biochemistry 4 macromolecules of life. definitions monomer – greek meaning “1 part”. building...
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Definitions
Monomer – Greek meaning “1 part”. Building block/subunit of a polymer
Polymer – A chemical compound made up of many monomers
Macromolecule – A long chain of molecules with similar repeating patterns within subunits
Proteins
Proteins
Macromolecule containing C, N, O & H
Used for growth & repair
A polymer of amino acids
Enzymes
Enzymes - Proteins that act as a biological catalyst
Speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction
Facilitates the bond between an amino acids in a protein
Amino Acids – Building Blocks of Proteins
Amino Acids will always have a carboxylic acid and an amine functional group.
4 Levels of Protein Structure
Primary Structure – the order of amino acids
Secondary Structure – Alpha Helix, Beta Sheets
Tertiary Structure – 3-dimensional structure
Quaternary Structure – 2 or more peptide chains
Carbohydrates
CarbohydratesCompound made up of C, O & HMajor source of energy in the human bodyIncludes simple sugars & complex starches
Monosaccharide – Single Sugar MoleculeDisaccharide – 2 Sugar Molecules linked
together
Carbohydrate Molecules
Carbohydrate MoleculesMonosaccharide – Single Sugar MoleculeDisaccharide – 2 Sugar Molecules linked
togetherPolysaccharides – Many sugars linked
(polymer)Starch – glucose converted by plants for energyGlycogen – converted glucose stored by
humans for energyCellulose – converted glucose utilized by plants
to form structural
Nucleic Acids
DNA – double stranded nucleic acid containing the sugar dexoyribose
RNA – single stranded nucleic acid containing the sugar ribose
Nucleic Acids
Nucleotides – repeating monomers of nucleic acids that create DNA & RNA
Consist of a sugar, a phosphate and a nitrogenous base
Sugars in nucleic acids are ribose or deoxyribose – pentose rings
Nucleotide Bases
2 types of nucleotide basesPyrimidinesPurines
Pyrimidines – Single ring structure
Purines – Double ring structure
DNA & RNA Bonding
DNAG & C form 3 Hydrogen bondsT & A Form 2 Hydrogen bonds
RNAG & C form 3 Hydrogen bondsU & A Form 2 Hydrogen bonds
Lipids
Water insolubleFats
solid at room temperaturesaturated fatty acid molecules
Oilsliquid at room temperatureunsaturated fatty acid molecules
Vitamin A
Vitamin Avision, cell differentiation, bone growth, immune
system, white blood cells, membranes, liningswhole eggs, milk, liverfat-free milk breakfast cereals - fortifieddarkly colored fruits and vegetables, margarine,
carrots, cantaloupes, sweet potatoes, and spinach
Vitamin A from animals is better absorbed than from plants
Vitamin D
Vitamin DBlood calcium & phosphorus levels, cell
differentiation, bone mineralization, cell growthSunshine, fortified milk, liver, fish, eggs
Vitamin E
Vitamin EPrevents free radicals, immune system, DNA
repair, healing woundsVegetable oils, nuts, green leafy vegetables,
and fortified cereals