGg Jofj;flos ;Ifdf;lxtsf] ;+yfut Jojyf, ljsf; sfo{qmd
kof{Kt ah]6, bIf hgzlQm, cf}Bf]lus ;]jf ;'ljwfsf nflu k|efjsfL sfo{ljlw
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pBf]u / ljsf;
Jojyfkg k4lt, Jofj;flos ?kn] bIf tyf pTk|]lt hgzlQm, htf Jojyfn]gLltnfO{ ;xh glthfd"ns sfof{Gjog ug{ ;Ifd t'Nofp+b5
-u_ ;/f]sf/jfnfsf] Jofks / cy{k"0f{ ;xeflutfgLltsf] k|efjsfL sfof{Gjogsf nflu
cfjZos x'G5
-3_ k|efjsf/L cg'udg Joj:yf (Effective Monitoring)M gLltsf] sfof{GjognfO{
u'0ffTds, sfo{d"ns dfkgof]Uo sfo{;Dkfbgdf cfwflt t'Nofpgsf nflu gLltsf]
pknJwL;DaGwL ;"rgf hfgsfL xfl;n ug]{, sfof{Gjogsf ;dofsf] klxrfg
;dfwfg ug]{, gLlt sfof{Gjogdf ;+nUg lgsfo sd{rfLnfO{ k|f]T;fxg lbg],
;'wffTds pkfo cjnDjg ug]{ sfo{sf nflu gLltsf] k|efjsfL cg'udg cfjZos
x'G5
To;}uL cf}Bf]lus gLltsf] k|efjsfL sfof{Gjogsf nflu ljleGg sfo{d"ns 9f+rf (Operating
Models)nfO{ cfTd;ft ug'{ h?L x'G5 Totf 9f+rfxdf cf}Bf]lus gLltnfO{ ;du| k|0ffnLdf
Psfsf uL sfof{Gjogdf n}hfg] h;nfO{ k|0ffnL Jojyfkgsf} 9f+rf (System Management
Model) elgG5 To;}uL d"nk|jfxLs0fsf] 9f+rf (Mainstreaming Model) h;n] cf}Bf]lus
gLltdf ;dfj]z ePsf gLlt tyf sfo{gLltnfO{ k|fyldstfsf ;fy ;a} lgsfon] nfu" ug]{uL cfkmgf of]hgf, sfo{k|0ffnL, ;+yfut Jojyf dgf]Jojxfls k|0ffnLdf ;+yfut ug'{kg]{
x'G5 Tot} gLltsf] sfof{Gjogdf cfOkg]{ cjf]w, ljjfb, HnfO{ ;Djfb, jftf{ ;xsfo{sf
cfwfdf ;dfwfg uL gLltsf] sfof{GjognfO{ ;kmn t'Nofpg ;Sg'kb{5 h;nfO{ H ;Djfb
;xdltsf] 9f+rf (Conflict-dialogue-negotiation Model) sf ?kdf k|t't ug{ ;lsG5
gLltsf] k|efjsfL sfof{Gjogsf nflu csf]{ dxTjk"0f{ kIf xf] ;Fu7gfTds Ifdtf ljsf;
h;n] sfof{GjognfO{ g]t[TjbfoL e"ldsf lgjf{x ub{5, ;fwg;|f]tsf] klrfng ub{5, ;dofsf]
;dfwfg ub{5 ;'wf;lxt cuf8L a9b5 o;nfO{ ;Fu7g ljsf;sf] 9f+rf (Organization
Development Model) elgG5
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pBf]u / ljsf;
af}l4s;DklQ / g]kfnL cEof;;Hhg a l;x+ yfkf
lztf]i0f ltlD;gf
!= kl/ro M
af} l4s ;DklQ (Intellectual Property) M ;fdfGo cy{df dflg;n] cfkmgf] a'l4, ljj]s
1fg k|of]u u] ;[hgf u]sf] rgfTds ;DklQnfO{ af}l4s ;DklQ eGg] uLG5 af}l4s
;DklQ dflg;sf] af}l4s l;h{gfTds sfo{ ePsf] a'l4, ljj]s tyf 1fg k|of]u u] ;[hgf
u]sf] ;DklQ ePsf]n] o;nfO{ s'g} ef}lts rn crn ;DklQ gegL af}l4s ;DklQ gfdfs0fuLPsf] xf] o; leq dflg;sf gofFgofF cfljisf, rgf, sNkgf snfTds sfo{x
nufot dflg;n] ;[hgf u]sf gofF tyf ljlzi7 gfd OToflb kb{5g World Intellectual
Property Organization (WIPO) n] af}l4s ;DklQ leq lgDg s'fx klg kb{5g elg
JofVof u]sf] 5 h;dWo]Literary artistic and scientific works, Scientific Discoveries,
trademarks, service mark, symbols and commercial name and designers Industrial
Designs invention cflb kb{5g
af}l4s ;DklQ clwsf/(Intellectual Property Rights)
M af}l4s ;[hgf u] jfkt fHon]To; ;[hgf ug]{ JolQmnfO{ lbg] clwsfnfO{ af}l4s ;DklQ clwsf elgG5 o; clwsf
cGtu{t ;[hgf ug]{ JolQmn] cfkmgf] ;[hgfsf] jtGqtfk"j{s s'g} klg afwf cjf]w ljgf 9'Ss
eP ef]u rng ljqmL ljt0f tyf k|sfzg ug{ kfpFb5 eg] cGo t]>f] kIfn] ;[hgf ug]{
JolQmsf] cg'dlt ljgf Tosf] k|of]u, ljqmL e08f s]xLklg ug{ kfpb}g cfw'lgs ljZjdf
ePsf] af}l4s ;DklQ ;DaGwL Jojyf To;nfO{ k|fKt sfg'gL ;+If0fn] ;du| fi6sf] cfly{s,
k|fljlws ;fFs[lts ljsf; dfq xf]Og ls cGtf{li6o Jofkf Joj;fonfO{ ;d]t bLuf] 6]jf
k'ofpg ;Sg] x'Fbf af}l4s ;DklQnfO{ ljsf;sf] Pp6f kf6f]sf] ?kdf lng] uLG5 af}l4s
;DklQn] u]sf gofFgofF cfljisfxsf sf0f g} ljZjdf cfh eOx]sf]] pGglt ;Da[l4
;Dej ePsf] eGbf clt;of]lSt gxf]nf
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pBf]u / ljsf;
af}l4s ;DklQsf] k|sf/(Categories of Intellectual Property) M af}l4s ;DklQsfb'O{ kIf 5g
!= cf}wf]lus ;DklQ (Industrial Property)
@= k|ltlnlk clwsf(Copyright)
cf}Bf]lus ;DklQ leq k]6]06, 6]8dfs{, l8hfog ef}uf]lns pTklQsf] lrGx cflb kb{5g
k|ltlnlk clwsf leq ;flxlTos sfo{ syf, sljtf, gf6s pkGof;, ;FuLt, ;fFuLlts
sfo{ k]lG6, kmf]6f]u|flkm sDKo'6, ;6j]o l8hfOgx tYff snfsfn] u]sf] k|t'lt cflb
kb{5g
@= af} l4s ;DklQ ;+/If0f (Protection of Intellectual Property) M g]kfnsf]
jt{dfg sfg'gL Jojyf cGtu{t k|ltlnlk clwsf ;DaGwL Jojyf k|ltlnlk clwsf ;DaGwL
P]g, @)%( cGo cf}Bf]lus ;DklQ ;DaGwL clwsfxsf] Jojyf k]6]G6, l8hfog, 6]8dfs{
;DaGwL P]g, @)@@ -;+zf]wg ;lxt_ df uLPsf] 5 pNn]lvt b'O{j6f 5'f 5'} P]gn] g]kfnsf]
af}l4s ;DklQsf] ljifojt'nfO{ ;d]6]sf 5g af}l4s ;DklQ clwsfxsf] pNn]v ;+o'Qm
fi6 ;+3ff k|ltkflbt dfgj clwsfsf] ljZjJofkL 3f]if0ff !($* sf] wff @& df klg
uLPsf] 5 af}l4s ;DklQ cGtu{tsf cGtf{li6o sGe]G;gxdf ;g !**# sf] k]l;sGe]G;g cf}Bf]lus ;DklQ ;+If0fdf s]lGb|t 5 eg] ;g !**^ sf] jg{ sGe]G;g k|ltlnlk
clwsfsf] Iff ;+If0fdf s]lGb|t 5 pNn]lvt b'j} sGe]G;gxnfO{ Jojyfkg lgoldt
ug]{ sfo{WIPO n] ub{5
af}l4s ;DdlQ leqsf] k]6]G6, l8hfOg, 6]8dfs{ ef}uf]lns pTklQsf] lrGxsf] ;DaGwdf oxfF
;If]kdf rrf{ uLPsf] 5
O k]6]G6(Patent) M s'g} pTkfbg Tof] agfpg] k|s[of cGtu{t gofF cfljisfnfO{ lbOg]
clwsf k]6]G6 clwsf xf] k]6]G6 clwsf k|fKt ug{ Tof] gofF gf}nf] cyf{t To; eGbf
cufl8 s;}n] kQf gnufPsf] x'g'k5{ s'g} cfljisf gofF 5 To;sf] cf}Bf]lus pkof]u
x'g ;S5 eg] k]6]G6 clwsfsf] jLs[lt k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5
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pBf]u / ljsf;
O l8hfOg (Design)M jt'sf] cfs[lt gf}nf] ;[hgf jf ?knfO{ a'emfpFb5 l8hfOg Fu]vf cflbsf] ;+of]hg u] s'g} ;fdu|L s'Fb], a'g] s'g} jt'df s]xL h8] agfOPsf]
klg x'g ;S5
O 6]8dfs{ (rademark) M s'g} Joj;foLn] pTkfbg jf ljqmL ljt0f ug]{ jt' jf
;]jfnfO{ c?sf] eGbf leGg b]vfpg jf lrgfpg k|of]u ug]{ ;Fs]t jf lrGxnfO{ a'emfpFb5
6]8dfs{ Totf lrGx zAb, cIf, cFs lrq, FufO{ jf 5kfO{ jf oL ;a} s'fxsf] ;+o]fhg
klg x'g ;S5 Totf lrGxx jt'df k|of]u x'g] ePdf 6]8dfs{ ;]jfdf k|of]u x'g]
ePdf ;]jf dfs{ elg ;Daf]wg ug]{ uLG5
O ef}uf]lns pTklQsf] rLgx (Geographical Indication ) M s'g} ljz]if ef}uf]lns If]qdf
pTkfbg x'g] ePsf] sf0f To; jt'df vf; u'0f, ljz]iftf jf Voflt k|fKt 5 eGg] b]vfpg
k|of]u uLg] rLgxnfO{Geographical Indication elgG5 ht} O{nfdsf] lrofnfO{
km|fG;sf] ofDk]g eGg] 7fpFdf pTkfbg x'g] pRrsf]l6sf] ofDk]g jfOg nfO{ ef}uf]lns
pTklQsf] ?kdf lng ;lsG5
O k|ltlnlk (Copyright) M k|ltlnlk clwsf cGt{ut df}lns Pj+ af}l4s ?kdf ;h{s
-k|ltlnlk clwsf wgL_ n] rgf u]sf jf ;[hgf u]sf ;flxTo, snf, 1fg lj1fg,
;"rgf k|ljlw, uLt, ;FuLt, gf6s, kmf]6f]hGo rgf, d'lt{snf, lrqsnf, jt'snf tyf
sDKo'6 ;6j]o cflbsf ;[hgfsfnfO{ Totf ;[hgfdf pTkfbg, k'g;Dkfbg, k|;f,
cg's0f, ;+of]hg cg'jfb, kldfh{g tyf ;+zf]wg ug{ kfpg] ;|i6fsf] Psnf}6L clwsfnfO{
k|ltlnlk clwsf lgdf0f{stf{ jf ;[hgfsfnfO{ k|ltlnlk clwsf wlg elgG5 s'g}
klg ;[hgf jf rgfsf] k|ltlnlk ug]{ clwsf rlotf jf lgdf{0f stf{nfO{ dfq x'G5k|ltlnlk clwsf wlgsf] d~h'L ljgf gSsn uL pTkfbg k'g?Tkfbg Pj+ ljqmL ljt0f
ug{af6 f]s nufpg] clwsf g} k|ltlnlk clwsf xf]
#= pk;+xf/(Conclusion)M af}l4s ;DklQsf] b'j} k|sfsf] ;+If0f ;Da4{g g]kfndf
klg w]} klxnfb]lv g} ug{ yflnPsf] xf] lj=;+= !((# ;fndf k]6]G6, l8hfOg 6]8dfs{ ;DaGwL
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pBf]u / ljsf;
sfg'gL JojyfnfO{ P]g NofP ;d]6]sf] kfOG5 eg] ;flxlTos snfTds ;DklQxnfO{sfg'gL ;+If0f ug]{ Jojyfsf] ;'?jft d'n'sL P]g tyf k|ltlnlk clwsf P]g, @)@@ nfu"
ePkl5 ePsf] kfOG5 af}l4s ;DklQsf] bLuf] ki6 ;+If0f ug]{ qmddf cGtf{li6o ;lGw
;Demf}tf cg';f P]g lgodx kldfh{g ug]{ qmddf k|ltlnlk clwsfsf ;DaGwdf @)%(
df gofF P]g g} NofOof] eg] k]6]G6 l8hfOg 6]8dfs{ P]gdf klg ;do cg';f ;+zf]wg eO
g} x]sf] kfO{G5 t ljZjdf b|'tultdf ljsf; eOx]sf]] af}l4s ;DklQ ;DaGwL JojyfnfO{
lt ;+zf]lwt kldflh{t P]gn] klg k"0f{ ?kdf Aojlyt ug{ g;s]sf] u'gf;f] o; If]qdf
nfUg] la1xn] Psflt ub}{ cfPsf 5g eg] csf]{ lt xfd|f] ;dfhdf af}l4s ;DklQ ;DaGwL
Jojyf TolQ w]} dxTj glbPsf] sf0f hlt ljsf; x'g' kg]{ xf] Tolt x'g g;s]sf] xf] t
af}l4s ;DklQ k|fKt sfg'gL ;+If0f eg] cGtf{li6o tsf] ePsf]n] sfof{Gjog Jojxfls
kIfsf sltko sl7gfO{x cfO{x]sf] s'f klg o; If]qdf sfd ug]{xsf] wf0ff x]sf]
kfO{G5
cGtf{li6o tdf w]} eGbf w]} gofFgofF k|ljlwxsf] cfljisf eOx]sf]] lt k|ljlwx
cfkmgf] b]zdf klg leqofP cfly{s pGglt ug{ rfxFg] fi6xn] af}l4s ;DklQ clwsfnfO{
w]} dxTjsf ;fy x]b{5g s;}af6 Tosf] pNn3g ePdf s8f eGbf s8f ;hfosf ;fy}cfjZos Ifltk"lt{x klg t'?Gt lbnfpg] sfg'gL Jojyf u]sf x'G5g o;af6 gofFgofF
ljb]zL nufgL ;DaGwL cfof]hgfx lelqg] ePsf]n] afXo k"FhL cfkmgf] b]zdf leqofpg klg
af}l4s ;DklQ clwsf ;+If0f ;DaGwL sfg'gL Jojyfx 6]jf lbO{x]sf] kfOG5 af}l4s
;DklQ clwsfnfO{ b]z ljsf;s} Pp6f cleGg c dfg] ;do cg's"n sfg'gL ;+If0f k|bfg
u]df jb]zL pBf]u nufot cg';Gwfg stf{, a}1flgsxn] gofFgofF cfljisf u] b]z
ljsf;df 7"nf] ;xof]u k'ofpg ;Sb5g eg] ljb]zLxn] w]} eGbf w]} nufgL u] kof{Kt
f]hufsf] Jojyf ug{ ;S5g t;y{ cfw'lgs ;dfhdf af}l4s ;DklQnfO{ cfly{s ljsf;sf]
d]?b08 g} dflgG5
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pBf]u / ljsf;
cf}Bf]lusjftfj/0fPsJoj:yfofbj k|;fb sf]O/fnf*
!= k[i7e"ld M
vsFbf] cf}Bf]lusLs0fn] g]kfnsf] cjyf gfh's aGb} uPsf] 5 d'n'ssf] d]?b08sf ?kdf
x]sf pBf]uwGbfxsf] b'{ultsf sf0f cfly{s a[l4bdf gsffTds c; k]sf] 5 xffxfldf
$ ljGb'n] b]zsf] cfly{s a[l4b a9]sf] b]lvG5 t Go"gtd ^ cFseGbf sdsf] cfly{s
a[l4b ePdf Totf] d'n's uLaL fi6sf] ?kdf kllrt xG5 ot} cjyf clxn] g]kfnsf]
5 ljZjsf] !(& fi6 dWo] !$# cf}+ yfgdf g]kfnsf] cfly{s cjyf 5 of] cjyfnfO{
bogLo?kdf x]lG5 ljleGg sf0fn] g]kfnsf] cjyf bogLo ?kdf x]sf] 5 xfn} k|sflzt
ljleGg k|ltj]bgdf g]kfnsf] s'g} klg If]q fd|f] ?kdf b]lvPsf] 5}g z'zf;gsf] ;jfn,
e|i6frfsf] ;jfn, cfly{s a[l4bsf] ;jfn jf d"Noa[l4 hg;+Vof a[l4sf] ;jfndf ;d]t
g]kfnsf] cjyf gfh's eofjx 5 Go"g cfly{s a[l4sf] sf0fn] g]kfn c;kmn fi6sf]
?kdf ljsl;t x'b} uPsf] emns klg b]lvG5
g]kfn cfly{s ?kdf vsg' k5fl8 kDkfut s[lif k|0ffnL g} cfly{s d]?b08sf ?kdf xg'
xf] eg] cf}Bf]lusLs0ftkm{ b]znfO{ n}hfg g;Sg' csf]{ sf0f xf] cfly{s ;jnLs0fsf]lbzfdf pBf]uwGbfsf] dxTjk"0f{ xft xG5 hfkfg, j]nfot, j]lNhod, cd]lsf htf
d'n'sx cf}Bf]lusLs0fs} sf0fn] ;jn ;Ifd pGgltzLn ePsf 5g g]kfnsf] g]t[Tj
ju{n] pBf]uwGbfnfO{ slxNo} ;sffTds cfFvfn] x]]sf 5}gg v'Nnf ahfsf] cfudg ;Fu}
pBf]unfO{ ;+If0f xf]Og Wjt kfg]{ sfo{sf] yfngL !(() sf] bzsaf6 z'? eof] ef}uf]lns
hl6ntf, ef}lts k"jf{wfsf] sdL cfGtls Pj+d jfxo nufgL gePsf] xfd|f] htf] d'n'sdf
v'Nnfkg Pj+d ljZj JofkLs0fn] 7"n} gf]S;fgL Pj+d b'3{6gf Joxf]g'{ klx]sf] 5 gfkmfd"ns
cTofjZos ;sfL ;+yfgxnfO{ ;sfn] ;+If0fsf] ;f lghL If]qdf xtfGt0f ugf{n]
klg d'n's cf]Bf]lusLs0faf6 j+lrt x]sf] b]lvPsf] 5
lghL If]q jo+ lgj{n xg' ;sfL If]qn] cf}Bf]lusLs0faf6 xft lemSgfn] cfly{s If]qdf
j}b]lzs xtIf]k g]kfndf xfjL ePsf] 5 b]znfO{ cfly{s ?kn] ;DkGg ufpg pBf]uk|lt
*pk;lrj, pBf]u dGqfno
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pBf]u / ljsf;
;sffTds ;f]rfO{, k"FhLsf] nufgL, j}blzs k|ljlwsf] pkef]u htf sfo{df Wofg k'ofpgh?L 5 oL ot} sdhf]Lsf sf0fn] b]zn] ult lng ;s]sf] 5}g
@= xfnsf] cf}Bf]lus cj:yf M
pBf]unfO{ b]zsf] d]?b08sf] ?kdf k|ltyfkg ug{sf nflu cGtf{li6o jhfdf lgof{t
d"ns pBf]un] k|ltkwL{ aGg] aftfj0f aGg h?L 5 fi6nfO{ ;jn, ;Ifd, cfTdlge{,
cfly{s a[l4b nufotsf sfo{sf nflu cf}Bf]lusLs0f x'g kb{5 oL ;a} sfo{x nufgL
d}qLjftfj0faf6 dfq ;Dej xG5 pBf]u tyf cf}Bf]lus ljsf; k|j4{gaf6 dfq b]zsf]
cy{tGqn] ult lng ;S5 xfnsf] kDkfut ;Fu7gn] cf}Bf]lus ult lng klg ;Sb}g ljb]zL k"FhL leqg ;Sg] Ifdtf klg fVb}g
g]kfndf pBf]usf nflu k|r" ;Defjgf 5g ljB'tko{6g6]ls Ph]G;Ljgjgklt Pj+
s[lif pBf]u g]kfnsf dxTjk"0f{ ;+efJotf If]q x'g t o; k|lt ;sfsf] vf;} rf;f] 5}g
;fgf tyf 3]n' pBf]usf nflu g t aftfj0f g} tof 5 g t ;sfsf] k|fyldstf If]qdf
g} of] kb{5 7"nf] pBf]usf nflu jb]zL k"FhLn] ;Defjgf b]lvb}g, ljb]zL nufgL lelqg h?L
5 Multinational company nfO{ ljz]if cfly{s If]q to uL Tof] If]qnfO{ x8tfn d'Qm
gjgfpGh]n nufgL leqg] cjyf klg 5}g
clxn] d'n'ssf nflu jb]zL >d ;Lk Pj+d k"FhLsf] h?t 5 of] ePdf ;fgf tyf 3]n'
pBf]usf] ljsf; x'g hfG5 cem yfgLo ;fwg >f]tsf] pRrtd pkef]u uLPdf o;n]
pBf]unfO{ yfloTj lbg] ki6 5 bLuf] cf}Bf]lus ljsf;sf nflu ;sfn] k|j4{gfTds
sfo{x ug{ h?L 5 cf}Bf]uLs0fsf] k|s[ofnfO{ ultzLn ;'b[9 kfg{ j}b]lzs k"FhL leqfpg]
jb]zL pBf]unfO{ k|j4{g ug{ jb]zL k"FhL ;LknfO{ ;sfn] ;+If0f ug{ h?L 5
nufgLsf If]qx klxNofpg] sfd ;sf xf] ttkZrft nufgLsf nflu jftfj0f jgfO{ lbg'k5{ rLgdf !(() kl5 v'nfkgn] cfly{s a[l4b !! ;Dd k'u]sf] pbfx0f xfdL ;fd" 5
eftdf klg Multinational Companysf] cfudg v'nfkg ;Fu} rLgs} xffxfldf cfly{s
jl4b ePsf] 5 Multinational Company n] rLgdf pTkfbg a9fPsf]n] klg ljZjdf g}
rLgsf] jr{j a9b} uPsf] 5 j}b]lzs nufgL If]qdf x]s sfo{sf] ;sf lhDd]jf 5 eg]
ToxfF x'g] gf]S;fgLsf] ;d]t ;sfn]Guareentty lnPsf] 5 o;}sf0f a}b]lzs nufgLsf]
;+efjgf cToflws ?kdf 5 otf] jftfj0f g]kfndf xfn ;Dd aGg ;s]sf] 5}g
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pBf]u / ljsf;
#= cf}Bf]lusLs/0f / u/LaL lgjf/0f M-!_ uLaL ef]sdL g} ljsf;sf afws x'g g]kfndf clxn] klg #! eGbf a9L uLaL
x]sf] 5 of] uLaL ;fk]lIfs dfq xf], oyfy{df uLjL cem} a9L 5 uLjLsf ljleGg
sf0f dWo] c;dfg"kflts ljt0f cf}Bf]lus If]qdf z"Go nufgL g} o;sf] d"n sfs
tTj xf] oL eGbf a9L cjyf ef}uf]lns agf]6, k"FhL ahfsf] sdhf]Ln] klg b]zsf]
cfly{s cjyfdf k|lts"ntf cfPsf] 5
-@_ b]zsf] cfly{s nufot k|To]s If]q s]xL ;dob]lv ;dofu|t 5 x]s If]qdf b]lvPsf]
;dofn] b]znfO{ ;Fs6u|t agfPsf] 5 rd zf]if0f uLaLn] GnfO{ j9fjf dfq
lbPg uLaLsf] vf8nnfO{ kmflsnf] agfpg] sfo{ ;d]t uof] logLxsf] sfs
tTj j]f]huf kDkfut s[lif k]zfn] lgDTofPsf] xf] ljsl;t d'n'sxdf uLjLnfO{
Go"lgs0f ug{ f]huf ;[hgf uLG5 f]hufLsf nflu pBf]uwGbf, snsfvfgf k|;t
?kdf v'nfOG5 pTkfbgnfO{ f]huf;Fu ;dGjo uLG5 o;}sf] kmnj?k fli6o
pTkfbg a[l4 eO{ x]s If]q ;DkGg x'g hfG5 t g]kfndf clxn] kDkfut s[lif k|0ffnL
g} cy{tGqsf] d]?b08sf] ?kdf 5
-#_ fi6sf] cy{tGq ultxLg ?kdf xg'sf] sf0f cf}Bf]lus k|j4{g x'g g;Sg'' g} xf] g]kfnn]
cem} klg o; k|lt ;f]rfO lng ;s]sf] 5}g eg] cf}Bf]uLs0f k|ltsf] ;f]rfOdf b]lvPsf]
g}fZotf pbfl;gtfn] uLaLsf] vf8nnfO{ a9jf lbO{ pTkfbgdf x|f; cfOx]sf] 5
f]huf ;[hgf uL uLjL 36fpgsf nflu a}b]lzs jb]zL pBf]unfO{ afa k|f]T;fxg
ug]{ gLlt ;sfn] lng' k5{ o;n] cfly{s a[l4b a9g hfG5 eg] kDkfut s[lif k]zf
k|ltsf] hgtfsf] cfTdflge{tf 36g hfG5 kmntM cf}Bf]lus aftfj0f aGg uO{ g]kfn
cfw'lgsLs0f x'G5
lghLs0f k|ltkwf{Tds ahfd'vL cy{ JojyfnfO{ ckgfpFbf ;sfL pBf]ux ;dfKt
kflPsf] tLtf] oyfy{ xfdL ;fd" 5 lj=;+= @)%! ;fn kl5 b]zdf Gn] ar]v'r]sf pBf]uwGbf
aGb eP xfn x]sf s]xL pBf]ux ;sfsf af]emsf ?kdf dfq x]sf 5g pBf]uwGbf
snsfvfgfx aGb x'g'sf] d"nsf0f ;sfL pbf;Lgtf ei6frfsf] cv8fsf] ?kdf
ljsl;t x'g' g} xf]
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pBf]u / ljsf;
$= pBf]u k|ltsf] rf;f] / ;/sf/L sfo{qmd M-!_ x]s fi6sf] fli6o pTkfbg clea[l4 uL pggltsf] lzvdf k'fpg] klxnf] dxTjk"0f{
k]zf pBf]u x'G5 pBf]u km6fpg ;s]df b]zsf] x]s If]q ljsl;t x'G5 cem ljsf;f]Gd'v
d'n'ssf] dxTjk"0f{ ljsf;sf] cFu g} pBf]uwGbf xf] g]kfn ;lbof}+b]lv ljsf;df k5fl8
x'g'sf] sf0f klg cf}Bf]lusLs0fsf] cefj g} xf] dNnsfn, lnlR5jLsfn zfxsfnb]lv
g} b]zsf] cfly{s ult lng rf;f] sd xb} cfPsf] kfOG5 To;}n] To; ;do b]lv g}
b]zn] cfly{s ult lng g;s]sf] oyfy{ ;To xf] @)!# ;fn b]lv dfq b]zdf of]hgfa4
ljsf;sf] vfsf z'? eof] o;kl5 dfq pBf]u If]qnfO{ ;sfn] k|fyldstfdf fVg]
sfd uof] @)!$ ;fndf b]zsf ljleGg yfgxdf cf}Bf]lus If]q yfkgf x'g' o;sfpbfx0f x'g tyflk oL If]qxdf pBf]uL JofkfLsf] sd rf;f] ;sfsf] pbf;Lgtfsf]
sf0f wfo;L aGb} uPsf klg 5g o;n] g t pBf]u km6fpg g} ;Sy] g t
cy{tGqnfO{ g} pBf]u km6fpg g;Sg'sf] d"n sf0f g} of] b]zsf] b'ef{Uo aGg uPsf]5
xfn klg pBf]uwGbfx ;sfL k|fyldstfdf kg]{ u]sf] kfOGg ha;Dd pBf]uwGbf
;sfsf] k|fyldstfdf kb}{g ta;Dd b]zn] ;fRr} k|ult ug{ ;Sb}g hfkfg, j]lNhod,
cd]lsf cem eGg] xf] eg] rLg ljZjdf cfly{s ;DkGg fi6 pBf]us} sf0f ePsf] xf]
o;}n] pTkfbg clea[l4sf nflu cf}Bf]lus sfo{qmd cfjZos k5{ pBf]u km6fpgfn]
cfly{s a[l4b pRr x'g hfG5 eg] nufgLsf] jftfj0f ;sffTds x'g uO{ pRr k|ltkmnk|fKt x'G5 otf] jftfj0fsf nflu ki6 gLlt, nlrnf] sfg'g, nufgLsf] fd|f] jftfj0f
x'g' h?L 5
-@_ clxn] k"FhL nufgLsf] jftfj0f gaGgfn] cf}Bf]lus jftfj0f wldnf] 5, ki6 sfg'gL
cfwf gx'Fbf rf}lt cGof}n 5 pBf]u ;+rfng ug]{ s]Gb|Lo lgsfo jo+ cGof}nu|t
5 g t ki6 gLlt aGg g} ;s]sf] 5 g t pBf]u k|lt ;sfsf] ;sffTds ;f]rfO
g} aGg ;s]sf] 5 ;sfL pbfl;gtfn] pBf]uwGbf wdfwd aGb eO{x]sf 5g ef}lts
k"jf{wfsf] sdLn] ubf{ x]s If]q cGof}n u|t 5 pBf]uwGbf k"jf{wf ljsf; gx'Fbf
k|ToIf jf kf]If ?kdf fi6n] 3f6f j]xf]lxg' k]sf] 5 pTkfbsTj clea[l4sf nflu
nufgL cfjZos x''G5 otf] nufgL d"ntM ;sfL lghLIf]qsf] ;fem]bfLaf6 dfq
;Dej 5 o;k|lt ;sffTds jftfj0f gLlh ;sfL ;fem]bfL sfo{qmd clxn]sf
k|d'v cfjZostf x'g oL ;a}sf] ;xof]uaf6 dfq b]zdf cf}Bf]lus jftfj0f lgdf{0f eO{
f]huf ;[hgf x'g hfG5 b]zsf] ;Gt'lnt ljsf;sf nflu klg cf}Bf]uLs0f cfjZos
5 xfnsf] @=!% sf] a]f]hufL cw{ j]f]huf ;dofnfO{ ;dfwfg ug{ cfjZos
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pBf]u / ljsf;
5 o;sf nflu yfgLo >f]tsf] pkof]u ub]{ a[l4bnfO{ tfnd]n x'g] uL f]huf ;[hgfufpg klg f]hufd"ns pBf]u ljsf; uL lgsf;Ld"ns pBf]unfO{ hf]8 lbg h?L
5
-#_ e"klj]li6t ePs} sf0f g]kfn cf}Bf]lusLs0ftkm{ pGd'v x'g ;lsx]sf] 5}g o;n]
lgof{td"ns k|ltkwL{ jt' tyf ;]jf pTkfbgdf sl7gfO{ k]sf] 5 lgof{td"ns
pBf]u gkm6fpg'sf sf0f sRrf kbfy{sf] cefj xf] eg] jb]zL nufgL ag9g'sf] sf0f
v'nf ;Ldfgf klg xf] ot} cf}Bf]lus jftfj0f aGg g;Sg' pBf]uwGbf k|lt pBf]uklt
cfslif{t gx'g', nlrnf] ckfbzL{ gLlt klg sfs tTjsf] ?kdf b]vf k]sf] 5 b]zn]
pBf]unfO{ ;kmntfsf ;fy cufl8 a9fpg grfxg' ;sfL pbfl;gtfn] klg yk
dnhn ldn]sf] xfdL kfpF5f} g]kfnsf] pBf]uwGbf k|lt cfsif{s gx'g'sf csf]{ kf6f] pbf
cfoft gLlt klg xf] jb]zL pTkfbgnfO{ k|f]T;fxLt ug{ jb]zL at' pkof]u ug'{ eGbf
ljb]zdf x]sf ;dfgx cfoft uL jb]zL pBf]unfO{ ;dfKt kfg]{ sfd ePsf] 5
k|ljlw, 1fg, ;Lk, Ifdtf k"FhLsf] cefjnfO{ ;sfn] j]jftf u]s]f sf0f klg pBf]u
;w} k5fl8 k]sf] 5 ;fgf tyf 3]n' pBf]udf nufgL ug{ sl7gfO{ x]sf]n] klg g]kfn
;w} cwf]ultlt uOx]sf] 5 pBf]usf] klxnf] clgjfo{ zt{ k"jf{w g} xf] xfn;Dd
klg g]kfndf k"jf{wf aGg ;s]sf] 5}g k"jf{w sdL x'Gh]n d'n'sn] cf}Bf]lusLs0f ug{
;Sg] cjyf xGg
-$_ @ cFssf] cfly{s a[l4b ug]{ ;sfL gLltnfO{ kDkfut s[lif nufotsf k]zfn] ;Dej
5}g eft rLgn] jflif{s (% k|ltzt eGbf a9Lsf] cfly{s a[l4b cf}Bf]uLs0fsf]
sfo{n] dfq ;Dej t'NofPsf 5g ot} j]lNhod, hd{g, jL8]g klg cf}Bf]lus ;kmntfn]
g} xfn;Dd cfgf] cfly{s a[l4bnfO{ lgGttf lbg ;kmn ePsf 5g To;}n] g]kfn
htf cNkljsl;t d'n'sxn] klg cf}Bf]uLs0fnfO{ d"n gLlt agfO{ nfu"" ug{ h?L 5
pBf]uwGbf km6fpg b]znfO{ cf}Bf]uLs0f tkm{ cufl8 a9fpg k"FhL k|ljlw dxTjk"0f{
;fwg x'g eg] ToxfF sfd ug]{ >ldsx csf]{ dxTjk"0f{ kIf x'g g]kfndf oL b'j}sf]sld 5 g t k"FhL 5 g t k|ljlwsf] 1fg 5 oL b'j} t cefj 5 g} To;df klg xfdL
g]kfnLx csf{sf] d'n'sdf uO{ 3]n' wGbf ug{ tof x'G5f} t g]kfndf clnslt sfd
ug{ tTk x'b}gfF} o;}n] klg xfd|f] >d zlQmsf] sf0f k5fl8 k]sf 5f} rLlgofx sfd
k|lt ;+j]bgzLn 5g, cfkm} d]xgt u5{g, eftLox cfkm} sfd u5{g cem xfd|} b]zdf
klg pgLxn] g} wfg]sf 5g kmnkm"n JofkfL egf}+ jf 3 jgfpg] 8sdL{ HofdL jf
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pBf]u / ljsf;
ufd]{06sf sfnLu9 hxfF htf ;'s} klg eftLox g} b]lvG5g, pgLxn] g} g]kfnsf]x]s If]q wfg]sf 5g t xfdL g]kfnL sfd eGbf s'f, fi6 agfpg] eGbf efif0f 5f6g],
kF"hL klrfng ug]{ eGbf k"FhL n'sfpg] ub{5f}, o;}n] ubf{ b]zsf] cy{tGq cwf]ult tkm{
cGd'v 5 otf] cjyf fi6k|ltsf] fli6o efjgf geP dfq xf]Og u} lhDd]jf sfo{
ei6frfn] ePsf] xf]
-%_ xfdL xfd|f] cfg} 1fg, ;Lk, ljj]s Ifdtfn] eGbf b]vfl;sLsf edf of]hgf lgdf{0f
b]lv pBf]u yfkgf ;Ddsf] sfo{ u5f}{ jb]zL k"FhL k|ltsf] ljZjf; gePsf]n] ljb]zL
k"FhLnfO{ k|fyldstfdf fV5f}, h;sf] cy{ ljb]zL k"FhL k|fljlwnfO{ b]z leq gleqofpg]
eGg] xf]Og t klg jb]zL k"FhL klrfngdf k|fyldstf fVg ;lsPsf] v08df lgZro
g} cf}Bf]lus jftfj0f aGg hfg] lglZrt 5 ;;fgf sfdaf6 klg 7"n7"nf ;kmntf
xft nfUg ;S5 o;sf b[i6fGt w]} 5g f]d Ps}lbgdf ag]sf] xf]Og, hfkfgn] cfly{s
?kdf To;} ;kmntf k|fKt u]sf] 5}g ki6 of]hgf, sfd k|lt nugzLntf, d]xgt,
hfFu, hf];, fi6 agfpg] b[9 OR5fzlQm ;bfrf, fi6k|lt ;dk{0f ePdf xfdL klg
hfkfg, sf]lof, rLgsf] xffxfLdf k'U5f} t, g]kfnLdf oL dWo] Ps} tTj klg ljBdfg
5}g, 5 eg] b"frf 5, ei6frf 5, b]z agfpg] xf]Og cfkm" cfgf] kljf agfpg]
k|a[lQ 5 o;}n] b]zn] ;kmntf kfpg ;s]sf 5}gf} xfn}sf lbgdf gjul7t ;sfn]
klg pBf]uwGbfnfO{ k|fyldstf kfg]{ s'f u]sf] 5 o;sf nflu gofF cf}Bf]lus gLltt'?Gt hfL ug]{ k|ltj4tf hgfPsf] 5 o;L cf}Bf]lus gLlt kflt uL ;d;fdlos
;'wf uLPdf lgZro g} o;n] b]znfO{ ;xL af6f] lbg] cfzf fVg ;lsG5 d"nt M P]g,
sfg'g, gLlt eGbf klg k|j[lQdf ;'wf cf}Bf]lus If]qk|lt ;sffTds sl6a4tf ePdf
pBf]uwGbf km6fpg] s'fdf b'O{dt 5}g
%= cf}Bf]lus d}qL jftfj/0f cfhsf] cfjZostf M
-!_ cy{tGqsf x]s If]q pTkfbg b]lv ljt0f ;Ddsf sfo{df ;du| ;sfL tyf gLlh
If]qsf] lqmofzLntf ;lqmo ;xefuLtf clea[l4 x'g h?L 5 x]s If]qdf ;a}sf] ;dfg
kx'Frtf ;fj{hlgs If]qdf ;a}sf] k|ltlglwTj clxn]sf] dfGotf xf] v'nf ahfd'vL
cy{Jojyfdf gLlh If]qsf] ;lqmo lqmofzLntf xg'k5{ ljb]zL k"FhL k|ljlwsf] ;fy}
lghL nufgLn] cy{tGqnfO{ cl3lNt n}hfg] ub{5 d"ntM s[lif To;df klg kDkfut
s[lifn] dfq b]zsf] cy{tGqnfO{ a9fjf ug{ ;Sb}g o;sf nflu b]z cf}Bf]lus ?kdf cufl8
a9g h?L xG5
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pBf]u / ljsf;
-@_ b]zsf] cf}Bf]lus cjyf eofjx bb{gfs 5 x]s jt'sf] klge{tf jif]{gL al9x]sf]5 ljb]zL Jofkf 3f6f cToflws ePsf]n] b]zsf] ;f]wfgfGt cjyf rLgtfhgs 5
b]zdf b]lvPsf] k"FhLsf] ;+lrlt ]ld6ofG;af6 cfPsf] xf] xfn ljZjdf cfPsf] cfly{s
dlGbn] o;nfO{ klg k|efljt kflx]sf] 5 k"FhLsf ?kdf b]lvPsf] ]ld6ofG;nfO{ klg
nufgL ug{ g;lsPsf]n] of] cg'Tkfbs ?kdf a;]sf] 5 oL ;a}sf] sf0f nufgL d}qL
jftfj0f gx'g' nufgLsf nflu ki6 gLlt gx'g' g} xf]
-#_ ljZj Jofkf ;Fu7gdf g]kfn ;bo eP kl5 rfx] grfx] klg o;n] pTkfbgd"ns
sfo{nfO{ cufl8 a9fpg} k5{ cf}Bf]uLs0fn] dfq pQm cfjZostfnfO{ ;Daf]wg u5{
b'ef{Uo g} eGg' k5{ xfn ;sfL If]qdf ;+rflnt pBf]ux ls t aGb x'g] cjyfdf
5g ls t ;sfn] ey]uuL ;+rfng uLx]sf] 5 gLlh If]qsf] ;lqmo ;xefuLtf
x'g g;s]sf] clxn]sf] kllyltdf ;sfL If]qsf pBf]uwGbfnfO{ j]jfl; 5f8g' b]zsf]
nflu 3fts x'g ;S5 o;}n] ;sf dftxtsf pBf]uwGbfxnfO{ ;fxl;s lg0f{oaf6
gjLg?kdf ;+rflnt ug'{ kg]{ b]lvg cfPsf] 5 pBf]uwGbfnfO{ wfzoL agfpg] sd{rfL
Jojyfkg hf] ;'s} eP klg h'g;'s} kf6L{ kbsf] eP klg s8f eGbf s8f sfjfxL
uLg'k5{, of] clxn]sf] dfu xf]
-$_ b08lxgftfsf] ;+s[ltn] ubf{ x]s If]q ctJot 5 ;Qf;Lg bnsf] dflg; ePkl5x]s ckfwaf6 pGd'lQm kfOG5 eGg] b'ik|rfn] klg b]zsf] x]s If]q ctJot x]sf]
xf] sfg'gsf] s73fdf ckfwLnfO{ gNofp~h]n b]zdf ot} cjyf xG5 pBf]uwGbfdf
jb]zL Pj+ ljb]zL k"FhLsf] nufgL ga9g'sf] d"n sf0f klg olx g} xf] aGb, x8tfn
htf cly cjyfn] nufgL ug{ pBf]uklt 8fOx]sf 5g h;n] ubf{ pBf]uLxsf]
k"FhL ls t ljb]lzPsf] 5 ls t cg'Tkfbs If]q 338]Ldf nufgL ePsf] 5 of] b'j}
cjyf b]zsf] xLtdf b]lv+b}g cjsf] k|d'v r'gf}tL eGg' g} b]znfO{ cf}Bf]lusLs0f ug'{
g} xf] eg] pBf]ukltsf] k"FhLnfO{ nufgL d}qL jftfj0f agfO{ pBf]uwGbfdf nufgL ufpg'
g} xf]
-%_ clxn]sf] ;dof kDkfut s[lifdf cfwflt cy{ Jojyf xf] eg] csf]{ ?U0f cjyfdf
x]sf] cf}Bf]lus cjyf g} xf] log} sf0fn] b]z cfw'lgsLs0f x'gaf6 ;Fw} k5f8L k]sf]
5 k"FhL nufgLsf] d"n If]q klg pBf]u g} xf] t otf] nufgL klg jftfj0f d}qL x'g
h?L 5 eg] nufgLsf] k|Tofe"t klg sfg'gn] ;'lglZrt uLPsf] x'g' k5{ of] g} clxn]sf]
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pBf]u / ljsf;
r'gf}tL xf] nufgLsf] If]qdf cfPsf] g}fotfn] cg'Tkfbs If]qdf nufgL a9] uPsf] 5otf] k|j[lQ a9b} uPdf cy{tGq wfzoL x'g] lglZrt 5 clxn]sf] cfly{s dlGbn] klg
o;nfO{ k'li6 uL;s]sf] 5
-^_ ljut s]xL jif{ b]lv pBf]uwGbfk|lt ;sfL rf;f] sd xFb} uPsf] 5 ;sfL pBf]uwGbfdf
klg ;sfL xtIf]k o;n] lgDTofPsf] ljgf; Pp6f fd|f] pbfx0fsf ?kdf lng
;lsG5 cTofjZos pBf]uxk|lt klg ;sfL rf;f] Go"g 5 Tot} pBf]uwGbf ;+rfng
ug]{ To;sf k|d'v klg ;sfL pBf]u 8'jfpg] dltofsf ?kdf b]lvPsf 5g cfkm"
a;]sf] j6j[If dfly hf pv]Ng] sfo{ Tolxaf6} z'? ePsf] kSsf xf] caf}+sf] ;DklQdflywfjf jf]Ng] JolQm df]6fpg] sfo{n] ubf{ otf pBf]uwGbf Pj+ ;sfL ;+yfgx
wfzoL ag]sf] b]lvG5
-&_ k|j[lQut wf0ffn] ubf{ b]zsf pBf]uwGbf, snsfvfgf ;sfL ;+yfx 8'jfpg] sfo{n]
pu|tf kfPsf] b]lvG5 e|i6frfn] ;femf oftfoft 8'Jof], 6lnj; wfzoL eof], l;d]06
pBf]u wfzoL aGb} 5g, r'f]6 sfvfgf ot} 5 o;n] Pp6f k|j[lQsf] k|ltlglwTj
ub{5 g ;'wf uLof] g t e|i6frfLdfly 5fgjLg uL sfjfxL g} a9fOof] csf]{
;dof cgfjos fhgLlts xtIf]k hflu v'jfpg] efF8f]sf] ?kdf klg o;nfO{lnOof], of] g} k|d'v ;dof x]sf] b]lvG5 of]Uotfdfly sd{rfLsf] k|ZglrGx oyfjt g}
5, t klg Jojyfkgn] ;'wf uLlbPsf] eP cfhsf] lbg otf] ?kdf cfpg] lyPg
^= ;'wf/sf If]qx M
g]kfnnfO{ cf}Bf]lus If]qtkm{ pGd"v gu?~h]n cfly{s pGglt x'g] cjyf gePsf]n] ;a}n]
pBf]u If]qnfO{ prfNg] sfo{ k|lt ;hu x'g h?L 5 pBf]uwGbf dflysf] jGb, x8tfn ;w}sf]
nflu aGb ug'{ k5{, ljZj Jofkf ;Fu7g;Fu uLPsf k|ltj4tfnfO{ k"0f{tf lbg lgof{td"ns
pBf]uwGbfnfO{ a9fjf lbO{ jb]zL k"FhL k|ljlwnfO{ nufgL d}qL jftfj0f agfO{ nufgLsf
nflu cfs[i6 ug{ h?L 5 ljb]zdf ag] g]kfnLsf] k"FhLnfO{ pBf]u wGbfdf cfslif{t ug{
ljz]if sfo{qmdsf] yfngL uL ljb]zL k"FhL k|ljlwnfO{ b]zdf leqofpg] sfo{ clxn]sf]
cfjZostf xf] ;a} nufgL d}qL jftfj0f tof ug{sf nflu ki6 sfg'g, k|i6 gLlt,
b" b[li6sf]0f, fd|f] ;f]r ki6 p2]Zo ;lxt nufgL jftfj0f agfpg h?L 5 To;tkm{
;a} ;hu xg h?L 5
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pBf]u / ljsf;
clxn]sf] fli6o cfjZostf f]huf clea[l4 uL ;dfhnfO{ cfly{s pGgltsf] af6f]df8f]ofpg' xf] eg] hgtfsf] hLjgtdf ;'wf NofO{ ;jn, ;d[4 cfTdlge{ fi6 agfpg'
g} xf] lgof{thGo pBf]usf] dfWodaf6 fli6o cy{tGq lgdf{0f uL cf}Bf]lusLs0f ug'{ g}
cfhsf] cxd ;jfn xf] cf}Bf]lus pTkfbg u'0ftLo agfpFb} cGtf{li6o ahfdf k|ltklw{
agfpg' cf}Bf]lus gLltsf] dxTjk"0f{ p2]Zo nIo klg xf] o;sf nflu sfg'gL, gLltut tyf
k|s[ofut kIfxdf ;d;fdlos ;'wf uL 7"nf tyf ;fgf ;a} pBf]uxdf nufgL d}qL
jftfj0fsf] lgdf{0f uL fi6nfO{ ;jn, ;Ifd k|ltkwL{ agfpg' cfhsf] vfFrf] xf] cfufdL
lbgdf ;a} If]qaf6 nufgL d}qL jftfj0f jGg hfcf]; eGg] g} cfd rfxgf xf]
pBf]uk|lt ;sffTds ;f]r, jt sfg'gL lgdf0f{, nufgL d}qL jftfj0f, jb]zL sRrf
kbfy{sf] cToflws pkef]u, ;fgf tyf 3]n' pBf]u k|lt ;sfL k|fyldstf, aGb x8tfn
pBf]uwGbfdf lgif]w htf sfo{qmdx ;sfn] Nofpg' k5{ o;sf nflu ;sfn] 5'} sfg'g
rflxg] eP otf] sfg'g agfpg] 5'} sfg'g cfaZos geP gLlt agfpg], gLlt cfjZos geP
jftfj0f agfpg] jftfj0f cfjZos geP pBf]uLxnfO{ pBf]uwGbf rnfpg nufgL
a9fpg k|f]T;fxg ug'{k5{ clxn] b]lvPsf] ctJottfnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ h?L 5
-!_ P]g sfg'gdf ;+zf]wg M k|rlnt sfg'gx pBf]u d}qL gePdf Totf sfg'gx t'?Gt;+zf]wg uLg'k5{ s'gs'g sfg'gn] s'g s'f c;lhnf] k]sf] To;sf] nflu ;ldlt u7g
uL ;'emfj lnO{ sfg'g ;+zf]wg uL nufgL d}qL sfg'g lgdf{0f ug]{
-@_ nufgL d}qL jftfj/0f M pBf]uwGbf k|lt ;sfL rf;f] Go"g xb} cfPsf] 5 x8tfn,
aGb, rSsfhfd, sd{rfL dhb'xsf] j]d]n, dflnsdhb' aLr j}dgZotf htf
sf0fn] g t pBf]uwGbf v'Ng g} ;s] g t v'n]sf pBf]ux rNg g} ;s] o;}n] klg
jb]zL ljb]zL nufgL leqg ;s]sf] 5}g ot} jb]zL k"FhL klrfng gx'Fbf ljb]zLg]
vtf cToflws 5 eg] ljb]zL k"FhL nufgL d}qLjftfj0fsf] cefjdf nufgL x'g ;s]sf]
5}g o; k|lt ;sf uDeL aGg' kg]{ ePsf] 5
-#_ ;'/Iff an u7g M pBf]uwGbfsf] ;+If0f;Djw{gk|lt lbgx' lbg g}fotfsf] jftfj0f
a9b} uPsf] 5 x8tfny'g5]ssfd gug]{ k|j[lQ cToflws a9bf] 5 x]s ljifodf
dfu fVg] k"f geP aGb x8tfn uL pBf]unfO{ wfo;L agfpg] qmd ltj| 5 otf]
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pBf]u / ljsf;
cjyfdf g t pBf]uwGbf g} km6fp5 g t pBf]uL g} pBf]u k|lt cfslif{t x'G5gcGtTjf]uTjf M b]zdf cfly{s a[l4b gsffTds x'g uO{ b]zsf] cy{tGq tx; gx;
x'g hfG5 f]huf gx'Fbf b]zdf j]f]huf a9g uO{ ckfwL k|j[lQ a9g hfG5, To;}n]
pBf]uwGbf ;+If0f, lgoldt ;+rfng ug{ cf}Bf]lus an u7g uL pBf]uLnfO{ pBf]u k|lt
ljZjf; t'Nofpg h?L 5 pBf]uwGbfnfO{ aGb x8tfn lgif]lwt t'Nofpg' k5{ oL ;a}
sfd pBf]u ;'Ifan u7g uL ug{ h?L 5 o; k|lt ;f]Rg} k5{
-$_ ;d:of ;'b[ l9s/0f M pBf]uwGbf ;+rfng ug]{ lgsfo jo+ hL0f{ 5 pBf]u
ljefuu'0ftvfgL tyf e"ue{ ljefu jo+ kDkfjfbL 5g logLxsf] ;'b[l9s0f
clxn]sf] cfjZostf xf] cfw'lgs pBf]uwGbf;Fu d]nvfg] uL oL ;dofx ;'wfg{ h?L
5 ot} ;sfL ;+yfx jo+df ?U0f hh{5g sd{rfLJojyfkg Joj;foL 5}gg
To;}n] tL ;dofxnfO{ ;sfn] rnfpg] eP k'g{u7g uL pRr bIf sd{rfLsfdbf
leqofO{ k'fgfnfO{ qmlds?kdf x6fpb} hfg'k5{ eg] ;sfn] grnfpg] xf] eg] t'?Gt}
gLlhIf]qdf xtfGt0f ug'{ k5{ o;f] uLPdf ;sfL ef sd x'G5
-%_ ;bfrf/ k4tL / e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f M x]s If]qdf e|i6frf clgoldttfn] ufh]sf] 5e|i6frf jf clgoldttf SofG; ht} km}lnPsf] 5 ;dofnfO{ ;+rfng ug]{ lgsfo
;d]t o; k|lt ;Dj]bgzLn 5}g gLlh If]q klg otf] lytLaf6 d'Qm 5}g pbfx0fsf
?kdf x]g]{ xf] eg] gLlh If]qsf a}xsf ;+rfnsn] hgtfsf] sd p7fO{ 7uL ug]{ u]sf
5g ot} cjyf ;fgf tyf 7"nf pBf]udf x]sf] 5 o;nfO{ ;sfn] lgoGq0f ug{
h?L 5
-^_ ;d:ofut Ifdtfsf] ljsf; / cfly{s dfusf] k|Zg M ;a}eGbf klxn] h'g pBf]uwGbf
;+rflnt 5 To;sf] cfly{s, Jojyfklso sfo{k4tLdf ;'wf ug{ h?L 5 t6y,
lgikIf, ;Dj]bgzLn, nugzLn sfdbf tL ;dof ;dfwfgsf nflu cfjZos 5 sfd
gug]{ cfjZos x8tfn ug]{ pk lghL If]qn] sfjfxL ug]{ clwsf x'g h?L 5 To;f]
geP g t pBf]u km6fpg ;S5 g t k"FhL nufgL jl4 g} x'G5 ;a}eGbf dxTjk"0f{ s'f
t lghL If]qnfO{ nufgLk|lt cfZjt t'Nofpg' ;sfsf] k|d'v dxTjk"0f{ sfo{ x'G5
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pBf]u / ljsf;
;Gbe{ ;fdu|L M!_ cGtld of]hgf @)^$@)^&, fli6o of]hgf cfof]u
@_ cGtld ;+ljwfg @)^# sfg'g lstfa Jojyf ;ldlt
#_ sfo{ljwL lbUbz{g 3]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u ljefu
$_ pBf]u dGqfnosf] klrofTds k'ltsf pBf]u dGqfno
%_ pBf]u emns pBf]u dGqfno
^_ ljleGg ;dosf uf]vfkqsf n]v rgfx
&_ pBf]udf nufgL d}qLaftfj0f ofbj k|;fb sf]Ofnf uf]=k=
*_ ;f]kfgsf ljleGg cFs(_ pBf]u gLlt jfl0fHo gLltx
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pBf]u / ljsf;
g]kfnL nufgL k|j4{g / u}/cfjf;Lo g]kfnLx]dGt bjf8L*
!= kl/ro M
nufgL s'g} klg d'n'ssf] cfly{s Pj+ ;fdflhs pGgltsf] clgjfo{ k"j{zt{ xf] ljgf nufgL
g t cfly{s ;fdflhs ljsf;sf k"jf{wfxsf] lgdf{0f ;Dej x'G5 g t lzIff, jfYo
htf ;fdflhs If]qdf k|ult g} xfl;n ug{ ;lsG5 pRr bsf] cfly{s a[l4sfnflu
7"nf] dfqfdf nufgL cfjZos ePsf]n] cfly{s pGgltsf l;4fGtxdf nufgLnfO{ cfly{s
a[l4sf] b lgwf{0f ug]{ k|d'v sfssf kdf lng] u]sf] kfO{G5 nufgLsf] o;} dxTjn]ubf{ g} ;+;feLsf d'n'sxdf nufgLnfO{ k|f]T;fxg ug]{ gLlt sfo{qmdx NofOPsf
x'G5g nufgL b'O{ >f]taf6 k|fKt x'g] ub{5g Ps t cfgf] d'n's leqs} pTkfbgcfosf]
s]xL efunfO{ art uL nufgLdf kljt{g ug{ ;lsG5 o;nfO{ cfGtls >f]tsf] nufgL
jf cfGtls nufgL elgG5 csf]{ tkm{ ljb]zLxn] Nofpg] jf csf]{ d'n'ssf] cy{tGqsf]
jrtaf6 x'g] nufgL x]sf] 5 otf] nufgLnfO{ ljb]zL nufgL elgG5 o;sf cltlQm
ljb]zdf uO{ k]zf, Joj;fo, f]hufL uL a;]sf JolQmxn] klg cfgf] d'n'sdf nufgL k|jfx
ub{5g otf] nufgLnfO{ u}cfjf;Loxsf] jf 8fokf]fsf] nufgL eGg ;lsG5 ljut s]xL
jif{ otf 8fokf]fn] d'n'ssf] ljsf;df v]Ng] e"ldsf o;sf] nufgLnfO{ dxTjk"0f{ kn]x]g{ yflnPsf] 5
@= ljZj JofkLs/0f M
ljZjJoflks0fsf] Ps dxTjk"0f{ kIf Ps d'n'saf6 csf]{ d'n'sdf x'g] nufgLsf] k|jfxdf
ePsf] a[l4 klg xf] ljut s]xL bzsdf ljZj cy{tGqdf ePsf] kljt{g x]g]{ xf] eg] Ps
d'n'saf6 csf]{ d'n'sdf x'g] nufgLsf] k|jfxdf lgs} 7"nf] dfqfdf a[l4 ePsf] kfOG5 ;+o'Qm
fi6 ;+3Lo Jofkf tyf ljsf; ;Dd]ng (UNCAD) sf] ljZj nufgL k|ltj]bg cg';f s"n
ljb]zL k"hLsf] d"No (otal stock of Foreign Direct Investment) @^) vj 8n eGbfa9L x]sf] lyof]@
*n]vs u}cfjf;Lo g]kfnL ;+3df sfo{sfL lgb]{zssf ?kdf sfo{t 5g
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pBf]u / ljsf;
s] ljsl;t s] ljsf;f]Gd'v ;a} g} d'n's jfXo nufgL leofpg k|oTg uLx]sf x'G5gg]kfn htf] cfo Go"g ePsf] cfGtls artsf] b klg lgs} sd ePsf] d'n'ssf] cfly{s
kfGt0fsfnflu nufgLsf] jfXo >f]tsf] dxTj cem j9L x'G5 jfXo >f]tsf] nufgLn]
cfGtls artn] Eofpg] eGbf a9L dfqfsf] nufgL ug{ ;Dej agfpg'sf ;fy} gof 1fg,
l;k k|ljlw leofpg klg d2t ub{5 8fokf]fsf] d'n's;Fusf] ;+jGwdf cfTdLotf ;d]t
x'gfn] c ljb]zLsf] nufgL eGbf j9L k|efjsfL x'g] ;xh cg'dfg ug{ ;lsG5
;fs{ ;xof]u ;Fu7gsf ;box afx]ssf] d'n'sdf x]sf] g]kfnL 8fokf]fsf] ;+Vof @%
nfvsf] xffxfLdf x]sf] cg'dfg 5 o;df jx';+Vos f]hufLsfnflu ljb]z uPsf o'jf
o'jtLx x] klg oL ljleGg d'n'sdf cfg} Joj;fo ug]{ jtGq k]zf ug]{ JolQmxsf]
;+Vof a9bf] 5 ljb]zdf sfo{t g]kfnLxn] g]kfn k7fpg] ljk|]if0f (Remmittance) s"n
ufx{Yo pTkfbgsf] @) k|ltzt eGbf dfly x]sf] cg'dfg uLG5 of] ljk|]if0fs} sf0fn]
g]kfndf 7"nf] Jofkf 3f6f x'bf x'b} klg zf]wgfGt lyltdf g]kfn lgs} jlnof] x]sf] 5
g]kfnsf] uLjLsf] ]vfd'lgsf kljfxsf] ;+Vof 36g] 3 hUufdf nufgL nufot
pkef]Uo at'xsf] cfoftdf eO{x]sf] a[l4sf] k|d'v sfs u}cfjf;Lo g]kfnLxaf6 x'g]
ljk|]if0f g} xf] ljk|]if0fsf] 7"nf] lx;f 3 kljfsf] b}lgs pkef]usf nflu hfg] ePklg s]xL
efu k"hLut nufgLdf hfg] lglZrt 5 g]kfnsf] 3hUufsf] If]qdf x'g] u]sf] nufgLsf] d"n
sfs tTj o;} ljk|]if0fnfO{ dfGg ;lsG5 ljk|]if0faf6 k|fKt cfon] g} sltko kljfn] cfgf]Joj;fo ljtf u]sf 5g eg] sltkon] Joj;fo ;' ug{ ;s]sf 5g
#= j}b]lzs nufgL M
a}b]lzs nufgL leofpg] qmddf d'n's;Fu ;DaGwLt ljb]zdf a;]sf JolQmx -8fokf]f_
sf] pNn]Vo e"ldsf ;+;feL x]sf] kfO{G5 rLgdf ePsf] a}b]lzs nufgLsf] cfwf eGbf j9L
rLlgof d"nsf JolQmxsf] nufgL x]sf] cg'dfg uLG5 d"ntM tfO{jfg, xusu, l;ufk'
k"jL{ Plzofsf cGo d'n'sdf x]sf rLlgof pBf]uklt JofkfLxn] cfgf] Joj;fo rLgdf
ljtf ug{ yfn]kl5 g} rLgdf ljb]zL nufgL a9]sf] d'n'ssf] cfly{s a[l4b lta| ePsf]
xf] ljb]zdf ag] eftLoxn] rLlgofxn] ht} dfqfdf nufgL gu] klg cGo ljb]zL
nufgL leofpg eftsf] ;"rgf k|ljlwdf cfwflt Joj;fo ljtf ug{ pNn]Vo e"ldsf
v]n]sf 5g Tot} k|sfsf] e"ldsf c d'n'ssf 8fokf]fn] v]n]sf] klg k|zt pbfx0f
kfO{G5 ljZjsf w]} d'n'sn] 8fokf]fsf] k|of]u d'n'ssf] cfly{s fhgLlts lxt k|a4{gsf
nflu u]sf 5g 8fokf]fsf] ;fwg, ;|f]t, l;k d'n'sdf cfslif{t ug{ 8fokf]fdfkm{t
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pBf]u / ljsf;
cgf] d'n'ssf pBf]u Joj;fosf] ahf k|a4{g ug{sfnflu ;sfL tdf lgsfoxsf]Jojyf u]sf 5g 8fokf]fsf nflu ljz]if gLlt tyf ;'ljwfsf Kofs]hx NofPsf 5g
pbfx0fsf nflu eftn] sltko cjyfdf ljb]zLxsf nflu jlh{t u]sf] If]q u}cfjf;Lo
eftLox eftLo d"nsf ljb]zL gfuLsxnfO{ eg]] v'nf u]sf] kfO{G5 Tot} sltko
d'n'sn] 8fokf]fsf] d'n's;Fusf] ;+jGw k|uf9 fVgsf nflu bf]xf]f] gfuLstf nufotsf
Jojyfx klg u]sf 5g
8fokf]fsf nflu ljz]if Jojyf ug{'sf d"n sf0f pgLx efjgfTds kn] d'n's;Fu
;DaGwLt x'g] s'g} cK7]f] k]sf] a]nfdf c ljb]zL ht} t'Gt jlxu{dg x'b}gg eGg]
ljZjf; xf] csf]{ zAbdf eGg] xf] eg] pgLxsf] b]zelQm jf cgf] pbud d'n's
;dfhnfO{ s]xL ug{' k5{ eGg] efjgfsf] cTolws pkof]u ug]{ rfxgf xf] Oh|fOn, cfoNofG8,
cfd]{lgof, rLg, eft, d]lS;sf], lkmlnlkG; htf d'n'sn] cfgf] pBf]u Jofkf ljtf ug{
ljb]zdf cfgf] kIfdf jsfnt ug{ cfgf] 8fokf]fsf] v'n] pkof]u u]sf k|zt pbfx0f
kfpg ;lsG5 j+unfb]z, kflstfg, >Ln+sf htf g]kfnsf cGo l5d]sL d'n'sn] klg cfgf
8fokf]fsf] pkof]usf sfo{qmd ;+rfng u]sf5g ltgnfO{ d'n'ssf] ljsf;df ;fd]n
ufpg bf]xf]f] gfuLstf nufot ljz]if ;'ljwfsf Kofs]hx NofPsf 5g
d'n'ssf] cfly{s ljsf; qmddf 8fokf]fsf] ;xefuLtf ltgdf ePsf] b]zelQmsf efjgfTdssf0fn] dfq geO{ d'n'ssf] Joj;flos jftfj0f jf]sf] hfgsfL lg0f{o k|ls|ofdf kx'Fr
cflbsf sf0f klg j9L ;+ej ePsf] xf] 8fokf]fnfO{ d'n'ssf] cfly{s, ;fdflhs
Jojyfklso jftfj0f jf] fd|f] hfgsfL x'g] x'gfn] d'n'sdf s] ;Dej 5 s] 5}g eGg]
yfxf x'G5 To;}n] pgLxn] cfgf] nufgL ubf{ hf]lvd sltsf] 5 eGg] ;xh} k"jf{g'dfg
nufpg ;Sb5g o;sf cltlQm d'n'sdf cfgf] s'g} g s'g} kdf pklylt lx xg]
ePsf]n] cfgf] kIfdf jsfnt ug]{(lobbying), lg0f{o k|lqmofdf s]xL k|efj kfg{ ;Sg] htf
sf0fn] klg pgLx cGo ljb]zL nufgLstf{ eGbf a9L cfgf] ;Da4 d'n's tkm{ cfslif{t
x'g] cg'dfg ug{ ;lsG5 ;du|df eGg] xf] eg] 8fokf]fn] cGo ljb]zL nufgLstf{nfO{ af6f]b]vfpg] sfd ug]{ u]sf] kfO{G5
eft, e'6fg htf l5d]sL d'n'sxnfO{ ;d]t lng] xf] eg] g]kfnL 8fokf]fsf] ;+Vof lgs}
7"nf] 5 hg;+Vofsf lx;fjn] g]kfnL 8fokf]fsf] ;+Vof lgs} 7"nf] ePsf] cg'dfg uLP
klg g]kfnaf6 ;d'b|kf uO{ a;f]af; ug]{ qmd 8]9 b'O{ bzs cl3 dfq z' ePsf] xf]
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pBf]u / ljsf;
Dofgdf -jdf{_, yfO{Nof08df ePsf g]kfnLefifLxnfO{ 5f]8g] xf] eg] g]kfnL 8fokf]f lgs}gof 5 gof 8fokf]f ePsf]n] w]} u}cfjf;Lo g]kfnLxn] cfkm' a;f]af; u]sf] d'n'ssf]
cfly{s ;fdflhs eofudf pRr txdf k'u]sf sd} pbfx0f kfOG5 t 5f]6f] ;dodfg}
eP klg ;kmn k]zfsdL{ Joj;foL g]kfnL 8fokf]fdf b]lvO{;s]sf 5g g]kfnLx w]}
ljZjljBfnosf k|f]km]; Pjd pRr cg';Gwfgstf{ alg;s]sf 5g sltkon] Joj;fo uL
;kmntf xfl;n u]sf 5g ?;df jif{sf] ;j{>]i7 Jojyfkssf] ;Ddfg jf ci6]lnofsf] @))
wgf9o dWo]sf] Ps x'g] ;f}efUo u}cfj;Lo g]kfnLxn] kfO{;s]sf 5g ljb]zdf jtGq
kdf cfg} k]zf Joj;fo ug]{ g]kfnLxsf] ;+Vof lbgfg'lbg a9bf] 5
ljb]zdf cfh{g u]sf] 1fg, ;Lk, k"+hL g]kfndf nufgL ug]{ nufgL ug{ vf]Hg] u}cfjf;Lo
g]kfnLxsf] ;+Vof klg a9bf] 5 g]kfndf xfd|f l5d]sL d'n'sxdf htf] u}cfjf;Loxsfnflu
ljz]if k|sfsf] gLlt gePsf]n] w]}h;f] u}cfjf;Lo g]kfnLsf] nufgL g]kfndf g} a;f]af;
ug]{ g]kfnLsf] nufgLs} htf] kdf lelqPsf] 5 sltkon] JolQmut kfljfls nufgLsf
kdf g]kfndf k"hL lgj]z u]sf 5g ljb]zdf Joj;fo uL a;]sf w]}h;f] g]kfnLxn]
g]kfndf cfg} jf kljfsf] ;bosf gfpdf ;DaGwLt Joj;fog} ;+rfng u]sf] kfO{G5
of] g]kfn g]kfnL at'df cfwf u] ljb]zdf Joj;fo ug]{sf] -pbfx0fsf nflu g]kfnLnfO{
uGtJo agfP ko{6g Joj;fodf ;+nUgx, g]kfnL xtsnfsf ;fdfg ljb]zdf ljlqm ug]{x,
g]kfnL vfgf ksg] ]6'fx_ xsdf k"0f{tM nfu"" x'G5 s]xL jif{ otf g]kfnsf] ;Ful7t If]qdfklg u}cfjf;Lo g]kfnLxn] nufgL ug{yfn]sf 5g xf]6]n, ko{6g, jt' lgof{t, lzIff,
jfYo, ;~rf, ;]jf lgof{t htf ljljw If]qdf u}cfjf;Lo g]kfnLxsf] nufgL x]sf]
kfO{G5 sltko u}cfjf;Lo g]kfnLn] cfgf kljfhg ;flyefOnfO{ g]kfndf Joj;fo
;' ug{ ljtf ug{ k"hLut ;xof]u u]sf 5g
oBlk cGo d'n'ssf] pbfx0f x]g]{ xf] eg] 8fokf]fsf] k"hL nufgL d"nt tLg k|sfaf6
lelqPsf] kfO{G5 klxnf] xf] 8fokf]fsf ;bon] cfgf jf kljfsf] gfpaf6 ;~rfng
ug]{ Joj;fodf u]sf] nufgL of] k|ToIf nufgL xf] w]} h;f] JolQmut s]xL cjyfdf;Lldt JolQmx ldn] d'n's leq Joj;fo ;~rfng ug{df k|of]u ePsf] kfOG5 ;'?df
u}cfjf;Loxn] ug]{ nufgL ot} k|sfsf] x'g] ub{5 w]} h;f] cgf}krfls kdf x'g]
x'gfn] otf] nufgLsf] fd|f] tYof pknAw x'g ufx|f] x'G5 g]kfndf xfn;Dd ePsf] w]}
h;f] u}cfjf;Lo g]kfnLsf] nufgL ot} ju{df kb{5 of] ljQLo ;fwgsf] nufgL dfq geO{
Joj;fo ;+rfngdf ;d]t ;lqmo ;xefuL x'g] k|s[of xf]
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pBf]u / ljsf;
bf]>f] k|sfsf] nufgL 8fokf]fsf JolQmsf] jfldTjdf x]sf ljb]zdf btf{ ePsf-ljb]zL_ s+kgLxn] jb]zdf ug]{ nufgL xf] sfg'gL kdf x]bf{ ljb]zL sDkgLaf6 leqg] of]
nufgLnfO{ cGo ljb]zL nufgL ;x lng ;lsG5 sltko cjyfdf cfjf;Lo JolQmxsf]
jfldTjdf x]sf] ljb]zdf btf{df x]sf] sDkgLsf] nufgL ;d]t o;df kb{5g ljb]zdf
;Ful7t Joj;fo uL j;]sf Joj;fodf ;kmntf xfl;n uL;s]sf 8fokf]fsf ;boxn]
otf] k|sfaf6 nufgL leofp5g g]kfnL gfuLsn] ljb]zdf s] stf] xjyfdf cfgf]
jfldTjdf pBf]u Joj;fo ;+rfng ug{ kfpg] eGg] k|i6 sfg'gL Jojyf geO{;s]sf] cjyfdf
g]kfndf otf] nufgL leqg] ;Defjgf sd 5 lelqP klg To;sf] jldTj g]kfnL gfuLs
ePsf] k|i6 geP;Dd ljb]zL nufgLs} kdf leqg] ;Defjgf 5 otf] k|sfsf] nufgLdf
klg nufgLstf{sf] Joj;fo ;+rfngdf k|ToIf ;xefuLtf x'g] ub{5
t]>f] k|sfdf 8fokf]faf6 ;sfsf] j08, cfjf;Lo sDkgLxsf] z]o, l8j]Gr, Do"r'cn
km08 cflbdf x'g] kf]6{kmf]lnof] nufgL xf] o;df lghL If]qsf sDkgLxn] u}cfj;Lo
gfuLsxnfO{ laqmL ug]{ z]o, l8j]Gr, Do"r'cn km08 htf ;+o'Qm nufgLsf ljlQo ;fwg
kb{5g g]kfndf k"hL ahf dfkm{t u}cfjf;Lo g]kfnLn] nufgL ug]{ k|i6 k|s[of gePsf]n]
cem;Dd otf] nufgL lelqg] ;}4flGts cjyf l;h{gf x'g ;s]sf] 5}g km]l ljQLo If]qsf
k|lti7fgxn] jfx]s sd} dfq g]kfnL sDkgLxn] k"hL ahf dfkm{t k"hL ;+sng, klrfng
ug]{ u]sf]n] klg o;sf] ;+efjgf sd} x]sf] 5
o;sf] cltlQm ;sf jf ;sfL jfldTjdf x]sf ljQLo ;+yfxn] cfgf] 8fokf]fnfO{
nlIft uL 8fokf]f j08 dfkm{t klg k"hL klrfng u]sf] pbfx0f kfpg ;lsG5
Ohfonn] ;g !(%! b]lvg} ljb]zdf ag] OhfonL 8fokf]f dfem 8fokf]f j08 lgisf;g
u] ljsf;sfnflu >f]t klrfng ub}{ cfPsf] 5 Ohfonsf] ljsf; lgud (Development
Corporation for Israel) n] ;g !(%! ;fndf yfkgf kZrft ox'bL 8fokf]faf6 ljb]zL
d'b|fsf] ;DklQsf kdf p7fpg] u]sf] 8fokf]f j08 dfkm{t @% cj 8n eGbf a9L k"hL
klrfng uLPsf] cg'dfg 5 Ohfonn] of] j08 ox'bL 8fokf]fnfO{ Ohfonsf] ljsf;df;+nUg ufO{ fVg k|of]u u]sf] kfOG5 of] j08 dfkm{t Ohfonn] ;d'b|sf] kfgLaf6 g'g
lgsfnL kfgL ;kmf ug]{ htf 7"nf k"jf{wf klof]hgf sfof{Gjogdf NofPsf] 5 Ohfonsf]
j08df lbOg] Jofhb cd]lsL ;sfsf] 6]hL ljnsf xffxfLdf jf of] eGbf sd x'g] u]sf]
kfOG5 o; cy{df of] OhfonL 8fokf]fn] OhfonnfO{ ahfdf eGbf ;tf]df pknAw
ufpg] >f]t xf] eftn] cfgf] ljb]zL d'b|sf] e08f a9fpg ot} lsl;dsf] j08 hfL u]sf]
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pBf]u / ljsf;
5 klxnf] k6s !((! sf] ljb]zL ljlgodsf] ;+s6 kl5 z'? uLPsf] Ol08of 8]enkd]G6 j08gfdsf 8fokf]f j08n hfL u]sf] lyof] To;kl5 klg !((* df l;h]{G6 Ol08of j08
-cf0fljs kLIf0f kl5sf] k|ltjGwsf] k|efj dTy kfg{_ ;g @))) df Ol08of ldn]lgcd
j08 dfkm{t ljb]zL ljlgod klrfng uLPsf] lyof] eftLo 6]6 a}+s dfkm{t hfL ePsf
oL ljQLo ;fwgdf lbOg] Jofh o'f]k cd]lsfsf sDkgLxn] cfgf] j08df lbg] Jofh eGbf
sd lyPg t eftnfO{ C0f lb+bf flvg] hf]lvdsf] lk|ldcdnfO{ o;n] s]xL xb;Dd sd
u] eftnfO{ ljb]zL ljlgdo klrfng ug{ d2t u]sf] lyof] oL j08x dfkm{t eftn]
!! cj 8n eGbf j9L sd klrfng ug{ ;kmn ePsf] 5
g]kfndf g t ;sfaf6 g t s'g} ljQLo ;+yfaf6 xfn;Dd g]kfnL 8fokf]fnfO{ klnlIft
uL j08 hfL uLPsf] 5 lghL If]qn] klg u}cfjf;Lo g]kfnLsfnflu lwtf]kq hfL u]sf]
5}g em08} $ jif{ cl3 ePsf] u}cfjf;Lo g]kfnL ;Dd]ngdf u}cfjf;Lo g]kfnLxaf6g}
;~rfng ug]{ uL otf] ;fwg klrfng ug]{ s'f jx;df cfPsf] lyof] t u}cfjf;Lo
g]kfnL ;+3sf] ljlwjt btf{ gePsf], g]kfndf otf] km08 ;~rfng ug]{ sfg'g ;f+u7lgs
;+rgfsf] cefj otf] km08 jf6 g]kfndf x'g] nufgLsf klof]hgfx k|i6 gePsf]
cjyfdf of] km08 ;~rfngdf cfpg ;lsx]sf] 5}g otf] km08 jf] s]xL cWoog eP klg
;fd"lxs nufgLsf] nflu rflxg] cfjZos ;+rgf ljgf of] km08 ;~rfngdf cfpg sl7g
b]lvG5
eft Ohfon jfx]s c d'n'sn] 8fokf]f j08sf] pkof]u u]sf] kfOb}g x'gt >Ln+sf,
blIf0f clk|msf, n]jgfg htf d'n'sn] klg cfgf] C0f kq 8fokf]fsf ;bonfO{ j]r]sf
pbfx0f kfOG5g oL dfWodsf cltlQm w]} d'n'sn] 8fokf]fsf ;bonfO{ klnlIft uL
a}+sdf ljb]zL d'b|sf] vftf (Foreign Currency Deposit) sf] dfWodaf6 ljb]zL ljlgdo
klrfng u]sf 5g g]kfndf klg a}b]lzs d'b|fdf cfo x'g] g]kfnL gfuLsnfO{ otf] ;'ljwf
pknJw 5 t otf] vftfaf6 sd t'Gt lgsfNg ;lsg] x'bf o;n] bL3{sflng nufgLsf
>f]tsf] 7fp lng ;Sb}g
;du|df g]kfndf u}cfjf;Lo g]kfnLxsf] Ifdtf cg';fsf] nufgL cfpg ;lsx]sf] 5}g
u}cfjf;Lo nufot hf] s;}sf] klg cln 7"nf] dfqfsf] nufgL klrfng ug{ ;j{k|yd t
g]kfnsf] nufgLsf] jftfj0fdf g} ;'wf x'g' kb{5 eftLo rLlgof 8fokf]fsf] Oltxf;
@)) jif{ eGbf dflysf] 5 t klg rLgdf 8fokf]fsf] nufgL ;g !(*) sf] bzskl5
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pBf]u / ljsf;
eftdf Tof] eGbf klg kl5 dfq b]lvg] kdf ;' ePsf] xf] zflGt ;'Iff, ljlwsf] zf;g,fhg}lts yfloTj ljgf nufgLsf] jftfj0f aGg ;Sb}g
g]kfndf u}cfjf;Lo g]kfnLxnfO{ k|ToIf nufgLsf] >f]tsf kdf dfq x]lg] u]sf] 5 w]}
sd ;+Vofdf g]kfnLx ljb]zdf cfgf] Joj;fo ;~rfng uL j;]sfn] pgLxaf6 x'g] cfg}
nufgL sd} dfqfsf] x'g ;S5 t pgLxnfO{ g]kfndf c nufgL leofpg] s8Lsf kdf
k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 ljz]iftM ljb]zdfg} pgLxnfO{ g]kfn;Fu ;DjlGwt Joj;fo ;~rfng
ug{ a9jf lbP jf pgLx sfo{t x]sf] sDkgL, ;+yfnfO{ g]kfndf cfgf] Joj;fo ljtf
ug{ ;xof]u u] pgLxn] nufgLnfO{ a9jf lbg ;Sb5g ;fy} g]kfnLxsf] jfldTjdf
x]sf ljb]zdf x]sf sDkgLxnfO{ g]kfndf cfgf] Joj;fo ljtf ug{a9jf lbP klg
nufgL klrfng ug{ ;lsG5 o;sf nflu g]kfnsf] jfXo nufgL ;DaGwL sfg'gL Jojyfdf
kljt{g x'g' hL 5 clxn];Dd s] stf] cjyfdf g]kfnL gfuLsn] ljb]zdf nufgL ug{
;S5 ljb]zdf u]sf] nufgLsf] k|ltkmn g]kfndf Nofpbf jf g]kfndf nufgL ubf{ s] k|lqmof
ckgfpg' kb{5 eGg] s'f k|i6 5}g of] k|i6 kflg' hL eO{ ;s]sf] 5
ljgf ;fd"lxs nufgL s'g} klg d'n's ;d'Ggt ePsf] kfOb}g k"hL ahf dfkm{t nufgL
klrfng geP;Dd 7"nf] dfqsf] nufgL ;Dej x'b}g ;;fgf nufgLstf{n] 7"nf klof]hgfdf
nufgL ug{ ;Sb}gg t;y{ ;fd"lxs nufgLsf sfg'gL Pj+ ;+rgfTds cfwf agfpg'sf ;fy}k"hL ahf dfkm{t klg u}cfjf;Lo g]kfnLsf] nufgL klrfng ug{ ;Sg] uL P]g lgod
th{'df x'g' hL eO{ ;s]sf] 5 ;+o'Qm nufgLsf] dfWod ljsf; x'g] xf] eg] klg yf]} sdfO{
ug]{ u}cfjf;Lo g]kfnLxn] klg s]xL g s]xL cfgf] art pTkfbgzLn If]qdf klrfng ug]{
lyP o;sfnflu ;sf ljlQo ;+yfxn] u}cfjf;Lo g]kfnLsf] nufgL klrfng x'g]
k|sfsf ljlQo pks0f Nofpg ;Sg' k]sf] 5 otf] pks0f ljz]ifuL j}b]zLs f]hufLdf
uPsfxnfO{ klnlIft uLg' kb{5
ljb]zdf a;f]af; ug]{ g]kfnLxdfem ljleGg sf0fn] ljb]zL gfuLstf lng] k|rng a9bf]
5 xfn;Dd ljb]zL gfuLstf lnPkl5 g]kfnsf] gfuLstf TofUg' kg]{ pgLxnfO{ g]kfncfpg hfg le;f lng' kg]{, ;DklQ vlb ljlqm ug{ gkfpg], cflb sf0fn] pgLxsf] ;Defljt
nufgLaf6 g]kfn al~rt 5 ljb]zL gfuLstf lnPsf JolQmxnfO{ klg g]kfn;usf]
;fldKotf sfod} fVgsf nflu pgLxnfO{ klg g]kfndf s]xL ug]{ efjgf agfpg ljz]if
kxn x'g' hL 5 bf]xf]f] gfuLstfsf] k|fjwfg fVg ;Sg] xf] eg] pgLxsf] nufgL
leofpg s]xL xb;Dd ;xh x'g]5
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pBf]u / ljsf;
$= pk;+xf/ Mu}cfjf;Lo g]kfnLnfO{ nufgLsf] >f]tsf] ;Lldt bfofaf6 dfq x]g{'sf] ;66f g]kfnsf] cfly{s
;fdflhs kfGt0fsf] ;+jfxssf kdf x]lg' kb{5 u}cfjf;Lo g]kfnLxnfO{ g} ;ul7t
eO{ g]kfnsf] cfly{s ;fdflhs hLjgdf lqmofzLn x'g k|f]T;fxg uLg' kb{5 ljz]if uL
kljt{gsf] ;+jfxs aGg ;Sg] Ifdtf ePsf JolQmx aLrsf] ;+hfn ljsf; ePdf o;af6
fd|f] pknAwL xfl;n x'g ;S5 s6Nof08 lgjf;Lxsf]GlobalScot lrlnogxsf]Chile
Global, d]sl;sgxsf] Red de alentos para Innovacion cflbn] 8fokf]fn] cfgf]
;+hfn dfkm{t cfgf] pbudsf] kfGt0fdf s;L ;xof]u ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] b]vfO;s]sf
5g 8fokf]fsf] ;j} k|sfsf ;fwgsf] ;b'kof]usf nflu lgZro g} ;sfn] gLlt pko'Qm;+rgf lgdf{0f ug{ ;Qm5 otf] sfd u}cfjf;Lo g]kfnL ;+3sf] ;s[o ;xof]udf uLg'
kb{5 u}cfjf;Lo g]kfnLxn] klg cfg} kxndf ;+hfnsf] lgdf{0f ub}{ ;+o'Qm kdf g]kfnsf]
ljleGg If]qsf] kfGt0fsf nflu sfd ug{ ;Qm5g ;+;fel 5lP x]sf g]kfnLx
cfcfgf] If]qdf ;kmn eP g} g]kfn Ps ;jn fi6 jGb5 j9L ;] j9L nufgL leofpg
g]kfnn] hf] sf]xL;Fu k|ltkwf{ ug{ ;Sg] jftfj0f lbg} kb{5 o;f] uLbfF u}cfjf;Lo
g]kfnLx o; sfddf kljt{gsf] ;+jfxs (Agents of Change) x'g;S5g
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pBf]u / ljsf;
g]kfndflghLs/0f M ;d:of /;dfwffg;/sf/n] ;a} s'/f b]Vg'kb{5 t/ ;a} If]qdf 6]Sg'x'Fb}g
!= cjwf/0ffTds ljsf;M
fHon] cfgf cfd gfuLsnfO{ pgLxsf] OR5f, cfsf+Iff
cfjZostf klk"lt{ ub}{ n}hfg] pQbfloTj jxg ug]{ nf]s
sNof0fsfL fHo -Welfare State_ sf] cjwf0ffdf ;g !(&) sf]
bzs kZrft kljt{g b]vf kof] hgtfnfO{ ;]jf ;'ljwf fHo;+oGqaf6 dfq k|bfg uLg] nf]s sNof0fsfL fHosf] j?kdf
kljt{g uL oL sfo{df lghL If]qsf] clwsflws ;+nUgtfdf
;+rfng uLg] uL ;sfL xtIf]k sd ub}{ ;sf Ps ;xof]uL
lgodgstf{sf] e"ldsfdf xg] ;Lldt fHo -Minimum State_ sf]
cjwf0ffn] nf]slk|otf k|fKt ub}{ cfPaf6 ;g !(*) sf] bzsdf
lghLs0f -Privatization_ sf] ljZjJofkL nx b]vf kof]
;sfn] pko'Qm, ;se yf]} cTofjZosLo If]qdf dfq xft xfNg] tyf xft xfn]sf sfdx
ldtJooL 9Fun], s'zntfk"j{s ;+rfng ug'{kg]{ cfzon] l56f] 5ltf] ;sfsf] gffsf ;fy
;'zf;g -Good Governance_ sf] cjwf0ffn] klg lghLs0fnfO{ cufl8 a9fof]
o;}uL ;sfL lgoGq0fdf x]sf ;fj{hlgs k|lti7fgxsf] sfo{s'zntfsf] sdLaf6
pTkGg ;sfL 3f6f sd ug{ Totf k|lti7fgxsf] s'zn ;+rfngsf nflu lghL If]qsf]
Joj;flostf k|j]z ufpg] p2]Zon] klg lghLs0fnfO{ cufl8 ;fg]{ k|of; yflnPsf] xf] eGg
;lsG5
lghL If]q ;Ifd ePsf If]qdf ;sfn] cfgf] jfldTj lgoGq0fdf ;+rfng uL cfPsf;+yfgx lghL If]qdf xtfGt0f ub}{ hfg] gLltsf] kmnj?k lghLs0f k|lqmof cjnDag
uLof]
*zfvf clws[t, pBf]u dGqfno
rGb| axfb' sfsL{
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pBf]u / ljsf;
oL cjwf0ffsf] ljsf;n] ubf{ g} lghLs0f ;sfL k|lti7fgnfO{ lghL jfldTjdf n}hfg],cy{tGqsf] ljleGg If]qdf x]sf] PsflwsfnfO{ cGTo uL k|ltkwf{Tds jftfj0f l;h{gf ub}{
v'Nnf tyf pbf cfly{s gLlt cjnDag ug]{ clek|fon] cufl8 ;flPsf] xf] eGg ;lsG5
ljZjdf lghLs0fsf] klxnf] v'8lsnf] ;g !(&( df j]nfotdf ePsf] a[l6z k]6f]lnod
sDkgL sf] lghLs0fnfO{ lng] uLG5
g]kfndf lghLs0f ;DaGwL k|of; ljut s]xL bzs otf k|fDe ug]{ k|of; uLPsf] eP tfklg
cf7f}+ of]hgf b]lv z'? ePsf] kfOG5 ;g !((@ df ePsf] e[s'6L sfuh sfvfgf sf]
Joj;fo Pj+ ;DklQ ljqmLsf] sfo{nfO{ klxnf] lghLs0fsf] yfngL ePsf] dfGg ;lsG5
@= lghLs/0f s] xf]