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SECOND SEMESTER GRAMMAR BOOKJazmin Roldan
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Imperfect El Preterito -car/-gar/-zar Spock Cucaracha Snake Modal Verbs Los Adverbios Irregular Adverbs Progressive Tense
Past tense Present tense
Future Conditional Superlatives Formal Commands Prepositions Demonstratives
IMPERFECT
Regulars:
Hablar Comer Escribir
Yo Hablaba Comía Escribía
Tú Hablabas Comías Escribías
Él/Ella/Ud. Hablaba Comía Escribía
Nosotros Hablábamos
Comíamos Escribíamos
Vosotros Hablabais Comíais Escribíais
Ellos/Ellas/Uds.
Hablaban Comían Escribían
Irregulars:
Ir Ser Ver
Yo Iba Era Veía
Tú Ibas Eras Veías
Él/Ella/Ud. Iba Era Veía
Nosotros Íbamos Éramos Veíamos
Vosotros Ibais Erais Veíais
Ellos/Ellas/Uds.
Iban Eran Veían
Uses:1. Ongoing action (was/were)2. Repeated action (used to)3. No definite beginning or end4. Time/date/age/feelings/
descriptions5. Interrupted activity (cuando)
Trigger Words:-todos los dias -los lunes-de vez en cuando -a veces-generalmente -mientras-siempre -a menudo-cada dia -muchas veces
EL PRETERITO IRREGULAR
Spelling change in the first person only. Tocar:
Toqué Tacaste Tocó Tocamos Tocaron
Jugar: Jugué Jugaste Jugo Jugamos Jugaron
Comenzar: Comencé Comenzaste Comenzó Comenzamos Comenzaron
-CAR, -GAR, -ZAR
Regular verbs with these endings have a spelling change in the “yo” form to keep the sound of the verb.
-car yo -qúe
-gar yo -gúe
-zar yo -cé
Examples:Sacar: the c changes to qu: (yo) saqúe: Yo saqúe la basura.Pagar: the g changes to gu: (yo) pagúe: Yo pagúe dos dólares.Empezar: the z changes to c: (yo) empecé: Yo empecé un trabajo nuevo.
SPOCK VERBS (IRREGULAR PRETERITE VERBS)
Hacer Dar/Ver Ir/ser
hice i fui
hisiste iste fuiste
hizo io fue
hicimos imos fuimos
hicieron ieron fueron
CUCARACHA
AndarEstarPoderPonerQuererSaberTenerVenirDecirTraerConducirProducirTraducir
-i
-é (yo)
-iste (tú)
-o (él, ella, ud., una cosa)
-imos (nosotros)
-isteis (vosotros)
-ieron (ellos, ellas, uds., una cosas)
SNAKE SNAKEY
Preterite verbs with a ‘y’ spelling change*Stem Changers
Dormir
Dormí
Dormimos
Dormiste
Durmió
Dumieron
*Y Changers
Leer
Leí
Leimos
Leiste
Leyó
Leyeron
To write “Snake Snakey” in the third person preterite form of –er and –ir verbs with stems that end in a vowel, change the l to y.
All of these preterite forms require an accent, EXCEPT the ustedes/ellos/ellas forms.
MODAL VERBS
Conjugate and pair the modal verb with an infinitive to get a new meaning. ir+a+infinitive (going to do something) poder+infinitive (are able to do something) querer+infinitive (want to do something) deber+infinitive (should do something) tener que+infinitive (to have to do something) soler+infinitive (to be accustomed to)
LOS ADVERBIOS
Most are formed by adding –mente to the feminine singular form of the adjective. Corresponds to –ly ending in English.
When two adverbs modify the same verb only the second one uses the –mente ending. Note, the adverb is the same as the feminine singular form of the adjective.
Adjective Feminine Form
Adverb
Claro Clara Claramente
Constante Constante Constantemente
Difícil Difícil Difícilmente
Perfecto Perfecta Perfectamente
IRREGULAR ADVERBS
Irregular Adverbs Translation
Mucho A lot
Muy Very
Mal Bad
Bastante Quite/enough
Bien Good/well
Ya Already
Tan So
PROGRESSIVE TENSE
Present Progressive Formed by combining the verb “to be” with the
present participle. Estar + -ando/-iendo/-yendo
Past Progressive Also formed by combining the verb “to be” with
the present participle.
FUTURO (WILL)
Infinitive +
-é
-ás
-á
-emos
-éis
-an
Los Irregulares:
Decir Dir-
Hacer Har-
Poner Pondr-
Salir Saldr-
Tener Tendr-
Valer Vendr-
Poder Podr-
Querer Querr-
Saber Sabr-
-é
-ás
-á
-emos
-éis
-an
CONDITIONAL The conditional is used to express probability,
possibility, wonder or conjecture. Conditional will usually translate as would, could, must have, or probably.
When would is used in the sense of a repeated action in the past, the imperfect is used.
To conjugate regular –ar, -er, and –ir verbs in the conditional, simply add one of the following to the infinitive: Ía Ías Ía Íamos Íais Ían
Here are all three regular conditional verb forms together:
Some specific uses of the conditional tense are: To express speculation about the past. To express the future from the perspective of the
past. To express hypothetical actions or events which may
or may not occur. To indicate what would happen if not for a specific
circumstance. For polite use to soften a demand. To ask for advice.
Hablar Comer Vivir
Hablaría Comería Viviría
Hablarías Comerías Vivirías
Hablaría Comería Viviría
Hablaríamos Comeríamos Viviríamos
Hablaríais Comeríais Viviríais
Hablarían Comerían Vivirían
SUPERLATIVES
These phrases say that one item has more or less of a certain quality than another item has. Más... que Menos… que
When you want to say that something has the most or the least of a certain quality, use a superlative. El/Los/La/Las más… El/Los/La/Las menos…
Examples:Luis es el más alto.Carmen es la más pequeña.Mercedes es la menos cansada.
To use a noun with the superlative form, put it after the article. Luis es el chico más alto. Mercedes es la chica
menos cansada. Juan prepara las comidas más sabrosas.
Be sure the adjective matches the noun in both gender and number!
FORMAL COMMANDS
Formal commands are used when ordering, or telling someone to do something. This is often referred to as the “imperative” form of the verb. Compre usted el anillo. : (You) Buy the ring. Haga usted la tarea. : (You) Do the homework. Compren ustedes los libros. : (You all) Buy the books.
Informal commands are used among friends or people around your age. Formal commands are typically used to be polite or when talking to someone much older than you.
If the first person singular (yo) form is irregular, that irregularity is carried over into the formation of the formal command. This also applies to stem-changing verbs.
The formal commands are formed the same way as present subjunctive. Start with the yo form of the present indicative. Then drop the –o ending. Then add the following endings:
-ar verbs: -e (for usted), -en (for ustedes)
-er and –ir verbs: -a (for usted), -an (for ustedes)
As the present subjunctive, the following verbs are irregular: Dar Estar Ir Ser Saber
PRONOUNS AS OBJECTS OF PREPOSITIONS A pronoun is a word that is used instead of the
name of a person or thing. Ex.: he, him, she, her, they, them
As the name implies, subject pronouns are the pronouns to use for the subject of the sentence.
When the pronoun acts as the object of a preposition, a different set of pronouns is used.
Subject Pronouns
Obj. Prep. Nouns
Yo Mí
Tú Ti
Él Él
Ella Ella
Usted Usted
Nosotros/as Nosotros/as
Vosotros/as Vosotros/as
Ellos/as Ellos/as
Ustedes Ustedes
Use the second set of pronouns to replace the noun that comes immediately after a preposition. Juan habla de mí. : Juan speaks of me. Hablo con ellos. : I speak with them. Pablo compró un anillo para ella. : Pablo bought a
ring for her. Whenever mí follows the preposition con, the
words combine to form conmigo. Whenever ti follows the preposition con, the
words combine to form contigo.
DEMONSTRATIVES
When you’re pointing out specific things, you use demonstrative adjectives and pronouns.
Eso, esto, aquello refer to a situation or ideas, not to specific nouns.
Accent marks denote pronouns which take the place of a noun.
All demonstratives always agree in gender and number in the noun it modifies.
Singular Masculine
Singular Feminine
Plural Masculine
Plural Feminine
Ese Esa Esos Esas
Este Esta Estos Estas
Aquel Aquella Aquellos Aquellas