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Metallogeny and related tectonic settings in China
Franco Pirajno
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Chen Huayong, Chen Yanjing, Cheng Yanbo, Han Yigui, Li Nuo, Mao Jingwen,
Wang Yitian, Xiao Long, Xiao Wenjiao, Zhang Lianchang, Zhang Shihong,
Zhou Meifu, Zhou Taofa, Yang Fuquan, Yuan Shunda
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Tectonic domains of China CAOB Central Asian orogenic belt; TM Tarim Block; NCC North China Craton; YC Yangtze Craton; CC Cathaysia Craton; CCO Central China orogens; SGO Songpan-Ganze orogeny; AHO Alpine-Himalayn Orogens; TLF Tan-lu Fault
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Distribution of selected Au deposits (jin kuang) in China
Modified after Zhang R et al. 2014 OGR
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Distribution of Ni-Cu deposits In China
Top: modified after Lightfoot and Evans-Lamswood, 2015, OGR Bottom: modified after Lü et al. 2011, OGR; Su and Lesher, 2012.Mineralium Deposita
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Polymetallic skarns in China
After Chen YJ et al. 2007, OGR
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Distribution of Cenozoic mineral deposits in the Tibetan strike-slip faults (Hou and Cook, 2009, OGR v. 36)
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Geodynamic, magmatic evolution and related porphyry metallogenesis in the Tibetan orogen; (Hou and Cook, 2009, OGR, v.36)
A) collision, thrusting, crustal shortening anatexis, Au lodes, porphyry systems , Sn-W
B) Late collision, strike-slip faulting, orogenic lodes, carbonatites, K-rich intrusives, migration of basin brines form sediment-hosted BM deposits
C) Post-collisional regime, delamination, extension, porphyry Cu-Mo, S-granites with Sn-W, etc.
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Simplified geology of the Bayan Obo area and distribution of ore zones (coloured)
After Fan et al. 2004
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12
After Chen Zhanheng, 2011 Journal of Rare Earths, v. 29(1)
Global REE resources, 2010
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Bayan Obo, under the microscope
Bastanaesite = Ce, F, CO2
1 mm
Cancrinite = Na, Ca, Al, Si, CO2, REE
Fluorite and magnetite rich
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Evolution of the Bayan Obo rift, between Ca. 1800 and 1000 Ma, on the margin of the North China Craton (Drew et al., 1990)
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Jiaodong gold province
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Wen et al., 2014, OGR
Two deposit styles: Dongfeng = disseminations and sulphide stockworks Linglong (shown here) = auriferous Qtz veins
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Goldfarb and Santosh, 2013, GSF
Geotectonic model for the structurally controlled Jiaodong province
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After Mao JW et al. 2011, OGR
Distribution of porphyry Mo deposits in the Qinling orogenic belt
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After Li N et al., 2012 Mineralium Deposita
A) Tectonic domains of China; B) Qinling orogenic belt C) Distribution of porphyry Mo deposits in the east Qinling
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The East Qinling orogenic metallogenic province
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Shanggong and Tieluping deposits
A A B
B C C
A = brittle; epizone B = brittle-ductile; mesozone C = ductile, hypozone
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From Mao JW et al., 2011, OGR,
The Middle-Lower Yangtze River Valley metallogenic belt
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From Mao JW et al., 2011, OGR
Range of porphyry, skarns and magnetite-apatite deposits in the Lower-Middle- Yangtze River belt
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THE GEJIU MINERAL DISTRICT;
Yunnan Province, China, Greisen-skarn Sn-polymetallic
Ore systems
After Cheng YB et al. 2012, 2013 in Ore Geology Reviews and Pirajno, 2009
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Regional geological setting of Gejiu Sn-Cu district; Yunnan Province, SW China;
Idealised X-section; showing Mineral systems;
After Cheng YB
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个旧地区成矿作用模型
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South China Fold Belt Pirajno and Bagas, 2002, OGR, v. 20
Au–Ag (>200 occurrences) Circular structure Fault / fracture
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Aspects of epithermal veins at Zhilingtou, Zhejiang province, China
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South China Fold Belt
FELSITE
CRATER FILL HOT SPRING Au
Porphyry Stockworks Mo-Cu, W, Sn
Peripheral Vein System Au-Ag, Pb-Zn, Cu-Pb-Ag-Zn
HOT SPRING Au
e. g. Zijinshan, >50 t reserves e. g. Zhilingtou, ca 15 t reserves
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~250 Ma
~290 Ma
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Cu-Ni sulfide deposits in North Xinjiang
Chusi Li et al., 2012
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Eastern Tianshan (Gobi); one of the Huangshan Permian mafic-ultramafic intrusions
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Ni-Cu-PGE; Fe-Ti-V
Polymetallic systems Porphyry; LS epithermal Au, Kimberlites, carbonatites
Ni-Cu
Translithopheric Strike-slip
Lamprophyre Dykes
Alkaline intrusions, A-type
Zoned Mafic-um intrusions
Traps, sills Layered complexes
Mantle Plume
Crust & mantle lithosphere
Fertile lithosphere, variably metasomatised
Metallogenic trend = ~ 1000-2000 km
LIP
Pirajno, 2010, J Geodynamics
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Pirajno et al. 2011. GSF
e. g. Saw: Sawuyardun orogenic cluster, 300 t resource e. g. 19: Axi LS epithermal, >70 t resource
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Rift zones in West Siberian Basin and exposed faults with Late Permian – Early Triassic strike-slip motion; (slides courtesy of Hugo de Boorder)
60 80 E
70
40
Allen et al., 2006
60 80 E
Magmatic arcs and Trans-Eurasian Fault in western Altaids
Yakubchuk et al., 2005
Irtysh = TEF?
TEF
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Fuyung Ft
Width of Irtysh Shear Zone = hot strike-slip
90 E
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T u r f a n – H a m i B a s i n
F3
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Kanggur shear zone; Pirajno, unpublished field mapping, 2005
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Pirajno, 2010, J Geodynamics
Anorogenic (intrusion-related) Modified orogenic
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The eastern China “Yanshanian tectono-thermal affair”:
“”Made-in-China” porphyry-skarn deposits: Cratonic margins, lithospheric weak zones, Asthenopheric mantle upwelling Fluorite common, generally hotter fluids, less hydrous alteration assemblages
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Convergent settings of China’s tectonic domains during the Yanshanian (~208-90 Ma; modified after Zhou et al., 2002); shaded areas represent major lithospheric and crustal breaks within which Yanshanian (Jurassic-Cretaceous) metallogeny in China is manifested
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Distribution of granitoids
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A) sequential delamination and slab breakoff of the Palaeopacific plate, due to inboard obstruction from colliding pates and closure of the Mongol-Okhotsk Ocean; the delamination progresses eastward as does the resulting magmatism;
B) Map showing the spatial and temporal trends of peak magmatism in NE Asia After Wang et al. 2006 and
http://www.largeigneousprovinces/org
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After Griffin et al., 1998, Am Geophys Union 100
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A two-stage model, applicable to the Yan-Liao, Xilamulun, Qinling and Middle-Lower Yangtze River Valley; A) >135 Ma, dehydration of a flat
subduction slab from the Izanagi plate, resulting in partial melting of metasomatized SCLM and convecting circulation processes above the 410 km discontinuity, with partial melting of the lower crust, asthenospheric mantle impinges the slab at the 610 km discontinuity;
B) <135 Ma asthenospheric mantle upwelling breaks through the stagnant slab, rise of mafic melts and mafic underplating of the crust, partial melting of the upper crust and formation of intracontinental rift basins
Pirajno and Zhou TF, 2015, Economic Geology
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The Cretaceous Pacific superplume event, which created giant oceanic plateaux and submarine volcanoes, may have generated a strong far-field push towards the east Asian continental margin, resulting in subduction of the Izanagi plate and causing rifting and magmatism accompanied by a variety of mineral systems, including lode, intrusion-related, epithermal and Carlin-style gold
Pirajno F and Zhou TF, 2015, Econ Geol
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Franco Pirajno Geological Survey of Western Australia;
University of Western Australia
Thank you for your attention
谢谢 多謝諸位!