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© 2009 The Edge Software Consultancy Ltd
Morphit - SpreadsheetsEvolved
White Paper
Morphit: A new dimension in spreadsheets
by The Edge Software Consultancy Ltd
Morphit - Spreadsheets Evolved
White Paper
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Printed: October 2009 in Guildford, UK.
Morphit - Spreadsheets Evolved
© 2009 The Edge Software Consultancy Ltd
5Contents
5
© 2009 The Edge Software Consultancy Ltd
Table of Contents
Part I Introduction 8
................................................................................................................................... 91 History of the Spreadsheet
................................................................................................................................... 122 The Problem with Spreadsheets
................................................................................................................................... 143 New Approaches
.......................................................................................................................................................... 14Lotus Improv
.......................................................................................................................................................... 15Quantrix Modeler
.......................................................................................................................................................... 16Spreadsheet 2000
.......................................................................................................................................................... 17Conclusion
................................................................................................................................... 174 Summary
Part II Why is Morphit different? 20
................................................................................................................................... 211 Familiarity
................................................................................................................................... 232 Single Table
................................................................................................................................... 293 Linked Tables
................................................................................................................................... 344 How does it help?
................................................................................................................................... 395 More advanced examples
.......................................................................................................................................................... 40Wine Production
.......................................................................................................................................................... 41Sales Forecast
.......................................................................................................................................................... 42Behaviour Score
.......................................................................................................................................................... 43Plate-based binding assay
.......................................................................................................................................................... 44Tumour Volume
Part III Conclusion 46
................................................................................................................................... 461 About the author
................................................................................................................................... 472 The Edge
................................................................................................................................... 473 Contact information
Part
I
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© 2009 The Edge Software Consultancy Ltd
1 Introduction
We hope after reading this article you will be as excited about 'Morphit', our new
spreadsheet technology, as we are and will want to first try and then buy a copy for your
work. Morphit will increase your productivity, help you minimise mistakes and give you a
real competitive advantage over your peers.
If you've heard enough already download Morphit now (http://www.edge-ka.com/
downloads). If not, then open your mind a little and read on.
Overview
To demonstrate just how little spreadsheet technology has developed in last 30 years,
let's take a brief look at the History of the Spreadsheet, and highlight some problems this
highly successful method of analysis can raise.
If you already know all this then read Why Morphit is different and learn how we have
evolved the 'classic' spreadsheet into a new type of application. You will then be ready to
download the evaluation pack and try out the examples yourself.
Introduction 9
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1.1 History of the Spreadsheet
The first modern spreadsheet was VisiCalc from Software Arts created in 1979 for the
Apple Mac. This same design is common in spreadsheets today.
VisiCalc The first real spreasheet
This was quickly followed by spreadsheets for other platforms such as Lotus 1-2-3 and
SuperCalc.
"My first exposure was SuperCalc, on my Amstrad CPC 6128. Population dynamics on 10
columns of data could be carried out with a click of a button (plus 5 more clicks to
refresh the spreadsheet until all the calculations were executed). I was hooked on
spreadsheets and to be honest, have been ever since. Spreadsheets have given everyone
the capability to capture and analyse data without having to become a programmer or
hand over the analysis to the 'back-room-boys'.", Ted Hawkins, Morphit Product Manager.
SuperCalc
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Lotus 1-2-3
The Battle for Supremacy
Although Microsoft's Excel ultimately won the battle for the desktop spreadsheet it was
not because it was better or easier to use. Applications such as Quattro Pro from Corel
were faster and more reliable. However MS Excel was part of an integrated Office suite -
the data could be copied into MS Word and PowerPoint, and this transportability was
enough of a reason to put up with the quirks and relatively poor performance of the
early Excel versions.
It is now rare to see any spreadsheet in a business environment other than MS Excel.
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Open source and online
Whilst the business use is almost exclusively served by MS Excel, in the home office
market the open source OpenOffice (Calc) is making real progress, being able to read
and write MS Excel files for interoperability and supporting VBA - the scripting language
that sits behind MS Excel.
A collection of spreadsheet technologies, old and new. And this inc ludes the new wave of on-line
spreadsheets.
There are also a new breed of online spreadsheets offered by companies such as Google
and Zoho, innovating not in the spreadsheet design but in how it is delivered to the user.
So are all the issues with spreadsheets solved? Let's discuss some of the problems with
traditional spreadsheets.
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1.2 The Problem with Spreadsheets
The most noticeable thing about spreadsheets over the last 30 years has been the lack of
any real innovation. Charting has improved and pivot tables have been introduced, but
the current version of Excel (12) still operates in the same way as the first versions of
Excel back in the early 90s. Did Software Arts get it right the first time? Well pretty
much yes, but there is a large body of evidence that a sizable problem has developed.
For example, this reference http://www.eusprig.org/horror-stories.htm describes a set
of spreadsheet horror stories. Many examples involve cut-and-paste operations.
There are three broad categories of issues.
Accuracy
Anyone who has built an Excel workbook will be aware how difficult it is to get it right
the first time. Auditing a template is almost impossible. The first difficulty is that you
can either see the formulas or the cell values but not both together. Identifying mistakes
in the formula is almost impossible, they all look very similar and spotting a formula with
a reference to an incorrect row is tough. Other than the row and columns, there is no
inherent structure to a spreadsheet. Data can turn up anywhere and on any sheet and
this lack of structure makes it very difficult to know where to look for problems.
Most mistakes seem to be caused through transcription errors, copying and pasting
formula and values. The proportion of spreadsheets containing errors is almost definitely
worse than you can imagine. The often quoted figure of 91% comes from the
PricewaterhouseCoopers report of 2004 into the use of spreadsheets in relation to the
Sarbanes-Oxley Act. Between 30% and 90% of sampled workbooks suffered from at least
one major user error. There are plenty of other reports and examples available in the
literature.
Productivity
From our experience in pharmaceutical research, we have observed two distinct patterns
of usage of Excel workbook that negatively impact personal productivity.
· New build every time - While research experiments can be described in general
terms, scientists will build a new workbook more or less from scratch as the conditions
of the experiment make every spreadsheet a 'one-off'. This is obviously very time
consuming and error prone. A variation on this theme is to use an old, similar
workbook, remove the data, and put new data into it. This is always very risky as it is
very easy to lose the old data or pollute the new spreadsheet with old data.
· Conservation Area - Once a template or workbook has been proven to work, it can
become very resistant to change. Business processes crystallise around it forcing the
scientists to adopt fixed practices and constrain their research. While uniformity is
often seen as efficient, in real life we must be able to adapt quickly and efficiently to
change.
Support
A 'support issue' arises as soon as a spreadsheet is used by someone other than the
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original author. How should the spreadsheet be used? Has the formula been protected? Is
there a password on the file?
The burden of supporting these documents becomes even more pressing when VBA has
been used to automate analysis. There is now un-managed code in a document and if a
bug is found, every copy of that document must be updated. While fixing a bug may be
trivial, locating the documents with that bug is not. MS Office documents can be like the
flu-virus, replicating and spreading uncontrollably through email and file servers.
Microsoft are making a brave attempt to rectify the 'code in document' problem with
VSTO (Visual Studio Tools for Office), an interface from their development framework to
MS Office documents. The problem is that this runs counter to one if the main reasons
spreadsheets were so successful in the first place - they could be written and deployed
without an IT project.
Of course, the biggest issue occurs when the author of a document moves on to a
different job and leaves their templates and workbooks behind. Who wants to work out
how someone else's workbook works?
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1.3 New Approaches
A number of companies have attempted to innovate the spreadsheet concept, most have
failed to attract the same mass user base as the original spreadsheets.
1.3.1 Lotus Improv
Lotus Improv was designed as a way of simplifying the process of building templates. Its
key feature was the disassociation of data, views, and formulas. The following are short
extracts from the Wikipedia entries (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotus_Improv).
Lotus Improv
"Once they were up and running sheets were simple to use, but many users found it very
difficult to imagine what the sheet needed to look like in order to get started."
"Perhaps the biggest problem for Improv was the fact that it was so different —
customers were so used to the way spreadsheets worked that no one actually used
Improv. Lotus eventually gave up on the product. "
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1.3.2 Quantrix Modeler
A similar product to Lotus Improv is the Quantrix Modeler.
The Quantrix Modeler
This makes use of the same approach of separating the formula from the cells. It also
combines analysis and visualisation capabilities to create a model. This is a definite
departure from the traditional spreadsheet focused on the professional business user.
Quantrix is proving more successful by targeting the professional analyst rather than the
general spreadsheet user. This is a realisation that these types of spreadsheet are
difficult to build and designed for professionals only, out of the reach of most users.
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1.3.3 Spreadsheet 2000
Spreadsheet 2000, was a spreadsheet for the Apple Mac and offered an interesting take
on the problem but has since been withdrawn from sale.
Spreadsheet 2000 and its simple take on spreadsheets
This is another good attempt to innovate from the spreadsheet design but in ways that
are only useful for professional developers and analysts and inaccessible to most users
because they are such a departure from the traditional spreadsheet model.
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1.3.4 Conclusion
Lotus Improv and Quantrix Modeler remain closest to the original spreadsheet paradigm,
although neither of these products offer MS Excel users an option they can easily pick up
and use. For this reason, the Lotus Improv and Quantrix Modeler have failed to capture
any significant market share from MS Excel.
1.4 Summary
Spreadsheets remain remarkably resistant to change. The main advances have been in
peripherals such as improved charting, the pivot engine and Visual Basic for Applications
(VBA). MS Office has become the dominant office package making MS Excel the de
facto standard for spreadsheets.
While spreadsheets remain successful, they need to evolve to address the business issues
they also raise. Spreadsheets need to
· be easier to build
· minimise errors
· be simpler and faster to audit
· be flexible enough to eliminate the need for complex VBA code
This need to evolve can be illustrated by the following examples:
1. The 'Single table' problem - handling changes to the numbers of rows in a table
2. The 'Linked table' problem - linking changes in one table to another
For a new spreadsheet to be successful it must rise to these challenges and do so in a
manner which users of standard spreadsheets can understand and readily use. This is why
we consider Morphit an evolution, not a revolution, in spreadsheet design.
Part
II
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2 Why is Morphit different?
Morphit is a new type of spreadsheet, and can be described as an evolution from the
familiar model of Excel, since it addresses issues such as the Single Table and Linked
Tables problems, whilst retaining the familiarity of Excel.
The more advanced features of Morphit are illustrated in a number of powerful
examples:
· Wine Production - capturing and analysing world-wide wine production data
· Sales forecast - recording and analysing sales and expenditure for a group of companies
· Behaviour Score - preparing a behavioural study and applying simple statistics and
charting to the results
· Plate-based binding assay - preparing and plating-out samples, capturing plate read
data and generating a curve fit data.
· Tumour Volume - preparation a tumour volume study, capturing the data and
presenting it graphically.
The evaluation pack contains all these example binders with application notes describing
how to use and build them.
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2.1 Familiarity
There are a number of similarities between Morphit and classic spreadsheets -
· It is document based.
· The look and behaviour is like a traditional spreadsheet, with a formula bar, grids of
data etc.
· It includes a 'sheet' page-type which is a classic spreadsheet
· It shares a familiar formula language
· Data can be copied and pasted between Morphit and MS Excel and vice versa.
A morphit sheet is the equivalent of a c lassic two dimensional spreadsheet
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Morphit contains over 100 common formula together with new functions only available in Morphit.
However, Morphit is more than a traditional spreadsheet, enabling you to deal with more
business problems.
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2.2 Single Table
How can we change the number of rows in a hierarchical table? At first glance the
traditional spreadsheet should be able to do this, but let's look a little deeper. Here is an
example of a hierarchical table in Excel.
A single hierarchical table of data in Excel. Note that the data has to be replicated in every row so
that context is not lost, making analysis (such as filtering and pivoting) possible.
If we need to add a new Group then we would copy one of the groups and edit the
individual cells so that they contain the values (or formula). If we want to add a new
time point we can insert a row and update the formula and values accordingly.
Essentially, every operation requires an insert of rows and then a laborious and error-
prone transcription of data and formula.
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Building the same spreadsheet in Morphit is much more straightforward.
A single table of data in Morphit.
Firstly, the structure of the Morphit table matches the data. The Groups and Treatments
are merged. Although merging can be achieved in Excel, this feature renders the data
very difficult to analyse. Secondly, there is no direct reference to cells in the formula -
instead they refer to ranges =average(range) (described as a field in Morphit). The
scope of the range is defined by the table structure. The screenshot below shows the
'Current Page' panel from Morphit which illustrates the structure of the table as a 'tree'.
Why is Morphit different? 25
© 2009 The Edge Software Consultancy Ltd
The main difference between a Morphit table and a traditional spreadsheet can be seen
when we add new rows to the table, for example adding a new 'Dose' to group 'C'.
Adding a new 'Dose' to the table can be done on the right-c lick menu or throuth the keystroke [CTRL+I]. This
operation will expand the table.
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A new dose has been added in the table. Formulas have automatically been applied but and new doses can be
added to each group individually. The 'Current Page' panel shows the structure of the table in a tree view
A new 'Dose' is inserted into group 'C' and any formula are automatically applied to the
new row. We can add new 'Groups', 'Doses' and 'Times' anywhere in the table and existing
formula are instantly applied.
Why is Morphit different? 27
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We can also pivot the data by time using the pivot by field property.
The single morphit table pivoted around 'Time' and adding a new data point
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We can add a summary row by using the 'Add Summary Row' property and choosing the
'average' aggregation function.
The summary row can be applied to any pivoted table. Here we can see a c lear difference between first and
second 'Time' treatments which seems to apply to both WonderDrug groups and the Placebo group.
Morphit allows you to deal with the 'Single Table' problem in a familiar way without the
need to transcribe formula, thus reducing errors. Good but is that all?
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2.3 Linked Tables
The real complexity arises when we want to link one table with another. This could be to
control the structure and dimensions of our table, reduce data or simply to pass data
around the spreadsheet efficiently. To demonstrate this capability we solve the same
problem using a separate table to define the doses used in the study.
First we define a Doses table containing the different doses used, which will be
'borrowed' into the main table.
The doses are defined in a separate table with a description.
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This time we shall add the Dose group using the "Add Field Header from Another Table"
feature.
The doses field has been borrowed into the main table under the 'Doses' group
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The Times and Weights remain as separate groups. The mean weight for the dose is
calculated using the formula =Average(Weight) added to the 'Mean For Dose' field.
Here is the complete table. Pivoting is turned off for the moment.
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If we add a new 'Dose' to the Doses table, a new dose will be added to each treatment
group, and any formula will be automatically updated and applied. This means that the
dimensions of the table are controlled by the number of rows in the Doses table.
The new dose has been added to all the 'Groups' simultaneously.
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The Time dimension can also be added from a separate table called 'Times'. The Morphit
document then links three tables to define the table structure and dimensions effectively
combining three tables together. In this way complex problems can be addressed whilst
retaining the flexibility to increase and decrease the dimensions of the tables without
transcribing formula.
The table has been built by 'borrowing' in fields from other tables. Not only does the values come into the
table, but other fields in the source tables can be accessed.
The ability to link tables together using borrowing, combined with familiar spreadsheet
behaviour, sets Morphit apart from all other spreadsheets. Morphit has evolved from the
traditional spreadsheet, offering an evolution in spreadsheet design rather than a whole
new paradigm. This makes Morphit much easier to learn, and allows it to be accessible
for traditional spreadsheet users.
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2.4 How does it help?
So how does Morphit address the problems with familiar spreadsheets?
Accuracy & Auditing
By associating formulae with fields, rather than the cells, a Morphit Binder is far easier
to audit than an Excel workbook as cells do not need to be individually checked. There
are a number of other features that simplify the process of auditing still further.
Trace Precedence
'Trace Precedence' will show the cells that are referenced in a target cell through its
formula.
The cells used in the calculation of the current cell are highlighted to simplify auditing
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Show Field Properties
The formula being applied to a field can be made visible along with its data.
The formula applied to a cell can be displayed at the top for the field
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Cell Deviation
An indicator is shown in cells where the formula in a cell differs from the field formula.
The field formula and values can be overriden by direct entry into the cells. When this occurs a red indicator
flag is displayed in the cell.
Field Level Formulae
Of course, the other big win in this area is that we can change the dimensionality of a
table without having to transcribe formulae, simply by adding rows to the borrowed
tables, thus removing the largest source of errors. Morphit also helps the user minimise
transcription errors by being able to access other fields through the links rather than just
the linked value. The link acts as a key against which data matching that data value can
be pulled into a new table. For example, with each dose we added a 'Description' field.
As the 'Dose' was borrowed into the Table, we can also bring in the Description matching
the doses through a formula.
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© 2009 The Edge Software Consultancy Ltd
The description field in the Doses table
Adding a new field in which we will retrieve the description for the Dose
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The Dose's description is added through a formula which automatically takes advantage of the link established
through Dose to the Doses table.
By accessing data in this way, it only has to be entered once.
Productivity
Morphit provides a flexible framework for creating multi-dimensional spreadsheets. By
utilising features such as borrowing between tables, and the ability of tables to grow and
shrink on demand, we can not only build highly generic templates that can be used over
an incredibly wide range of conditions, but we can build them quickly too. On average a
Morphit binder can be created ten times faster than an equivalent traditional
spreadsheet addressing the same business problem.
Support
Many of the support issues are created by the inflexibility of Excel spreadsheets. Morphit
helps this situation by its tables being inherently flexible. This in turn allows the creation
of highly flexible templates, so that one version can have a huge level of re-use. In
addition VBA is not required to achieve this flexibility, reducing that support burden as
well.
By avoiding the need for VBA, Morphit simplifies the version control problem, although
since it is still document based this issue does not go away entirely. Our solution to this is
to stop sharing documents through email and file shares and to use instead an enterprise
system. You can read more about that topic on our website.
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© 2009 The Edge Software Consultancy Ltd
2.5 More advanced examples
While the One Times Table and Two Times Table examples are useful in explaining some
of the capabilities of Morphit, they are of course a huge simplification. We have covered
one borrowing use case with Linked Tables, however, there are 14 others! The
evaluation pack contains a number of more advanced examples taken from across a
range of industries from finance to pharmaceutical research.
All the examples below are available in the evaluation pack with full application notes
describing how to build and use the binders.
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2.5.1 Wine Production
Beginners example
The 'Wine Production' binder is a simple example illustrating the power of linking data to
construct tables for data entry and analysis. The data can be pivoted in a variety of
ways. The user enters wine production by country, continent and time period. All are
controlled through source tables, using borrowing and linked drop downs. The data can
then be analysed by continent and period, and visualised in report-ready charts.
Wine-production binder illustrating the charting of wine production data by continent and time period.
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2.5.2 Sales Forecast
Intermediate example
The 'Sales Forecast' binder shows how Morphit can be used to manage financial data,
recording company income and expenditure for a group of companies. The cash flow is
presented on a monthly basis for forecasting.
This demonstrates the versatility of the Morphit spreadsheet for analysing and
summarising data.
Summary rows are used to calculate monthly totals whilst annual data is calculated through a formula.
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2.5.3 Behaviour Score
Intermediate example
This is a typical example of an in-vivo behaviour assay used during pharmaceutical
research and development. A study director can set up the treatment groups, randomise
them, and print off a scoring sheet. After the experiment observations can be
transcribed back into the binder which generates summary charts and determines if the
results are significantly different from the control.
Behaviour binder with reports summarising the experiment
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2.5.4 Plate-based binding assay
Expert example
This binder is used in early drug discovery for plate-based dose-response assays run in
medium and low throughput. The user enters the biological 'target', starting
concentration, dilution factor and a set of effectors (or drugs). The binder automatically
creates the correct number of test plates and generates curves which are fitted and
plotted as the data is added.
A highly flexible binder used for dose response experiments
Traditional spreadsheets for this type of problem are very specific whereas this binder
can be used for a wide variety of conditions such as
· number of targets (such as receptors)
· number of effectors (or compounds)
· concentration ranges for each effector
· number of replicates for each concentration of an effector
· changes to the plate layout and size
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2.5.5 Tumour Volume
Expert example
This binder was developed to help cancer research supporting tumour volume studies
which assess the effect of treatments on the rate of growth of an implanted tumour.
The key feature of this binder is its flexibility, allowing the study director to have an
open ended schedule for treatments, and vary the number and composition of
treatments. Changes are automatically applied to the data entry sheet. The data is then
instantaneously analysed and plotted in a summary chart.
Summary chart illustrating the results from the study
Part
III
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3 Conclusion
Morphit delivers a new approach to capturing and analysing data in a familiar
spreadsheet environment. Morphit will increase your personal productivity, instill a more
disciplined approach to structured data and give you a huge competitive advantage over
your peers. Don't take our word for it, give it a try by downloading the evaluation pack.
3.1 About the author
Ted Hawkins has been working with spreadsheets since the late 80s in support of his
research and that of his clients. He has a BSc in Biology and a Masters in Pollution and
Environmental Control from Manchester University. His PhD was in Environmental Physics
and Entomology from Nottingham University. He has been delivering spreadsheets
professionally as a consultant ever since, working with leading pharmaceutical and
biotechnology companies from across the globe. Ted is one of the original founders of
The Edge where he is product manager for Morphit.
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3.2 The Edge
The Edge Software Consultancy Ltd ("The Edge") was founded in 2005, providing
information technology consulting to pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies. The
company focuses on providing products and services to increase the productivity of
scientists. Our products include Morphit and BioRails (an enterprise platform for
managing research data).
3.3 Contact information
The Edge Software Consultancy Ltd
Web: http://www.edge-ka.com/
Email: [email protected]
Tel: +44 (0) 2380 411098
Fax: +44 (0) 8715 210018
Corporate headquarters:
Suite 4,
77 Walnut Tree Close,
Guildford,
Surrey,
GU1 4UH UK
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© 2009 The Edge Software Consultancy Ltd