joscelyn roldan

26
SECOND SEMESTER GRAMMAR BOOK Jazmin Roldan

Upload: chelsbradyy94

Post on 14-Jun-2015

193 views

Category:

Business


9 download

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: Joscelyn roldan

SECOND SEMESTER GRAMMAR BOOKJazmin Roldan

Page 2: Joscelyn roldan

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Imperfect El Preterito -car/-gar/-zar Spock Cucaracha Snake Modal Verbs Los Adverbios Irregular Adverbs Progressive Tense

Past tense Present tense

Page 3: Joscelyn roldan

Future Conditional Superlatives Formal Commands Prepositions Demonstratives

Page 4: Joscelyn roldan

IMPERFECT

Regulars:

Hablar Comer Escribir

Yo Hablaba Comía Escribía

Tú Hablabas Comías Escribías

Él/Ella/Ud. Hablaba Comía Escribía

Nosotros Hablábamos

Comíamos Escribíamos

Vosotros Hablabais Comíais Escribíais

Ellos/Ellas/Uds.

Hablaban Comían Escribían

Page 5: Joscelyn roldan

Irregulars:

Ir Ser Ver

Yo Iba Era Veía

Tú Ibas Eras Veías

Él/Ella/Ud. Iba Era Veía

Nosotros Íbamos Éramos Veíamos

Vosotros Ibais Erais Veíais

Ellos/Ellas/Uds.

Iban Eran Veían

Uses:1. Ongoing action (was/were)2. Repeated action (used to)3. No definite beginning or end4. Time/date/age/feelings/

descriptions5. Interrupted activity (cuando)

Trigger Words:-todos los dias -los lunes-de vez en cuando -a veces-generalmente -mientras-siempre -a menudo-cada dia -muchas veces

Page 6: Joscelyn roldan

EL PRETERITO IRREGULAR

Spelling change in the first person only. Tocar:

Toqué Tacaste Tocó Tocamos Tocaron

Jugar: Jugué Jugaste Jugo Jugamos Jugaron

Page 7: Joscelyn roldan

Comenzar: Comencé Comenzaste Comenzó Comenzamos Comenzaron

Page 8: Joscelyn roldan

-CAR, -GAR, -ZAR

Regular verbs with these endings have a spelling change in the “yo” form to keep the sound of the verb.

-car yo -qúe

-gar yo -gúe

-zar yo -cé

Examples:Sacar: the c changes to qu: (yo) saqúe: Yo saqúe la basura.Pagar: the g changes to gu: (yo) pagúe: Yo pagúe dos dólares.Empezar: the z changes to c: (yo) empecé: Yo empecé un trabajo nuevo.

Page 9: Joscelyn roldan

SPOCK VERBS (IRREGULAR PRETERITE VERBS)

Hacer Dar/Ver Ir/ser

hice i fui

hisiste iste fuiste

hizo io fue

hicimos imos fuimos

hicieron ieron fueron

Page 11: Joscelyn roldan

SNAKE SNAKEY

Preterite verbs with a ‘y’ spelling change*Stem Changers

Dormir

Dormí

Dormimos

Dormiste

Durmió

Dumieron

*Y Changers

Leer

Leí

Leimos

Leiste

Leyó

Leyeron

Page 13: Joscelyn roldan

MODAL VERBS

Conjugate and pair the modal verb with an infinitive to get a new meaning. ir+a+infinitive (going to do something) poder+infinitive (are able to do something) querer+infinitive (want to do something) deber+infinitive (should do something) tener que+infinitive (to have to do something) soler+infinitive (to be accustomed to)

Page 14: Joscelyn roldan

LOS ADVERBIOS

Most are formed by adding –mente to the feminine singular form of the adjective. Corresponds to –ly ending in English.

When two adverbs modify the same verb only the second one uses the –mente ending. Note, the adverb is the same as the feminine singular form of the adjective.

Adjective Feminine Form

Adverb

Claro Clara Claramente

Constante Constante Constantemente

Difícil Difícil Difícilmente

Perfecto Perfecta Perfectamente

Page 15: Joscelyn roldan

IRREGULAR ADVERBS

Irregular Adverbs Translation

Mucho A lot

Muy Very

Mal Bad

Bastante Quite/enough

Bien Good/well

Ya Already

Tan So

Page 16: Joscelyn roldan

PROGRESSIVE TENSE

Present Progressive Formed by combining the verb “to be” with the

present participle. Estar + -ando/-iendo/-yendo

Past Progressive Also formed by combining the verb “to be” with

the present participle.

Page 17: Joscelyn roldan

FUTURO (WILL)

Infinitive +

-ás

-emos

-éis

-an

Los Irregulares:

Decir Dir-

Hacer Har-

Poner Pondr-

Salir Saldr-

Tener Tendr-

Valer Vendr-

Poder Podr-

Querer Querr-

Saber Sabr-

-ás

-emos

-éis

-an

Page 18: Joscelyn roldan

CONDITIONAL The conditional is used to express probability,

possibility, wonder or conjecture. Conditional will usually translate as would, could, must have, or probably.

When would is used in the sense of a repeated action in the past, the imperfect is used.

To conjugate regular –ar, -er, and –ir verbs in the conditional, simply add one of the following to the infinitive: Ía Ías Ía Íamos Íais Ían

Page 19: Joscelyn roldan

Here are all three regular conditional verb forms together:

Some specific uses of the conditional tense are: To express speculation about the past. To express the future from the perspective of the

past. To express hypothetical actions or events which may

or may not occur. To indicate what would happen if not for a specific

circumstance. For polite use to soften a demand. To ask for advice.

Hablar Comer Vivir

Hablaría Comería Viviría

Hablarías Comerías Vivirías

Hablaría Comería Viviría

Hablaríamos Comeríamos Viviríamos

Hablaríais Comeríais Viviríais

Hablarían Comerían Vivirían

Page 20: Joscelyn roldan

SUPERLATIVES

These phrases say that one item has more or less of a certain quality than another item has. Más... que Menos… que

When you want to say that something has the most or the least of a certain quality, use a superlative. El/Los/La/Las más… El/Los/La/Las menos…

Examples:Luis es el más alto.Carmen es la más pequeña.Mercedes es la menos cansada.

Page 21: Joscelyn roldan

To use a noun with the superlative form, put it after the article. Luis es el chico más alto. Mercedes es la chica

menos cansada. Juan prepara las comidas más sabrosas.

Be sure the adjective matches the noun in both gender and number!

Page 22: Joscelyn roldan

FORMAL COMMANDS

Formal commands are used when ordering, or telling someone to do something. This is often referred to as the “imperative” form of the verb. Compre usted el anillo. : (You) Buy the ring. Haga usted la tarea. : (You) Do the homework. Compren ustedes los libros. : (You all) Buy the books.

Informal commands are used among friends or people around your age. Formal commands are typically used to be polite or when talking to someone much older than you.

If the first person singular (yo) form is irregular, that irregularity is carried over into the formation of the formal command. This also applies to stem-changing verbs.

Page 23: Joscelyn roldan

The formal commands are formed the same way as present subjunctive. Start with the yo form of the present indicative. Then drop the –o ending. Then add the following endings:

-ar verbs: -e (for usted), -en (for ustedes)

-er and –ir verbs: -a (for usted), -an (for ustedes)

As the present subjunctive, the following verbs are irregular: Dar Estar Ir Ser Saber

Page 24: Joscelyn roldan

PRONOUNS AS OBJECTS OF PREPOSITIONS A pronoun is a word that is used instead of the

name of a person or thing. Ex.: he, him, she, her, they, them

As the name implies, subject pronouns are the pronouns to use for the subject of the sentence.

When the pronoun acts as the object of a preposition, a different set of pronouns is used.

Subject Pronouns

Obj. Prep. Nouns

Yo Mí

Tú Ti

Él Él

Ella Ella

Usted Usted

Nosotros/as Nosotros/as

Vosotros/as Vosotros/as

Ellos/as Ellos/as

Ustedes Ustedes

Page 25: Joscelyn roldan

Use the second set of pronouns to replace the noun that comes immediately after a preposition. Juan habla de mí. : Juan speaks of me. Hablo con ellos. : I speak with them. Pablo compró un anillo para ella. : Pablo bought a

ring for her. Whenever mí follows the preposition con, the

words combine to form conmigo. Whenever ti follows the preposition con, the

words combine to form contigo.

Page 26: Joscelyn roldan

DEMONSTRATIVES

When you’re pointing out specific things, you use demonstrative adjectives and pronouns.

Eso, esto, aquello refer to a situation or ideas, not to specific nouns.

Accent marks denote pronouns which take the place of a noun.

All demonstratives always agree in gender and number in the noun it modifies.

Singular Masculine

Singular Feminine

Plural Masculine

Plural Feminine

Ese Esa Esos Esas

Este Esta Estos Estas

Aquel Aquella Aquellos Aquellas