BHAGAT PHOOL SINGH MAHILA VISHYAVIDHYALYA

BPS ITTR SONIPAT, HARYANA

SESSION 2014-2015

SUBMITTED TO SUBMITTED BY

MS. SUSHILA SHARMA JYOTI

TEACHER ASSISTANT 14060284

B.ED

INTROSPECTION METHOD

WHEN A PERSON OR ‘SUBJECT’ HIMSELF OBSERVES HIS

OWN MENTAL STATES AND BEHAVIOUR,IT IS

INTROSPECTION OR SUBJECTIVE OBSERVATION.

IT IS ONE OF THE OLDEST METHOD OF PSYCHOLOGY,

WHICH IS DERIVED FROM TWO WORDS(1) INTRO, AND

(2)SPECTION.

INTRO MEANS ‘WITHIN’ AND SPECTION MEANS ‘LOOKING’

OR’ ‘OBSERVING’.HENCE, INTROSPECTION MEANS LOOKING

OR OBSERVING WITHIN.

WOODWORTH HAS CALLED IT ‘SELF OBSERVATION’

VALUE OF INTROSPECTION METHOD

IT IS SIMPELEST AND MOST ECONOMICAL METHOD AS IT REQUIRES NO LABORATORY OR FINANCE etc.

THE SUBJECT GETS DIRECT, IMMEDIATE AND INTUTIVE KNOWELEDGE ABOUT HIS MIND.

TEACHERS CAN IMPROVE THEIR TEACHING BY SELF EVALUATION AND SELF SUGGESTION

LIMITATIONS OF INTROSPECTION METHOD

IT IS MOST SUBJETIVE ,PERSONAL, AND UNSCIENTIFIC METHOD.

THIS METHOD IS NOT OF UNIVERSAL APPLICATION.

ITS RESULT DEPENDS ON SUBJECT OR THE OBSERVER AND NOT VERIFIABLE BY OTHER SUBJECT OR OBSERVER.

IT IS NOT USEFUL FOR THE STUDY OF CHILD AND ANIMAL

OBSERVATION METHOD

IN THE WORDS OF SAMUEL SMITH , ‘OBSERVATION IS A VISUAL METHOD OF EXAMINING, DESCRIBING, AND INTERPRETING THE REACTIONS OF INDIVIDUALS AND GROUPS IN LABORATORY, CLASS ROOM, OR OUT OF SCHOOL SITUATION’. HERE, WE OBSERVE THE MENTAL PROCESSES AND BEHAVIOUR OF OTHERS.

TYPES OF OBSERVATION

• DIRECT

• INDIRECT

• INDIVIDUAL

• GROUP

• PARTICIPANT

• NON-PARTICIPANT

HOW TO OBSERVE?MAKE A PLAN AND WRITE POINTS OF OBSERVATIONS.

OBSERVE THE BEHAVIOUR WITH A PURPOSE ACCURATELY.

RECORD THE OBSERVATION VERY CAREFULLY IMMEDIATEDLY AFTER THE

OBSERVATION.

AFTER RECORDING, ANALYSE THE OBSERVED FACTS SCIENTIFICALLY.

INTERPRET AND GENERALIZE THE OBSERVATION.

ADVANTAGES OF OBSERVATIONIT IS ALWAYS SPECIFIC , SYSTEMATIC, PLANNED AND RELIABLE.

IT IS MORE SUBJECTIVE AND VALID THAN THE INTROSPECTION.

IT IS FLEXIBLE AND ECONOMICAL.

WE CAN STUDY THE CHILDREN AND ANIMALS EASILY

WE CAN SUPERVISE THE TEACHING AND MAY SUGGEST CERTAIN IMPROVEMENTS.

LIMITATIONS OF OBSERVATION METHOD

IT NEEDS TRAINED OBSERVERS

SOMETIMES OBSERVERS MAY TRY TO PROJECT THEIR OWN FEELINGS, THOUGHTS, IN THE MINDS OF OTHER

PERSONAL PROBLEMS AND EXPERIENCES CANNOT BE OBSERVED

INTERNAL BEHAVIOUR OF THE PERSON CAN NOT BE STUDIED

EXPERIMENTAL METHOD

EXPERIMENTAL METHOD IS HIGHLY DEVELOPED,FORMALIZED AND ACCURATE OF ALL SCIENTIFIC METHODS. THE WORD EXPERIMENT DERIVE FROM THE LATTIN WORD ‘EXPERIMENTUM’.

FIRST EXPERIMENTAL LAB ESTABLISHED BY WILHULM WUNDT (LIP ZING) GERMANY.

EVERY EXPERIMENT SHOULD HAVE :-

• PSYCHOLOGICAL LABORATORY

• EXPERIMENTER

• SUBJECT

• STIMULUS

• RESPONSE

• VARIABLES

VALUE OF THE EXPERIMENTAL METHOD

IT IS MOST RELIABLE, VALID AND SCIENTIFIC

IT HAS WIDE APPLICATIONS IN ALL THE FIELDS OF EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY

REPLICATION IS POSSIBLE

WE GET THE SOLUTION OF MANY PROBLEMS OF EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY

REVERSIBLE

VERIFIABLE

TYPES OF EXPERIMENTAL METHOD

CONTROL -TEST

METHOD

CONTROL GROUP

METHOD

ROTATIONAL METHOD

LIMITATIONS OF EXPERIMENTAL METHOD

EXPERIMENTS ARE CONDUCTED IN ARTIFICIAL SITUATIONS AND HENCE

MAY NOT LEAD TO TRUE CONCLUSION

IT IS LENGTHY AND TIME CONSUMING

IT IS COSTLY

SOMETIMES WE MAY NOT BE ABLE TO DO EXPERIMENTS IF THE

SUBJECTS ARE UNCOOPERATIVE

NEED EXPERTS

CASE STUDY METHODTHE CASE STUDY METHOD IS THAT METHOD OF

BEHAVIOUR INVESTIGATION IN WHICH WE TRY TO STUDY

THE BEHAVIOUR OF AN INDIVIDUAL IN ALL THE ESSENTIAL

ASPECTS BY ANALYSING THE PAST RECORD, PRESENT

POSITION AND FUTURE POSSIBLITIES REGARDING HIS FELT

PROBLEM OR OTHERWISE GUIDANCE FUNCTIONS.

PURPOSE OR OBJECTIVES OF THE CASE STUDY

DIGANOSIS AND TREATMENT OF THE BEHAVIOURAL PROBLEMS

TO PROVIDE BETTER GUIDANCE AND COUNSELLING

TO FIND THE SOLUTION OF THE PROBLEM

MERITS OF CASE STUDY

IT PROVIDES QUITE A DEEP, INTENSIVE AND OVERALL

INVESTIGATION OF THE BEHAVIOUR OF THE INDIVIDUAL IN

RELATION TO HIS PAST AND THE PRESENT.

CASE SUDY CAN PLAY AN EFFECTIVE ROLE IN THE PROPER

IDENTIFICATION, ADJUSTMENT AND REHABILITATION OF THE

PROBLEM CHILDREN.

IN CASE STUDY THE SCOPE AND RANGE OF STUDY IS QUITE WIDE

AND COMPREHENSIVE

CASE STUDY PROVIDE AN OPPORTUNITY FOR COLLECTING DATA

ON PERSONAL BASIS, BY SEEKING PERSONAL INTERVIEW, GOING

CLOSE TO THE ORIGINAL SOURCE OF INFORMATION etc.

DEMERITS OF THE CASE STUDY

THE CASE STUDY WORK IS QUITE A TECHNICAL AND PROFESSIONAL WORK.

THERE IS NEED OF SPECIALLY TRAINED TEACHER OR PROFESSIONAL FOR CARRYING OUT

CASE STUDY

THE FIELD OF APPLICATION OF CASE STUDY IS QUITE NARROW AND LIMITED

THERE IS NO GUARANTEE FOR THE OBJECTIVITY, RELIABILITY AND VALIDITY OF THE

INFORMATION OR DATA COLLECTED FROM THE VARIETY OF SOURCES FOR THE ANALYSIS

AND INVESTIGATION OF THE BEHAVIOUR OF THE SUBJECT

THANKYOU