Metallogeny and related tectonic settings in China

Franco Pirajno

Chen Huayong, Chen Yanjing, Cheng Yanbo, Han Yigui, Li Nuo, Mao Jingwen,

Wang Yitian, Xiao Long, Xiao Wenjiao, Zhang Lianchang, Zhang Shihong,

Zhou Meifu, Zhou Taofa, Yang Fuquan, Yuan Shunda

Tectonic domains of China CAOB Central Asian orogenic belt; TM Tarim Block; NCC North China Craton; YC Yangtze Craton; CC Cathaysia Craton; CCO Central China orogens; SGO Songpan-Ganze orogeny; AHO Alpine-Himalayn Orogens; TLF Tan-lu Fault

Distribution of selected Au deposits (jin kuang) in China

Modified after Zhang R et al. 2014 OGR

Distribution of Ni-Cu deposits In China

Top: modified after Lightfoot and Evans-Lamswood, 2015, OGR Bottom: modified after Lü et al. 2011, OGR; Su and Lesher, 2012.Mineralium Deposita

Polymetallic skarns in China

After Chen YJ et al. 2007, OGR

Distribution of Cenozoic mineral deposits in the Tibetan strike-slip faults (Hou and Cook, 2009, OGR v. 36)

Geodynamic, magmatic evolution and related porphyry metallogenesis in the Tibetan orogen; (Hou and Cook, 2009, OGR, v.36)

A) collision, thrusting, crustal shortening anatexis, Au lodes, porphyry systems , Sn-W

B) Late collision, strike-slip faulting, orogenic lodes, carbonatites, K-rich intrusives, migration of basin brines form sediment-hosted BM deposits

C) Post-collisional regime, delamination, extension, porphyry Cu-Mo, S-granites with Sn-W, etc.

Simplified geology of the Bayan Obo area and distribution of ore zones (coloured)

After Fan et al. 2004

12

After Chen Zhanheng, 2011 Journal of Rare Earths, v. 29(1)

Global REE resources, 2010

Bayan Obo, under the microscope

Bastanaesite = Ce, F, CO2

1 mm

Cancrinite = Na, Ca, Al, Si, CO2, REE

Fluorite and magnetite rich

Evolution of the Bayan Obo rift, between Ca. 1800 and 1000 Ma, on the margin of the North China Craton (Drew et al., 1990)

Jiaodong gold province

Wen et al., 2014, OGR

Two deposit styles: Dongfeng = disseminations and sulphide stockworks Linglong (shown here) = auriferous Qtz veins

Goldfarb and Santosh, 2013, GSF

Geotectonic model for the structurally controlled Jiaodong province

After Mao JW et al. 2011, OGR

Distribution of porphyry Mo deposits in the Qinling orogenic belt

After Li N et al., 2012 Mineralium Deposita

A) Tectonic domains of China; B) Qinling orogenic belt C) Distribution of porphyry Mo deposits in the east Qinling

The East Qinling orogenic metallogenic province

Shanggong and Tieluping deposits

A A B

B C C

A = brittle; epizone B = brittle-ductile; mesozone C = ductile, hypozone

From Mao JW et al., 2011, OGR,

The Middle-Lower Yangtze River Valley metallogenic belt

From Mao JW et al., 2011, OGR

Range of porphyry, skarns and magnetite-apatite deposits in the Lower-Middle- Yangtze River belt

THE GEJIU MINERAL DISTRICT;

Yunnan Province, China, Greisen-skarn Sn-polymetallic

Ore systems

After Cheng YB et al. 2012, 2013 in Ore Geology Reviews and Pirajno, 2009

Regional geological setting of Gejiu Sn-Cu district; Yunnan Province, SW China;

Idealised X-section; showing Mineral systems;

After Cheng YB

个旧地区成矿作用模型

South China Fold Belt Pirajno and Bagas, 2002, OGR, v. 20

Au–Ag (>200 occurrences) Circular structure Fault / fracture

Aspects of epithermal veins at Zhilingtou, Zhejiang province, China

South China Fold Belt

FELSITE

CRATER FILL HOT SPRING Au

Porphyry Stockworks Mo-Cu, W, Sn

Peripheral Vein System Au-Ag, Pb-Zn, Cu-Pb-Ag-Zn

HOT SPRING Au

e. g. Zijinshan, >50 t reserves e. g. Zhilingtou, ca 15 t reserves

~250 Ma

~290 Ma

Cu-Ni sulfide deposits in North Xinjiang

Chusi Li et al., 2012

Eastern Tianshan (Gobi); one of the Huangshan Permian mafic-ultramafic intrusions

Ni-Cu-PGE; Fe-Ti-V

Polymetallic systems Porphyry; LS epithermal Au, Kimberlites, carbonatites

Ni-Cu

Translithopheric Strike-slip

Lamprophyre Dykes

Alkaline intrusions, A-type

Zoned Mafic-um intrusions

Traps, sills Layered complexes

Mantle Plume

Crust & mantle lithosphere

Fertile lithosphere, variably metasomatised

Metallogenic trend = ~ 1000-2000 km

LIP

Pirajno, 2010, J Geodynamics

Pirajno et al. 2011. GSF

e. g. Saw: Sawuyardun orogenic cluster, 300 t resource e. g. 19: Axi LS epithermal, >70 t resource

Rift zones in West Siberian Basin and exposed faults with Late Permian – Early Triassic strike-slip motion; (slides courtesy of Hugo de Boorder)

60 80 E

70

40

Allen et al., 2006

60 80 E

Magmatic arcs and Trans-Eurasian Fault in western Altaids

Yakubchuk et al., 2005

Irtysh = TEF?

TEF

Fuyung Ft

Width of Irtysh Shear Zone = hot strike-slip

90 E

T u r f a n – H a m i B a s i n

F3

Kanggur shear zone; Pirajno, unpublished field mapping, 2005

Pirajno, 2010, J Geodynamics

Anorogenic (intrusion-related) Modified orogenic

The eastern China “Yanshanian tectono-thermal affair”:

“”Made-in-China” porphyry-skarn deposits: Cratonic margins, lithospheric weak zones, Asthenopheric mantle upwelling Fluorite common, generally hotter fluids, less hydrous alteration assemblages

Convergent settings of China’s tectonic domains during the Yanshanian (~208-90 Ma; modified after Zhou et al., 2002); shaded areas represent major lithospheric and crustal breaks within which Yanshanian (Jurassic-Cretaceous) metallogeny in China is manifested

Distribution of granitoids

A) sequential delamination and slab breakoff of the Palaeopacific plate, due to inboard obstruction from colliding pates and closure of the Mongol-Okhotsk Ocean; the delamination progresses eastward as does the resulting magmatism;

B) Map showing the spatial and temporal trends of peak magmatism in NE Asia After Wang et al. 2006 and

http://www.largeigneousprovinces/org

After Griffin et al., 1998, Am Geophys Union 100

A two-stage model, applicable to the Yan-Liao, Xilamulun, Qinling and Middle-Lower Yangtze River Valley; A) >135 Ma, dehydration of a flat

subduction slab from the Izanagi plate, resulting in partial melting of metasomatized SCLM and convecting circulation processes above the 410 km discontinuity, with partial melting of the lower crust, asthenospheric mantle impinges the slab at the 610 km discontinuity;

B) <135 Ma asthenospheric mantle upwelling breaks through the stagnant slab, rise of mafic melts and mafic underplating of the crust, partial melting of the upper crust and formation of intracontinental rift basins

Pirajno and Zhou TF, 2015, Economic Geology

The Cretaceous Pacific superplume event, which created giant oceanic plateaux and submarine volcanoes, may have generated a strong far-field push towards the east Asian continental margin, resulting in subduction of the Izanagi plate and causing rifting and magmatism accompanied by a variety of mineral systems, including lode, intrusion-related, epithermal and Carlin-style gold

Pirajno F and Zhou TF, 2015, Econ Geol

Franco Pirajno Geological Survey of Western Australia;

University of Western Australia

Thank you for your attention

谢谢 多謝諸位!