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Macromolecules
Keefe Bio 2015
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Biochemistry
• The study of all chemical processes that occur in living things
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Organic Chemistry
• The study of all chemicals that contain CARBON
• Also usually contain the elements Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Oxygen, and Phosphorus
• CHNOP6
CCarbon12.011
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Carbon: What’s the big deal?
Carbon is important to life because:• It can form 4 strong covalent bonds• It can bind to itself and form LIMITLESS chains• It can form single, double, or triple bonds with
another atom
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Hydrocarbons
• Contain CARBON and HYDROGEN–Highly flammable
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Methane Acetylene Butadiene Benzene Isooctane
Examples
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Hydrocarbons
Hydrocarbon + O2 CO2 + H2O + heat
Reactant(s): ‘ingredient(s)’ of a chemical reactionProduct(s): produced by a reaction
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Hydrocarbons
• Hydrocarbon + O2 CO2 + H2O + heatWhat are the reactants of the reaction above?
Hydrocarbon + O2
What are the products of the reaction above? CO2 + H2O + heat
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Macromolecules
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Monomer
• The small, relatively simple building blocks of macromolecules
• from Greek mono "one" and meros "part”
Like the pearls on this necklace
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Monomers
• You join monomers together to form polymers via DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS:
• “de”= DELETE• “hydro”= WATER• So you DELETE WATER to form polymers!
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Monomer
–What are the monomers of proteins?•Amino acids•Contain C, H, O, and N
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Monomer
• There are 20 amino acids used by the human body!
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Monomer
–What are the monomers of carbohydrates?• Sugars• Contain C, H, and O
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Monomers
• Sugars are also called MONOSACCARIDES
• Mono= ONE• Saccharide= SUGAR
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Monomer
• What’s the sugar made in photosynthesis?–glucose
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Dimers
• Two sugars bonded together is called a DISACCARIDE
• Di= TWO• Saccharide= SUGAR
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Monomer
–What are the monomers of nucleic acids?• Nucleotides
(draw!)• Contain C, H, O,
N, and P
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Monomer
• There are 5 different nucleotides:–Thymine (found ONLY in DNA)–Uracil (found ONLY in RNA)–Adenine–Guanine–Cytosine
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Monomer
–What are the monomers of fats and lipids?• Glycerol and fatty acids (draw!)
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Monomer
• Example of lipids?–Phospholipid
bilayer! (major component of cell membranes)
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Macromolecules
• MACRO= LARGE• There are 4 macromolecules we
study:–Proteins–Carbohydrates–Nucleic acids–Lipids and fats
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MacromoleculesMacromolecule Example Function
Carbohydrates Sugar1. Short-term energy2. Structure
Lipids Vegetable Oil
1. Long-term energy storage2. Protection/ Insulation3. Structure4. Chemical Messengers
Proteins Beef
1. Structure2. Regulate cell processes andchemical reactions3. Transport
Nucleic Acids DNA 1. Store and transmit genetic information
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Polymer
• Long, relatively complex chains called macromolecules
• Poly “many" and meros "part”
Like the whole necklace
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Polymer
• You break polymers apart to form monomers via HYDROLYSIS:
• “Hydro”= Water• “lysis”= to break• So you ADD WATER to form
monomers
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Polymer
–What are the polymers of amino acids?• proteins
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Polymers
• We call the bonds between amino acids PEPTIDE BONDS
• Another word for proteins is POLYPEPTIDES
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Polymer
• Important classes of proteins include:– Hormones (for communicating between
cells in an organism)– Enzymes (speed up reactions)
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Polymer
• What are the polymers of sugars?– CARBOHYDRATES
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Polymer
• Another word for carbohydrates is POLYSACCHARIDE
• Poly= many• Saccharide= sugar
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Polymers
• Important carbohydrates include:– Cellulose: give structure and support to
plants (plant cell walls are made of cellulose!)
– Starch (food storage for plants- found in things like potatoes)
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Polymer
• What are the polymers of nucleotides?–Nucleic acids! (DNA
and RNA)
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Polymer
• What are the polymers of glycerol and fatty acids?–Fats and lipids
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Polymers
• Important fats include:– Cholesterol– Vegetable oils and butter (mmmmmmm
butter)
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POP QUIZ!
• What are the monomers of PROTEINS?– Amino acids
• What are the monomers of CARBOHYDRATES?– sugars
• What are the monomers of NUCLEIC ACIDS?– nucleotides
• What are the monomers of LIPIDS?– Fatty acids and glycerol
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Enzymes
• Usually end in –ase• Are biological CATALYSTS
–A substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction
–Made of proteins
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Enzymes• They speed up the rate of chemical reactions
by lowering the ACTIVATION ENERGY– The amount of energy needed to get a reaction
started– Label the chart
Reaction pathwaywithout enzyme Activation energy
without enzyme
Activationenergywith enzymeReaction pathway
with enzyme
Reactants
Products
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Reaction pathwaywithout enzyme Activation energy
without enzyme
Activationenergywith enzymeReaction pathway
with enzyme
Reactants
Products
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Enzymes
• Enzymes bind to a substance called a substrate (reactants).–Enzymes have an active site.–The active site is the groove
(space) where the substrate will fit.
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Enzymes
• Draw and label the diagram:
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Enzymes
• The idea that the enzyme and the substrate fit together perfectly:– Lock-and-key hypothesis
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Enzymes
• The current hypothesis is the induced fit hypothesis: an enzyme can slightly change its shape to better mold around a substrate.
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S7aiqJW2xoc&feature=related
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Enzymes
• Enzymes work best at a pH between 6 and 8 (close to neutral).
• Going above or beyond this range will cause enzymes to denature (cook!) and lose their function.
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Enzymes
• The optimum (best) temperature for enzymes is between 35oC and 40oC (around human body temperature).
• Above this temperature, enzymes denature or lose their shape.
• Below this temperature, enzymes are too cold to work
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Examples of EnzymesEnzyme Function
1. Maltase Breaks down maltose
2. Sucrase Breaks down sucrose (table sugar)
3. Lactase Breaks down lactose
4. Pepsin (stomach) Breaks down proteins
5. Bromalin (fruits) Breaks down proteins
6. Peroxidase Breaks down peroxide