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N
Spatial Variation of Vegetation in the TVC
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How do we explain why vegetation is found where it is in TVC?
S oil
C limate
A ltitude
R elief
E ruptions (history)
S tage of succession (or climax)
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Boulder/Gravel Fields
• Can be covered in snow and ice
• Little/no vegetation
• Too cold and windy for anything to grow
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N
Gravel Field
Gravel Field
Gravel Field
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Gravel Fields
Soil: No soils at the tops of the mountains because high winds mean no soil can stay permanently, also there is no vegetation to help create the soil as it is too cold for plants HOWEVER, there are Azonal soils on the Rangipo Desert – these are infertile and the winds blow away any vegetation that tries to grow there.
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Climate: Extreme cold and extreme winds, high levels of rainfall on the western side, but not very much rain on the eastern side
Gravel Fields
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Gravel Fields
Altitude: 2797m at the top of Mt Ruapehu to 1000m at Rangipo Desert
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Gravel Fields
Relief: steep at the tops of the mountains BUT flat in the Rangipo desert
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Gravel Fields
Eruption History: this area is most susceptible to the effects of eruptions because the mountain tops are closest to the vents. The gravel fields on the eastern side of Mt Ruapehu are highly susceptible to the ash fall from its most recent eruptions (2006) due to prevailing westerly winds which direct the ash over the Rangipo Desert gravel fields Less concentrated).
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Gravel Fields
Stage: At the top of the mountains it is at vegetation climax because plants can not grow in these conditions HOWEVER, on the Rangipo Desert it is at stage 1 of vegetation succession because technically the altitude should allow growth of vegetation up to Beech Forest.
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Tussock
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N
Tussock on Rangipo Desert
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Tussock on the Rangipo Desert
Soils: Azonal soils – very infertile because they are “young” soils
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Tussock on the Rangipo Desert
Climate: Cold wind funnels through the Tama saddle, tearing up plants and soil. Less rainfall because of the rain shadow effect caused by the three mountains. 1500mm of rainfall per year = plants find it harder to grow there
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Tussock on the Rangipo Desert
Altitude: 1100m high
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Tussock on the Rangipo Desert
Relief: Flat – is a part of the ring plain around the volcanoes
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Tussock on the Rangipo Desert
Eruption History:
Lake Taupo erupted 1800 years ago and wiped out the beech forest that used to be there. Subsequent eruptions constantly cover the area in ash due to the prevailing westerly wind
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Tussock on the Rangipo Desert
Stage: 2nd stage of vegetation succession. (climax here would be beech forest)
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Tussock on the Eastern Foothills
Climate: Cold, windy, high levels of rainfall due to the orographic rainfall effect = 1400mm per year on the Eastern side of TVC
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Tussock on the Eastern Foothills
Eruption History: The hot spot was once under Mt Tongariro and Mt Ngauruhoe which has made them highly active in the past. They last erupted in the 1970s, which has meant there has been 40 years of regeneration.
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Scrub
• Kanuka and Manuka, New beech forest (young)
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N
tries
Scrub
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North Eastern Manuka & Kanuka forest with new beech forest
Soils: Tongariro ash soils and fine textured loam which are highly fertile. The lower levels of rainfall on the eastern side, have meant that these soils do not get leached, which has meant that the vegetation regeneration process has been faster on the eastern side than the western side.
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North Eastern Manuka & Kanuka forest with new beech forest
Climate: Cold, rainfall – 1048mm per year due to rain shadow effect of Mt Tongariro and Mt Ngaruhoe. Not as windy as Rangipo desert however, so plants find it a bit easier to grow
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North Eastern Manuka & Kanuka forest with new beech forest
Altitude: 900-1200m high
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North Eastern Manuka & Kanuka forest with new beech forest
Relief: low rolling land which means that the high winds have less of an effect on the vegetation and the soils.
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North Eastern Manuka & Kanuka forest with new beech forest
Eruption History: Hot spot has moved so Mt Tongariro & Ngaruhoe have become less active since 1974. This means vegetation has been able to slowly regenerate.
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North Eastern Manuka & Kanuka forest with new beech forest
Stage: Stage 3 of vegetation succession for most of this area, however the pockets of beech forest are at vegetation climax.
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Beech Forest
• More open than podocarp forest
• Can handle colder climates
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N
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SW Beech Forest
Soils: Tongariro Ash soils which are very fertile, providing plenty of nutrients to support large trees
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SW Beech Forest
Climate: Cold, high levels of rainfall due orographic rainfall effect – 2800mm of rain per year
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SW Beech Forest
Altitude: 1000-1300m elevation
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SW Beech Forest
Relief: rolling hills enables trees to grow well (because it is not steep)
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SW Beech Forest
Eruption History: Lake Taupo’s eruption wiped out the beech forest, but it was able to grow back because the climate is less volatile than on the eastern side.
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SW Beech Forest
Stage: 3rd stage of vegetation succession = vegetation climax for this altitude
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Podocarp Forest• Dense,
green, mixed forest
• Found in the South West Quadrant of TVC
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Podocarp Forest
Soil: Tongariro ash soil and fine textured loam; Well developed, rich in nutrients to support forest growth
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Podocarp Forest
Climate: High levels of rainfall (2800mm per year) due to it’s location on the SW slopes and the effect of orographic rainfall from the prevailing SW weather. Wind is low, allowing tall trees to grow
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Podocarp Forest
Altitude: Extends to a maximum of 1000m, after which beech forest becomes dominant.
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Podocarp Forest
Relief: low rolling land which means that winds have less of an effect on the vegetation and the soils.
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Podocarp Forest
Eruption History: Taupo eruption 1800 year ago wiped out most of the forest, however due to the prevailing SW wind this forest is relatively protected from ash fall
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Podocarp Forest
Stage: climax reached. An abundance of birds and animals help podocarp to spread quickly by carrying seeds
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WHAT is the Vegetation
WHERE is it found in TVC?
WHY Does it exists there? (Think S.C.A.R.E.S)
Specific detail (plant types?)
None / lichens & moss
Tussock
Shrubland
Beech Forest
Podcarp Forest
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WHAT is the Vegetation
WHERE is it found in TVC?
WHY Does it exists there? (Think S.C.A.R.E.S)
Specific detail (plant types?)
None / lichens & moss
The peaks and upper slopes of T, N, and R; extending to lower altitudes on the East (______m)
Tussock On the Western of Mt T, N & R and also on the eastern foothills between Mt Ngaruhoe and Mt Ruapehu.
Shrubland Native Manuka and Kanuka, introduced Heather
Beech Forest
Podcarp Forest
Rich Tongaririo Ash soil, high rainfall, and protection from wind