Download - Motivation and Achievement motivation
Psychological Development
AS Physical EducationMotivation & Achievement
Motivation
Task 1: complete crossword
Define motivation and describe types of motivation and give examples in sport
List 4 main motives as to why people participate in sport
Explain achievement motivation List traits of a Nach and NAF person Explain terms approach behaviour and avoidance
behaviour Explain factors that determine Nach and Naf
behaviour Explains benefits of goal setting linked to
motivation Set a SMART target
Learning Objectives
Motivation concerns our
inner drives to achieve a goal and external
pressures and reward
Write 5 things on the board that motivate you?
Yes now! Get out of your seat and write!
What motivates you?
DEFINITION: THE INTERNAL
MECHANISMS AND EXTERNAL STIMULI
WHICH AROUSE AND DIRECT BEHAVIOUR
Motivation is goal directed
behaviour
What motivates us?
Instrinsic Extrinsic
Feelings inside us e.g. fun,
enjoyment, excitement, pride,
satisfaction
Tangible or intangible rewards
e.g. medals badges, prizes or praise and
status
Addictive principal –
extrinsic used to boost intrinsic
Draw backs to extrinsic rewards?
Most successful when linked to performance improvements e.g. swimming badges, karate belts
Contigent rewards
Physical Well-being
Psychological well-being
Improvement of performance
4 main motives to sports
participation:
Assertive accomplishment
i.e. accomplishments
of personal challenges
More important as
get older
More males than females
Exam questions
‘A person who has high levels of achievement motivation would have a tendency to strive for success, persist in the face of failure and experience pride a accomplishments.’ (D.Gill)
DO YOU KNOW ANYONE LIKE THIS?
Gill (1986)
AM Continued... Murray (1938) first used the term achievement
motivation and indentified a performers need for achievement as being linked to their personality. Competition is described as a ‘achievement situation’;
in other words a the performer is putting themselves in a situation where they have the potential to succeed or fail, but still a situation whereby achievement can be measured.
Achievement can still take place in non – competitive situations. In either situation; there are still people that are more
willing to put themselves into the ‘achievement situations’ and can be labelled as ‘achievement orientated’.
Where have we heard the term Interactionist before?
What do you expect Atkinson's approach to be?
Atkinson's Interactionist approach
You have been playing tennis for four years at your local club.
Your next league match is tomorrow…
YOU vs. Serena Williams
Atkinson’s Interactionist Approach
Atkinson recognises just as a performers personality (made up of trait characteristics) will effect performance; so will the situation the performer finds themselves in (Interactionist).
He claims that a performer will weigh up: The probability of success The incentive value of that success
If you were playing a singles match against Rafael Nadal:
What is the probability of success? What is the incentive value of that success?
Situational component of AM
There are two parts to this approach:
Personality Situational
Need to achieve (N.Ach) Probability of success
Need to avoid failure (n.Af) Incentive value of success
Atkinson personality components of Achievement Motivation
TASK: What do you think the characteristics of each personality type are?
n.Ach n.Af
n.Ach n.AfSeeks challengesStandards are importantPersists for longerValues feedbackEnjoys evaluation situation (likes to be tested)Not afraid of failureTakes responsibility for own actionsOptimisticConfidentTask goal – orientated
Attributes performance to internal factors e.g. Success = effort failure = lack of effort
Avoids challenge – takes easy optionDislikes 50 – 50 situationGives up easilyDoes not like feedbackDislikes evaluation situationsPerforms worse in evaluation situationsAvoids personal responsibilityBlames failure on external factors e.g. “The rain is effecting my vision” or “I don't play well on this surface”Pessimistic Low confidenceTakes a long time over a taskOutcome goal orientated
Personality component:Comparison of a n.Ach & n.Af
Brief list
n.Ach n.Af• accepts challenges•Task persistent•Quick and efficient•Take risks•Welcome feedback and evaluation•Take responsibility for own actions•Try harder after failure• attribute success internally•Approach behaviour
•AVOID RESPONSIBILITY•TAKE AN EASY OPTION•GIVE UP AFTER FAILURE•AVOID EVALUATIVE SITUATIONS
If a performer displays a high motive to achieve (n.Ach) they will tend to have ‘approach behaviour’
Approach behaviour: the performer is motivated to attempt challenging situations even if they may fail.
If a performer has a low motive to achieve and is concerned about being evaluated (n.Af) they may have ‘avoidance behaviour’.
Avoidance behaviour: the performer is motivated to protect their self – esteem and will avoid situations where they may be evaluated.
WHY IS IT IMPORTANT FOR A COACH TO ENCOURAGE APPROACH BEHAVIOUR?
Achievement MotivationAchievement motivation is a measurement of
what drives us to succeed or hang back/play safe.
Achievement strives to answer questions such as:
Why is it that some performers achieve and some do not?
Why are certain performers driven to be more successful than others?
Can you think of a performer who you would describe as having that n.Ach characteristic’s?
OR Can you think of a situation in sport which would display whether you are a risk taker (n.Ach) or you hang back/take the easy option? (n.Af)
Task 3: n.Ach link to elite sport
GolfYou are teeing off and there is a water between
your tee and the green.
Do you play the ball short and sacrifice a shot? Play it safe
OR
Do you attempt to drive the ball over the water to the green?
Sporting examples...
Are you a n.Ach or a n.Af?
In sport motivation to succeed not always present.
Approach may differ to different sports Therefore Naf or Nach depends on:
What determines Nach or Naf?
Importance of task
Confidence
Past success and possibility
of future success
experience
Personality
Motivation
Competitive trait anxiety
levels
Developing a Nach mentality Allow early success Raise self-efficacy (sport specific self-
confidence) Attribute success internally and failure
externally Use rewards and reinforcement Promote intrinsic motivation with personal
goals Show successful, attainable role models Redefine failure Control arousal with relaxation techniques
Goal Settinghttp://192.168.0.4:8080
Alleviate anxiety and stress
Increase confidenceMotivate!
Goal setting can…..
Directing attention – learning focused
Regulate effortSustain effortMotivateProvide feedback
And can affect performance by:
S – Specific to situation and performer M – Measurable A – AGREED between coach & performer/ACHIEVABLE
R – Realistic (achieveable) T – Timed E – Evaluated R – Recorded
SMART TARGETS
Exam question……..
1 (i) Identify a specific target from your chosen sporting activity and explain how you would apply SMART factors to make the setting of this target effective.
Use of SMART. Marks are only to be awarded if the answer is directly linked to a target within the chosen activity. - Target must be specific - improve shooting X - run for longer X - more accurate passes
a. Specific - Directly related to their sport/activity/outcome they want to achieve b. Measurable - Objective aspect that can be measured e.g. KG's, seconds etc. c. Achievable - Within reach/attainable d. Relevant - At the correct level for the performer, challenging e. Time-Phased - Set time to achieve the goal including short and long term
objectives f. Evaluated - Self assessment and review of goals either during or at the end of
the time agreed g. Recorded - Records kept of training to monitor goals, enables accountability h. Agreed - Shared with other parties e.g. coach, other team members i. Positive - Motivational/exciting and not negative in any way
3 x 1 marks * must have example
a. Improve motivation b. Improve self confidence / s elf esteem c. Help control arousal levels d. Focus on specific aspects of performance e.g.
weaker areas e. Specific technical/tactical/physical aspects can be
focussed upon f. Feeling of success/achievement can be experienced g. Can regulate effort on specific aspects of
performance h. Comparisons with previous goals be made. i. Monitor performance.
4 x 1 or max of 2 x 2 for amplification
(ii) What are the benefits of goal setting in developing sporting performance? [4]
Define motivation and describe types of motivation and give examples in sport
List 4 main motives as to why people participate in sport
Explain achievement motivation List traits of a Nach and NAF person Explain terms approach behaviour and avoidance
behaviour Explain factors that determine Nach and Naf
behaviour Explains benefits of goal setting linked to
motivation Set a SMART target
Learning Objectives