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Complete report of Genetics & Evolution with the title is “ Making Medium
of Drosophilla Melanogaster ”, which made by :
name : Syaiful Bakhri
reg. no : 081 404 192
group : III
Have been checked and consulted by Assistant and Assistant Coordinator and
this report is accepted.
Makassar, november th, 2010
Assistant Coordinator,
SulfiantReg. No : 061404025
Assistant,
Surahman Nur Reg. No. :
Known by
Lecturer of Responsibility,
Ir. Halifa Pagarra, M.Reg No : 131459373
CHAPTER IINTRODUCTION
A. Background
In order to incorporate D. melanogaster in the classroom, it will be
necessary to maintain cultures of flies for manipulation in crosses and as a backup
for any mishaps which may occur. Culturing is very easy and it is recommended
to have students maintain their own cultures of flies. In that way, each student or
group would be directly responsible for the care and long-term maintenance of the
flies, including making large culture populations for their crosses.
The first step in preparing culture vials is adding food media. There are a
variety of types of food available for the flies; some require cooking and others
are bought already prepared and dehydrated. The latter can be purchased from a
biological supply company. This is, of course, much quicker and easier than
preparing cooked media, so much so that students can fill their own vials with
media.
A model organism is a non-human species that is extensively studied to
understand particular biological phenomena, with the expectation that discoveries
made in the organism model will provide insight into the workings of other
organisms. In particular, model organisms are widely used to explore potential
causes and treatments for human disease when human experimentation would be
unfeasible or considered less ethical. This strategy is made possible by the
common descent of all living organisms, and the conservation of metabolic and
developmental pathways and genetic material over the course of evolution.
Studying model organisms can be informative, but care must be taken when
generalizing from one organism to another.
B. Purpose
Intention of this execution practicum that is to know the way of making of
medium of fruit fly conservancy ( Drosophila Melanogaster).
C. Benefit Benefit from this execution practicum that is student can know the way of
making of medium of fruit fly conservancy ( Drosophila Melanogaster)
CHAPTER IIPREVIEW OF LITERATURE
According to Suryo ( 2008), since early this century, fly Drosophila of a lot of
used in research genetic, because this fly own a lot of advantage for example :
a. Easy to looked after at simple food media, at room temperature, and in
fairish milk bottle is
b. Having short life cycle ( only about two week) so that during one
obtainable year 25 generation
c. Having easy marking seks secondary differentiated. Female fly is big the
than masculine, tip of sharp-pointed abdomen and at abdomen of there are
athwart black lines. Smaller Masculine fly, tip of blunt abdomen of
blackish chromatic and at abdomen of there are a few/little athwart black
lines. Extremities ( foreleg) from masculine fly own the comb seks but
female fly do not own it
d. Only have 8 just just chromosome, so that easy to calculate.
The gene is the smallest biological unit of inheritance, and it is carried on a
chromosome. Hundreds and possibly thousand of genes are carried on each
chromosome, each in fixed or special position called a locus. The existence of a
particular gene can be determined genetically only because it exists in at least two
forms are called allelomorphs, and they usually affect a trait in contrasting manners.
Genes are so small that they cannot even be seen with the ordinary type of
microscope. Even if we could use a microscope powerful enough to enlarge the gene
image to visible size, we could not be certain what to look for. Nevertheless, scientist
have been able to learn quite a lot about the gene by using very special methods of
study, (john,1963)
In sexually reproducing species of animals and plants four important phases of
the life cycle can be identified: fertilization, mitosis, meiosis, and gamete formation.
The sequence of the four phases, varies, however, in different species. In the red
bread mold, neurospora crassa, meiosis immediately follows fertilization, so that the
zygote is ordinarily the diploid cell in the entire life cycle. Between these extremes a
wide range of possibilities exists, and diploid generations there has been a tendency
in higher plants and animals toward a predominance of the diploid phase of the the
life cycle, and a reduction in the duration of the diploid phase.. at this point it seems
desirable to review the life cycle of corn, Zea mays, and fruit fly, Drosophila
melanogaster, two species much used in genetics research, in order to relate meiosis
and mitosis to the life cycles of these species, representative of higher plant and
higher animal, (Norton,1975).
Drosophila melanogaster was among the first organisms used for genetic
analysis, and today it is one of the most widely used and genetically best-known of all
eukaryotic organisms. All organisms use common genetic systems; therefore,
comprehending processes such as transcription and replication in fruit flies helps in
understanding these processes in other eukaryotes, including humans.[13]Charles W.
Woodworth is credited with being the first to breed Drosophila in quantity and for
suggesting to W. E. Castle that they might be used for genetic research during his
time at Harvard University. But it was not until 1910 that Thomas Hunt Morgan
began using fruit flies in experimental studies of heredity at Columbia University.
Morgan's laboratory was located on the top floor of Schermerhorn Hall, which
became known as the Fly Room. The Fly Room was cramped with eight desks, each
occupied by students and their experiments. They started off experiments using milk
bottles to rear the fruit flies and handheld lenses for observing their traits. The lenses
were later replaced by microscopes, which enhanced their observations. The Fly
Room was the source of some of the most important research in the history of
biology. Morgan and his students eventually elucidated many basic principles of
heredity, including sex-linked inheritance, epistasis, multiple alleles, and gene
mapping.[13]"Thomas Hunt Morgan and colleagues extended Mendel's work by
describing X-linked inheritance and by showing that genes located on the same
chromosome do not show independent assortment. Studies of X-linked traits helped
confirm that genes are found on chromosomes, while studies of linked traits led to the
first maps showing the locations of genetic loci on chromosomes" (Freman 214). The
first maps of Drosophila chromosomes were completed by Alfred Sturtevant
(Anonyma, 2010)
One who first using Fruit fly as object of research Genetic is a success
Thomas Hunt Morgan find the invention of pautan sex. Fruit fly species, Drosophila
Melanogaster, of a kind habit insect which generally is not dangerous representing
mushroom eater which grow at fruit. Fruit fly is easy insect multiply. From one just
marriage can be yielded by hundreds of clan, and new generation earn the flower
breed each two week. This characteristic make the fruit fly become the compatible
organism once for the study of genetic(Anonymb,2010).
existence of Chromosome Y at Drosophila, although essential for masculine
fertilities, seems is not at all there is its bearing with the gender determination.
Factors for male which is there are in all autosom in deliberating and compared to of
factor-factor for female which is located in chromosome X. In fact, ratio of
chromosome X to setting autosom haploid determining gender of drosophila.
Thereby use the letter A for the percentage of a set of chromosome haploid, a normal
female ( 2X : 2A) owning ratio X : A of equal to 2 : 2, or 1,0, dank of balance arena
party to the female sex, if there's only one chromosome X [of] found on a normal
male ( XY : 2A ), its ratio 1:2 or 0,5. A number of normal combinations of
chromosome of have the hypothesis confirmation. They started off experiments using
milk bottles to rear the fruit flies and handheld lenses for observing their traits , (Elrod
2002)
Sex is not defined by chromosome sex, but from nature of ploidi from
individual. Masculine honeybee, happened by because parthenogenesis ( the forming
of creature of day of egg cell without in preceding impregnation ). Thereby, hence
masculine honeybee has the character of the haploid, to have16 chromosome. Egg
cell which is in fruit spermatozoon will yield the female honeybee ( Queen bee) and
worker, each having the character of diploid and own 32 chromosome. Because
difference of place and food, hence fertile queen bee ( fertile), while barren worker
bee, (Victoria,2002).
If organism eukaryote, like khamir, hungry organism of that hara desist to
split the x'self, entering phase Go which stationer, and finally die. Some cell type of
at larva Diptera, what is at most in knowing is gland cell spit the fruit fly Drosophila,
also discontinue the bisection mitosis hereafter possibility 18 clock of larva growth,
but replicas DNA of chromosome and cell plant take place non-stopped,
( adisoemarto, 1988).
For the maintenance of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster stock can be
used a variety of mediums. Medium initially used was a mixture of green banana and
cassava tape with a ratio of 6: 1. Medium is used for more than 15 years. In 1984
started to use some medium that can be attempted for maintenance of other
Drosophila species and the last few years has used a new recipe. This is caused by the
quality of bananas and a tape that was never uniform, so it is necessary to obtain a
more dense medium and reliable. New recipes will be used is a modification of
existing recipes and adapted to conditions in Indonesia (Hartati, 2009).
CHAPTER IIIMETHODE PRAKTICUM
A. Time and Place
Day / Date : Friday / november 29th 2010
Time : 13.00 a.m. until 15.00 a.m.
Place : Biology Laboratory IInd floor West FMIPA UNM Makassar
B. Tool and Material
1. Tools
a. culture bottle
b. Stove.
c. Blender
d. Balance
e. Pan
f. Knife
g. Tissue
h. Plastic
i. Rubber
j. Stirring spoon
k. Measure glass
2. Materials
a. Fruit fly (Drosophila Melanogaster)
b. Tissue
c. Seaweed (Swallow) : 7 gram
d. Red Sugar : 150 gram
e. Ambon banana : 600 gram
f. Yeast (fermipang) : 20 gram
g. Aquades : 411 ml
h. Nipagin : 7 ml
i. Sorbid acid : 5 ml
C. Work procedure
1. red sugar mixed with to aquadest and in cooking till boil
2. meanwhile, banana which ranum in blender till correct
3. mixing banana in blender into water, jelly and sugar which boiling in swirling
flatten the above small fire and hushed about 15 minute, so that banana follow
to become the ripeness
4. dough let to boil about 15 minute
5. dissolving bread yeast of mentioned in water and mix also in dough which its
temperature have started downhill about 40o
6. mixing anti mushroom which have in drawing up previously
7. pouring about 40 ml / 40 gr dough which still be hot in bottle
8. including paper filter to permeate the dilution excess in medium bottle
9. Breeding bottle have ready to in utilizing.
CHAPTER IVRESULT AND DISCUSSION
A. Result
Empty bottle Note :
1. Bottle
Bottle with medium Note :
1. Rubber
2. Plastic
3. Tissue
4. Bottle
5. Medium
B. Discussion
For the conservancy of fruit fly ( Drosophila Melanogaster) can be used by
all kinds of medium. Medium used in this practicum is medium having the character
of solid representing modification from recipe old ones and adapted for by the
medium condition. All substance used to be mingled and adapted for by a procedure
work so that substance which used as by medium of fruit fly breeder become the
readily dough used. As for benefit from substance used by for example:
1. functioning red sugar as medium sweetener
2. banana of Ambon and tape used as by a carbohydrate source as well as for
the stimulus of come this fruit fly ( Drosophila Melanogaster)
3. Jelly used for the drug of dough at the (time) of kept in medium bottle
4. Nipagin used for the substance of anti mushroom
5. Sorbic Acid which used as a preservative
6. Yeast used as a developer substance
7. Functioning Aquadest as condensation
As for benefit from appliance used for example:
1. bottle which is used as a place place to keep the medium as well as as breeder
place
2. Measure glass used to measure to the number of water of good to liquefying
red sugar, letting ripen dough and also dissolve the nipagin
3. Stove as fire source
4. Churn bar used to swirl the substance so that become homogeneous
5. Weighing-Machine used to measure to the number of substance wearer in
medium breeder of according to measuring determined as accurately as
6. Blender used to pulverize the banana
7. Pan used as by a basin cook medium.
Above mentioned Medium making as according to research done by all expert
concluding that fruit fly ( Drosophila Melanogaster) requiring carbohydrate, sour of
amino, mineral, and vitamin for the growth of and its growth. Where carbohydrate
and irrigate to represent the source energy for activity live the fruit fly ( Drosophila
Melanogaster). Protein also very required by the fruit fly for sexual maturity and
produce the cell. Sucrose represent one of carbohydrate form required a female fruit
fly to yield the egg. Therefore, in course of medium making enhanced by a red sugar.
Others, also known that by the fruit fly food obtained from sweet dilution of fruits for
example banana or pregnant other fruit type feel the beloved. As for function from
banana ambon that is especial upon which mixed by a red sugar to be used as
medium.
CHAPTER VCONLUSSION AND SUGESSTION
A. Conclusion
Pursuant to result practicum which have been done inferential that 1.
substance used for the making of medium of fruit fly conservancy that is banana
ambon, jelly, Red sugar, nipagin 2. the medium made with the certain comparison
is which have been determined with the function which can support the fruit fly
life ( Drosophila Melanogaster) later..
B. Suggestion
a. For Laboratory
1. Laboratory should prepare complete equipment and materials which will be
use in practicum, so easy for practicant to done the practicum.
2. Laboratory should complete the practicum rooms with air conditioner or
fan so make practicant glad to be in laboratory.
b. For Practicant
1. Practicant should prepare anything they need before enter into laboratory,
so they will easy to done practicum.
2. Practicant should work together with teammate, so practicum will be
faster and the result.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Adisumarto.1988.Genetika.Jakarta: Erlangga
Anonyma.2010.Drosophila melanogaster. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drosophila
melanogaster
Anonymb. 2010. Pembuatan medium http://www.unjabisnis.com/2009/12/pembuatan
medium drosophila.html
Elrod, Susan. 2006. Genetika Edisi Empat. Jakarta: Erlangga.
Hartati 2009. Penuntun Praktikum Genetika. Jurusan Biologi FMIPA UNM. Makassar.
John,F lasley.1963. Genetics of live stock improvement. New Jersey. Department of
animal husbandry Universty of Nissouri.
Norton.1975. An introduction to genetics. New York. The University of Minnesota
gardner
Suryo. 2008. Genetika. Gadjah Mada University Press. Yogyakarta.
Victoria henuhili,suratsih. 2002. Genetika. Makassar : Biologi UNM
Anonyma
History of use in genetic analysis
Lab cultures
Drosophila melanogaster was among the first organisms used for genetic analysis, and today it is one of the most widely used and genetically best-known of all eukaryotic organisms. All organisms use common genetic systems; therefore, comprehending processes such as transcription and replication in fruit flies helps in understanding these processes in other eukaryotes, including humans.[13]
Charles W. Woodworth is credited with being the first to breed Drosophila in quantity and for suggesting to W. E. Castle that they might be used for genetic research during his time at Harvard University. But it was not until 1910 that Thomas Hunt Morgan began using fruit flies in experimental studies of heredity at Columbia University.
Morgan's laboratory was located on the top floor of Schermerhorn Hall, which became known as the Fly Room. The Fly Room was cramped with eight desks, each occupied by students and their experiments. They started off experiments using milk bottles to rear the fruit flies and handheld lenses for observing their traits. The lenses were later replaced by microscopes, which enhanced their observations. The Fly
Room was the source of some of the most important research in the history of biology. Morgan and his students eventually elucidated many basic principles of heredity, including sex-linked inheritance, epistasis, multiple alleles, and gene mapping.[13]
"Thomas Hunt Morgan and colleagues extended Mendel's work by describing X-linked inheritance and by showing that genes located on the same chromosome do not show independent assortment. Studies of X-linked traits helped confirm that genes are found on chromosomes, while studies of linked traits led to the first maps showing the locations of genetic loci on chromosomes" (Freman 214). The first maps of Drosophila chromosomes were completed by Alfred Sturtevant.
Senin, 17 Mei 2010
Anonymb
Drosophila melanogaster (Lalat Buah)
Orang yang pertama yang menggunakan Lalat buah sebagai objek penelitian
Genetika adalah Thomas Hunt Morgan yang berhasil menemukan penemuan pautan
seks. Spesies lalat buah, Drosophila melanogaster, sejenis serangga biasa yang
umumnya tidak berbahaya yang merupakan pemakan jamur yang tumbuh pada buah.
Lalat buah adalah serangga yang mudah berkembang biak. Dari satu perkawinan saja
dapat dihasilkan ratusan keturunan, dan generasi yang baru dapat dikembangbiakkan
setiap dua minggu. Karakteristik ini menjadikan lalat buah menjadi organisme yang
cocok sekali untuk kajian-kajian genetik.
Berikut merupakan klasifikasi dari Drosophila melanogaster (Borror,1992) :
Kingdom Animalia
Phyllum Arthropoda
Kelas Insecta
Ordo Diptera
Famili Drosophilidae
Genus Drosophila
Spesies Drosophila melanogaster