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American Literary
Timeline
Colonial Period
Age of Reason
Romanticism
Transcendentalism
Anti-Transcendentalism
Realism
Naturalism
Regionalism
Modernism
Contemporary
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Colonial Period
Early America-1776Tis period !as at te "ery #eginnings of
America and it made !ay for te rest of te countries
literature$ %n te first stages of America tere !ere !riters&
suc as Tomas 'ariot& !o !rote A (rief and True
Report of te Ne!-)ound Land of *irginia in 1+,, in!ic e descri#ed .Te Americas/ in !ords and picture$
Te #oo0 !as uic0ly translated into Latin& )renc& and
2erman it !as a !indo! for te 3ld 4orld to see an
em#ellised "ersion of te Ne! 4orld$
3ters tat dominated tis era !ere te Puritans
!ose definition of good !riting !as !riting tat #rougt
ome a full a!areness of te importance of !orsipping
2od and of te spiritual dangers tat te soul faced on
Eart& and te literature tat !as produced #y te Puritans
reflected tis$
Autors
of te
ColonialPeriod
Edward Taylor
John Woolman
Anne Bradstreet
William Bradford
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Age of Reason
Late 1775s to Early 1,55sTis period !as a time !en autors !ere
focused more on teir o!n reasoning rater tan
simply ta0ing !at te curc taugt as fact$
uring tis period tere !as also culti"ation of
patriotism$ Te main medium during tat period
!ere political pamplets& essays& tra"el !ritings&
speeces& and documents$
Also during tis period many reforms !ere
eiter made or reuested& for instance during tis
time teDeclaration of Independence!as !ritten$
Autors
of te
Age ofReason
Abigail Adams
Benjamin Franklin
Thomas Jefferson
Thomas Paine
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Romanticism
1,55-1,+5After the Age of Reason came to an end,
the people of America were tired of reality; they
wanted to see life as more than it was. This was the
Era of Romantics. The main medium that presented
itself at that time were short stories, poems, andnovels. During this era, as appose to the Age of
Reason the imagination dominated; intuition ruled
over fact, and there was a large emphasis on the
individualcommon man, and on nature or the natural
world.
!othic literature was also introduced at this
time, which is a su"#genre of Romanticism, this genre
included stories a"out characters that had "oth good
and evil traits. !othic literature also incorporated to
use of supernatural elements.
Autors of
te
Romanticism
Washington Irving
Nathaniel awthorne
Edgar Allen Poe
erman !elville
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Transcendentalism
1,5-1,++
Tis mo"ement pused America from te
ela#orate and fantasy li0e !ritings displayed in te
period Romanticism& into a period of literature tat
stressed indi"idualism& and mature and self-reliance$
3ften Transcendentalists used nature to gain
0no!ledge or to return to a life of self-reliance and
indi"idulaism$ %t also stressed te fundamental idea
of a unity #et!een 2od and te !orld& tat eac
person !as a microcosm for te !orld$
8nli0e many European groups& te
Transcendentalists ne"er issued a manifesto$ Tey
insisted on te differences in eac indi"idual$
Autors of te
Transcendentalism"al#h Waldo Emerson
enry $avid Thorea%
Walt Whitman
&'arah( !argaret F%ller
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Anti-Transcendentalism
1,5-1,++uring te same time period !en
Transcendentalism !as ta0ing place& it9s opposite&
Anti-Transcendentalism& !as also appening$ Asoppose to Transcendentalism& !ic focused on te
natural !orld and its relationsip to umanity& and
te uest for understanding of te uman spirit$
Anti- Transcendentalism focused on te limitations
of man0ind& and its potential destructi"eness of te
uman spirit$ )or instance& !ater #rings life& #utit9s e:cess& i$e$ a flood& can #ring deat and
destruction$ ;Notice o! tey sometimes use
nature in teir !ritings to reflect !at goes in !it
umans$ E:ample< =carlet Letter and te forest >
reflect Pearl9s !ild nature only place 'ester and
immesdale can #e free& etc$?
Autors of te
Anti-Transcendentalismerman !elville
Nathaniel awthorne
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Realism
1,6+-1@1+This literary movement too$ place during
the %ivil &ar; at a time when a war was ta$ing place
people were tired of Transcendentalism and Anti#Transcendentalism, for one thing they were "oth
e'tremes of the same spectrum, one was nice and
happy, and frilly; the other was dar$ and
destructive. (eople wanted to see things how they
were, so Realism came a"out.
Realism also came a"out as a reaction toRomanticism, in which there were heroic characters,
and adventures, with strange and unfamiliar settings.
)n response Realism authors tried to write truthfully
and o"*ectively a"out ordinary characters in ordinary
situations.
Autors of te
Realism!ark Twain &'am%el )lemens(
Bret arte
'arah *rne Jewett
James enry
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Naturalism
1,6+-1@1+Te Naturalism literary mo"ement tat too0
place in te late nineteent and early t!entiet century&
tended to "ie! people as apless "ictims of immuta#le
natural la!s$ Naturalism is closely related to Realism
only it usually "ie!s te !orld in a dar0er perspecti"e$
%n Naturalism it is !idely so!n tat free !ill is an
illusion tat tings tat appen in te uni"erse& appen
and could not appen any oter !ay$
Also a defining caracteristic of Naturalism istat it9s caracters li"es are saped #y forces tey cannot
control$
Autors of te
Naturalism'te#hen )rane
Ja+k ,ondon
Theodore $reiser
Frank Norris
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Regionalism
1,6+-1@1+
Regionalism was a literary movement in
which authors would write a story a"out specific
geographical areas. +y writing a"out regions the
authors e'plore the culture of that area; includingits languages, customs, "eliefs, and history.
&riter in this time tried, not only, to
show the region they wrote a"out to their readers,
"ut they also made an attempt at a sophisticated
sociological or anthropological treatment of the
culture of the region.
Autors of te
RegionalismWilla )ather
William Fa%lkner
-ate )ho#in
Frank Norris
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Modernism
1@1+-1@6Tis type of !riting is one of te most
e:perimental types$ Modernist autorsused of
fragments& stream of consciousness& and interior
dialogue$ Te main ting tat autors !eretrying to acie"e !it Modernism !as a uniue
style& one tat tey could stand out for& and #e
0no!n for$
uring tis period Tecnology !as
ta0ing incredi#le leaps and t!o 4orld 4ars too0
place& tere !as destruction of a glo#al scale$
Te younger generation #egan to ta0e o"er te
main stage$
Autors of te
ModernismErnest emingway
F. '+ott Fit/gerald
John 'teinbe+k
"obert Frost
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ContemporaryContemporary
1@6-present1@6-present%n te years since te Modernism period&
American autors a"e #egun to !rite from a
pletora of genres$ Americans a"e realied tat te#est !ay to go is a"e many autors !riting !at
e"er it is tey are #est at$ Tat9s e:actly !at as
appened& tere are more different types of !riting
#eing done at one time tan at any oter period in
istory )antasy& fiction& science fiction& orror&
Political !ritings& romantics& plays& and poems&anyting and e"eryting$
Autors of te
ContemporaryJ. $. 'alinger
'te#hen -ing
Joy+e )arol *ates
"obert Jordan
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Benjamin Franklin;1756-17@5?
B )ran0lin is !ell 0no!n!orld!ide for isdisco"eries in te !orld of
science and also for !or0stat e contri#uted to& sucas the Declaration of
Independence& and isteories on electricity$ 'is!or0s !ere all ne! ideastings people ne"er tougtof #efore #ecause teyal!ays too0 !at tey got asfact$
Age of Reason
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Thomas Jefferson;17-1,D6?
B efferson is #ets 0no! for!riting teDeclaration of
Independence& te
document came a#out as aresponse to tese times&
people !ere tin0ing fortemsel"es& and one of temaFor ting te Americans
disco"ered !as tat teydidn9t need England$ =oefferson !rote te of %to formally state tat$
Age of Reason
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Thomas Paine;177-1,5@?
B Paine !rote mostlypamplets tat !ould spurideas and immediate
action$ %n te documentGTe American Crisis&GPaine !rote a#out teoppression tat Americasuffered from (ritain& and
propelled America into a!ar !it (ritain$ Paine&to tis day& is !ell 0no!nfor is propaganda$
Age of Reason
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Washington Irving;17,@-1,+1?
B %r"ing !as te first
.famous/ American
autor e9s also 0no!n as
te .)ater of AmericanLiterature$/ 'e !rote
tra"el #oo0s& sort stories&
and satires$ =ome of is
!or0s include Legend of=leepy 'ollo!& Rip *an
4in0le& and e"il and
Tom 4al0er$
Romanticism
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Edgar Allen Poe;1,5@-1,@?
B Poe ad a #ad cildood tatmade im despise te !orld&and is !or0s reflected is!or0$ 'e is credited forcreating te modern sortstory& and te detecti"e story$'e also callenged t!o long-standing teories& one& a poemad to #e long& and t!o& a
poem ad to teac yousometing$ =ome of is !or0sinclude& GTe Ra"enG& G(ellsG&
GAnna#el LeeG& and Gream$G
Romanticism
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erman !elville;1,1@-1,@1?
B %n is time Mel"ille!as not entirelyrecognied& o!e"er&in te more recentyears e as #eenconsidered one of temost top rated no"elistof all time$ 'e is most!ell 0no!n for isepic no"el Mo#y ic0$
Romanticism Anti-Transcendentalism
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"al#h Waldo Emerson
;1,5-1,,D?B Emerson ad a strong
sense of a religious
mission toug e !as
accused of su#"ertingCristianity$ 'e left te
curc saying& .to #e a
good minister& it !as
necessary to lea"e tecurc$/ =ome of is
mayor !or0s include
Nature& pu#lised in 1,6$
Transcendentalism
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Walt Whitman;1,1@-1,@D?
B 4iteman !as #orn on Long%sland& and !as& for most of is
Fo# life& a carpenter e !as aman of te people$ Most of is
learning career !as done on iso!n& after e left scool te ageof ele"en$ 'is maFor !or0 !asentitled 'is Lea"es of 2rass&
pu#lised in 1,++ o"er te yearse made many re!rites for tis
#oo0$ =ome of is famous poemsare& GCrossing (roo0lyn )erry&GG3ut of te Cradle EndlesslyRoc0ing&G and G4en Lilacs Lastin te ooryard (loomHd$G
Transcendentalism
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Nathaniel awthorne
;1,5-1,6?B 'a!torne !as a Puritan
!o utilied is !ritings
to e:press is dar0& and
gloomy outloo0 on life$=ome of is !or0s
include T!ice Told Tales&
pu#lised in 1,7 Te
=carlet Letter& pu#lised in1,+5 and Te 'ouse of
te =e"en 2a#les&
pu#lised in 1,+1$
Anti-Transcendentalism Romanticism
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!ark Twain &'am%el )lemens(
;1,+-1@15?B T!ain is 0no! #y many as
te greatest Americanumorist and one of our
greatest no"elists$ 'e !as0no!n for using "ernacular&e:aggeration& and deadpannarrator to create umor$T!ain !rote many greatno"els including& teAd"entures of Tom =a!yer&
pu#lised in 1,76 and TePrince and te Pauper&
pu#lised in 1,,1$
Realism
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James enry ;1,-1@16 ?
B 'is fater !as an importantteorist and lecturer& and isolder #roter !as a famousAmerican pilosoper& 4illiamames$ 'e attended 'ar"ardCollege$ 'is early storiesdepict te leisurely life of te!ell-to-do$ %n is time e!rote many sort stories
including .Te =ort =tory ofa Iear&/ pu#lised in 1,6+.2a#rielle de (ergerac&/pu#lised in 1,6@ and.2uestHs Confession$/
Realism
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'te#hen )rane;1,71-1@55?
B Crane9s !riting !as 0no!n forattac0ing patriotism&indi"idualism& and organiedreligion it also confronted te
meaninglessness of te !orld$'is !or0 !as also "ery !ell0no!n for its imagery andsym#olism$ Te !or0 e is mostfamous for Red (adge ofCourage& !ic !as set in te
Ci"il 4ar$ =ome of is oter!or0s include Te 3pen (oat&pu#lised in 1,@ .An Episodeof 4ar&/ originally pu#lised in1,@5$
Naturalism
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Ja+k ,ondon;1,76-1@16?
B London !as #orn in =an)rancisco& California e li"ed aard life& s!itcing from Fo# to
Fo# for !ate"er money e could
get& after is fater a#andonedim at a young age$ 'e is one ofte most igly acclaimed !ritersof all time is stories of life anddeat struggles are "i"id andengaging$ =ome of is !or0s
include Te Call of te 4ild&pu#lised in 1@5 4ite )ang&pu#lised in 1@56 .Lost )ace&/pu#lised in 1@15 and .TeNigt (orn&/ pu#lised in 1@1$
Naturalism
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Ernest emingway;1,@@-1@61?
B 'eming!ay !on a Puliter
Prie and No#le Peace Price for
Literature$ 'e used concise&
direct& spare& o#Fecti"e& precise&rytmic !riting styles to
create larger tan life eroes&
#ig game unters& etc$ =ome of
is !or0s include Te =un
Also Rises& pu#lised in 1@DD
A )are!ell To Arms pu#lised
in 1@D@ )or 4om te (ell
Tolls& pu#lised in 1@5$
Modernism
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F. '+ott Fit/gerald;1,@6-1@5?
B )itgerald !rote a#out tetimes$ %n is no"el Te 2reat2ats#y& pu#lised in 1@D+&
e !rote a#out te roaringt!enties& a time !en no onecared a#out te future andtey ad fun !it !at teyad ten$ =ome of is oter!or0s include Te =ide ofParadise& pu#lised in 1@D5and Te (eautiful and teamned& pu#lised in 1@DD$
Modernism
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John 'teinbe+k;1@5D-1@6,?
B =tein#ec0 !rote a#out te #otte pains and Foys of life$ Te2rapes of 4rait& pu#lised in1@@& is most !ell 0no!n !or0
told te story of families ring tosur"i"e and stay togeter duringte depression$ %n oter !or0sli0e Tortilla )lat& pu#lised in1@+& =tein#ec0 !rote a#out te
Foys of life$ =ome of is oter
!or0s include East of Eden&pu#lised in 1@+D 3f Mice andMen& pu#lised in 1@7 andTe Pearl& pu#lised in 1@7$
Modernism