1
izdj.k izdj.k izdj.k izdj.k ,d,d,d,d
jkjkjkjk;xM ftYg;xM ftYg;xM ftYg;xM ftYgÓÓÓÓkrhy vkfnoklh lektkrhy vkfnoklh lektkrhy vkfnoklh lektkrhy vkfnoklh lektthoukph vksG[kthoukph vksG[kthoukph vksG[kthoukph vksG[k
� izLRkkouk izLRkkouk izLRkkouk izLRkkouk
� fo”k; izos’k
� jk;xM ftjk;xM ftjk;xM ftjk;xM ftYgÓYgÓYgÓYgÓkph HkkSxksfyd ifjfLFkrh % kph HkkSxksfyd ifjfLFkrh % kph HkkSxksfyd ifjfLFkrh % kph HkkSxksfyd ifjfLFkrh %
• HkkSxksfyd LFkku o jpuk
• gokeku
• itZU;eku
• u|k
• leqnzfdukjk
• oulaink
• csVs
• [kfutlairh
• {ks=QG o iz’kklu
• yksadl[;k
• jk;xM ftYgÓkpk ,sfrgkfld ekxksok-
� vkfFkZd ifjfLFkrh %vkfFkZd ifjfLFkrh %vkfFkZd ifjfLFkrh %vkfFkZd ifjfLFkrh %
� ‘ksrh
� vkS|ksfxdhdj.k
� feBkpk O;olk;
� eklsekjh O;olk;
� lkeklkeklkeklkekfffftd ifjfLFkrh td ifjfLFkrh td ifjfLFkrh td ifjfLFkrh
� czkã.k
� vkxjh
2
� dq.kch
� brj tkrh
� vLi`’; lekt
� vkfnoklh lekt-
� vkfnoklh lektkph vksG[k vkfnoklh lektkph vksG[k vkfnoklh lektkph vksG[k vkfnoklh lektkph vksG[k
o vkfnoklÈP;k O;k[;k
o vkfnoklh lektkph BGd oSf’k”VÓs
o Hkkjrkrhy vkfnoklh leqnk;
o Hkkjrkrhy vkfnoklh oxhZdj.k
o Hkkjrkrhy vkfnoklÈps izknsf’kd oxhZdj.k
o vkfnoklÈps okaf’kd oxhZdj.k
o vkfnoklÈps Hkkf”kd oxhZdj.k
o vkfnoklÈps vkfFkZd oxhZdj.k
o egkjk”Vªkrhy vkfnoklh tekrh-
� jk;xM ftjk;xM ftjk;xM ftjk;xM ftYgÓYgÓYgÓYgÓkrhy vkfkrhy vkfkrhy vkfkrhy vkfnoklh lekt thoukph vksG[k noklh lekt thoukph vksG[k noklh lekt thoukph vksG[k noklh lekt thoukph vksG[k
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Hkkjrh; lektkrhy ,d vfr’k; ekxklysyk fxjh xOgkjke/;s okLrO;
dj.kkjk] txkP;k laidkZiklwu vfyIr vlysY;k lektoxkZyk vkfnoklh Eg.kwu
vksG[k.;kr ;srs- ;k vkfnoklÈph ,d osxGh laLÑrh vkgs- Hkkjrkr toGtoG 427
vkfnoklh tekrh okLrO; djhr vlwu R;kiSdh 48 vkfnoklh tekrh egkjk”Vªke/;s
rj 39 vkfnoklh tekrh jk;xM ftYgÓkr okLrO; djhr vkgsr- ;kf’kok; eksB;k
izek.kkr rhu izeq[k tekrh jk;xM ftYgÓkr vk<Gwu ;srkr- jk;xM ftYgÓkr
vkfnoklÈP;k T;k fofo/k tekrh vkgsr R;k izR;sd tekrhP;k lkekftd]
vkÆFkd]lkaLÑfrd vkf.k /kkfeZd thouke/;s osxosxGÓk izdkjph oSf’k”VÓs fnlwu
;srkr- izR;sd vkfnoklh tekrhPkk ekufld fiaM vkf.k vkfnoklÈps lkekftd thou
R;kaP;k lHkksorkyP;k HkkSxksfyd] vkfFkZd vkf.k iwohZiklwu pkyr vkysY;k ijaijk o
jhfrfjokt ;kauh ?kMfoysyk vlrkss- loZlkekU; vkfnoklh gk HkksGk] HkkcMk] vcksy]
ikifHk# ] brjkacjkscj cksy.;kps VkG.kkjk] nSooknh vkf.k thoukpk vkuan LoPNnai.ks
yqV.kkjk vlrks- vkfnoklh yksd taxynÚ;k[kksÚ;kr jkgr vlys rjh R;kaph jkg.kh
R;kaP;k fueZG var%dj.kkbrdh lk/kh vlrs- vkfnoklÈe/;s vkReh;rk]
izkekf.kdi.kk] lpksVh] d”V dj.;kph r;kjh gs xq.k vktgh ikgko;kl feGrkr- R;kaph
thoukdMs ig.;kph n`”Vh osxGh vlrs- vkfnoklhP;k thoukr iS’kkyk vkf.k osGsyk
Qkjls egÙp fnys tkr ukgh- tehu] xqjs<ksj] dksacMÓk o jkgrs ?kj gh R;kaph laiÙkh
vlrs- xsyh vussd ‘krds nÚ;k[kksÚ;kr o Mksaxj dikÚ;kr thou tx.kkjk vkfnoklh
lekt vktgh vkiY;k #<h&ijaijkaps o v/kaJ)kaps vks>s ikBhoj ?ksÅu d”Ve; thou
txr vkgs- #<h ijaijk o i)rhpk R;kaP;k eukoj brdk tcjnLr ixMk vkgs dh]
fodklkph xaxk nkjki;±r ;sÅugh R;kaP;k ikjaikfjd thoui)rheqGs R;kuk Qk;nk
?ksrk vkysyk ukgh- vkfnoklÈP;k ekxklysi.kkyk R;kaph vkfFkZd o ‘kS{kf.kd ifjfLFkrh
tckcnkj vkgs- fulxkZP;k dq’khr ikMÓk ikMÓkus thou tx.kkjk gk lekt ns’kkP;k
izxrhcjkscj Lor%ph izxrh d# ‘kdyk ukgh-
tx 21 O;k ‘krdkP;k macjBÓkoj mHks vlrkuk o ekuo dkWEI;qVjP;k ;qxkr
okojr vlrkuk vkfnoklh lekt ek= daneqGs [kkÅu vfr’k; [kMrj thoukph
okVpky djhr vkgs- vkfnoklh ;k ukoko#u gk lekt Qkj iqjkru dkGkiklwu
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vfLrokr vlY;kpk iqjkok feGrks- vkfnoklh lektkus vKkukeqGs Lor%yk brj
lektkiklwu nwj Bsoys- vkfnoklh vkiY;k ijaijkxr thoukr eXu jkfgyk- vk/kqfud
f’k{k.k] vkS|ksfxd fodkl bR;knh xks”VÈpk ;k lektk’kh cjhp o”ksZ laca/k vkyk ukgh-
‘kklukdMwu o brj lektkdMwugh vkfnoklh lekt nqyZf{kr o misf{kr jkfgyk-
vkfnoklÈuk vLi`’; ekuys tkr ukgh- i.k lkekftd izfr”Bk ek= R;kauk feGkyh
ukgh- ‘ksrh dj.ks]ykdqMQkVk rksM.ks] fMad] fgjMk] xkjksG] dktw] dksde] rsyfca;k]
eksgkph Qqys xksGk dj.ks] eksyetwjh dj.ks bR;knh dkes R;kauk djkoh ykxrkr-
vkfnoklhe/;s tkrhO;oLFksps izkcY; ulY;kus ijaijkxr O;olk; i)rh R;kaP;kr
ukgh- vkfnoklÈuk fLFkj thoukph vkoM ukgh- rs dkekfufeÙkkus LFkykarj djrkr-
rks lekt QDr orZeku dkGkpk fopkj djrks- R;kuk Hkfo”;dkG ekghr ulrks-
vkfnoklÈph fi<ha vktgh mik’khiksVh vkgs- fnolHkj dkckMd”V o ‘kjhjkoj yTtk]
j{k.kkiqjrs oL=s v’kh R;kaph voLFkk vkgs-
• fo”k; izos’k &fo”k; izos’k &fo”k; izos’k &fo”k; izos’k & vkfnoklh lekt gk ijaijkxr thou tx.kkjk lekt vkgs-
lq/kkfjr lektkiklwu nwj MksaxjnÚ;kr jkg.kkjk o Lor% cny U;wuxaM vl.kkjk
gk lekt vkgs- Lor% dqVqac] lewg] fodkl mRd”kZ ;k ladYiukaph tk.kho
ul.kkjk gk lekt i.k cnyR;k fopkjizokgkapk] ifjfLFkrhpk o lq/kkj.kkapk ;k
lektkoj ifj.kke >kyk vkgs- rlsp brj lsokHkkoh laLFkk vkf.k O;DrÈpk ;k
lektkyk ykHk feGw ykxyk vkf.k ;keqGs lektkr ifjorZukph pGoG fuekZ.k
gksÅ ykxyh-
Lokra«;iwoZ dkGkr fczfV’kkaps iz;Ru] f[kzLrh fe’kuÚ;kaps iz;Ru]
Lokra«; Hkkjr dky[kaMkr ‘kklukps lsok&lqfo/kkaps iz;Ru] O;Drh o la?kVukaps
iz;Ru ;k lektkyk mi;qDr B: ykxys- ;krwup fodklizokgkph xaxk jk;xM
ftYgÓki;Zar iksgkspyh R;krwup jk;xM ftYgÓkr vkfnoklh lekT;kP;k
fodklkph lq:okr >kyh-
jk;xM ftYgÓkr vkfnoklhlsod nfyrfe= nknklkgsc fye;s]
xksfoanjko f’kans] lqjs[kk nGoh] mYdk egktu] cUlh ?ksoMs vknh O;Drhauh ;k
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lektkP;k fodklklkBh oS;fDrd o la?kVukRed dk;Z dsys- rj loZgjk tu
vanksyu] ;qlqQ esgsjvyh lsaVj rkjk vWdWMeh lk;Ul laLFkk d’ksGs turk
lkekftd laLFkk] ouoklh dY;k.k vkJe ;k laLFkkgh ;k tekrhP;k mérhlkBh
iz;Ru d: ykxY;k o R;kpcjkscj ‘kklukP;k fofo/k ;kstukaph ekfgrh
vkfnoklh tekrhyk >kY;kus ;k lektkr lkekftd ifjorZukph igkV lq:
>kyh- Eg.kwup ;k tekrhP;k la’kks/ku vH;klklkBh eh jk;xM ftYgÓkrhy
vkfnoklÈps yksdthou o izxrhpk bfrgkl ¼1901 rs 1981½ gk fo”k;
fuoMyk-
• la’kks/ku fo”k;kph fuoM %& la’kks/ku fo”k;kph fuoM %& la’kks/ku fo”k;kph fuoM %& la’kks/ku fo”k;kph fuoM %& vkfnoklh yksdoLrh vlysY;k jk;xM
ftYgÓkrhy lq/kkxM ;k rkyqD;krhy eh jfgoklh vkgs- nSuafnu thoukr
vkfnoklh lektk’kh osGksosGh laidZ vkY;kus R;k yksdkarhy vKku o va/kJ)k
;kauh xzklysys thou ikg.;kr vkys- vR;ar gyk[khrhy n;uh; fLFkrhrhy
R;kps thou ikgwu eu f[ké gksrs- ;k ns’kkrhy jktdh;] lkekftd] vkfFkZd o
‘kS{kf.kd lqfo/kkaiklqu gk lekt oafpr jkfgysyk vkgs- v’kh ;k lektkph
fLFkrh vkgs- vkfnoklh lekt eq[; izokgkiklwu nqyZf{kr tjh vlyk rjh
ns’kkP;k tM.k?kM.khr ;k lektkpslq)k ;ksxnku egÙokps vkgs- nqyZf{kr
vkfnoklh lektkP;k yksdthoukpk o izxrhpk vH;kl dj.;kps Bjfoys vkgs-
Eg.kwu ;k fo”k;kph eh fuoM dsyh vkgs-
• la’kks/ku fo”k;kpk dky[kaM %& la’kks/ku fo”k;kpk dky[kaM %& la’kks/ku fo”k;kpk dky[kaM %& la’kks/ku fo”k;kpk dky[kaM %& b-l- 1813 P;k lunh uwruhdj.k ¼Charter
Act½ dk;|kuqlkj f[kzLrh fe’kujh oxkZyk Hkkjrkr ;s.;kph ijokuxh feGkyh-
R;kauh nqyZf{kr misf{kr v’kk vkfnoklh oxkZdMs ifgys y{k fe’kjhauh os/kys
rsOgkiklwu eksBÓk izek.kkr fopkjeaFku lq: >kys- lq/kkj.kk] f’k{k.k vkf.k
/keZizlkj ;keqGs Hkkjrkrhy fopkjoar vkf.k lektlq/kkjdkauh vkiY;k
ikjaifjdrspk R;kx d:u fganw /kekZps ‘kq) Lo:Ik lkax.;kps dke lq: dsys- 19
O;k ‘krdkP;k izkjaHkkiklwu Hkkjrkr lkekftd o /kkfeZd lq/kkj.kk pGoG lq:
>kyh- ;krwup b-l- 1901 P;k iklwu vkfnoklh fodklkdMs fczfV’k ljdkj]
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jk”Vªoknh laLFkk] fopkj/kkjk f[kzLrh fe’kujh] Mkos R;kpizek.ks fganqRooknh
fopkj/kkjk ;k lok±ps y{k os/kys xsys- gh izfØ;k 20 O;k ‘krdkP;k izkjaHkh lq:
>kY;kus R;keqGs 1901 ;k o”kkZiklwu la’kks/ku fo”k;kP;k dky[kaMkph fuoM
dj.;kr vkyh- rlsp 1981 yk dqykck ftYgÓkps jk;xM vls ukekarj.k
dj.;kr vkys vkf.k vkfnoklÈP;k fodklklkBh ‘kklukP;k mik;;kstuk vkf.k
R;kaP;k thoukrhy ifjorZukPkk dky[kaM gkp vlY;keqGs 1901 rs 1981
Ik;±rpk vH;kl dj.;kpk fu/kkZj dj.;kr vkyk vkgs-
• la’kks/ku fo”k;kph O;kIrh %& la’kks/ku fo”k;kph O;kIrh %& la’kks/ku fo”k;kph O;kIrh %& la’kks/ku fo”k;kph O;kIrh %& izLrqr la’kks/kukph O;kIrh gh jk;xM ftYgÓkrhy
HkkSxksfydn`”V;k MksaxjkG izns’kkr jkg.kkÚ;k vkfnoklh tekrhph vkgs- ;sFkhy
vkfnoklÈps yksdthou vkf.k fodkl gk vH;klkpk dsanzfcanw vkgs- ;k
vH;klkrwu dqVqaclaLFkk O;olk; :<h vkfFkZd o ‘kS{kf.kd thou gk
vH;kldkapk dqrqgykpk fo”k; vkgs- 20 ‘krdkP;k izkjaHkkiklwu rs 1981 Ik;Zar
T;k pGoGh >kY;k- R;krhy vkfnoklh fodklkph pGoG gh egÙoiw.kZ vkgs-
jktdh; bfrgklkrhy lÙkk] laiÙkh] izfr”Bk] oSHko VkGwu vkfnoklh
lektthoukpk lok±xh.k vH;kl dj.;kpk gk ,d iz;Ru vkgs-
• la’kks/ku fo”k;kph e;kZnkla’kks/ku fo”k;kph e;kZnkla’kks/ku fo”k;kph e;kZnkla’kks/ku fo”k;kph e;kZnk %& %& %& %& la’kks/kuklkBh ?ksrysyk fo”k; gk jk;xM
ftYgÓkrhy vkfnoklh lektkps yksdthou o izxrhpk bfrgkl 1901 rs 1981
;k dky[kaMk iqjrk e;kZfnr vkgs- vkfnoklÈP;k fodklklkBh dk;Z dj.kkÚ;k
fofo/k laLFkk lektlq/kkjd o ‘kkldh; /;s;&/kksj.kkapk ifj.kke ;k ?kVdkapk
jk;xM ftYgÓkiqjrk e;kZfnr vH;kl dsysyk vkgs- vH;kl djrkuk fo”k;kyk
gsrqr% dkgh e;kZnk fLodkjY;k vkgsr- dkj.k ;k yksdkaPks dkekfufeÙkkus gks.kkjs
LFkykarj] fnolHkj ?kjke/;s gs yksd miyC/k u gks.ks ;keqGs izkFkfed ekfgrhP;k
ladyuke/;s vMFkGs fuekZ.k gksÅ ‘kdrkr- ;k loZ xks”Vhapk fopkj dsyk rj
miyC/k vl.kkÚ;k oS;fDrd] lkewfgd] la?kVukRed o iz’kkldh;
dkxni=kP;k vk/kkjkoj la’kks/ku dk;Z tjh iw.kZ dsys rjh ;k xks”VhaeqGs la’kks/ku
dk;kZr e;kZnk jkgw ‘kdrkr-
7
• la’kks/kukph mfíla’kks/kukph mfíla’kks/kukph mfíla’kks/kukph mfí”Vs %& ”Vs %& ”Vs %& ”Vs %& la’kks/ku fo”k;kps egÙo] O;kIrh o e;kZnk BjfoY;kuarj
;k la’kks/kukyk ;ksX; fn’kk n’kZfo.;klkBh dkgh mfí”Vs MksGÓkleksj
BsoY;kf’kok; la’kks/kukyk iw.kZ :Ik izkIr gks.ks ‘kD; ukgh- Eg.kwu izLrqr
la’kks/kukdfjrk dkgh mfí”Vs iq<hyizek.ks fuf’pr dsysyh vkgsr-
� jk;xM ftYgÓkph ,Sfrgkfld o HkkSxksfyd ik’oZHkweh tk.kwu ?ks.ks-
� vkfnoklh lektkP;k lkekftd] vkfFkZd o ‘kS{kf.kd izxrhph ekfgrh
tk.kwu ?ks.ks-
� fczfV’k dky[kaMkr vkfnoklh fodklklkBh >kysY;k iz;Rukapk vH;kl
dj.ks
� vkfnoklh lektthoukr >kysY;k lkekftd] vkfFkZd o ‘kS{kf.kd
ifjorZukpk vH;kl dj.ks-
� vkfnoklh fodklklkBh dk;Z dj.kkÚ;k jk;xM ftYgÓkrhy laLFkk o
O;DrhP;k dk;Ziz.kkyhpk vH;kl dj.ks-
• x`xx`x`gggghhhhrds %& rds %& rds %& rds %&
� jk;xM ftYgÓkrhy vkfnoklh gs nqxZe] nqyZf{kr o MksaxjnÚ;k[kksÚ;kar
jkg.kkjs jfgoklh vkgsr-
� vkfnoklÈP;k vKkukeqGs rlsp rs ‘kgjh laLÑrhiklwu nwj vlY;keqGs
R;kaph lkekftd] vkfFkZd o ‘kS{kf.kd izxrh Lokra«;iwoZ dkGkr
>kysyh ukgh-
� jk;xM ftYgÓkrhy vkfnoklh lektke/;s vusd leL;k vkgsr-
� vkfnoklh lektkP;k fodklklkBh oS;fDrd la?kVukRed o ‘kkldh;
iz;Ru lq: vkgsr-
� vkfnoklh fodklkr vkJe ‘kkGsps ;ksxnku vkgs-
• la’kkla’kkla’kkla’kks/ku leL;k lws/ku leL;k lws/ku leL;k lws/ku leL;k lw=.k %& =.k %& =.k %& =.k %& izLrqr la’kks/ku fo”k;kP;k leL;spk fopkj djrk
jk;xM ftYgÓkrhy vkfnoklÈps yksdthou o izxrh ;k vH;kl fo”k;kyk
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vuql:u leL;kapk vH;kl dj.;kr ;s.kkj vkgs- vkfnoklh yksd vf’kf{kr]
va/kJ)kGw ]deZ nfjnzh] jkuVh] O;luk/khu] v’kh R;kaph brj lektkdMwu
gsVkG.kh gksr vls- rlsp xfjch R;kaP;k ikpfoyk iqtysyh ;k loZ okD;krwu
leL;kapk ;k lektkP;k p<R;k vkys[kkph vkiY;kyk tk.kho gksrs- ek=
leL;k lw=.kkr QDr leL;kp uOgs rj vkrki;±r ;k lektkP;k lok±xh.k
fLFkrhpk fopkj izLrwr la’kks/kukP;k fo”k; lw=rkr uewn dj.;kr vkyk vkgs-
rks Eg.kts vf’kf{kri.kkps izek.k lq/kkj.kkaiklwu nqyZf{kr lewg lgHkkxkckcr
ladqfpr fopkj] f’k{k.kkpk vHkko] va/kJ)sps izek.k vf/kd vkuanh o gkS’kh vkf.k
deok o xeok gh izo`Ùkh eksBÓk izek.kkr fnlrs- ;k tekrhP;k leL;sps Lo:Ik]
fo”k; la’kks/kukps Lo:Ik] leL;s’kh laca/kh lok±xh.k ifjfLFkrh o ;k ifjfLFkrhps
lw=.k] cnykRed lqfo/kk dk;Z o miyC/krk >kysys cny ;k lektkps vktps
LFkku ;k leL;k {ks=krhy loZp ?kVd ;k fBdk.kh vH;klkr ;s.kkj vkgsr-
• la’kks/kukph lSla’kks/kukph lSla’kks/kukph lSla’kks/kukph lS)kfUr)kfUr)kfUr)kfUrd ladYiuk %& d ladYiuk %& d ladYiuk %& d ladYiuk %& egkjk”Vªke/;s vkfnoklÈP;k fodklkps o
ifjorZukps izHkkohi.ks dk;Z dj.kkjs BDdj cIik gksrs- R;kaP;k fopkjkapk vkn’kZ
?ksÅu laiw.kZ egkjk”Vªkcjkscjp jk;xM ftYgÓke/;s vkfnoklÈpk fodkl Ogkok
;k rGeGhus vkfnoklh lsod nfyrfe= nknklkgsc fye;slkj[;k O;Drhus
dk;Z gkrh ?ksrys- oafpr ?kVd fodflr >kyk ikfgts vkf.k lektkP;k eq[;
izokgkr rks vkyk ikfgts gk fopkj nknklkgsckapk gksrk- Eg.ktsp oafpr ?kVdkaps
la’kks/ku Ogkos ;k gsrwusp la’kks/kukps dk;Z lq: dsys-
oafprkaP;k vH;klkph ewG izsj.kk tkxfrd Lrjkoj 20 O;k ‘krdke/;s
bVkfy;u rÙoosÙkk vWUVkfuvks xzkephus lckYVuZpk fopkj ekaMwu rkfÙod cSBd
fnyh- R;kapk vkn’kZ ek.kwu Hkkjrke/;s MkW- j.kftr xqgk] xk;=h pØorhZ ;kauh
v’kk oafprkP;k bfrgkl ys[kukl xrh ns.;kps dk;Z gkrh ?ksrys- ojhy
fl)kUrkO;frfjDr bfrgklkP;k cnyR;k fl)kUr izokgkyk vuql:u
lkekftd] vkfFkZd o ‘kS{kf.kd fl)kUr izokgkpk lekos’k rlsp ladYiuk ;k
fBdk.kh la’kks/ku fo”k;kr uewn dj.;kr vkys vkgs-
9
• la’kks/ku ra= %& la’kks/ku ra= %& la’kks/ku ra= %& la’kks/ku ra= %& la’kks/ku fo”k;kPkk vH;kl djr vlrkuk la’kks/kukP;k dkgh
ra=kpk vH;kl dj.;kr vkysyk vkgs- ;klkBh fo”k;kaP;k lanHkkZrhy izkFkfed
o nq¸;e lk/kukae/;s R;kaps foHkktu dj.;kr vkys- fuoMysY;k lk/kukaP;k
vk/kkjs oxhZdj.k] ewY;ekiu o Li”Vhdj.k ;k ra=kP;k vk/kkjs R;kaph lR;rk
rikl.;kr vkyh- R;kcjkscj vkfnoklh lektkP;k fodklklkBh dk;Z
dj.;kÚ;k fofo/k laLFkk o O;Drh ;kaP;k eqyk[krh] iz’ukoyh] fofo/k laLFkkaP;k
HksVh o ppkZ dj.;kr vkyh vkgs- bR;knh la’kks/ku ra=kapk mi;ksx ;k
la’kks/kuklkBh dj.;kr vkysyk vkgs-
• la’kks/ku ila’kks/ku ila’kks/ku ila’kks/ku i))))rh & rh & rh & rh & izLrqr izca/kklkBh lkekftd] ,sfrgkfld la’kks/ku i)rhpk
voyac dsysyk vkgs- la’kks/kdkus la’kks/ku fo”k;kP;k vuq”kaxkus iz’ukoyh}kjs
fujh{k.k o eqyk[krh}kjs la’kks/ku] mfí”Vkuq:Ik ekfgrh ladfyr dsyh vkgs-
iz’ukoyhe/;s la’kks/kdkus fopkjysY;k iz’ukps R;k iz’uklkBh feGkysY;k
mÙkjkckcrP;k Ik;kZ;kps o mÙkjkP;k foLr`r fo’ys”k.k o vUo;kFkkZps l”Vhdj.k
dj.;kr vkysys vkgs- rlsp ‘kkldh; vf/kdkjh vkJe’kkGkauk HksVh] Lo;alsoh
laLFkk o lektlq/kkjdkaph ers ‘kkldh; ;klkBh eqyk[krh}kjs ekfgrh izkIr
dsyh vkgs- nq¸;e lk/kukr fofo/k vkfnoklÈoj izdkf’kr >kysys xzaFk]
vkfnoklh lektkoj izdk’k>ksr Vkd.kkjs fofo/k orZekui=s] ‘kkldh; vgoky]
jk;xM ftYgk xW>sfV;j] lsUll laLFkkps vgoky bR;knh izkFkfed o nq¸;e
lk/kukapk okij la’kks/kuklkBh dsyk vkgs-
izca/kkph :ijs”kkizca/kkph :ijs”kkizca/kkph :ijs”kkizca/kkph :ijs”kk
jk;xM ftYgÓkrhy vkfnoklÈP;k yksdthoukpk o izxrhpk bfrgkl ¼ b-l-
1901 rs 1981½ ;k fo”k;kph ekaM.kh eh ,dw.k 6 izdj.kkae/;s dsysyh vkgs- R;kph
vH;klkph :ijs”kk izdj.kfugk; [kkyhyizek.ks o vf/kd ekfgrhlkBh ifjf’k”Vs]
udk’ks] Nk;kfp=s] lanHkZ lwph fnyh vkgs-
;k izdj.kkr 6 ?kVdkapk vH;kl dsysyk vkgs- rs [kkyhyizek.ks
1- fo”k; izos’k
10
2- vkfnoklÈps lkekftd thou o fodkl-
3- vkfnoklÈps vkfFkZd thou o fodkl -
4- vkfnoklÈps ‘kS{kf.kd thou o fodkl-
5- vkfnoklh lektkP;k mérhlkBh dk;Z dj.kkÚ;k laLFkk o O;Drh
6- fu”d”kZ
;k izdj.kkr la’kks/kukph QyJ`rh ekaM.;kr vkyh vkgs-
jk;xM ftjk;xM ftjk;xM ftjk;xM ftYgÓYgÓYgÓYgÓkph HkkSxksfyd ifjfLFkrh %&kph HkkSxksfyd ifjfLFkrh %&kph HkkSxksfyd ifjfLFkrh %&kph HkkSxksfyd ifjfLFkrh %& egkjk”Vª jkT;kph fufeZrh 01 es
1960 jksth >kyh- egkjk”Vªkph nf{k.kksÙkj ykach 700 fd-eh- o iwoZ if’pe ykach 800
fd-eh vlwu {ks=QG lqekjs 3]07]713 pkS-fd-eh- vkgs- iz’kkldh;n`”VÓk egkjk”Vªkps
dksd.k] iq.ks] ukf’kd] vkSjaxkckn] vejkorh o ukxiwj vls foHkkx ikMys vkgsr-
vkSjaxkckn foHkkxkyk ejkBokMk] vejkorh o ukxiwj foHkkxkyk fonHkZ o iq.ks] ukf’kd
foHkkxkyk if’pe egkjk”Vª vls Eg.krkr- dksd.k foHkkxkr jk;xM] Bk.ks] jRukfxjh]
fla/kqnqxZ gs ftYgs ;srkr- lgÓknzh o vjch leqnz ;kaP;k njE;ku tks fpapksGk Hkkx vkgs
R;kyk dksd.k vls Eg.krkr- 1
• HkkSxksfyd LFkku o jpuk %&HkkSxksfyd LFkku o jpuk %&HkkSxksfyd LFkku o jpuk %&HkkSxksfyd LFkku o jpuk %& egkjk”Vª jkT;kyk ykHkysY;k lqekjs 720 fd-eh-
ykachP;k leqnzfdukÚ;kyxrP;k dksd.kkr ,dw.k pkj ftYgÓkpk lekos’k vkgs- Bk.ks]
jk;xM] jRukfxjh] fla/kqnqxZ gs pkj ftYgs dksd.k foHkkxke/;s lekfo”V vkgsr- ;k
pkj ftYgÓkiSdh jk;xM gk ,d ftYgk vkgs- jk;xM ftYgk 17-51 va{kk’k rj rs
19-80 va’k mÙkj v{kka’k vkf.k 72-51 va’k iwoZ js[kka’k ;ke/;s iljysyk vkgs-
ftYgÓkph iwosZdMhy lhek lgÓknzh ioZrkP;k ygku] eksBÓk jkaxkuh os<ysyh vlwu
R;kyk ykxwu iq.ks ftYgÓkph gí lq# gksrs- ftYgÓkP;k if’pesyk vjch leqnz vlwu
nf{k.ksyk vlysY;k lkfo=h unhus jRukfxjh o jk;xM ftYgÓkph nf{k.k lhek
fuf’pr dsyh vkgs- vkXus; fn’ksyk lkrkjk] mÙkjsyk Bk.ks rj ok;O;syk eqacbZ gs
ftYgs vkgsr-2
HkkSxksfydn`”V;k jk;xM ftYgk lk/kkj.ki.ks rhu fpapksGÓk iêÓkr foHkkxyk
xsysyk vkgs-
11
v½ leqnzfdukÚ;kyxrpk iêk-
c½ lqihd o likV tfeuhpk e/; Hkkxkrhy iêk-
c½ iwosZdMhy MksaxjkG Hkkx-
ftYgÓkP;k leqnzfdukÚ;kyxrP;k iêÓkr vfyckx] mj.k] eq#M] Jho/kZu] ;k
rkyqD;kpk lekos’k gksrks- vfyckx ‘kgj gs ftYgÓkP;k eq[;ky;kps fBdk.k vlwu
leqnz fdukÚ;kyxr olysys vkgs- e/; Hkkxkrhy tfeuhpk iêk lk/kkj.ki.ks likV
o lqihd vkgs- ftYgÓkP;k ,dw.k {ks=QGkP;k lqekjs 1@3 Hkkx ;k iêÓkus O;kiysyk
vkgs- R;ke/;s izkeq[;kus Hkkrkps ihd eksBÓk izek.kkr ?ksrys tkrs- iwosZdMs vlysys
dtZr] [kkykiwj] rkyqds o ek.kxko o egkM rkyqD;kpk bZ’kkU;sdMhy Hkkx vkf.k
lq/kkxM] iksykniwj rkyqD;kpk dkgh Hkkx lgÓknzh ioZrkaP;k jkaxkuh O;kiysyk vkgs-
ftYgÓkPkk vfr iwosZdMhy Hkkx Mksaxj mrj.khpk vlY;keqGs rsFks ‘ksrh djrk ;sr
ukgh- R;kpizek.ks taxyslq)k Qkj’kh ukghr- R;keqGs ;k Hkkxkr jkg.kkÚ;k yksdkaps
thou d”Vkps vkgs- eSnkuh Hkkx oxGY;kl ftYgÓkP;k ,dw.k {ks=QGkiSdh cjkp
Hkkx Mksaxj o map&l[ky ioZrkauh O;kiysyk vkgs- 3
• gokeku %&gokeku %&gokeku %&gokeku %& jk;xM ftYgÓkps gokeku HkkjrkP;k if’pe fdukjiêhP;k
gokekuklkj[ksp oSf’k”VÓiw.kZ vkgs- dksd.kkr gosps rkieku tkLr vlrs- Eg.kwu
;sFkhy gokeku m”.k vkgs- leqnz toG vlY;kus gosr ck”ikps izek.kgh tkLr vkgs-
R;keqGs gok neV jkgrs- rlsp fnol Hkjkrhy vkf.k fofo/k _rwae/khy rkiekukr
tkLr Qjd ulrks- o”kZHkj gosr vknzZrk vlrs- ikolkGÓkr lkis{k vknzZrk 80
izfr’kr vFkok R;kgwu vf/kd vlrs- moZfjr lkis{k vknZzrk 65 rs 75 VDds vlrs-
ekFksjku gs ;k ftYgÓkrhy FkaM gosps fBdk.k vkgs- 4
• itZU;eku %&itZU;eku %&itZU;eku %&itZU;eku %& ftYgÓkr uS_ZR; eksleh okÚ;kaiklwu lk/kkj.kr% twu rs vkWDVkscj
efgU;kr ikÅl iMrks- ljkljh okf”kZd itZU;eku 3028-9 fe-eh-vkgs- okf”kZd
ljkljh iSdh 95 VDds ikÅl ikolkGÓkr iMrks- ljkljhis{kk tkLr ikÅl
ekFksjku] dtZr] lq/kkxM] jksgk] ek.kxko] iksykniwj o EglkGk ;k rkyqD;kae/;s
iMyk- 1999 e/;s vfyckx] mj.k] iuosy] Jho/kZu] [kkykiwj] egkM o eq#M
12
rkyqD;kar deh ikÅl iMyk- is.k rkyqD;kr 2545 fe-eh- ikÅl iMyk ftYgÓkr
loZp Hkkxkr lkj[;kp izek.kkr ikÅl iMr ukgh- lk/kkj.ki.ks fdukÚ;k yxr
ikolkps izek.k deh vlY;kps fnlwu nsrs- 2000 ;k o”kkZr lok±r tkLr ikÅl 4-
500 fe-eh- ekFksjku ;sFks iMyk o lok±r deh ikÅl 2-545 fe-eh- is.k ;sFks
iMyk-5
• un;kun;kun;kun;k %& ftYgÓkr mÙkjsdMhy Hkkxkr mYgkl] ikrkGxaxk vkf.k vkack] e/;
Hkkxkr dqaMfydk vkf.k nf{k.k Hkkxkr lkfo=h] ?kksM vkf.k dkG ;k egÙokP;k u|k
vkgsr- ;k u|k if’peokfguh vlwu ikolkps ik.kh ;k u|kae/kwu vjch leqnzkyk
tkÅu feGrs- dtZr rkyqD;krhy ist] unhP;k [kksÚ;kr] [kkykiwj rkyqD;krhy
ikrkGxaxk unhP;k [kksÚ;kr lgÓknzh ioZrakps map dMs vkgsr- R;keqGs vuqØes
fHkoiqjh] [kksiksyh o fHkjk ;k rhu ty fo|qrfufeZrh dasnzkauk mÙke tkxk YkkHkY;k
vkgsr- mYgkl unh ftYgÓkP;k mÙkj Hkkxkr lqekjs 24 fd-eh- okfgY;koj Bk.ks
ftYgÓkr izos’k djrs-6 is.k rkyqD;krwu iwoZ&if’pe okg.kkjh ikrkGxaxk unh
varksjk [kkMhiklwu iq<s ukSdku;ukl mi;ksxh iMrs- ftYgÓkr lqekjs 66 fd-eh-
ykachpk izokg vlysyh vkack unh HkjrhP;k osGh ukxksBk.;kiklwu iq<s lqekjs 38
fd-eh- tyokgrqdhl mi;ksxh iMrs- dqaMfydk unh ftYgÓkP;k e/; Hkkxkrwu
okg.kkjh ,d egÙokph unh vkgs- dqaMfydk unhP;k ,dw.k 80 fd-eh- izokgkiSdh
‘ksoVpk 22 fd-eh- pk jksgk rs jsonaMk ;ke/khy izokg ty okgrqdhl mi;ksxh iMrks-
iksykniwj o egkM rkyqD;krqu okg.kkÚ;k lkfo=h unhpk izokg 100 fd-eh- ykachpk
vkgs- HkjrhP;k osGh ;k unhpk nklxkoiklwu iq<pk lqekjs 50 fd-eh- ykachpk
izokg ukSdku;ukl mi;ksxh iMrks- ?kksM o dkG ;k u|k ,desdhal ek.kxkotoG
feGrkr o uarj lqekjs 18 fd-eh- okfgY;koj lkfo=h unhyk feGrkr-
ftYgÓkrhy u|k Mksaxj mrkjkeqGs ikolkGÓkr tksjkr okgrkr- ijarq mUgkG;kr
dksjMÓk iMrkr- dksd.k iêÓkr fpapksGÓk HkkxkeqGs lgÓknzhr mxe ikowu yxsp
vjch leqnzkr feGr vlY;kus loZp u|kaP;k izokgkph ykach tkLr vlrs vls
13
ukgh- cgqrsd u|kaP;k ik=kr leqnzkps [kkjs ik.kh f’kjr vlY;kus R;k ik.;kpk
‘ksrhlkBh Qkjlk mi;ksx gksr ukgh-7
• leqnzleqnzleqnzleqnzfdukjkfdukjkfdukjkfdukjk %& jk;xM ftYgÓkyk lqekjs 240 fd-eh- ykachPkk leqnzfdukjk
ykHkysyk vkgs- ;k fdukÚ;koj ckxekaMyk o fn?kh ¼rkyqdk Jho/kZu½ jsonaMk jsol
¼rkyqdk vfyckx½ eksjkjktiqjh ¼rkyqdk eq#M½ eksjk ¼rkyqdk mj.k ½ b- LFkkfud
egÙokph canjs vkgsr- eqacbZ canjkleksjp ;k ftYgÓkrhy mj.k rkyqD;krhy
Ugkok&‘ksok gs ,d uohu vR;k/kqfud canj cka/kys vkgs- ;k canjkeqGs ewGP;k eqacbZ
canjkojhy rk.k deh >kyk vkgs- R;kpizek.ks eky okgrqdhe/;sgh fu;ferrk o
lqjGhri.kk vkyk vkgs- 8
• oulaoulaoulaoulainkinkinkink %& jk;xM ftYgÓkr foiqy oulaink vkgs- ekFksjkuph oulaink fo’ks”k
laiUu vkgs- ftYgÓkrhy ,dw.k taxy {ks= 1-626 pkSjl fd-eh- vlwu R;kiSdh 79-
15 VDds taxy {ks= jk[kho vkgs- ,dw.k HkkSxksfyd {ks=kP;k 1@4 {ks=koj oukps {ks=
vkgsr- is.k] iuosy] jksgk] lq/kkxM] dtZr rkyqD;kr vf/kd ous vkgsr- oukr
lkx] vkack] fpaps] ;ka lkj[ks o`{k vkgsr- vkf.k ok?k] dksYgs] jkuMqDdj] lkacj]
;klkj[ks izk.kh vkgsr- dukZGk ;sFks i{kkalkBh jk[kho vHk;kj.; vkgs- rj jksgk
rkyqD;kr Q.klkM vHk;kj.;kr eksBÓk izek.kkr izk.kh vkgsr-
• cscscscsVs %&Vs %&Vs %&Vs %& jk;xM ftYgÓkr ?kkjkiqjh ,sfyQaVk] [kkansjh] mansjh dklk] dqykck o taftjk
gh csVs vkgsr- taxyslq)k Qkj’kh ukghr- R;keqGs ;k Hkkxkr jkg.kkÚ;k yksdkaps thou
vR;ar d”Vkps vkgs- map l[ky ioZrjkaxkauh O;kiysyk Hkkx vkgs- R;kpizek.ks eSnkuh
Hkkx oxGY;kl ftYgÓkP;k ,dw.k {ks=QGkiSdh cjkp Hkkx Mksaxj o mapl[ky
ioZrjkaxkauh O;kiysyk vkgs-
• [kfut[kfut[kfut[kfutlailailailaiÙkÙkÙkÙkh %&h %&h %&h %& jk;xM ftYgÓkr ckWDlkbV gs [kfut Jho/kZue/;s eksBÓk
izek.kkr lkiMrs- rj jksgk vkf.k eq#Me/;s dkgh izek.kkr lkiMrs-
14
yksg&[kfutkpsgh dkgh fBdk.kh lkBs vk<Grkr- mj.ktoG [kfut rsykps lkBs
vkgsr rj iuosy o is.k Hkkxkr eksBÓk izek.kkr feBkxjs fnlwu ;srkr- 9
• {ks=QG vkf.k iz’kklu%&{ks=QG vkf.k iz’kklu%&{ks=QG vkf.k iz’kklu%&{ks=QG vkf.k iz’kklu%& ftYgÓkps {ks=QG 7]148 pkS-fd-eh- vlwu rs
egkjk”Vª jkT;kP;k ,dw.k {ks=QGkP;k 2-32 brds vkgs- jk;xM ftYgk dksd.k
eglwy foHkkxkr ;sr vlwu iz’kkldh; dkekP;k n`”Vhus vfyckx] iuosy o egkM
vls rhu mifoHkkx gksrs- ek.kxko ;k pkSF;k mifoHkkxkph fufeZrh 26 tkusokjh
1992 jksth dj.;kr vkyh vkgs- fnukad 26 twu 1999 iklwu egkjk”Vª ‘kklukus
ek.kxko rkyqD;kph iqujZpuk d#u 60 xkokapk rGk gk uohu rkyqdk fuekZ.k dsyk
vlwu R;kps eq[;ky; rGk ;sFks Bso.;kr vkys vkgs- R;keqGs jk;xM ftYgÓkr
,dw.k 15 rkyqds >kys vkgsr- lnj 15 rkyqD;kaph foHkkxokj oxZokjh
[kkyhyizek.ks vkgs- 10
vfyckx %& vfyckx] is.k] eq#M-
iuosy %& iuosy] mj.k] dtZr] [kkykiwj-
egkM %& egkM] iksykniwj] EglGk] Jho/kZu]
ek.kxko %& ek.kxko] jksgk] rGk] lq/kkxM-
ftYgÓkr ,dw.k 15 rkyqds vlwu lok±r tkLr {ks=QG egkM rkyqD;kps rj
lok±r deh {ks=QGkpk mj.k rkyqdk vkgs- ftYgÓkr ,dw.k 1919 xkos vlwu
R;kiSdh 67 xkos vkslkM vkgsr- vfyckx rkyqD;kr lok±r tkLr Eg.kts 215 xkos
vkgsr- rj mj.k o rGk rkyqD;kr lok±r deh Eg.ktsp izR;sdh 62 xkos vkgsr-
ftYgÓkr ,dw.k 26 ‘kgjs vlwu 11 ‘kgjkaps iz’kklu uxjikfydk pkyforkr- 10
• YkYkYkYkksdla[;kksdla[;kksdla[;kksdla[;k %& 1981 P;k tux.kusuqlkj jk;xM ftYgÓkaP;k {ks=kph o yksdla[;sph
jkT;kP;k ,dw.k {ks=k’kh o yksdla[;s’kh VDdsokjh vuqØes 2-32 o 2-37 vlwu ;k
nksUgh ckcrhr ftYgÓkpk jkT;kr 24 ok Øekad ykxrks- 1901 iklwuph ftYgÓkph
yksdla[;k o izR;sd n’kdkrhy Qjdkps izek.k [kkyhyizek.ks-
15
rDrk rDrk rDrk rDrk ØØØØekadekadekadekad &&&& 1 1 1 1
o”kZo”kZo”kZo”kZ yksdla[;kyksdla[;kyksdla[;kyksdla[;k QjdQjdQjdQjd cnykps izek.k %cnykps izek.k %cnykps izek.k %cnykps izek.k % 1991 7]21]083 & & 1911 7]14]371 & & 1921 6-77-586 & 36]785 & 5-15 1931 7-56-315 $ 78]729 11-62 1941 8-05-157 48]842 6-46 1951 9-09-083 1]03]926 12-91 1961 10-58-855 1]49]772 16-48 1971 12-63-003 2]04]148 19-28 1981 1486452 2]23]449 17-69
11
b-l- 1981 P;k tux.kusuqlkj jk;xM ftYgÓkph ,dq.k yksdla[;k 14]86]452 vlwu vkfnoklh yksdla[;k 1]89]210 Eg.kts ‘ks-12-2 brdh vkgs- b-l- 1981 P;k tux.kusuqlkj rkyqdkokj vkfnoklh yksdla[;k n’kZfo.kkjk rDrk [kkyhyizek.ks vkgs-
rDrk rDrk rDrk rDrk ØØØØekadekadekadekad &&&& 2222
ftYgkftYgkftYgkftYgk rkyqdkrkyqdkrkyqdkrkyqdk iq#”k iq#”k iq#”k iq#”k L=h yksdla[;kL=h yksdla[;kL=h yksdla[;kL=h yksdla[;k ,dw,dw,dw,dw.k.k.k.k
ftYgk jk;xM vfyckx 12]906 12]869 25]775
mj.k 4]202 3]659 7]861
iuosy 12]263 11]488 23]751
dtZr 14]740 13]889 28]751
[kkykiwj 9]319 8]688 18]007
is.k 9]413 9]201 17]614
lq/kkxM 4]444 4]468 8]912
jksgk 7]816 7]543 15]359
ek.kxko 5]822 6]905 11]727
egkM 3]233 2]983 6]216
iksykniwj 965 966 1]931
EglGk 2]085 2]360 4]445
Jho/kZu 4]169 4]405 8]574
eq#M 5]084 5]325 10]409
,dw,dw,dw,dw.k.k.k.k 1]89]2101]89]2101]89]2101]89]210
12
16
• jk;xM ftjk;xM ftjk;xM ftjk;xM ftYgÓYgÓYgÓYgÓkpk ,sfrgkfld ekxksok %&kpk ,sfrgkfld ekxksok %&kpk ,sfrgkfld ekxksok %&kpk ,sfrgkfld ekxksok %& lgÓknzhP;k vla[; jkaxkarwu dukZGk]
jk;xM] nzks.kkxhjh] lq/kkxM] vofprxM] ljlxM] lkxjxM] rGk] ?kkslkGk vknh
Mksaxjh fdYys xr bfrgklkph lk{k nsr vkgsr-
jk;xM ftYgÓkyk izkphu v’kh ,d ,sfrgkfld ijaijk vkgs- ;k izns’kkoj
lkgO;k o lkrO;k ‘krdkr ekS;Z] lkrokgu] {k=i] dypqjh] pkyqD;] jk”VªdqV]
f’kykgkj] 12 O;k ‘krdkr ;kno] cgke.kh o 13O;k ‘krdkr xqtjkrps lqyrku] 15
O;k ‘krdkr futke’kkg] iksrqZxht] fl)h] ejkBs] eq?ky] vkaxzs] o fczfV’kkauh ;sFks jkT;
dsys vkgs- ek= ,dkp osGh vusd jktoVÈph Li/kkZ ;k jk;xM ftYgÓkus vuqHkoyh
vkgs- miyC/k iqjkO;ko#u Li”V gksrs dh] ;sFks ckS) laLÑrhph chtsgh [kksyoj #tyh
vkgsr- 13
e/;;qxhu bfrgkl dkGkrhy egkjk”Vªkps jktdh; ?kMkeksMÈps fBdk.k Eg.kts
jk;xM gks;- jk;xMps ewG uko jk;jh ¼ 12 O;k ‘krdkrhy ½ gk fdYyk N=irh
f’kokth egkjkTkkauh b-l- 1656 lkyh ftadyk- vR;ar lqjf{kr vkf.k vHks| vlysY;k
;k fdYY;kojp 06 twu 1674 e/;s N=irh f’kokth egkjkTkkauh Lor% jkT;kfHk”ksd
d#u ?ksryk o fganoh LojkT;kph ?kks”k.kk dsyh- LojkT;kP;k jkt/kkuhps fBdk.k jk;xM
;k fdYY;koj fuekZ.k dsys-
N=irh f’kokth egkjkt o R;kaP;k izeq[k f’kysnkjkaiSdh Jh- rkukth ekyqljs]
Jh- dkUgksth vkaxzs ;kaP;k vrqyuh; ijkØekus iquhr >kysyk gk izns’k vkgs- gs nksUghgh
f’kysnkj ;kp ftYgÓkrhy gks;- ejkBs‘kkghrhy vkjekjkps izeq[k n;kZlkjaxlj[ksy
dkUgksth vkaxzs ;kaps uko ?ksrkp fczVh’k] fl)h] iksrqZxht bR;knh fQjaxh pGpGk dkir
vlr- vlk vkaxzs ;kaP;k ‘kkS;kZpk okjlk vkf.k vkn’kZ ;k ftYgÓkyk ykHkyk vkgs- 17
O;k ‘krdkr Jho/kZu rkyqD;krhy HkV o Hkkuw gh ?kjk.kh iq<s vkyh- jk;xM ftYgÓkrhy
gh ?kjk.kh iq<s is’kos o QM.kohl ;k ukokuh izfl)hl vkyh- LojkT;kps #ikarj is’kO;kauh
lkezkT;kr dsys- 14
1818 e/;s is’kokbZP;k vLrkuarj fczfV’kkauh jk;xM ftYgÓkr izos’k dsyk-
lk{kh] jktkiqjh] jk;xM gs rhu foHkkx fczfV’kkaP;k vaeyk[kkyh vkys- iq<s 1839 e/;s
dqykC;kpk laLFkkfud dkUgksth nqljk ;kps fu/ku >kY;kuarj baxztkauh dqykck laLFkku
17
[kkylk d#u rkC;kr ?ksrys- 1853 e/;s dqykck] ¼miftYgk½ fuekZ.k dj.;kr vkyk-
gk miftYgk Bk.;kyk tksM.;kr vkyk- fczfV’kkauh iz’kkldh;n`”V;k lksbZps Ogkos Eg.kwu
1869 e/;s Bk.ks ftYgÓkiklwu ,d Lora= ftYgk Eg.kwu dqykck ftYgÓkph fufeZrh
dj.;kr vkyh- 15
f'kokth egkjkTkkaP;k jkt/kkuhP;k Le`frfizR;FkZ 01 es 1981 iklwu egkjk”Vª
‘kklukus ;k ftYgÓkps dqykck gs uko cnywu jk;xM vls dsys vkgss- 19O;k ‘krdkr
baxztkaph tqyeh lÙkk myFkwu Vkd.;kpk iz;Ru ns’kHkj lq# vlrkuk jk;xM
ftYgÓkrhy f’kj<ks.kps Økafrohj oklqnso cGoar QMds vkf.k baxztkauk gSjk.k d#u
lksM.kkjs ‘kwjohj ;kp ftYgÓkr tUekyk vkys- uarjP;k dkGkr Økarhohj lkojdjkauh
vfHkuo Hkkjr laLFksph LFkkiuk dsyh- R;krgh jk;xM ftYgÓkus fo’ks”kr% pGoGhP;k
#ikus ftYgk tkx`r jkfgyk- vla[; r#.kkauh Lor%yk Lokra«;pGoGhr >ksdwu fnys-
yksdekU; fVGdkauh jk;xM ftYgÓkr ;sÅu LojkT;kpk f=lw=h ekxZ lkafxryk R;krgh
jk;xM ftYgk ekxs ukgh- 16
iq<hy dkGkr xka/kh ;qxkr egkRek xka/khaP;k usr`Rok[kkyh 1 vkWxLV 1920 P;k
vlgdkj y<Ókr jk;xMps ;ksxnku eksBs gksrs- ;kp dkGkr egkRek xka/kh ;kauh iuosy
vkf.k egkM ;sFks lHkk ?ksrY;k vkf.k egkRek xka/khthauh lkÚ;k txkyk lok±r eksBh
egÙokph ns.kxh Eg.kts fuHkZ;rsph f’kdo.k o oS;fDrd lR;kxzgkph f’kdo.k fnyh-
lektke/;s lR;kxzgkP;k ek/;ekrwu tutkx`rh ?kMowu vk.kyh- R;kuqlkj jk;xM
ftYgÓkr Hkksj laLFkkuP;k vkf/kiR;k[kkyh lsukirh ckiV ;kaP;k usr`Rok[kyh 1921
e/;s eqG’kh lR;kxzg] 1922 e/;s Hkksj laLFkkukrhy iztk vkanksyu] HkkjrjRu MkW-
ckcklkgsc vkacsMdj ;kaP;k usr`Rok[kkyh 1927 e/;s egkMpk ponkj rGÓkpk
lR;kxzg] 1930 & 1933 lfou; dk;nsHkax Eg.kwu fpjusj taxy lR;kxzg vkf.k NksMks
Hkkjr vkanksyukrgh jk;xM ftYgk vk?kkMhoj gksrk- HkkbZ dksroky ;kauh Hkkjr NksMks
1942 P;k vkanksyukr egku ;ksxnku nsÅu vkRecyhnku fnys- gk y<k ,o<Ókojp u
Fkkacrk 1947 lkyh Lokra«; feGkY;kuarjgh jk;xM ftYgÓkrhy Økafrohj Jh-
ukuklkgsc iqjksfgr ;kaP;k usr`Rok[kkyh >kysY;k ¼eq#M½ taftjk laLFkkupk eqDrh y<k
vkf.k 1955 pk xksok eqDrh y<k ;k loZ laxzkekr jk;xM ftYgÓkpk flagkpk okVk
18
vkgs-17 jk;xM ftYgk jktdh;n”VÓkgh lqnSohp Bjyk- dkj.k jksgk ;sFkhy lh-Mh-
ns’keq[k ;kauh Hkkjrkps ifgys vFkZea=h Eg.kqu dke ikfgys- rlsp egkjk”Vª jkT;kps
fo/kkulHksps lHkkirh in Jh- ukuklkgsc dqaVs ;kauh Hkq”kfoys gksrs- R;kpcjkscj
jk;xMyk egkjk”Vªkps usr`Ro dj.;kph la/kh nksu osGk feGkyh vkgs- cW- v- j- varqys
vkf.k Jh- euksgj tks’kh ;kauh eq[;ea=h Eg.kwu dke dsys vkgs- ‘ksrdjh dkexkj i{kkps
usrs vfyckxps Jh- nÙkk ikVhy ;kauh fojks/kh i{kusrs Eg.kwu dke ikfgys- rlsp
jk;xMps lqiq= Jh- euksgj tks’kh ;kauh yksdlHksps lHkkirh in Eg.kwu ;ksX;jhR;k dke
lkHkkGys- ;kaP;k O;frfjDr vusd Fkksj Kkr o HkkX; jk;xM ftYgÓkl feGkys vkgs- 18
• /kkf/kkf/kkf/kkfeZd o ,sfrgkfld izs{k.keZd o ,sfrgkfld izs{k.keZd o ,sfrgkfld izs{k.keZd o ,sfrgkfld izs{k.khhhh; LFkGs %& ; LFkGs %& ; LFkGs %& ; LFkGs %& ;k ftYgÓkrhy mTToy ,sfrgkfld
LQqfrZLFkkukizek.ks lkaLÑfrd pGoGhps dsanz o i;ZVu LFkGs vktgh y{k os/kwu ?ksrkr-
iwosZdMs vHks| v’kh lgÓknzhph rVcanh rj if’pesyk vFkkax lkxj ¼vjch leqnz½ vkgs-
rlsp ejkBk vkjekj izeq[k lj[ksy dkUgksth vkaxzs ;kaph gh deZHkweh vkgs- f’kykgkj
jktkph izkphu jkt/kkuh vkf.k jk;xM ftYgÓkrhy [kkansjh] mansjh o ?kkjkiqjh csVs
¼,fyQaVk½ iqjkru vkgsr- jk;xM] vophrxM] ljlxM] dukZGk] nzks.kfxjh gs
bfrgklizfl) fdYys vkgsr o jktiqjh] tathjk vkf.k dqykck gs tynqxZ egkjk”VªkP;k
‘kkS;kZph lk{k nsr vkgsr-
v"Vfouk;dkaiSdh ikyhpk Jh- cYykGs’oj] egMpk ojnfouk;d] vkf.k nf{k.k
dk’kh Eg.kwu izfl) ikoysys Jh- {ks= gfjgjs’oj gtkjks Hkkfodkaps J)kLFkku vlysys
duds’oj o ukxs’oj gh ;k ftYgÓkrhy rhFkZ{ks=s vkgsr- Jh- jkenklLokehauh nklcks/k
xazFk lkafxryk rks ;kp ftYgÓkrhy f’koFkj?kGhP;k Mksaxj dikjhr clwu- rlsp izkphu
Hkkjrh; f’kYidyspk ;k ftYgÓkrhy dykÑrh dykoarkauk vktgh vkdf”kZr d#u ?ksr
vkgsr- ?kkjkiqjh ys.kh] egkM rkyqD;krhy ikys ;sFkhy ckS) ys.kh] lq/kkxM rkyqD;krhy
Bk.kkGs ys.kh f’kYidysph egrh lkaxrkr- is.kP;k lqcd o lqanj x.ks’kewrÊuh ftYgÓkP;k
ukoykSfddkr Hkj ?kkryh vkgs- egkM rkyqD;krhy lko] vkf.k lq/kkxM rkyqD;krhy
mUgsjs ;sFkhy xje ik.;kps >js] Hkkfodkaph J)kLFkkus vkgsr- FkaM gosps fBdk.k ekFksjku
rj txizfl) vkgs- fdghepk fulxZ jE; leqnzfdukjk i;ZVdkauk vkdf”kZr djhr
19
vkgs- v’kk jhrhus jk;xMpk ,sfrgkfld] jktdh;] lkaLÑfrd] /kkfeZd] o lkekftd
okjlk vkgs- 19
� vkfFkZd ifjfLFkrh%&vkfFkZd ifjfLFkrh%&vkfFkZd ifjfLFkrh%&vkfFkZd ifjfLFkrh%& dksd.kP;k vkfFkZd fodklkckcr lrjkO;k ‘krdkiklwu
rqjGd ekfgrh miyC/k vkgs- lrjkO;k ‘krdkr dksd.k fdUkkjiêhP;k fdukÚ;koj
cÚ;kp QGckx gksR;k- R;ke/;s izkeq[;kus vkacs]ukjG]dktw ;kaP;k ckxk gksR;k- ;k
ckxkbZr ‘ksrhtoG dksGh] O;kikjh o dq’ky ‘ksrdÚ;kaph oLrh gksrh- dksd.kkrhy
yksdkapk izeq[k O;olk; Eg.kts Hkkr’kssrh R;kpcjkscj eklsekjh gk O;olk; jk;xM
ftYgÓkrhy tursyk iSlk feGowu nsr vlr-R;klkscr ukjGh iksQGhP;k ckxkayxr
l[ky Hkkxkr feBkxjs gksrh- dksd.k Hkkx MksaxjkG vlY;keqGs dktw] lqikjh ;k
fidkaps mRié eksBÓk izek.kkr gksrs- ukjGkps mRié dksd.kP;k fdukjiêhoj eksBÓk
izek.kkr gksr vls- dksd.kkrhy lektkpk vkfFkZd fodkl osxosxGÓk O;kikjkP;k
ek/;ekrwu >kyk- dksd.kkyk uSlfxZd canjs ykHkY;keqGs dksd.k fdukjiêhP;k
ifjljkr tyokgrqdheqGs O;kikjkyk pkyuk feGkyh-20
� ‘ksrh%&‘ksrh%&‘ksrh%&‘ksrh%& ‘ksrh gk dksd.kP;k yksdkapk izeq[k O;olk; gksrk- jk;xM ftYgÓkrhy
‘ksrh Eg.kts izkeq[;kus Hkkr ‘ksrh ,dk cktwyk Mksaxjkph vkMoh fHkar o nqlÚ;k
cktwyk leqnz ;kaP;ke/;s ,[kk|k oGp.khlkj[kh dksd.kph Hkweh vkgs-
iUukl&iPpkou eSykais{kk dksBsgh vf/kd #an ukgh- Mksaxj mrj.khoj tsFks FkksMh’kh
likVh lkiMsy v’kk fBdk.kh clY;klkj[kh Hkkrkph [kkpjs v’kh ;k dksd.kP;k
‘ksrhph fLFkrh vkgs- jk;xMe/;s eq[; fid Hkkr vkgs-R;kpcjkscj
ojh]lko]dksanzk];klkj[kh gydh /kkU; fids R;kaP;k tksMhyk dk<rkr- 21
jk;xMP;k vFkZO;oLFkspk ik;k ‘ksrh vlwu cgqla[; yksd ‘ksrhoj
voyacwu vkgsr- dksd.kke/;s [kksrh i)r vfLrRokr gksrh- [kksr i)rhe/;s
xkokrhy ifjljkrhy loZp tehu ,dkp O;DrhP;k ukokoj vls-rks tfeuhpk
ekyd vls- Eg.ktsp rks R;k xkokpk lkodkj gksrk- toGP;k ifjljkrhy yksdkauk
jkstxkj fuekZ.k gksr vls- ;k [kksrh i)rheqGs loZlkekU; tursph eksBÓkizek.kkr
fiGo.kwd o ‘kks”k.k gksr vls- ‘ksrke/;s esgur dsY;kuarj R;k etqjkyk dkekpk
20
ekscnyk feGr uOgrk- R;keqGs jk;xM ftYgÓkrhy ‘ksrh dj.kkÚ;kyk U;k;
feGowu ns.;klkBh baxztkauh vusd dk;ns dsys gksrs-R;kpk mi;ksx d#u vusd
[kksrkP;k fojks/kkr pGoGh fuekZ.k >kY;k- jk;xM ftYgÓkr 1872 e/;s 70 %
yksd ‘ksrhoj voyacwu gksrs- 1981 P;k tux.kusuqlkj jk;xM ftYgÓke/;s ‘ksrh
dj.kkÚ;k yksdkaph yksdla[;k 51 % ,o<h gksrh- R;kpcjkscj ‘ksrhr dke dj.kkjs
etqjkaps izek.k 14 % gksrs- cgqrka’k iztk Hkwfeghu o vYiHkw/kkjd gksrh -22
� vkSn;ksfxvkSn;ksfxvkSn;ksfxvkSn;ksfxdhdhdhdhdj.kdj.kdj.kdj.k %&%&%&%& dqfVjks|ksx djr vlrkuk pkSypk js’keh fo.kdke m|ksx
HkjHkjkVhyk vkysyk gksrk- jk;xM ftYg;krhy ykssdkauh ;k O;olk;kyk egÙo
fnys- R;kpcjkscj jk;xM ftYgÓkyk dksd.k fdUkkjiêh vlY;keqGs leqnzkP;k
fdukÚ;koj tgkt cka/k.khps dke eksBÓk izek.kkr pkyr vls- R;kiklwu pkaxys
mRiUu dke dj.kkÚ;k etqjkyk feGr vls- eqacbZ ‘kgjke/;s tkxsP;k vHkkoh loZ
dkj[kkus o m|ksx gs jkgR;k ?kjktoG fuekZ.k >kY;keqGs R;k ifjljkrhy yksdkauk
dke feGkys- R;keqGs R;kauk vkfFkZd lk/kus miyC/k >kyh- R;keqGs R;kaps
jkg.kheku]iks”kk[k ;ke/;s Qjd >kysyk fnlwu ;srks- fnolasfnol jk;xM ftYgÓkpk
vkfFkZd nj ok<r vkgs- ikjaijhd O;olk; lksMwu vR;k/kqfud i)rhuh vkSn;ksfxd
/kan;kpk fodkl ?kMwu vkyk- jk;xM ftYgÓkyk leqnzfdukjk ykHkY;kus
‘ksrhO;olk;kl tksM/kank Eg.kwu fdukÚ;kyxrP;k xkokrhy yksdkauh ik.;krwu jsrh
dk<.;kl lq#okr dsyh- izFke ygku gksMÓka}kjs jsrh dk<.;kr ;sr vls- gh jsrh
eqacbZ ‘kgjkr fodyh tkr vls- ;k O;olk;krwu fdukÚ;kyxrP;k xkokrhy
yksdkauk vkfFkZd ykHk feGw ykxyk- iwohZ eaqcbZ ‘kgj gs lkr csVkaps feGwu cuysys
gksrs- R;keqGs R;k dkGh eqacbZ gs ‘kgj jLR;kauh tksMysys uOgrs- R;k dkGkr eqacbZpk
O;kikj Qkj eksBÓk izek.kkr tyekXkkZus pkyr vls- jsrh gh leqnzkrwu o leqnzekxsZp
gksMÓkauh eqacbZr vk.kyh tkr vlY;kus jk;xM ftYgÓkrhy yksdkauk rks ,d
O;olk; ykHkyk vkgs- rFkkfi >ikVÓkus vkS|ksfxdhdj.k >kysY;k o gksr vlysY;k
;k ftYgÓkr eksBs] e/;e o y?kqm|ksxkacjkscj dqVhjks|ksxkaphgh la[;k ok<r vkgs-
iuosy] [kksiksyh] mj.k] jksgk o egkM gh fodflr gksr vlysyh vkS|ksfxd dsansz o
21
lkoZtfud {ks=krhy eksBÓk m|ksxkaeqGs fodkl ikoysyh jlk;uh ¼rk-iuosy½
FkGok;’ksr rk-vfyckx o ukxksB.ks rk- jksgk ;sFkhy vkS|ksfxd dsanzs ftYgÓkrhy
yksdkauk fnolasfnol ok<rk jkstxkj iqjfor vkgsr-23
� ehBehBehBehB O;olk; %&O;olk; %&O;olk; %&O;olk; %& ehB O;olk; gk ;sFkhy yksdkapk ,d izeq[k gaxkeh O;olk;
vkgs- is.k] mj.k o iuosy ;k rkyqD;kr ehB r;kj dj.;kpk O;olk; eksBÓk
izek.kkr pkyrks- mj.k ‘ksok] djatk o is.k ;sFkhy feBkxjka[kkyh 5400 ,dj
tehu ;sFks tkusokjh o es ;k efgU;kr ehB r;kj dj.;kP;k gaxkekr njjkst
lk/kkj.kr% 2500 dkexkj ;k feBkxjkar dke djrkr- dqykck ftYg;krwu
eyckj] jRukfxjh o ?kkVkoj ehB ikBfoys tkrs- rlsp e/; izns’k] gSnzkckn o
dukZVd ;k jkT;krgh ehB jsYosus ikBfoys tkrs- R;krwu yksdkauk eksBÓk
izek.kkr iSlk feGrks- jk;xM fTkYgÓkyk ykac vlk leqnzfdukjk ykHkY;kus ehB
O;olk;kl mi;qDr vkgs- 24
� eklsekjh O;olk;%&eklsekjh O;olk;%&eklsekjh O;olk;%&eklsekjh O;olk;%& jk;xM ftYgÓke/;s eklsekjh O;olk; gk nqlÚ;k Øekadkoj
vkgs-dksd.kkyk vjch leqnz ykHkY;keqGs [kkÚ;k ik.;kr eksBÓk izek.kkr eklsekjh
O;olk; pkyrks- ftYgÓkr lqekjs 240 fd-eh- ykachP;k leqnzfdukÚ;k yxr
vlysY;k [kkMÓkae/;s 104 [ksMh ;k O;olk;kr vlwu vusd yksdkauk jkstxkj
miyC/k >kyk vkgs- ;k O;olk;kr izkeq[;kus lksudksGh][kkjch] xkohr] HkksbZ o
nykyh] eqlyeku yksd xqarysys vkgsr- dksd.kP;k ;k leqnzkP;kyxr ikiysV]
lqjebZ] jkol] f’koaMk] okx] ekansyh] cksachy] dksGach] gyok ;k tkrhps ekls
lkiMrkr- lIVsacj rs es i;±rP;k efgU;kr eklsekjh eksBÓk izek.kkr pkyrs-
jk;xM ftYgÓkae/;s eksjk] dkjatk] vfyckx o jsonaMk foHkkxkr ftYgÓkrhy ,dw.k
eklsekjhiSdh 60 VDds O;olk; pkyrks- fczfV’kkaP;k dkGkr ekls eqacbZP;k
cktkjkr ikBfo.;kr ;sr vlr- b-l-1800 P;k lqekjkl egkM gs lqD;k eklGhps
izeq[k dsanz gksrs- eklsekjh O;olk; dj.kkÚ;kauk izpaM uQk feGr vls- R;keqGs
R;kapk mnjfuokZg ekls foØh d#u pkyr vls- dksd.kP;k ifjljkrhy jk;xM
ftYgÓke/;s eklsekjh O;olk;kpk eksBÓkizek.kkr fodkl >kyk- eklsekjh
22
O;olk;kph O;kIrh y{kkr ?ksÅu ljdkjus eRL; lao/kZu ;kps izf’k{k.k ns.;kph
vusd fBdk.kh la’kks/ku dsanzs LFkkiu dsyh- eRL; O;olk;kyk izksRlkgu ns.;klkBh
‘kkluk}kjs vusd ;kstuk jkcfoY;k ekls O;olkf;dkauk ;a= pfyr ukSdk
cka/k.khlkBh ‘kklu 100 VDds vFkZlgk¸; nsrs- Eg.kwu jk;xMe/;s yksdkapk
eklsekjh ;k O;olk;kdMs ;s.;kph vkd”kZdrk ok<yh vkgs- 25
� lkekftd ifjfLFkrhlkekftd ifjfLFkrhlkekftd ifjfLFkrhlkekftd ifjfLFkrh %&%&%&%& Hkkjrh; lekt gk tkrhO;oLFksoj vk/kkfjr vkgs-
izR;sd izkarkrhy Hkkjrh; lekt osxosxGÓk tkrhr foHkkxyk vkgs- R;kpizek.ks
egkjk”Vªkrhy lekt fofo/k tkrhr foHkkxyk vkgs- dksd.kP;k Hkwjpuspk o
gokekukpk dksd.kP;k ekuoh thoukoj ifj.kke >kysyk vkgs-
dksd.kkrhy jk;xM ftY;ke/;s czkã.k] dq.kch] vkxjh] dksGh] /kuxj] pkaHkkj]
dk;LFkizHkq] HkaMkjh] ckS)] dkrdjh] Bkdwj ;k tkrh&tekrhaps okLrO; vkgs- izR;sd
tkrhyk Lora= ntkZ gksrk- tkrh&tkrhae/;s jksVh&csVh O;ogkj gksr uls- ijarq
R;kaP;ke/;s ijLijkar lgkuqHkwrh lgdk;kZph Hkkouk vkf.k ca/kqRo fnlwu ;srs- v’kk
izdkjs jk;xMe/khy lekt O;oLFkk vusd tkrh o tekrÈe/;s foHkkxysyh vkgs-
;kaph ekfgrh iq<hyizek.ks vkgs-26
� czkczkczkczkãããã.k%&.k%&.k%&.k%& czkã.k tkrhr vusd iksVtkrh vkgsr- R;ke/;s fpRikou
ns’kLFk]lkjLor]dÚgkMs]nso#[ks o Øaeor ;k czkã.k iksVtkrh ftYgÓkr vk<Grkr-
czkã.k tkr dksd.kkr dsOgk vkyh ;kckcr fo}kukae/;s oSpkfjd erHksn vkgsr-
fpRikoUk czkã.k dksd.kkr dksBwu dls o dsOgk vkys ;kfo”k;h fuf’pr ekfgrh
miyC/k ukgh- rs leqnzekxkZus vkys vlkosr o vlk n< let vkgs- bjk.kP;k
vk[kkrkrwu vkysyh dkgh e`r fdaok e`ror ek.kls ij’kqjkekyk if’pe
fdukjiêhoj lkiMyh o R;kus R;kauk ‘kq) d#u dksd.kkr LFkkf;d dsys- gsp
fpÙkiko.kkaps ewG iwoZt gksrs-27 is’kokbZP;k dkGkr fpRikoUk czkã.kkauk fo’ks”k egÙo
gksrs- jk;xM ftYgÓkrhy is’kokbZrhy lekt tkrh mitkrhr foHkkxyk xsyk gksrk-
Lor%ps vkpkj] fopkj] #<h] ijaijk osxosxGÓk gksR;k- dks.kR;k fno’kh dks.krs dke
djkos- vkgkj ‘kq) v’kk izdkjs ?ksryk tkr vls- ‘kkL=h; fu;ekaps ikyu djr
23
vlr- FkksMD;kr jk;xM ftYgÓkrhy fpÙkiko.k czkã.k gs oSfnd /kekZ izek.ks vkpj.k
djhr vlr- ns’kLFk czkã.k ;kaph yksdla[;k fpÙkiko.kkP;k rqyusr Qkj deh vkgs-
frpk nqljk Øekad ykxrks- ns’kLFk czkã.kkps _Xosnh o ;tqosZnh vls Hksn vkgsr-
R;kaP;ke/;slq)k Lora= ijaijk #<h vkgsr- dÚgkMs czkã.k vfyckx] is.k o egkM
rkyqD;kr vk<Grkr- gs lkrkÚ;ko#u vkY;keqGs R;kauk djkMs EgVys tkrs-28
� nso#[ksnso#[ksnso#[ksnso#[ks %&%&%&%&gh czkã.kkaph iksVtkr vkgs- fo- dk- jktokMs ;kaP;k erkuqlkj djkMP;k
vkXus;sl dqaMyP;k iwosZl lqekjs 10 fdyksehVjoj vlysys nsojk”Vªs ukokps [ksMs
iwohZP;k nsojk”VªkP;k jkt/kkuhps ‘kgj gksrs- rsFkhy dqcsj ukokP;k jktkP;k
vkJ;kus ts czkã.k jkgr vlr- rsp nsojk”Vªh; vFkok nso#[ks czkã.k gks;- gs
jkT; ikpO;k ‘krdkP;k v[ksjhl u”V >kY;keqGs jktkJ;kvHkkoh nsojk”Vªh;
czkã.k izFke dksd.kkr laxes’oj rkyqD;krhy nso#[kP;k vklikl Hkkxkr
LFkkf;d >kY;koj iq<s R;kaps jk;xM ftYgÓkr LFkykarj >kys vlkos- ek=
jRukfxjh ftYgÓkrhy oLrhyk rs vkiyh ewG oLrh letrkr- izkeq[;kus ;k
nksu ftYg;kr nso#[ks czkã.k vk<Grkr- eqGps ns’kLFk ijarq nso#[k ifjljkr
jkgk;yk vkY;keqGs nso#[ks uko izkIr >kys vls rs yksd ekurkr- izkeq[;kus
jk;xM ftYgÓkr dtZr o nfgoyh Hkkxkr R;kaph oLrh vk<Grs-29
� ØØØØaeor%& aeor%& aeor%& aeor%& gh czkã.kkaph iksVtkr izkeq[;kus vfyckx rkyqD;kr vk<Grs- Øaeor
_Xosnh ns’kLFk vlkosr- b- l- 1396 P;k nqxkZnsohP;k nq”dkGkr mnjfuokZgkFkZ
chM ftYgÓkrhy vacktksxkbZ ;sFkwu fVYyw ?kjk.;kps ts pkj vk| iq#”k fu?kkys
R;kiSdh ,d v”Vkxjkr vkyk- rks Øaekr v/;;u dsysyk vlY;kus R;kl
Øeoar v’kh inoh ns.;kr vkyh gksrh- R;kP;kp oa’kfoLrkjkl Øeoar czkã.k vls
Eg.krkr-30
� lkjLor%&lkjLor%&lkjLor%&lkjLor%& xkseardkrwu LFkykarfjr >kysys vlkosr- 14 O;k ‘krdkr
eqlyekukaP;k o 16 O;k ‘krdkiklwwu iksrqZfxtkaP;k NGkeqGs R;kauh xkseardkrwu
bdMs LFkykarj dsys- xkseardkar rs izFke dksBwu dsOgk o dls vkys ;kfo”k;h
24
vH;kldkaps ,der ukgh- dkgÈP;k ers rs mÙkjsrwu ljLorh unhP;k dkBh
vlysY;k lkjLor ukokP;k izns’kkrwu vkys vlwu lkjLor _”kÈP;k f’k”;kaps
oa’kt vkgsr- ;ko#u lkjLor mÙkjsrwu vkys ,so<s Eg.krk ;sbZy- lkjLorkauk
‘ks.koh Eg.kr- ;kpk vFkZ f’k{kd fdaok fo}ku vlkgh ykoyk tkr vls- vfyckx
jksgk rkyqD;kr lkjLorkaph ykssdla[;k vf/kd vkgs-31
;kizek.ks czkã.k tkrh dqykck ftYgÓkr osxosxG;k iksVtkrhr R;kaph
yksdla[;k fo[kqjysyh vkgs- rRdkyhu lektO;oLFkse/;s /kekZuqlkj czkã.kkauk
lektkr mPp LFkku gksrs- R;keqGs brj tkrÈis{kk tkLr vf/kdkj czkã.k tkrhyk
gksrs- vk/kqfud dkGkr jk;xM ftYgÓkrhy czkã.k lektkph yksdla[;k deh
gksÅu rks lekt ‘kgjkdMs vkdf”kZr >kysyk vkgs- jk;xM ftYgÓkrhy czkã.k
[kksrkaph la[;k eksBÓk izek.kkr gksrh- R;kaP;kdMs izpaM izek.kkr tehu gksrh-
R;keqGs R;kaps jkg.kheku] R;kaps vkgkj] iks”kk[k brj tkrÈis{kk mPp -32
� dk;LFk izHkw %&dk;LFk izHkw %&dk;LFk izHkw %&dk;LFk izHkw %&pkanzlsuh; dk;LFk izHkw ;k tkrhph yksdla[;k ftYgÓkr loZ=
vk<Grs- vfyckx] eq#M] is.k] iuosy] lq/kkxM o jksgk rkyqD;kr R;kaph
yksdla[;k vf/kd vkgs- R;kP;k ewG LFkkukfo”k;h ,der ukgh- fo-dk- jktokMs
;kaP;k erkuqlkj dk;LFk mÙkj fganqLFkkukrhy vkgsr- Kkudks’kdkj dsrdjkaP;k
ers dk;LFk izHkq leqnzkekxsZ djkph o xqtjkr ;k cktwus dksd.kkr vkys-
f’kykgkjkaP;k dkGh 10 O;k ‘krdkr R;kauk eglqykpk fg’ksc] iMhdHkkxkrhy
olkgrh] nLr,sotkaph ukasn bR;knh dkekoj ns[kjs[k dj.;klaca/kh vusd eqydh
vf/kdkj ins fnyh gksrh- f’kokth egkjktkaP;k dkjfdnÊr] is’kokbZ fczfV’k
jktoVhr rlsp Lokra«;ksÙkj dkGkrgh jk;xM ftYgÓkrhy vusd mPpinkoj
dk;LFk izHkw gksrs- rlsp Hkkjrkrhy [;kruke vFkZea=h o fuHkZ; lunh uksdj
Eg.kwu loZJqr vlysys lh- Mh- ns’keq[k o Hkkjrkps ,d lsukny izeq[k tujy
v#.kdqekj oS| ;kp ftYgÓkrhy pkanzlsuh; gksrs-33
� vkxjh%&vkxjh%&vkxjh%&vkxjh%& dqykck ftYgÓke/;s vkxjh tkrhph la[;k lok±r eksBh vkgs- vkxjh tkr
gh QDr dksd.kkP;k foHkkxkr vk<Gwu ;srs- vkxj Eg.kts ‘ksr vkxjh ;k ‘kCnkpk
25
vFkZ ‘ksrdjh gks;- vkxjh Eg.kts ‘ksrh dj.kkjk ‘ksrdjh gks;- vkxj Eg.kts
ukjG&iksQGhph ckx edÚ;kus dj.kkjk vlkgh vFkZ ykoyk tkrks- fdaok
leqnzkdkBh [kkÚ;k tfeuhyk cafnLr d#u frps ‘ksrhr #ikarj dj.kkjk vkxjh
Eg.kts dksVhd rlsp feBkxj gk vkxjkpk izdkj vkgs- tks vkxj ¼’ksrh½ fuekZ.k
djrks rks vkxjh gks;- jk;xM o Bk.ks ftYgÓkr vk<G.kkjs vkxjh cgqrka’k
dq.kC;kalkj[ks vlys rjh R;kaph [kkl lkekftd fo’ks”kr% vkgs- leqnzkyxrP;k
vfyckx] is.k] iuosy] mj.k] jksgk o eq#M rkyqD;kr vkxjh lektkph la[;k
lokZf/kd vkgs- vkxjh lektkpk eq[; O;olk; Eg.kts [kkÚ;k tfeuhrwu Hkkr
fidfo.ks] ehB cufo.ks gk O;olk; gksrk- vkxjh ?kkVkojP;k foHkkxkrwu vkys
vlkosr- iwohZ ns’kkoj okjaokj nq”dkG iMr vls- R;k rqyusr dksd.kkr Hkjiwj
ikÅl] xnZ oujkbZ o f’kdkjhlkBh foiqy izk.kh gksrs- f’kok; nÚ;k[kksÚ;kaP;k o
dkVÓk&dqVÓkaP;k ;k izns’kkr yqVk#aiklwu dk;eph eqDrh feGkyh- ;klkBh rs
dksd.kkr vkysys vlkosr-34
� dq.kch%&dq.kch%&dq.kch%&dq.kch%& jk;xM ftYgÓke/;s dq.kch tkrhpk ‘ksrh gkp izeq[k O;olk; gksrk- ;k
tkrhps oSf’k”VÓs Eg.kts [kwi d”V dj.kkjs vkf.k izkekf.kd vlrkr- dq.kC;kae/;s
fryksjh dq.kch gh iksVtkr vlwu fryksjhaph la[;k dq.kC;kais{kk [kwip deh vkgs-
fryksjh dq.kch izkeq[;kus ek.kxko] egkM] iksykniwj ;k rkyqD;kr vk<Grkr-
leku dwG o leku nsod vlysY;k dqVqackr ijaijsus fookg fuf”k) ekuyk tkrks-
iwohZ dq.kch yksd fryksjh dq.kC;k’kh fookg djhr vlr- ;ko#u fl) gksrs
dh]dq.kch gs ,desdkauk mPp o dfu”B letr vlr- dq.kch tkrhps yksd
yXuizlaxh xksssa/kG ?kkyr- rFkkfi fo’ks”k Eg.kts R;k izlaxh dqynSorkaP;k ewrhZ yXu
?kjh vk.krkr-v’kh izFkk ;k tkrhr ijaijsus pkyw vkgs-dksd.kke/;s dq.kch tkrhph
yksdla[;k eksBÓk izek.kkr gksrh- R;kapk izHkko lektkoj gksrk-35
� brj tkrh%&brj tkrh%&brj tkrh%&brj tkrh%& ekGh] dkG.k] egkj] ekax] pkaHkkj] Ros”Vk] dklkj] HkaMkjh]
lksudksGh] eqlyeku bR;knh tkrÈe/;s lekt foHkkxysyk gksrk- ;k tkrhph
la[;k deh vkgs- izR;sd tkrhpk Lora= lekt vkgs- izR;sd tkrhP;k pkyhjhrh
26
fHkUUk&fHkUu o #<Èps ikyu djhr vlr- dksd.kke/;s jkg.kkÚ;k loZ tkrhpk Lora=
O;olk; gksrk- izR;sd ek.kwl T;k tkrhr tUerks R;kp tkrhr vlrks- dksd.kkr
vLi`’;rk eksBÓk izek.kkr #< gksrh- R;keqGs lektkr ,dlaxrh uOgrh- izR;sd
tkrhoj osxosxGh ca/kus yknysyh gksrh- tkrh izeq[kkauk ikVhy] eqdkne o Egk=s
v’kh ukos vlr- tkrh izeq[kkaph gh ins oa’kijaijkxr i)rhus pkyr vlr-;k tkrh
izeq[kkauk R;kaP;k tkrcka/kokadMwu dkgh vf/kdkj o loyrh feGr gksR;k-36
� vLi`’; lekt%&vLi`’; lekt%&vLi`’; lekt%&vLi`’; lekt%&ftYgÓkr loZ Hkkxkr ckS) yksd vk<Grkr- 14 vkWDVkscj 1956
iwohZ gk lekt loZ= egkj lekt Eg.kwu vksG[kyk tkr gksrk- R;k osGh gk lekt
vR;ar viekuhr gksrk- MkW- vkacsMdjkauh vLi`’;kaP;k m)kjklkBh iz;Ru d#u
lektkyk eq[; izokgkr vk.k.;klkBh iz;Ru dsys- R;kauk ekulUeku feGowu
ns.;klkBh MkW- vkacsMdjkauh jk;xMe/;s la?k”kkZyk lq#okr dsyh- R;kpkp Hkkx
Eg.kwu egkMyk lR;kxzg dj.;kr vkyk- vLi`’;kauk lkoZtfud ik.koBs o fofgjh
[kqY;k dj.;klaca/kh lh-ds- cksys ;kapk fof/keaMGkrhy 1923 pk Bjko ljdkjusgh
ekU; dsysyk vlyk rjhgh izR;{kkr gk veykr vkysyk uOgrk- R;kuqlkj 5
tkusokjh 1924 jksth egkM uxjikfydsus rsFkhy ponkj rGs lok±uk [kqys vlY;kps
tkghj dsys gksrs- rjhgh egkMyk vLi`’;kuh rGÓkoj tkÅu vkiyk gDd ctkoyk
uOgrk- R;keqGs cfgӄr fgardkfj.kh lHksP;k orhus dqykck ftYgk cfgӄr
ifj”knsP;k 9 o 20 ekpZ 1927 jksth HkjysY;k vf/kos’kukP;k fufeÙkkus lersP;k
y<Ókapk MkW- ckcklkgsc vkacsMdjkauh izkjaHk dsyk-37
� vkfnoklh lekt%&vkfnoklh lekt%&vkfnoklh lekt%&vkfnoklh lekt%& jk;xM ftYgÓkr vkfnoklh Eg.kwu okLrO; dj.kkÚ;k tekrhr
dkrdjh] egknso dksGh] Bkdwj] okjyh] <ksj dksGh] eYgkj dksGh bR;knh- tekrhaps
okLrO; fnlwu ;srs- vkfnoklh lektkP;k pkyhjhrh] #<h] ijaijk brj tkrhais{kk
osxGÓk vkgsr- vkfnoklÈe/;s fofo/k iksVtkrh vkgsr- <ksj] dkrdjh vkf.k lksu
dkrdjh ;k nksu izeq[k iksVtkrh dkrdjh tekrhe/;s fnlwu ;srkr- ;k nksu
iksVtkrÈe/;s jksVh&csVh O;ogkj gksr ukghr- jk;xM ftYgÓkr okLrO; dj.kkÚ;k
vkfnoklh tkrhP;k fHkUu&fHkUu ijaijk vkgsr- R;kaps jkg.kheku osxosxGs vkgs-
27
jk;xM ftYgÓke/;s dkrdjh gh eksBh vuqlwfpr tekr vkgs- 1981 P;k
tux.kusuqlkj jk;xM ftYgÓkr R;kaph yksdla[;k 75679 ,o<h vkgs- dtZr
[kkykiwj] iuosy] lq/kkxM o is.k rkyqD;krhy fo’ks”kr% Mksaxjkoj R;kaph yksdla[;k
izkeq[;kus vk<Grs- dkrdjh gh tekr MksaxjkP;k dMsdMsus okMÓkauh fo[kqjysyh
vkgs- R;keqGs R;kapk laidZ deh gksr vlrks- dkrdjh vkf.k Bkdwj ;kaP;kr
jksVh&csVh O;ogkj gksr ukghr- vkfnoklh lekt gk Mksaxjkr jkgr vlY;keqGs
R;kapk fganw /kekZ’kh dks.krkgh laca/k uOgrk- rs fulxkZph] >kMkaph o lw;kZph iwtk
djrkr- 38
dksd.k ifjljke/;s vla[; tkrÈps yksd jkgr vkgsr- izR;sd tkr Lor%ps
vfLrRo fVdowu Bso.;kps iz;Ru djhr vkgs- eqlyeku] f[zk’pu] fganq gs loZ ,d=
jkgr vkgsr o izR;sd /kekZrhy O;Drh vkivkiY;k /kkfeZd ijaijsus /kekZps ikyu
djr vkgs-
� vvvvkfnoklh ;k ladYiusps Li”Vhdj.k %kfnoklh ;k ladYiusps Li”Vhdj.k %kfnoklh ;k ladYiusps Li”Vhdj.k %kfnoklh ;k ladYiusps Li”Vhdj.k %
vki.k T;kauk vkfnoklh Eg.krks rs ukxj laLÑrhiklwu nwj jkfgysys ewGps
jfgoklh gksr- rs lkekU;r% MksaxjkG Hkkxkr jkg.kkjs brj lektkP;k laidkZr Qkjls u
;s.kkjs rlsp ekuoh thoukP;k vktP;k izxr voLFksP;k rqyusr deh&tkLr izek.kkr
nwj jkfgysys vls yksd vkgsr- izkjaHkhps ;qjksfi;u izoklh] O;kikjh] /keksZins’kd vkf.k
jkT;drsZ ;kauk txkP;k Hkkxkrhy vls yksd R;kaP;k rqyusus ekxklysys fdaok jkuVh
okVys- Eg.kwu R;kauk jkuVh fdaok vlH; vkf.k vMk.kh v’kk izdkjs lacksf/kys xsys- ijarq
vf/kd vH;klkuarj lkekftd ekuo’kkL=Kkauh vls nk[kowu fnys dh gs yksd tjh
jkukoukr jkg.kkjs vkf.k rFkkdfFkr HkkSfrdn`”VÓk izxr vlysY;k yksdkaP;k rqyusus
ekxlysys okVys rjh R;kaP;ke/;sgh lektO;oLFkk vkf.k laLÑrh fodflr >kysyh
vlrs- R;keqGs vkfnoklh Eg.kts deh izrhps fdaok xkS.k vlk vFkZ eqGhp djrk dkek
u;s-
vk;Z o nzfoM gs Hkkjrkrys nksu eksBs ekuolekt lksMwu R;kaP;kgh iwohZ Hkkjrkr
jkg.kkÚ;k fdaok ckgsjP;k ns’kkrwu ;sÅu ous o ioZr ;kaP;k vkJ;kus LFkkf;d >kysY;k
28
tekrhauk oU;tkrh] ouoklh] igkMh] vkfne tkrh] tutkrh fdaok vkfnoklh vls
Eg.krkr- vkfnoklh T;k MksaxjkG Hkkxkr fdaok nÚ;k[kksÚ;kae/;s jkgrkr Hkwizns’k
lqpfo.kkjs vkgsr- ekuooa’k’kkL=K] oU;tkrh gk Hkkjrh; yksdlektkPkk izkphure
foHkkx vkgs- Hkkjrkrhy iz’kkld] ekuooa’k’kkL=K] lkekftd dk;ZdrsZ b- yksdkauh
dkrMhpk jax] MksD;kpk vkdkj] Hkk”kk] pkyhjhrh] jkg.kh o tkrh; ifjfLFkrh
;kalkj[;k xks”VhaP;k vk/kkjs Dofpr ijLijfojks/kh v’kkgh dlksVÓk ykowu tekrhps
o.kZu dsysys vkgs-39
Hkkjrkr izkphu dkGh izksVks&vkWLVsªykWbZM] eaxksykbZM] usfxzVks gs fHkUu ekuooa’k
jkgr gksrs- lkaizr vki.k T;kauk vkfnoklh Eg.krks R;kaph mRiÙkh ojhyiSdh ,dk
ekuooa’kkiklwu >kyh vlyh ikfgts gs er vkrk n`< >kys vkgs- vkfnoklh gs
Hkkjrkrhy vk| olkgrdkj ekuys tkrkr- gs yksd vkRelaj{k.kkl frrdsls leFkZ
uOgrs] R;keqGs Hkkjrkr if’pe] ok;O; o bZ’kkU; ;k fn’kkadMwu vlysY;k vuqØes
nzfoM] baMksvk;Zu o eaxksfy;u ;k yksdkaIkq<s R;kapk fVdko ykxyk ukgh- uokxr yksd
gs la[;kcGkusp uOgs rj lk/kulkeqxzhusgh ojp< vlY;keqGs oU; tekrhauk R;kaP;kiq<s
gkj [kkoh ykxyh o MksaxjnÚ;kapk fdaok taxykapk vkJ; ?;kok ykxyk- vktgh rs
v’kkp tkxh dk;eph oLrh d#u jkfgysys fnlrkr- R;kaP;kiSdh vkusdkauh vkiys
ewG LFkku lksMys ukgh] rs gGwgGw u”V rjh >kys fdaok uokxrka’kh ,d#i gksÅu
vkiys Lora= vfLrRop gjowu clys-40
;k vfnoklhaps lkaizr vusd tkrh&iksVtkrhar foHkktu >kysys vlwu R;krhy
izR;sd tkr Lora= letyh tkrs- izR;sd tkr vkiY;k tkrhr fdaok iksVtkrhrp
fookglaca/k djrs- izR;sd tkrhP;k Lor%P;k v’kk dkgh pkyhjhrhgh vkgsr- gs
osxGsi.kk Li”V dj.kkÚ;k vusd O;k[;kaP;k vk/kkjs vkfnoklh ‘kCnkpk vFkZ letw
‘kdrks-
o vkfnoklÈvkfnoklÈvkfnoklÈvkfnoklÈP;k O;kP;k O;kP;k O;kP;k O;k[;k %[;k %[;k %[;k % MkW- fjOglZ ;kaP;k ers T;k lewgkrhy lnL; ,dk leku
cksyhHkk”kspk okij djrkr rlsp ;q)klkj[;k leku mfí”ViwrhZdfjrk ,d= ;sÅu
>Vrkr v’kk ljG vkf.k lk/;k lkekftd lewgkyk vkfnoklh lekt fdaok tekr
29
vls Eg.krkr- fxyhu vkf.k fxyhu ;kaP;k ers] vkfnoklh lektkr Eg.kts ,dk
fof’k”V Hkw&izns’kkoj jkg.kkj] leku cksyhHkk”kk cksy.kkjk o leku lkaLÑfrd thou
tx.kkjk i.k fuj{kj vlk LFkkfud xVkpk lewg gks;-
MCY;w- ts- isjh ;kaP;k ers] vkfnoklh lektkph dehr deh oSf’k”VÓs
lkafxrysyh vkgsr- rs Eg.krkr] leku cksyhHkk”kk cksy.kkÚ;k o ,dkp leku
Hkw&izns’kkoj okLrO; d#u jkg.kkÚ;k lewgkyk vkfnoklh lekt vls Eg.krkr-
cksxkMZl ;kaP;k ers] lqjf{krrsph t#jh] jDrlaca/kkaps ca/k] leku /keZ ;koj vkfnoklh
lewg vk/kkjysyk vkgs- HkkjrkP;k lanHkkZr fooj.k djrkuk vls uewn dj.;kr vkys
vkgs dh] baihfj;y xW>sVe/;s vkfnoklÈph O;k[;sps leku cksyhHkk”kk cksy.kkÚ;k]
,dkp Hkw&Hkkxkr jkg.kkÚ;k] lq#okrhyk varfoZokfgr vl.;kph ‘kD;rk vlysyk i.k
loZlkekU;i.ks varfoZokg ulysY;k leku uko /kkj.k dj.kkÚ;k dqVqackP;k leqPp;kyk
vkfnoklh lekt vls Eg.krkr-41 1962 lkyh f’kyk¡xe/;s HkjysY;k Hkkjrh;
tutkrh lferhP;k ifj”knsus vkfnoklÈph O;k[;k iq<hyizek.ks dsyh vkgs- ^^,dk
leku Hkk”kspk okij dj.kkÚ;k ,dkp iwoZtkiklwu mRiÙkh lkax.kkÚ;k] ,dk fof’k”V
Hkw&izns’kkr okLrO; dj.kkÚ;k ra=’kkL=h; KkukP;k n`”Vhus ekxklysY;k] v{kjvksG[k
ulysY;k o jDrlaca/kkoj vk/kkfjr] lkekftd o jktdh; jhrhfjoktkaps izkekf.kdi.ks
ikyu dj.kkÚ;k ,dftulh xVkyk vkfnoklh lekt Eg.krkr-** enu o eqtqenkj
;kaP;k ers] ^^leku Hkk”kk o leku laLÑrh vl.kkÚ;k vkf.k vkfFkZd** n`”Vhus
ijLijlacaf/kr vl.kkÚ;k xzkeh.k leqnk;kP;k leqPp;kpk mYys[k vkfnoklh lekt
Eg.kwu usgeh dsyk tkrks-**
Mh- ,u- eqtqenkj ;kauh] ^^vkfnoklÈph loZ y{k.ks ?ksÅu R;kaph foLr`r O;k[;k
dsyh vkgs- rs Eg.krkr] leku uko vl.kkjk] ,dkp Hkwizns’kkoj okLrO; dj.kkjk]
,dp Hkk”kk cksy.kkjk o fookg] O;olk; bR;knh ckcrhr leku fu”ks/k fu;ekaps ikyu
dj.kkjk o ijLij mÙkjnkf;Ro fuekZ.k dj.;kP;k n`”Vhus ,d i)r’khj O;oLFkk
Lohdkj.kkÚ;k dqVqackps fdaok dqVqac leqgkps ,d=hdj.k Eg.kts vkfnoklh lekt
gks;-**42 oj mn~/k`r dsysY;k vkfnoklh lektkP;k fofo/k O;k[;kao#u vkfnoklh
lektkph oSf’k”VÓs [kkyhyizek.ks fo’kn djrk ;srkr-
30
o vkfnoklh leqnk;kph BGd oSf’k”Vvkfnoklh leqnk;kph BGd oSf’k”Vvkfnoklh leqnk;kph BGd oSf’k”Vvkfnoklh leqnk;kph BGd oSf’k”VÓÓÓÓs%s%s%s%
• nqxZe {ks=kr okLrO; %nqxZe {ks=kr okLrO; %nqxZe {ks=kr okLrO; %nqxZe {ks=kr okLrO; % dks.kRkkgh lekt gk ,d izknsf’kd lewg vlrks- izR;sd
lektkps gs izHksnd y{k.k vkgs- R;kfouk dks.krkgh lekt vfLrRokr ;s.kkj ukgh-
vkfnoklh lektgh ;k fu;ekyk viokn ukgh- dkgh vkfnoklh gs vtwugh
HkVD;k voLFksr vlys rjhlq)k T;k izns’kkr R;kaph Hkzearh pkyw vlrs- R;kp
izns’kkyk rs vkiyk ekurkr-
loZlkekU;i.ks ckgÓ laidkZiklwu vfyIr o nqxZe ijarq lqjf{kr v’kk
MksaxjkG Hkkxkr vkfnoklÈps okLrO; vlrs- izR;sd tekr T;k izns’kkr jkgrs vkf.k
T;k izns’kkP;k vk/kkjs mithfodk djrs rks vkiyk izns’k vkgs v’kh R;k tekrhph
Hkkouk vlrs- ;k MksaxjkG Hkkxkr ckgs#u izos’k djko;kl jLrs rj ulrkrp i.k
ik;okVkns[khy vxnh rqjGd vlrkr- u|k&ukys] nkV >kMs&>qMis o oU; tukojs
;kaps vMFkGs vlrkrp- t.kw dkgh R;kaP;k Hkw&izns’kkyk uSlfxZd rVcanh vlrs-
T;k Hkw&izns’kkoj R;kaps okLrO; vlrs R;k fo”k;h R;kauk vkiqydh vlrs- ;k
izns’kkr brjkaps vkØe.k R;k [kiowu ?ksr ukghr- vusd tekrhr ;k izknsf’kd
lhekaP;k mYya?kuko:u HkkaM.ks fdaok ;q)sgh gksrkr- ;k n”Vhus izR;sd vkfnoklh
tekr gk ,d Lora= izknsf’kd leqnk;p vlrks-
cgqla[; vkfnoklh vR;ar nqxZe o MksaxjkG Hkkxkr jkgrkr- egkjk”Vªkrhy
vkfnoklhgh MksaxjkG Hkkxkr LFkkf;d >kY;kps fnlwu ;srs- if’pe egkjk”Vªkrhy
lgÓknzh MksaxjkP;k ifjljkr] mÙkjsr lkriqMk ioZrkP;k jkaxsr o e/; izns’kkrhy
pkank ftYgÓkP;k taxy foHkkxke/;s] ejkBokMÓkrhy vftaBk ys.;kaP;k
vkliklP;k MksaxjkG Hkkxkr vkfnoklh ‘krdkuq’krds jkgkr vkgsr-
• izek.k y?kqrk%izek.k y?kqrk%izek.k y?kqrk%izek.k y?kqrk% vkfnoklh lekt gk brj dks.kR;kgh lektk’kh rqyuk djrk vusd
ckcrhr ygku vlrks- fof’k”V Hkw&izns’kkojhy yksdla[;k ‘ks&ikp’ksP;kp ?kjkr
vlrs- Hkkjrh; vkfnoklÈaiSdh xksaM] laFkky] fHkYy ;kalkj[;k Hkkjrkrhy
tekrhaph vkdkjkus cÚ;kp eksBÓk vkgsr- vaneku csVkojhy tekrh vkdkjkus
lokZr ygku vkgsr- T;k fof’k”V Hkw&izns’kkoj vkfnoklh jkgkr vlrkr rks
31
Hkw&izns’k e;kZfnr vlrks- lektkrhy lnL;kaph la[;k e;kZfnr vlY;kus R;kaP;k
lkekftd laidkZps {ks=gh frrdsp ygku vlrs- fof’k”V Hkw&izns’k] e;kZfnr
yksdla[;k bR;knhaeqGs R;kaP;k lkekftd laidkZojgh e;kZnk iMrkr-
• ,dkp jDrlac,dkp jDrlac,dkp jDrlac,dkp jDrlaca/kkoj vk/kkfjr %a/kkoj vk/kkfjr %a/kkoj vk/kkfjr %a/kkoj vk/kkfjr % vkfnoklh lektkrhy yksdkaph mRiÙkh ,dkp
iwoZtkiklwu >kyh gk R;kapk n`<fo’okl vlrks- gk iwoZt dks.k gksrk] dsOgk >kyk]
;kcíy R;kauk Kku vlks vxj ulks i.k vkiyk iwoZt ,d vkgs gh Hkkouk izcG
vlrs- R;keqGsp R;kaP;kr foy{k.k cka/khydh] isze] vkiqydh o lkgp;Z fuekZ.k
>kysys vlrs- gh ,dkRerk dks.kR;kgh tekrhykp brj ijdh; tekrhiklwu
vkiys osxGsi.kk fVdfo.;klkBh mi;ksxh iMrs-43
vkfnoklh lektkps lkekftd ,dftulhi.kk gs izeq[k y{k.k vkgs- izR;sd
vkfne tekrhP;k yksdkae/;s leku Hkk”kk] leku /keZ] leku fu;e] leku
laLÑrh vkf.k loZlk/kkj.ki.ks leku vkfFkZd ifjfLFkrh ;keqGs ,dftulhi.kk
vk<Grks- nSuafnu thoukr ?kM.kkÚ;k dks.kR;kgh ?kVuk ;k dsoG ,[kk|k
O;DrhiqjR;k fdaok dqVqackiqjR;k e;kZfnr u jkgrk R;k loZ lewgkP;k curkr-
lq[k%nq[kkapk okVsdjh loZ lewg curks- R;kaps jhrhfjokt] /keZJ)k] ijaijk ;kapk
izHkko tuekulkoj brdk ijkdksVhpk vlrks dh R;kaps ikyu rs vR;ar
dkVsdksji.ks djhr vlrkr- R;kaP;k thoukrhy loZ ?kVukaph fpfdRlk ;kp
fud”kkoj rs djhr vlrkr- ;kp yksderkpk izHkko R;kaP;k thoukoj iMysyk
vlY;kus R;kaP;k vkpj.kkr fHkUurk vk<Gr ukgh- vkfne lkekftd o vkfFkZd
fo”kerk vxnh vYi izek.kkr vlrs- vxnh izkFkfed voLFksrhy vkfnoklh
lekt brdk ,dftulh vlrks dh R;ke/;s Lrjjpuk toGtoG ulrs-
• LLLLora= cksyhHkk”kk o ys[kudyspk vora= cksyhHkk”kk o ys[kudyspk vora= cksyhHkk”kk o ys[kudyspk vora= cksyhHkk”kk o ys[kudyspk vHkko%Hkko%Hkko%Hkko% izR;sd vkfnoklh tekrhps osxGsi.k
nk[kfo.kkjs vkf.k R;kpcjkscj izR;sdhpk ,dftulhi.kk Li”V dj.kkjs oSf’k”VÓ
Eg.kts R;k tekrhph Lora= cksyhHkk”kk gks;- Hkkjrkrhy cgqrsd ygku&eksBÓk
tekrhP;k Lor%P;k cksyhHkk”kk vkgsr- ;k Hkk”kkae/kwu yksdxhrs] Eg.kh] m[kk.ks b-
lkfgR; vk<Grs- ek= vkfnoklh yksdkae/;s fyihpk o ys[kudyspk vHkko
32
vlY;keqGs gs lkfgR; o brj okyhjhrh vkf.k J)k ekSf[kd ijaijsusp ,dk
fi<hiklwu nqlÚ;k fi<hyk fnY;k tkrkr- izR;sd vkfne tekrhP;k Hkk”kso#u
vkf.k yksdlkfgR;kP;k vk/kkjs lkekftd jpuk] laLFkk] laca/k] ukrs] O;oLFkk
bR;knhapk vH;kl djrk ;srks- R;kaP;k cksyhHkk”ksyk fyih ulY;keqGs vkfnoklh
lektkr okM~-e;fufeZrh vk<Gwu ;sr ukgh- R;kpk ifj.kke Eg.kts brj izxr
lektkr dyk] Kku o /keZ’kkL=kP;k ckcrhr ok< >kyh r’kh vkfnoklh lektkr
gksÅ ‘kdyh ukgh-
• fuokZgfuokZgfuokZgfuokZgiz/kku vFkZO;oLFkk %iz/kku vFkZO;oLFkk %iz/kku vFkZO;oLFkk %iz/kku vFkZO;oLFkk % vkfnoklh yksdkaP;k vFkZO;oLFksps o.kZu ^fuokZgiz/kku*
vls dsys tkrs- R;kph lk/kh vFkZO;oLFkk gs ,d egÙoiw.kZ oSf’k”VÓ vkgs- R;kaP;k
;k vFkZO;oLFksps mfí”V dsoG nSuafnu xjtkaph iwrhZ gsp vlrs- fdeku xjtk
Hkkxfo.;kiqjrsp mRiknu vkfnoklh yksd djhr vlrkr- i.k miHkksX; OkLrwapsgh
mRiknu brds viqjs vlrs dh R;kaP;kgh xjtk uhVi.ks iqÚ;k gksÅ ‘kdr ukghr-
lkgftdp oLrwaps fofue; ulY;kus iSlk o cktkjisB ;kaP;k vFkZO;oLFksps izeq[k
y{k.k cuys vkgs-
Qk;nk feGfo.ks gs vk/kqfud vFkZO;oLFksps /;s; vkfnoklÈP;k vFkZO;oLFksr
vk<Gwu ;sr ukgh- R;k,soth ,desdkauk enr dj.ks o lok±uk lgHkkxh d#u
?ks.;kph izo`Ùkh fo’ks”kRokus vk<Grs- L=h&iq#”kkae/;s JefoHkktu vk<Grs- i.k
fo’ks”khdj.kkpk iw.kZ vHkko vkgs- vkfFkZd fØ;k ikj ikMrkuk fulxZ’kDrhapkp
okij vf/kd d#u ?ks.;klkBh Lor%P;k ifjJekaojp gs yksd folacysys vlrkr-
vkfnoklh yksd f’kdkj] eklsekjh] ‘ksrh ;kalkj[;k vkfFkZd fØ;kae/;s th
midj.ks o gR;kjs okijrkr rh vR;ar vfodflr] lk/kh] vkscM/kkscM o ekQd
v’kh vlrkr- ‘ksrhdfjrk tfeuhph e’kkxr dj.;kps ra= o brj vfFkZd
fØ;karhy i)rh tqtch o ekxklysyh vlrs- Lor%P;kp vusd o”kk±P;k
vuqHkokrwu R;kauh loZ gR;kjs Lor%p fuekZ.k dsysyh vlrkr- /kuq”;ck.k] ekls
idM.;kph tkGh] >ksiMh] tukojkaps o ‘ksGÓk&dksacMÓkaps laj{k.k dj.;klkBh
cafnLr tkxk] brj loZ oLrwaps mRiknu rs Lor%p djhr vlrkr- vkfnoklÈph
33
vk;q/ks] gR;kjs] votkjs o R;kaP;k vkfFkZd fØ;kaps Lo#i y{kkr ?ksrk gs Li”V gksrs
dh] R;kaps ra=fo|kRed Kku vxnhp e;kZfnr o rksdMs vkgs- vkfFkZd fØ;kaekxs
‘kkL=’kq)rk deh vlrs o nSookn fdaok va/kJ)k ;kapk ixMk tkLr vlrks-
• vkfnoklh laLvkfnoklh laLvkfnoklh laLvkfnoklh laLÑÑÑÑrh%rh%rh%rh% vkfnoklh lektkrhy /keZ o /kekZpkj.k ;kauk vuU;lk/kkj.k
egÙo vkgs- fulxkZP;k lkfé/;kr vlY;keqGs vkf.k foKkukpk fodkl Qkjlk
ulY;keqGs ‘kDrhojhy J)k vkf.k R;kuqlkj R;k ‘kDrhauk larq”V d#u ?ks.;klkBh
fof’k”V izkFkZuk o iwtk fodflr >kysY;k vk<Grkr- fulxkZfo”k;h vknj
vk<Grks- R;kpizek.ks iwoZtkaP;kfo”k;hgh Hkhfr;qDr vknj vk<Grks- ltho vkf.k
futhZo v’kk o loZ oLrwae/;s vkRek fdaok ‘kDrh vkgs v’kh Hkkouk vlrs- ea=ra=]
tknwVks.kk ;kaP;k lkgk¸;kus vkiY;k bPNk iw.kZ gksÅ ‘kdrkr vlsgh vkfnoklÈuk
izkekf.kdi.ks okVrs- vkfnoklÈP;k /kekZe/;s dkgh xks”Vh lkekU; vlY;k rjh
izR;sd tekrhP;k /kkkfeZd dYiukaph dkgh osxGh oSf’k”VÓsgh vlrkr- vkfnoklh
lektkP;k ;k /keZJ)sus R;kaPkk thoufo”k;d n`f”Vdksu fuf’pr >kysyk vlrks-
R;keqGs le/keZ gs R;kaps oSf’k”VÓ cuys vkgs-44
•••• Hkkjrh; vkfnoklh leqHkkjrh; vkfnoklh leqHkkjrh; vkfnoklh leqHkkjrh; vkfnoklh leqnk;%nk;%nk;%nk;% pkSnkO;k & ia/kjkO;k ‘krdke/;s ;qjksfi;u yksdkauh
uohu Hkwizns’k ‘kks/kwu dk<ys- R;k fBdk.kh xksÚ;k yksdkauh olkgrh fuekZ.k dsY;k-
nf{k.k o mÙkj vesfjdk] nf{k.k vkfÝdk] vkWLVªsfy;k] U;w>hyaM bR;knh Hkw&Hkkxkr
;qjksfi;u xksÚ;k ek.klkauh olkgrh fuekZ.k dsY;k- gh xksjh ek.kls R;k izns’kkr
tk.;kiwohZ R;k&R;k izns’kkr euq”;oLrh gksrh- olkgrok|kauh ;k iwohZP;k yksdkauk
vkfnoklh gh laKk fnyh- Hkkjrkrgh baxztkaps jkT; fuekZ.k >kys- Hkkjr gk
lkaLÑfrdn`”VÓk izxr ns’k gksrk- rsFks loZp yksdkauk vkfnoklh Eg.krk ;s.;ktksxs
uOgrs- Eg.kwu taxykr fdaok MksaxjnÚ;kr jkg.kkÚ;k Hkkjrh; fuoklh ek.klkl
vkfnoklh gh laKk feGkyh-
1981 P;k tux.kusuqlkj Hkkjrke/;s 5-53 dksVh vkfnoklh yksd vkgs rs
HkkjrkP;k ,dw.k yksdla[;sP;k 7-85 VDds vkgsr- Hkkjrke/;s toGtoG 427
vkfnoklh tekrh vkgsr- ;k vkfnoklh tekrh HkkjrkP;k loZ jkT;kr
34
deh&vf/kd la[;sr okLrO; djrkr- R;kaph yksdla[;k fe>ksjkee/;s 95 VDds]
y{k}hIk 93 VDds] nknjk uxjgosyh 79 VDds] v#.kkpy 64 VDds] e/; izns’k
23-22 VDds] vksfjlk 22 VDds] xqtjkr 10 VDds] egkjk”Vª 9-27 VDds]
fcgkje/;s 8 VDds brdh vkgs- ;k O;frfjDr tEew&dk’ehj] fgekpy izns’k]
mÙkj izns’k] jktLFkku] es?kky;] f=iqjk] ukxky¡M] ef.kiwj] vaneku] fudksckj ;k
Hkkxkrgh FkksMÓkQkj la[;sr vkfnoklh jkgrkr-45
o Hkkjrkrhy Hkkjrkrhy Hkkjrkrhy Hkkjrkrhy vkfnoklÈvkfnoklÈvkfnoklÈvkfnoklÈps oxhZdj.k%ps oxhZdj.k%ps oxhZdj.k%ps oxhZdj.k% Hkkjrkrhy vkfnoklh ns’kkP;k fofo/k
Hkkxkr osxosxGÓk izek.kkr vk<Grkr- R;kpcjkscj Hkkjrh; vkfnoklhae/;s
HkkSxkSfyd o okaf’kd] Hkkf”kd o vkfFkZd fHkUurk vk<Gw.k ;srs ;k osxosxG;k
fud”kkaP;k vk/kkjs vkfnoklÈps oxhZdj.k [kkyhyizek.ks dsys vkgs-
o vkfnoklh izknsf’kd foHkkx.kh %vkfnoklh izknsf’kd foHkkx.kh %vkfnoklh izknsf’kd foHkkx.kh %vkfnoklh izknsf’kd foHkkx.kh % HkkjRkkP;k dks.kR;k izns’kkr vkfnoklh
,doVysys vkgsr vkf.k R;kaP;ke/;s LFkwyekukus fdrir lkE; vkgs ;kpk
fopkj d#u izknsf’kd foHkkx ikMys xsys vkgsr- xqtjkr jkT;kP;k iwosZdMs
foa/; o lkriqMk ;k ioZrkaP;k jkaxka’kh lekarj vlysyk vj.;s o nÚ;k[kksÚ;kauh
;qDr vlk izns’k gs Hkkjrkrhy vkfnoklÈps eq[; OkfLrLFkku gks;- ;k [ksjht
bZ’kkU;sdMs vklke o vkliklP;k izns’kkr vkf.k nf{k.ksdMs vka/kz izns’k]
rfeGukMw vkf.k dsjG ;k jkT;krgh vkfnoklh eksBÓk la[;sus vkgsr-
HkkSxksfyd fdaok izknsf’kdn`”V;k ;k loZ vkfnoklÈph rhu] pkj fdaok ikp
foHkkxkr foHkkx.kh djrk ;srs-
MkW- ch- ,l~- xqgk ;kaP;k ers Hkkjrkrhy vkfnoklÈps rhu izknsf’kd
foHkkx iMrkr% 1½ mÙkj o bZ’kkU;sdMhy vkfnoklh] 2½ e/; Hkkjrkrhy
vkfnoklh vkf.k 3½ nf{k.ksdMhy vkfnoklh] enu vkf.k eqtqenkj ;kauhgh
vlsp foHkkx lkafxrysys vkgsr- MkW- nqcs ;kaP;k foHkkx.khuqlkj vkfne tkrhps
pkj HkkSxksfyd foHkkx gksrkr- 1½ mÙkj vkf.k bZ’kkU; foHkkx] 2½ e/;
foHkkx] 3½ nf{k.k foHkkx vkf.k 4½ if’pe foHkkx] xqtjkr] egkjk”Vª vkf.k
jkT;LFkkupk Lora= vlk if’pe foHkkx Mk¡- nqcs ;kauh ekuyk vkgs- vVy
;kauhgh toGtoG v’khp foHkkx.kh fnyh vkgs-
35
,sfrgkfld] okaf’kd vkf.k lkekftd&lkaLÑfrd laca/k y{kkr ?ksÅu
jkW; ceZu ;kauh ikp izknsf’kd foHkkx dsys vkgsr % 1½ bZ’kkU; Hkkjr %
vklke] es?kky;] ukxky¡M] ef.kiwj] v#.kkpy izns’k] fe>ksjke o f=iqjk
;sFkhy vkfnoklh] 2½ fgeky;kP;k ik;F;k’kh vlysyk mÙkj o ok;O;
Hkkjrkrhy izns’k% mÙkj izns’kkP;k mÙkjsdMhy o fgekpy izns’kkrhy vkfnoklh]
3½ if’pe Hkkjr % jktLFkku] xqtjkr vkf.k egkjk”Vªkrhy vkfnoklh- 4½
nf{k.k Hkkjr % rfeGukMw] dsjG vkf.k dukZVdkrhy vkfne tkrh vkf.k] 5½
vaneku fudksckj izns’k-46
;k loZ foHkkx.khpk fopkj d#u rlsp HkkSxksfyd Ik;kZoj.k] lkekftd o
vkfFkZd fLFkrh] okaf’kd oSf’k”VÓs bR;knh fud”k leksj BsÅu MkW- jkW; ;kauh ts
ikp foHkkx ikMys vkgsr rs iq<hyizek.ks &
� fgeky;hu izns’k %fgeky;hu izns’k %fgeky;hu izns’k %fgeky;hu izns’k % fgeky;kP;k nf{k.ksdMpk vfr’k; foLrh.kZ izns’k gk vusd
vkfne tekrhps fuoklLFkku vlwu ;k eksB;k foHkkxkps rhu mifoHkkx ikMrk
;srkr- v½ bZ’kkU; fgeky;hu foHkkx % ;ke/;s vklke] es?kky;] if’pe
caxkye/khy nkftZfyax igkMh Hkkx] v#.kkpy izns’k] ukxky¡M] ef.kiwj]
fe>ksjke vkf.k f=iqjk ;kapk lekos’k gksrks- c½ e/; fgeky;hu foHkkx % ;k
foHkkxkr mÙkjsdMhy Hkkx vkf.k fcgkj gs izns’k ;srkr- d½ ok;O; fgeky;hu
foHkkx % fgekpy izns’k vkf.k tEew&dk’ehj ;k jkT;kapk lekos’k ;k mifoHkkxkr
gksrks- ;k foHkkxkr jkg.kkÚ;k vkfnoklÈps izek.k ,dw.k yksdla[;sP;k 45 VDds
vkgs- ;sFkhy vkfnoklh tekrhe/;s fe>ks] xkjh] [kklh] vusd ukxk tekrh
vkf.k brjkapk lekos’k gksrks-
;k {ks=kr jkg.kkÚ;k vkfnekaph ‘kkjhfjd Bso.k eaxksykWbZM oa’kkP;k
yksdkalkj[kh vkgs- gs yksd jaxkus fioGs vlrkr- R;kaps Mksds ykac] ukd piVs]
maph e/;e o dsl ljG vlrkr- mBonkj guqoVh] MksGs o ljG dsl gh ;kaph
oSf’k”VÓs ekuyh tkrkr-
36
� e/; Hkkjrh; izns’k %e/; Hkkjrh; izns’k %e/; Hkkjrh; izns’k %e/; Hkkjrh; izns’k % fcgkj] if’pe caxky] vksfjlk vkf.k e/; izns’kkrhy vMhp
dksVÈis{kk vf/kd vkfnoklÈpk gk izns’k vkgs- Hkkjrkrhy ,dw.k vkfnoklhiSdh 55
VDds vkfnoklh ;k izns’kkr jkgrkr-
;k {ks=kr okLrO; d#u vLk.kkÚ;k vkfnoklÈuk ‘kkjhfjd xq.k/kekZo#u
izksVks vkWLVªsykWbZM oa’kkps yksd Eg.krkr- ;k yksdkapk jax dkGk] MksGs ykac dqjGs
vlrkr- gs] yksd ygku o e/;e maphps vlrkr- cSxk] xksaM] gks] mjkWo]
laFkky]igkfM;k] dksy] eqaMk] fcjgksj] [kksM cksank ;k tekrh izeq[k vkgsr-
� if’pe Hkkjrh; izns’k % if’pe Hkkjrh; izns’k % if’pe Hkkjrh; izns’k % if’pe Hkkjrh; izns’k % jktLFkku] xqtjkr vkf.k egkjk”Vª ;k jkT;krhy ,d
dksVhgwu vf/kd vkfnoklÈpk gk izns’k vlwu ,dw.k vkfne la[;siSdh gh la[;k 26
VDds vkgs- fHkYy] xjkfl;k] nqcGk] xksaM] dksjdw] dksGh] dkrdjh] okjyh]
ikj/kh] Bkdqj] dksy] dksyke] eqaMk] ij/kku ;k izeq[k tekrh ;k izns’kkr jkgrkr-
� nf{k.k Hkkjrh; izns’k %nf{k.k Hkkjrh; izns’k %nf{k.k Hkkjrh; izns’k %nf{k.k Hkkjrh; izns’k % vka/kz izns’k] rkfeGukMw] dsjG vkf.k dukZVd ;k jkT;kauh
cuysY;k ;k foHkkxkr 25 yk[kkagwu vf/kd vkfnoklh jkgrkr- ,dw.k vkfne
yksdla[;sr gs izek.k QDr 6-5 VDds vkgs-
;k {ks=kr jkg.kkÚ;k vkfnoklÈe/;s fufxzVks oa’kkps loZ ‘kkjhfjd xq.k/keZ
vk<Grkr- gs yksd fufxzVks Eg.kwup vksG[kys tkrkr- jax dkGk] ukd piVs]
vksB eksBs] Mksds ykac gh R;kaph BGd oSf’k”VÓs Eg.kwu lkaxrk ;srkr- iwoZ
vkfÝdsrhy fuxzks yksdka’kh R;kaps ‘kkjhfjd Bso.khps o.kZu tqG.kkjs vkgs- dksVk
dqjaHkk] rksMk] dknj] mjkyh] b#yk gs vkfne ;k ‘kkjhfjd xq.k/kekZps vkgsr-48
� vaneku&fudksckj izns’k %vaneku&fudksckj izns’k %vaneku&fudksckj izns’k %vaneku&fudksckj izns’k % vaneku&fudksckj gh caxkyP;k milkxjkrhy csVs
vkf.k vjch leqnzkrhy y{k}hIk ;sFks lqekjs 50 gtkjIk;±r vkfnoklh vlwu rsFkhy
,dw.k yksdla[;se/;s gs izek.k 55 VDds vkgs- ,dw.k vkfnoklÈe/;s ek= ;k
foHkkxkrhy vkfnoklÈps izek.k vxnhp vYi Eg.ktsp 5 VDD;kagwu deh vkgs-
vanekuh] vksaxs] tjkck ;klkj[;k lkaLÑfrd fodklkP;k n`”Vhus izkFkfed
37
voLFksrhy dkgh tekrh ;k izns’kkr vkgsr- rlsp Hkkjrkrhy fHkUu&fHkUu
izns’kkr iq<hy vkfnoklh o oU; tekrh vk<Grkr- 47
rDrkrDrkrDrkrDrk ØØØØ---- 3333
Hkkjrkrhy vkfnoklh tekrhHkkjrkrhy vkfnoklh tekrhHkkjrkrhy vkfnoklh tekrhHkkjrkrhy vkfnoklh tekrh
HkkjrkP;k osxosxGÓk jkT;kr jkg.kkÚ;k vkfnoklh tekrh [kkyhyizek.ks vkgsr
vvvv----ØØØØ---- izns’kizns’kizns’kizns’k vkfnoklh vkfnoklh vkfnoklh vkfnoklh tekrhtekrhtekrhtekrh
1½ tEew&dk’ehj cdjoky] ckYVh
2½ fgekpy izns’k HkksfV;k] [kkEik] xn~nh] xqtZj] ygksy]
ixoy] ykac
3½ mÙkj izns’k Hkksdlk
4½ jktLFkku fHkYy] xjkfl;k] ehuk] nqcGk] xksaM]
dksjdw] dksGh
5½ iatkc xn~nh] Loaxy] HkksV
6½ e/; izns’k vxfM;k] fHkYy] dksjy] oSxk] xnck] xksaM]
[kksaM] dksy] dksye] mjkWo] ij/kk
7½ xqtjkr /kksfM;k] nqcGk] fHkYy
8½ egkjk”Vª va/k] fHkYy] ikj/kh] okjyh] dksd.kk] dksGh]
Bkdwj] nqcGk] /kksMh] cSxk] xqnok] dekj]
[kkfM;k] [kksaM] dksy] dksyke] dksjdw]
dksjok] eqaMk] mjkWo] ij/kku] dkrdjh o
ok?kjh
9½ vksfjlk catkjk] oSxk] fcjgksj] cksanks] psapw] xnck]
xksaM] gks] triql] tqvkWax] [kfM;k] dksy]
[kksaM] dks;k] mjkWo] laFkkG] lojk ¼iksjtk½
38
10½ fcgkj vlwj] eqaMk] mjkWo] laFkky] cWxk] catkjs]
fcjgksj] xksaM] gks] [kkfM;k] [kksaM] eqat]
dksjok] mjkWo] ekyigkfM;k]
Hkwfet&lofj;k] igkfM;k ¼eqlkj Fkk#½
11½ vklke xksjks] [kklh] dqdh] fe>ks] fefdjukx]
vcksj] miYkk] fxf’e] vIruh] flaxQks
¼dkpjh½
12½ if’pe caxky gks] dksy] eqaMk] mjkWo] Hkwfet] laFkkG]
xkjks] ysipk] vlwj] cSxk] catkjs] xkSaM]
fojgksj] [kksaM] dksjok] yksgkj
13½ vka/kz izns’k ;ukMh] psapw] dks;k] xnc] vriwr]
dksaMk&dksaMk] dkiwl] jsM~Mh] [kksM] lqxyh
¼yackxh½] ;sLdwy fHkYy] xksaM] Mksaxjh]
dksyke] okfYedh] ij/kku ¼cksxrk½
14½ dukZVd uk;d
15½ rkfeGukMw rksM] ey;kyh] dn] b#y] dksr] vfj;u]
vjunu] dVVwuSjo] dksjx] dqfjfp;e]
ekylj] dq#eu] e;qou] ifl;u]
iqy;u] ey;k;h] dq#ac] ,[kYyu]
dfuDdj] HkUuu] ikfy;u] mjGh]
fo’kou] ¼gGok½
16½ dsjG vfM;u] dnj] b#y] eqFkqou] dfuDdj]
eyadqjou] ey;j;u] Hkyosru] iy;u]
eUuu] mYyru] mjGh] fo’kou] vjunu]
dVVwuSdu] dksjx] dksr] dqfjfp;u]
d#eu] ifu;u] iqy;u] ekylj] dq#ac
39
17½ EgSlwj xksnyw] fgDpfifDo] b#fyx ¼csjM]
lksysxk½] tsrqdq#c] eySdqMh] fHkYy] xksaM]
rksaM] okjyh psaPkw] dks;k] vjunu] ;sjo]
gksys;] dksje
18½ flôhe Hkqfr;k
19½ es?kky; xkjks] [kklh
20½ f=iqjk pdek] yq’kkbZ] ex] dqfdgye] [kklh]
Hkqfr;k] eqaMk] laFkkG] fHkYy] tefy;k]
fjvkax o mPNS
21½ fe>ksjke fe>ks
22½ ef.kiwj vFkeksy] vaxkeh] fe>ks] iSys] iqjoe] lsek
23½ v#.kkpy vknh] fe’eh] vikrkuh] eksaX;k] okapw
24½ ukxky¡M ukxk
25½ y{k}hi Bkdwj
26½ vaneku&fudksckj ‘kkWisu] tokl] lsUVh fuyht] xszV vaMekuh
27½ nho] ne.k] nknjk&uxj
gosyh
/kksMh] /kksMh;k
vkfnoklh gh dkgh ,djl] v[kaM tekr ukgh- R;kaP;kr rhu’ksgwu vf/kd
osxosxGÓk tekrh vkgsr- R;k loZ tjh vkfnoklh vlY;k rjh Hkk”kk] iks”kk[k]
pkyhjhrh] nso/keZ ;kalkj[;k xks”Vhae/;s [kwi Qjd vkgs-
HkkjrkP;k loZ Hkkxkr jkg.kkÚ;k vkfnoklh tekrhps izek.k ek= lkj[ks ukgh-
ok;O;sdMP;k Hkkxkr vkfnoklh tekrh vk<Gr ukghr- ;kmyV bZ’kkU; o e/;
Hkkjrkr vkfnoklÈps cjsp izek.k vk<Grs-48
40
o Hkkjrkrhy Hkkjrkrhy Hkkjrkrhy Hkkjrkrhy vkfnokvkfnokvkfnokvkfnoklÈlÈlÈlÈps okaf’kd oxhZdj.k % ps okaf’kd oxhZdj.k % ps okaf’kd oxhZdj.k % ps okaf’kd oxhZdj.k % laiw.kZ ekuotkr tho’kkL=h; n”Vhus tjh
es/kkjh ekuo ;k ,dkp oxkZr eksM.kkjh vlyh vkf.k loZ ekuokaph ewyHkwr
‘kjhjjpuk leku vlyh rjh txHkjkrY;k euq”;izk.;kae/;s ekuokaps vusd
ewyHkwr ‘kkjhfjd Hksngh fnlwu ;srkr- fof’k”V ‘kkjhfjd y{k.ks vl.kkÚ;k
ekuolewgkyk ,d fof’k”V oa’k ekuwu txkrhy ekuokaps okaf’kd oxhZdj.k dj.;kpk
iz;Ru ‘kkjhfjd ekuo’kkL=K djrkr- maph] Ropspk jax] MksGÓkapk vkdkj o jax
dikG] ukd] vksB] dsl] tcMk] guqoVh bR;knh y{ka.kkaP;k vk/kkjs oa’k Bjfoys
tkrkr- vFkkZr Ik;kZoj.kkrhy cny] okaf’kd feJ.k ;klkj[;k dkj.kkaeqGs vkf.k
izkphu vo’ks”kkaP;k vH;klkrhy vMp.khaeqGs ekuokps okaf’kd oxhZdj.k dj.ks vR;ar
vo?kM vkgs- Hkkjrkrhy yksdkaps vls oxhZdj.k dj.;kpk iz;Ru vusd la’kks/kdkauh
dsyk vlwu R;kaP;k fopkjkr ,der ukgh- ;k lanHkkZrhy izeq[k ers iq<hyizek.ks
vkgsr-
lj gcZVZ fjlys%lj gcZVZ fjlys%lj gcZVZ fjlys%lj gcZVZ fjlys% ;k fczVh’k ekuo’kkL=Kkus Hkkjrkrhy loZ yksdkaps okaf’kd
oxhZdj.k dj.;kpk ifgyk iz;Ru dsyk- R;kauh Hkkjrh; yksdkaph foHkkx.kh lkr
okaf’kd xVkr dsyh vkgs- gs lkr xV Eg.kts 1½ rqdksZ&bjk.kh] 2½ baMks&vk;Zu] 3½
lhnks&nzfoMh;u] 4½ vk;Z&nzfoM] 5½ eaxksy&nzfoM] 6½ eaxksy o 7½ nzfoM
;k foHkkx.khoj iq<s cjhp Vhdk >kyh- fo’ks”kr%nzfoM yksd gsp Hkkjrkrhy vk|
jfgok’kh gs fjlys ;kaps er iq<hy la’kks/kdkauh vekU; dsys- f’kok; ;k oxhZdj.kkr
Hkkf”kd] lkaLÑfrd vkf.k ‘kkjhfjd fud”kkapk ,dkp osGh fopkj dsysyk fnlrks- ;k
erkyk ,-lh- gWMu ;kauh Ikq”Vh fnyh vkgs- gWMuP;k ers nzfoM yksd Hkkjrkr LFkkf;d
gks.;kiwohZ Hkkjrkr euq”;oLrh gksrh gs fl) d#u gWMu ;kauh Hkkjrh; yksdkaps ikap
okaf’kd xV ikMys- rs xV Eg.kts & 1½ nzfoMiwoZ yksd] 2½ nzfoM] 3½ baMks&vk;Zu] 4½
baMks&vYikbu vkf.k 5½ eaxksy-49
1931 lkyP;k tux.kusr egÙokph dkefxjh ctkoysY;k ts- ,p- gVu ;k
vf/kdkÚ;kus Hkkjrh; yksdkaps okaf’kd oxhZdj.k djrkuk vls izfriknu dsys dh vk;Z
vkf.k nzfoM gs okaf’kd xV ulwu Hkkf”kd xV vkgsr- R;kaP;k ers Hkkjrkr ,dw.k lgk
izeq[k okaf’kd xVkaps yksd vlY;kps lkafxrys- rs lgk xV Eg.kts & 1½ fufxzVks] 2½
41
izksVks&vkWLVªsykWbM] 3½ Hkwe/; lkxjh;] 4½ veZsukWbM] 5½ eaxksy vkf.k 6½
baMks&vk;Zu-
1931 P;k tux.kusP;k dkekr lgHkkxh vlysY;k Jh- ch- ,l~- xqgk ;k
Hkkjrh; ekuo’kkL=Kkus foLr`r la’kks/kukP;k vk/kkjs Hkkjrh; yksdkaph foHkkx.kh
lgk izeq[k oa’k vkf.k miizdkjklg [kkyh uÅ foHkkxkr oxhZdj.k dsys vkgs-
� fufxzVksfufxzVksfufxzVksfufxzVks % iwoZ vkfÝdsrhy fuxzks yksdkaP;kizek.ks dkGk jax] piVs ukd] eksBs vksB]
ykac Mksds ;kalkj[;k oSf’k”VÓkauh ;qDr vlysys nf{k.k Hkkjrkrhy dkgh
vkfnoklh ;k izdkjkr eksMrkr- dksVk] dqjac] rksaMk] dknj] b#yk] ifu;u
bR;knh tekrhph ‘kkjhfjd y{k.ks ojhy izdkjph fnlrkr-
gk ekuooa’k Hkkjrkrhy lokZr tquk ekuyk vkgs-
� izksVks&vkWLVsizksVks&vkWLVsizksVks&vkWLVsizksVks&vkWLVsykWbZMykWbZMykWbZMykWbZM% ;k okaf’kd xVkrhy yksdkapk jax dkGk] maph e/;e] Mksds
ykac] ukd ygku] clds gh y{k.ks izeq[k vkgsr- e/; HkkjrkP;k izns’kkr
jkg.kkjs cgqrsd vkfnoklh ;k xVkr eksMrkr- eqaMk] mjkWo] gks xksaM] [kksaM bR;knh
tekrh ;k okaf’kd y{k.kkaph mnkgj.ks vkgsr-
� e¡e¡e¡e¡xksykxksykxksykxksykWWWWbZMbZMbZMbZM % fioGk jax] ykac Mksds] e/;e maph] nkV o ljG dsl] [kksy MksGs]
#an eLrd gh ;k oa’kkP;k yksdkaph izeq[k y{k.ks vkgsr- fgeky;hu izns’kkrhy o
bZ’kkU; Hkkjrkrhy cgqrsd vkfnoklh ;k xVkr eksMrkr- loZ ukxk tekrh rlsp
[kkWalh] dqdh] ysipk] HkksVh;k bR;knh tekrh gh mÙke mnkgj.ks vlwu psgjs o
MksGs ;ko#u eaxksykWbZM oa’kkph Nki yxsp vksG[krk ;srs-
� Hkwe/; lkxjh fdaok esMsVsjsfu;uHkwe/; lkxjh fdaok esMsVsjsfu;uHkwe/; lkxjh fdaok esMsVsjsfu;uHkwe/; lkxjh fdaok esMsVsjsfu;u % ;k eq[; xVkps iWftvks&esMsVsfj;u vkf.k
ikSjkR; izdkj vls rhu mifoHkkx xqgk ;kauh ikMys vkgsr- ;k okaf’kd izdkjph
y{k.ks vkfnoklh yksdkae/;s Qkj’kh vk<Gr ukghr-
� if’pesdMhy #an eLrdkpsif’pesdMhy #an eLrdkpsif’pesdMhy #an eLrdkpsif’pesdMhy #an eLrdkps yksd yksd yksd yksd % ;ke/;sgh vfYiukWbM] fMuWfjd vkf.k
vkesZukbZM gs rhu izdkj vlwu if’pe Hkkjrkrhy cgqla[; yksd ;kiSdh
dks.kR;krjh ,dk miizdkjkr eksMrkr- gk okaf’kd izdkjgh vkfnoklÈuk Qkjlk
ykxw ukgh-
42
� ukWfMd %ukWfMd %ukWfMd %ukWfMd % lkekU;r% vk;Zoa’kh; vls T;kauk EgVys tkrs R;k yksdkapk ;k izdkjkr
lekos’k gksrks- ;k yksdkae/;s xksjk jax] map cka/kk] ljG ukd b- y{k.ks
vk<Grkr- ;k izdkjkrgh vkfnoklh tekrhpk varHkkZo ukgh-
xqgk ;kaP;k okaf’kd oxhZdj.kkcíy loZlk/kkj.k ,der vk<Grs- rFkkfi ;k
oxhZdj.kkr fufxzVks oa’kkpk lekos’k eqtqenkj ;kauk ekU; ukgh- R;kaP;k ers Hkkjrkr
fufxzVks oa’kkph y{k.ks vlysys ts FkksMs yksd vk<Grkr rs bloh lukP;k 9 O;k
‘krdkP;k vklikl ckgs#u Hkkjrkr vkys vlkosr-50
o vkfnoklÈvkfnoklÈvkfnoklÈvkfnoklÈps Hkkf”kd oxhZdj.k % ps Hkkf”kd oxhZdj.k % ps Hkkf”kd oxhZdj.k % ps Hkkf”kd oxhZdj.k % Hkkjrh; yksdkaph fofo/krk brj vusd
xks”VÈizek.ksp fHké&fHké Hkk”kkae/kwugh fnlwu ;srs- Hkkjrkrhy vkfnoklh yksdgh
osxosxGÓk Hkk”kk cksy.kkjs vkgsr- Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkaP;k l[kksy vH;klko#u Hkkjrkr
vkfnoklÈph izeq[k v’kh pkj Hkk”kk dqVqacs vk<Grkr- dkgh vkfne tekrh izxr
lektkP;k laidkZr vkY;keqGs vkiY;k ewG cksyhHkk”kk foljys vkgsr- gs [kjs vlys
rjh cgqla[; vkfnoklÈuh vkiY;k cksyhHkk”kk v|kigh fVdowu BsoY;k vkgsr-
xzhvlZu la’kks/kukuqlkj Hkkjrkr ,dw.k 179 Hkk”kk vkf.k 544 cksyhHkk”kk vkgsr- ;kaps
pkj foHkkx iq<hyizek.ks &
• baMkbaMkbaMkbaMks&;qjksih; fdaok vk;Z Hkkf”kd lewg % s&;qjksih; fdaok vk;Z Hkkf”kd lewg % s&;qjksih; fdaok vk;Z Hkkf”kd lewg % s&;qjksih; fdaok vk;Z Hkkf”kd lewg % vk;kZaps Hkkjrkr vkxeu >kY;kuarj
R;kaP;k Hkk”kspk izHkko HkkjrkP;k cÚ;kp eksBÓk izns’kkoj iMyk- R;kaP;k ewG
Hkk”kso#u vktP;k fganh] iatkch] caxkyh] xqtjkrh] ejkBh] mfMlk] vklkeh
bR;knh Hkk”kk fodflr >kY;k vkgsr- okLrfod dks.kR;kgh vkfnoklÈP;k ;k
ewG Hkk”kk ukghr- i.k ;k Hkk”kk cksy.kkÚ;k brj yksdkaP;k laidkZr vkY;keqGs
dkgh vkfnoklÈuh vkiY;k cksyhHkk”kk fol#u ;k Hkk”kk vkRelkr dsY;k
vkgsr- egkjk”Vªkrhy okjyh] dkrdjh] Bkdwj rlsp e/; Hkkjrkrhy fHkYy
;kaP;k Hkk”kk ;k lnjkr ;srkr-
• nznznznzfoMh Hkkf”kd lewg % foMh Hkkf”kd lewg % foMh Hkkf”kd lewg % foMh Hkkf”kd lewg % ok;O; Hkkjrkiklwu rs nf{k.k Hkkjrki;Zar vkf.k e/;
Hkkjrkrhy dkgh vkfne tekrh nzfoMh Hkk”kk dqVqackr eksMrkr- dksjok]
;s#dy] ;jkok] cMx rksMk] dksVk] d#[k fdaok mjkWo ekY;s fdaok ejsy] dbZ]
43
xksaMh bR;knh Hkk”kk ;k ewG nzfOkMh Hkk”ksiklwu tUeY;k vkgsr- ;k Hkk”kk cksy.kkjs
lqekjs 20 yk[k vkfnoklh vkgsr- ;kiSdh xksaM yksdkaph xksaMh vkf.k mjkWo
tekrhph dq#[k ;k nksu Hkk”kk vkf.k R;k Hkk”kk cksy.kkjs yksd Hkkjrkr dsOgk o
dksBwu vkys ;kfo”k;h xVkP;k yksdkaP;k cjkscj izkphu nzfoM Hkk”kk vkf’k;k
ek;ujdMwu eslksiksVsfe;kP;k ekxkZus ok;O;sdMs Hkkjrkr vkyh- iq<s vk;kZaP;k
ok<R;k vkØe.kkeqGs gs yksd nf{k.ksdMhy LFkykarj djhr xsys vlkosr vlsgh
ekuys tkrs-51
• vkWfLVªd fdaok vkWLVªks&,f’k;kfVd lewg % vkWfLVªd fdaok vkWLVªks&,f’k;kfVd lewg % vkWfLVªd fdaok vkWLVªks&,f’k;kfVd lewg % vkWfLVªd fdaok vkWLVªks&,f’k;kfVd lewg % ;k foHkkxkrhy Hkk”kkaP;k mxekcíy
erHksn vkgsr- vkWfLVª;krhy Hkk”kk’kkL=K ih- MCY;w- f’keM;kauh eqaMk gh brj
Hkk”kkgwu osxGh vlY;kps nk[kowu vkiY;k ns’kkP;k ukoko#u ;k izdkjP;k
Hkk”kkauk vkWfLVªd fdaok vkWLVªks&,f’k;kfVd vls uko fnys- gsu xsYMuZ ;kaP;k ers
eWxksykWbZM oa’kkP;k yksdkauh bZ’kkU;sdMwu Hkkjrkr LFkykarj djrkuk eqaMk Hkk”kk
Hkkjrkr vk.kyh o iq<s rh e/; Hkkjrkr iljyh- ijarq gVu ;kauk gs ek= ekU;
ukgh- R;kaP;k ers ;k Hkk”kk fgeky;kP;k if’pe o iwoZ yksdkadMwu Hkkjrkr
vkysY;k nksu osxosxGÓk VksGÓkauh Hkkjrkr vk.kY;k vlkO;kr- vFkkZr ;k
ckcrhr fuf’pr er nsrk vkysys ukgh- ;k izdkjP;k Hkk”kk nksu xVkr
foHkkxY;k tkrkr- v½ eksu&[kesj] ‘kk[kk&[kklh vkf.k fudksckjh ;k nksu
izeq[k Hkk”kk ;k mixVkr eksMrkr- c½ eqaMk] ‘kk[kk laFkkyh] [kjokjh] gks]
eqaMkjh] [kfM;k] Hkwfet] dksjdw] lokjk] xnck bR;knh Hkk”kkapk ;k xVkr
lekos’k gksrks- ;kiSdh laFkkyh vkf.k eqaMkjh ;k nksu Hkk”kk cÚ;kp fodflr vlwu
R;ke/;s Hkjiwj yksdokM~%e; vkgs- dydÙkk fo|kihBkr ;k Hkk”kkaP;k
v/;kiukphgh lks; vkgs- ;k izdkjP;k Hkk”kk Hkkjrkckgsjhy E;kUkekj] eyk;k]
baMksusf’k;k] iwoZ iWflfQd csVs bR;knh fBdk.kh cksyY;k tkrkr-
• frcsVh&fpuh Hkk”kk lewg % frcsVh&fpuh Hkk”kk lewg % frcsVh&fpuh Hkk”kk lewg % frcsVh&fpuh Hkk”kk lewg % fgeky;kP;k nf{k.ksdMhy foLr`r iêk caxkyPkk iwoZ]
if’pe o mÙkj Hkkx] vklke] flDdhe ;k Hkkxkrhy cgqrsd vkfne tekrh ;k
izdkjP;k Hkk”kk cksy.kkjs vkgsr- ;k Hkk”kk mÙkjsdMhy fpuh o frcsVh izns’kkrwu
44
Hkkjrkr vkY;k- jkWcVZ ‘kWQsj ;kaP;k ers] eaxksykWbZV xVkP;k ;k Hkk”kkaps lkr
izeq[k foHkkx vkgsr- Hkkjrkrhy vkfne tekrhP;k n`”Vhus ;k Hkk”kkaps nksu
mifoHkkx iMrkr- v½ frcsVh&cehZ ;ke/;s eqjeh] ysipk] cksnks] vcksj]
fejh] MkQyk] fefdj] ukxk] y’kkbZ] ykgksyh bR;knh Hkk”kkapk lekos’k gksrks-
c½ l;keh&fpuh % ;k izdkjkr eq[;r% [kkeVh o Qfd;ky ;k Hkk”kkapk varHkkZo
gksrks- Hkk”kk gs laLÑrhps ,d egÙokps vax vlY;keqGs Hkk”kkaP;k vk/kkjs dsys
tk.kkjs Hkkjrh; vkfne tekrhps oxhZdj.k vfr’k; mi;qDr vkgs-52
o HkkHkkHkkHkkjrkrhy vkfnoklh tekrhps vkfFkZdn`”VÓjrkrhy vkfnoklh tekrhps vkfFkZdn`”VÓjrkrhy vkfnoklh tekrhps vkfFkZdn`”VÓjrkrhy vkfnoklh tekrhps vkfFkZdn`”VÓk oxhZdj.k %&k oxhZdj.k %&k oxhZdj.k %&k oxhZdj.k %& ewyHkwr xjtkaph
iwrhZ dj.;klkBh ekuokph lrr /kMiM pkyw vlrs- ;kr vk| ik”k.k ;qxkiklwu rs
vkS|ksfxd ;qxk i;±r lkrR;kus cny o ifjorZu >kys vkgs- vkfnoklh vkS|ksfxd
voLFksi;±r iksgkspysys ukghr- gs ekU;p djkos ykxsy- lax.kd] baVjusV ;k R;kP;k
n`”Vhus QDr xIikxks”Vh ,sd.;k lkj[;k vkgs O;ogkj‘kqU; vkfFkZd fØ;kaP;k
Lo#iko#u R;kaps oxhZdj.k [kkyhy pkj izdkjkar dsys vkgs-
� [kk|ladyu voLFksrhy tekrh %&[kk|ladyu voLFksrhy tekrh %&[kk|ladyu voLFksrhy tekrh %&[kk|ladyu voLFksrhy tekrh %& [kk|ladyu gh vR;ar izkjafHkd
Lo#ikph vkfFkZd fØ;k vkgs- fulxkZe/;s miyC/k vl.kkÚ;k oLrwaoj xqtjk.k
dj.ks ,o<sp R;kaps mfí”V vlrs- daneqGs] QGs xksGk dj.ks] ygku izk.kh ekj.ks]
e/k] eqaX;k] fdVd ;kapk lekos’k ;k vkfFkZd fØ;sr gksrks- nf{k.k Hkkjrkrhy
dknj] eyiaoje] ifu;u ;sukMh e/; izns’kkrhy cSxk] vksjhlkrhy tqvax]
vka/kz izns’kkrhy psapw] fcgkje/khy fcjgksj] ;k voLFksr vkgsr-
� [kk|ladyu o cnyrh ‘ksrh %& [kk|ladyu o cnyrh ‘ksrh %& [kk|ladyu o cnyrh ‘ksrh %& [kk|ladyu o cnyrh ‘ksrh %& ;k vkfFkZd fØ;k dj.kkÚ;k vkfnoklÈpk
nqljk xV djrk ;srks- daneqGs] QGs] xksGk djrkukp rs vuqRikfnr v’kh
cnyrh ‘ksrhgh djhr vlrkr- R;kr okijyh tk.kkjh votkjs vxnhp tqtch
Lo#ikph vlrkr- i.k R;kpcjkscj ‘ksrh dj.;kph i)rhgh vxnhp VkdkÅ
vlrs- Hkkjrkr dekj] cSxk] o ok;>u] VsdMÓkae/khy jsM~Mh yksd ;k voLFksr
vlY;kps fnlwu ;srs-
45
� ‘ksrh o taxy lai‘ksrh o taxy lai‘ksrh o taxy lai‘ksrh o taxy laiÙkÙkÙkÙkh %&h %&h %&h %& ‘ksrh o taxyke/;s miyC/k gks.kkÚ;k
lk/kulkeqxzhoj vkfnoklh txr vlrkr- Hkkjrkrhy bZ’kkU; Hkkxkrhy o e/;
Hkkjrkrhy vkfne ;kp xVkr eksMrkr- vklkee/khy [kklh] jktLFkkups
fHkYy] e/; izns’kkrhy xksaM] rlsp laFkky] eqaMk] mjkWo] Fkk# ;k tekrh fLFkj
‘ksrh djrkr-
� etqjh %&etqjh %&etqjh %&etqjh %& m|ksx/kans] eGs] [kk.kh] jLrk nq#Lrh b- {ks=kr etqjh d#u
xqtjk.k dj.kkÚ;k vkfnekaph la[;k fnolsafnol ok<r vkgs- vk/kqfud txkP;k
laidkZr ;s.kkÚ;k vkfnekauk gsp ,d eksBs mnjfuokZgkps lk/ku okVrs- vklkeP;k
pgk o dkWQhP;k eGÓkr laFkky] xksaM o yksd dke djrkr- caxky] fcgkj o
e/; izns’kkrhy yks[kaM dksGlk [kk.khr laFkky gs vkfnoklh dke djrkr-
vkfnoklÈP;k vKkukpk vxj v/kZoV Kkukpk iqjsiwj xSjQk;nk tehunkj]
da=kVnkj o nyky ?ksr vlrkr- rsOgk vkfnoklÈps iquoZlu djrkuk izR;sd
xVkrhy vkfnekaps osxGs vfFkZd iz’u fopkjkr ?ks.ks vko’;d vkgs- 53
o egkjk”Vªkrhy vkfnoklh tekegkjk”Vªkrhy vkfnoklh tekegkjk”Vªkrhy vkfnoklh tekegkjk”Vªkrhy vkfnoklh tekrhrhrhrh
egkjk”Vª jkT;kps HkkSxksfyd {ks= 307690 y{k pkS- fd-eh-vkgs- R;krhy 0-50 y{k
pkS-fd-eh- {ks= vkfnoklh mik;;kstuk {ks=k[kkyh ;srs- jkT;kP;k ,dw.k {ks=k’kh gs izek.k
16-49 VDds ,o<s vkgs- 1981 P;k tux.kusuqlkj egkjk”Vªkph ,dw.k yksdla[;k
6]27]84]171 ,o<h vlwu R;kiSdh vkfnoklÈph yksdla[;k 57]72]038 brdh
vkgs- egkjk”Vªkrhy ,dw.k yksdla[ksiSdh 9-27 VDds yksdla[;k vkfnoklÈph vkgs-
vkfnoklh yksdla[;sP;k ckcrhr egkjk”Vªkpk ns’kkr pkSFkk Øekad ykxrks-
jkT;krhy cgqla[; vkfnoklh Bk.ks] ukf’kd] /kqGs] tGxko] vgenuxj] iq.ks]
ukansM] vejkorh] ;orekG] ukxiwj] HkaMkjk] panziwj] xMfpjksyh] jk;xM ;k ftYgÓkr
dasfnzr vkgs- egkjk”Vªkr izkeq[;kus fHkYy] egknso dksGh] xksaM] okjyh] dksd.kk]
dkrdjh] Bkdj] xkfor] dksyke] dksjdw] vka/k] eYgkj dksGh] /kksMh;k] nqcGk
ekMh;k] xksaMij/kku] ikj/kh ;k tekrhps yksd jkgrkr- vkfnoklh yksd ‘kS{kf.kdn`”VÓk
ekxklysys vkgsr- jkT;krhy lk{kjrsps izek.k 47 VDds vkgs- rj vkfnoklÈe/;s gs
46
izek.k 36-77 VDds vkgs- L=h f’k{k.kkps izek.k vkfnoklÈe/;s Qkj deh vkgs- Eg.kts
24-03 VDds vk<Gwu ;srs- lqekjs 85 VDds vkfnoklh L=h ‘ksrkoj miftohdk djrkr-
R;kr 40 VDds ‘ksrdjh] 45 VDds ‘ksretqjh o brj /kans djrkr- 54
1½ 1½ 1½ 1½ {ks= vkf.k tekrhaph foHkkx.kh %&{ks= vkf.k tekrhaph foHkkx.kh %&{ks= vkf.k tekrhaph foHkkx.kh %&{ks= vkf.k tekrhaph foHkkx.kh %&
egkjk"Vª jkT;kr vkfnoklh yksd T;k Hkkxkr jkgrkr R;k Hkkxkaps HkkSxksfydn`”VÓk
[kkyhy rhu foHkkx iMrkr-
1111½ ½ ½ ½ lgÓlgÓlgÓlgÓknzh foHkkx %&knzh foHkkx %&knzh foHkkx %&knzh foHkkx %&lgÓknzh ioZrkP;k foHkkxkr egknso dksGh] okjyh] dksd.kk]
Bkdwj] dkrdjh] eYgkjdksGh ;k tekrhph oLrh vk<Grs- egkjk"Vªkrhy ,dw.k
vkfnoklh yksdla[;sr gs izek.k 38 VDds vkgs-
2½ 2½ 2½ 2½ lkriqMk foHkkx %&lkriqMk foHkkx %&lkriqMk foHkkx %&lkriqMk foHkkx %&lkriqMk ioZrkaP;k jkaxkae/;s fHkYy] dksd.kk] xkfor] nqcGk]
dksjdw] /kkudk] rMoh] ikojk ;k tekrh jkgrkr- ;k foHkkxkr /kqGs] tGxko]
vkSjaxkckn] vejkorh ;k ftYgÓkapk lekos’k gksrks-
3½ 3½ 3½ 3½ xksaMou foHkkx %&xksaMou foHkkx %&xksaMou foHkkx %&xksaMou foHkkx %&fonHkkZrhy MksaxjkG vkf.k taxye; izns’kkr fo’ks”kr% panziwj]
HkaMkjk] xMfpjksyh] ;orekG] ukxiwj ;k ftYgÓkr xksaM] ekfM;k xksaM] dksjdw]
dksyke] ij/kku] vka/k ;k tekrh jkgrkr- fHkYy egknso dksGh] xksaM] okjyh]
dksd.kk] dkrdjh] Bkdwj] xkfor] eYgkjdksGh] dksyke] dksjdw ;k izeq[k
vuqlwphr tekrhaph yksdla[;ka egkjk"Vªkrhy ,dw.k vkfnoklh yksdla[;sP;k
80 VDds vkgs- ,d yk[kkgwu vf/kd yksdla[;k vlysY;k tekrhr ;k
tekrhpk lekos’k gksrks- 55
2222½½½½ ftYgkokj foHkkx.kh %&ftYgkokj foHkkx.kh %&ftYgkokj foHkkx.kh %&ftYgkokj foHkkx.kh %& Bk.ks ftYgÓkr okjyh] dkrdjh] Bkdj] dksd.kk o
eYgkjdksGh ;k tekrhph oLrh izkeq[;kus vk<Grs- /kqGs ftYgÓkr fHkYy] dksd.kk]
eko.kh] ikojk] /kkudk] o xkfor ;k tekrhph rj vgenuxj o iq.ks ftYgÓkr egknso
dksGh o Bkdj ;k tekrhph izeq[k oLrh fnlrs- jk;xM ftYgÓkr dkrdjh] Bkdj]
egknso dksGh] vkf.k ukf’kd ftYgÓkr egknso dksGh] dksd.kk] Bkdj] fHkYy ;k tekrh
vk<Grkr- vejkorh ftYgÓkr dksjdw] ;orekG ftYgÓkr dksyke] xksaM o vka/k-
47
panziwj o xMfpjksyh ftYgÓkr xksaM] ekfM;k] xkasMij/kku o gyck ;k izeq[k vkfnoklh
tekrh vk<Grkr-
egkjk"Vªkr vkfnoklh tekrh 17 ftYgÓkr deh&vf/kd izek.kkr fo[kqjysY;k
vkgsr- vkfnoklh tekrh vkf.k R;kaps HkkSxksfyd {ks= ;kaps ukrs vrqV vkgs- tls xksaM
EgVys dh] panziwj] xMfpjksyhpk xksaMou izns’k] fHkYy EgaVys dh] /kqGs] tGxko
ftYgÓkrhy lkriqMk ioZrkpk izns’k] dksd.kk EgVys dh] lqjx.kkisB vkf.k Mkaxok izns’k]
dksjdw EgVys dh] vejkorhpk esG?kkV izns’k] okjyh EgVys dh] Bk.;krhy Mgk.kw]
tOgkj] eks[kkMk] rykljhpk taxy iVVhapk izns’k] Bkdj] egknso dksGh EgVys dh]
lgÓknzhP;k iwoZ&if’pe mrkjkojhy iq.ks] vgenuxj] ukf’kd] Bk.ks vkf.k jk;xM
ftYgÓkrhy MksaxjkG vkf.k iBkjh izns’k v’kh <kscG ekukus foHkkx.kh >kysyh vkgs-
egkjk”Vª jkT;krhy vkfnoklh rFkk vuqlwfpr tekrhP;k ;knhr ,dw.k 47 tekrhapk
lekos’k vkgs- R;kiSdh 19 tekrh la[;kf/kD;kus ,d yk[kkis{kk vf/kd tula[;sP;k
vkgsr- ckdh tekrh vfr vYi vkgsr- rj dkgh tekrh xsY;k nksu&rhu tux.kusr
vk<Gwu vkysY;k ukghr- 56
egkjk”Vªkrhy vuqlegkjk”Vªkrhy vuqlegkjk”Vªkrhy vuqlegkjk”Vªkrhy vuqlwfwfwfwfpr tekrh ¼13 Qspr tekrh ¼13 Qspr tekrh ¼13 Qspr tekrh ¼13 Qsczqokjh 1978 jksth vlYczqokjh 1978 jksth vlYczqokjh 1978 jksth vlYczqokjh 1978 jksth vlY;k;k;k;kizek.ksizek.ksizek.ksizek.ks½ ½ ½ ½
vuqlwfpr tkrh o vuqlwfpr tekrh vkns’k vf/kfu;e 1976¼1976 pk
Øekad 108½ Hkkx 9 egkjk”Vª
rDrkrDrkrDrkrDrk ØØØØekad &ekad &ekad &ekad & 4444
vvvv----
uauauaua---- tutkrhps ukotutkrhps ukotutkrhps ukotutkrhps uko
vuqlwvuqlwvuqlwvuqlwfpr tekrhph yksdla[;kfpr tekrhph yksdla[;kfpr tekrhph yksdla[;kfpr tekrhph yksdla[;k
1971197119711971 1981198119811981
1 vka/k 76]146 2]31]871
2 cSxk 7 546
3 cjMk 208 10]293
4 Ckopk ckepk 64 336
5 HkSuk 1]293
6 Hkkfj;k] Hkkfe;k] HkqbZugj] Hkqfe;k] iaMks 1]022
48
7 HkVªk 4 124
8 fHkYy] xjsfl;k] <ksyh fHkYy] Mksaxjh fHkYy]
Mxjh] xjsfl;k] esoklh fHkYy] jkoG
fHkYy] rMoh fHkYy] Hkaxkfy;k] fHkykyk]
ikojk] olkos
6]78]750 9]93]074
9 Hkqft;k 230 1]940
10 fca>okj 139 6]216
11 fcjgqy] fcjgksj 212
12 pks/kjk¼vdksyk]vejkorh] HkaMkjk]
cqyMk.kk] panziwj] ukxiwj] o/kkZ] ;orekG]
vkSjaxkckn] ukansM] ijHk.kh] ftYgs oxGwu ½
649 179
13 /kkudk] rMoh] VsVkfj;k] oGoh 53]649 55]880
14 /kuokj 9 69]809
15 /kksfM;k 9]936 10]980
16 nqcGk] rykfo;k] gyikVh 12]474 16]019
17 Xkeh.k] xkerk] xkohr] ekoph] iMoh 1]28]831 1]10]828
18 xksaM] jktxksaM] vkj[k] vjk[k] vxfj;k]
HkkVksyk] fHk=k] Hkqrk] dksbZyk] Hkwrk] NksVk]
ekfj;k] naMkeh ekfj;k] /kq# /kkjkoh] /kksck
/kqfy;k] Mksfj;k xk;dh] xVVk] xVVh
xk;uk] xksaM] xksokjh] fgy ekfj;k] dkanjk]
dyaxk] [kkVksyk] dksbZukj] dks;k] f[kjokj
dqpk] ekfj;k] dqpdhekfj;k] ekfM;k
eksa/;k] eqfM;k eqfj;k] ukxjph ukbZ dikMs]
ukxjlkbZ] vks>k] jkt] lksu>kjh] >jdks]
FkksV;k] okMsekfj;k] vlqj] cMhekfj;k] cMk
ekfj;k
3]31]798 11]62]735
49
19 gyck] gych 7]205 2]42]819
20 [kekj 8 5]940
21 dkFkksMh] dkrdjh] <ksjdkFkksMh]
<ksjdkrdjh] lksudkFkksMh] lksudkrdjh
1]46]785 1]74]602
22 doj]duokj] dkSj] psjok] jkBh;k ryokj
NVªh
2]877 20]321
23 [kSjokj 2344
24 [kkfj;k 3]827 11]411
25 dksd.kk] dksd.kh] dqd.kk 2]64]009 3]52]932
26 [kksy 58 4]187
27 dksyke] eUusjokjyq 56]061 1]18]073
28 dksGh <ksj] Vksdjs dksGh] dksGpk] dksy?kk 43]528 77]435
29 dksGh egknso] Mksaxj dksGh 3]39]855 7]87]448
30 dksGh eYgkj 99]613 1]77]367
31 dkSa<] [kksaM] dka/k 407
32 dksjdw] cksiph ekSvlh] fugkG] Uykgqy]
cksa/kh ckasMs;k
66]742 1]15]974
33 dks;k] fHkus dks;k] jktdks;k 43 441
34 uxsfl;k] uxkfl;k 8 126
35 ukbZdMk] uk;dk] pksyhokyk] uk;dk]
dkifM;k]uk;dk] eksBBk uk;dk] ukuk
uk;dk]
9]315 35]053
36 vksjkWo] /kuxM] 1 70]984
37 ij/kku] iBkjh] lkjksVh 50]910 98]685
38 ikj/kh] vMoh fpapj] Qklk] ikj/kh Qkls] ikj/kh] yaxksVh ikj/kh] cgsYyh;k] fpÙkk ikj/kh] f’kdkjh] Vkdudj] Vkfd;k]
24]956 95]915
50
39 Ikjtk 44 806
40 iVsfy;k 13 1]044
41 Ikseyk 614 219
42 jkBok 96 1]009
43 loj] lojk] 11 302
44 Bkdwj] Bkdj] dk-Bkdj] dk- Bkdwj] ek-
Bkdwj] ek- Bkdj
1]78]805 3]23]191
45 FkksVh] ¼vkSjaxkckn] chM] ukansM]
mLekukckn] ijHk.kh ftYgk o panziwj
ftYgÓkrhy jktqjk rglhy½
82 209
46 Okkjyh 2]93]931 3]61]271
47 foVksfy;k] dksrokfy;k] cjksfM;k] 1]031 1]012
48 voxhZÑr ¼ T;k tekrhauk uko ukgh fdaok
T;kaph yksssdla[;k 1000 is{kk deh vkgs
v’kk 20 tekrhaph yksdla[;k½
796 17]954
55557777
� jk;xM ftjk;xM ftjk;xM ftjk;xM ftYgÓYgÓYgÓYgÓkrhy krhy krhy krhy vkfnoklhvkfnoklhvkfnoklhvkfnoklh lektthoukph lektthoukph lektthoukph lektthoukph vksG[k %&vksG[k %&vksG[k %&vksG[k %&
jk;xM ftYgk gk dksd.kkrhy ,d egÙokpk ftYgk letyk tkrks-
egkjk”Vªkph jkt/kkuh vlysY;k tkxfrd cktkjisB ykHkysY;k eqacbZlkj[;k
vkS|ksfxd ‘kgjkps lkfé/; vlysY;k ;k ftYgÓkyk fo’ks”k egÙo izkIr >kys vkgs-
HkkSxksfydn`”VÓk egkjk”Vª jkT;kps fonHkZ] ejkBokMk] if’pe egkjk”Vª vkf.k dksd.k
vls pkj foHkkx ikM.;kr vkys vkgsr- vjch leqnzkyxr vlysyk ykac HkwHkkx gk
dksd.k Eg.kwu vksG[kyk tkrks- jk;xM] Bk.ks] jRukfxjh vkf.k fla/kqnqxZ vls pkj ftYgs
dksd.kke/;s eksMrkr- ftYgÓkps {ks=QG 7148 pkS- fd-eh- vkgs- 17-51 va’k mÙkj rs
19-80 va’k mÙkj js[kka’k ;ke/;s iljysyk vkgs-
51
jk;xM ftYgÓkr ,dw.k 14 rglhy vkgsr- R;kiSdh dtZr] lq/kkxM] jksgk] is.k]
[kkykiwj] ;k ikp rkyqqDÓkae/;s vkfnoklÈph la[;k vf/kd izek.kkr vlY;kus rs
vkfnoklh MksaxjkG rkyqds Eg.kwu vksG[kys tkrkr- moZfjr vfyckx] mj.k] iuosy]
ek.kxko] egkM] iksykniwj] EglkGk] Jho/kZu] eq#M ;k uÅ rkyqD;kae/;s feJ oLrh
vkgs- lu 1981 P;k tux.kusuqlkj 39 vkfnoklh tekrh okLrO; djhr vlwu
R;kiSdh dkrdjh] egknso dksGh] Bkdwj] ;k tekrhph yksdla[;k brj tekfris{kk
eksBÓk izek.kkr vkgs- Eg.ktsp ftYgÓkP;k ,dw.k yksdla[;se/;s vkfnoklh yksdla[;sps
izek.k 12-78 VDds vkgs- jk;xM ftYgÓke/;s izkeq[;kus vkfnoklÈP;k [kkyhy tekrh
vk<Gwu ;srkr- vka/k] cSxk] cjMk] HkSuk] Hkkrjk] fHkYy] Hkqaft;k] pkS/kjk] /kuokj]
/kksMh;k] nqcGk] xkohr] xkSaM] gyck] dekj] dkrdjh] doj] [kjh;k] dksd.kk] dksy]
dksyke] dksGh <ksj] dksGh egknso] Mksaxj dksGh] eYgkj dksGh] dksa/k] dksd#] dks;k
ukxfl;k] ukbZdMk]vksjkc] ij/kku] ijtk] iVsfy;k] dkseyk] jkBok] Bkdwj] okjyh]
foVksfy;k b- vkfnoklh tekrh vk<Gwu ;srkr- 1981 P;k tux.kusuqlkj jk;xM
ftYgÓkrhy vkfnoklh tekrhph xzkeh.k foHkkxkrhy tekrhfugk; yksdla[;k
[kkyhyizek.ks- 58
rDrk Øekad & rDrk Øekad & rDrk Øekad & rDrk Øekad & 5555
jk;xM ftjk;xM ftjk;xM ftjk;xM ftYgÓYgÓYgÓYgÓkrhy vuqlwfkrhy vuqlwfkrhy vuqlwfkrhy vuqlwfpr tekrh 1981 P;k tux.kusuqlkjpr tekrh 1981 P;k tux.kusuqlkjpr tekrh 1981 P;k tux.kusuqlkjpr tekrh 1981 P;k tux.kusuqlkj
vvvv----ØØØØ vuqlwfvuqlwfvuqlwfvuqlwfppppr r r r
tekrhtekrhtekrhtekrh YYYYkkkkksdla[;kksdla[;kksdla[;kksdla[;k vvvv----ØØØØ vuqlwfvuqlwfvuqlwfvuqlwfpr tekrhpr tekrhpr tekrhpr tekrh YYYYkkkkksdla[;kksdla[;kksdla[;kksdla[;k
01 vka/k 15 21 dksyke 02
02 cSxk 1 22 dksGh <ksj 365
03 cjMk 158 23 dksGh egknso Mksaxj 60903
04 HkSuk 03 24 dksGh eYgkj 347
05 Hkk=k 02 25 dksa/k 27
06 fHkYy 153 26 dksjdw 4
07 Hkqath;k 28 27 dks;k 2
52
08 pkS/kjk 03 28 ukxsfl;k 01
09 /kuokj 102 29 ukbZdMk 364
10 /kksMh;k 20 30 vksjko 1336
11 nqcGk 319 31 ij/kku 169
12 Xkkfor 06 32 Ikkj/kh 100
13 xksaM 221 33 ijtk 02
14 gkyck 16 34 iVsfy;k 01
15 Dekj 11 35 ikseyk 06
16 dkrdjh 75679 36 jkBok 244
17 doj 20 37 Bkdwj 48070
18 [kjh;k 7 38 Okkjyh 654
19 dksd.kk 104 39 foVksfy;k 01
20 Iksy 31 ,dw,dw,dw,dw.k.k.k.k 189210189210189210189210
rDrk Øekad 5 uqlkj jk;xM ftYgÓkrhy fuoMd vkfnoklÈph xzkeh.k Hkkxkrhy
yksdla[;k letrs- f’kok; jk;xM ftYgÓkr dkrdjh] egknso dksGh] Bkdj] vksjko
;k tekrh yksdla[ksP;k vk/kkjs izHkkoh okVrkr- rj cSxk] HkSuk] Hkkrjk] gyck]
dksyke] dksjdw] dks;k] ukxsfl;k] ijtk] iVsfy;k ;k tekrh vYila[;kad vlwu
R;kaps vkfnoklh lektkrhy LFkku xkS.k vk<Grs- ;k loZ vkfnoklh tekrh lektkrhy
vkiys LFkku Lora= o vckf/kr Bso.;kpk gtkjks o”kk±iklwu iz;Ru djhr vkgsr-
• dkrdjh] Bkddkrdjh] Bkddkrdjh] Bkddkrdjh] Bkdwjwjwjwj o egknso dksGh ;kaP;k iksVtkrh o R;kapk vk<koko egknso dksGh ;kaP;k iksVtkrh o R;kapk vk<koko egknso dksGh ;kaP;k iksVtkrh o R;kapk vk<koko egknso dksGh ;kaP;k iksVtkrh o R;kapk vk<kok %&
v½ dkrdjh %&dkrdjh %&dkrdjh %&dkrdjh %& dkFkksMh fdaok dkrdjh gh egkjk”Vª jkT;krhy ,d vkfne tekr
vkgs-egkjk”Vªkrhy brj dkgh ftYgÓkr rlsp xqtjkr o dukZVd jkT;karhy dkgh
foHkkxkr dkrdjh tekrhps yksd vlys rjh vusd o”k± R;kaph lokZf/kd yksdla[;k
jk;xM ftYgÓkr vk<Grs- lu 1981P;k tux.kusuqlkj dkrdÚ;kph yksdla[;k
53
75579 ,o<h gksrh- jk;xM ftYgÓkr dkrdjh izkeq[;kus [kkykiwj] dtZr] jksgk]
iuosy] ek.kxko] lq/kkxM&ikyh o vfyckx ;k rkyqD;kr vk<Grkr- 59
1½ ^^dkrdÚ;kauk dkFkksMh vlsgh Eg.krkr-** [kSjkP;k >kMkiklwu dkFk
dj.;kP;k /ka|ko#u R;kauk dkrdjh Eg.kwu uko iMys vlkos vls dkgh rTK
Eg.krkr-
2½ bfrgklkpk;Z fo-dk- jktokMs ;kaP;k ers dkrdjh b-l- iwoZ 5000 rs 6000
o”k± lg;knzhP;k ekF;koj jkgr vlkosr vk.kh rs egkjk”Vªkps vk| jfgoklh
vlkosr- Ñrh Eg.kts dkrMs o iêhr Eg.kts rks okij.kkjk ;krwu ^^ Ñrh
iêu** ;k laLÑr ‘kCnkpk viHka’k gksÅu dkroMh uko iMys vlkos vls
jktokMs lkaxrkr-
3½ vkiyh mRiÙkh jkekP;k okuj lsusiklwu >kyh- vlk dkrdjh yksdkapk let
vkgs- dkrdÚ;kaP;k ;k lektkyk iq”Vh ns.kkjh ,d nardFkkgh izpfyr vkgs-
yadsrhy jko.kkfo#) izHkw jkepanzkauh ekdMkaP;k lkgk¸;kus y<kbZ d#u
fot; feGfoyk R;k ekdMkps rs oa’kt vkgsr- tsOgk jke fot;h >kyk rsOgk
R;kauh fnysY;k ojnkukeqGs rs ekuo >kys- izpfyr vlysY;k ;k dFkk]
nardFkk] letqrh ;ko#u ,d ckc izd”kkZus tk.kors dh dkrdjh gs
egkjk”Vªkrhy lgÓknzhe/;s b-l- iwohZ 4000 rs 5000 o”kk± iwohZiklwu jkg.kkjs
vk| jfgoklh vkgsr- Eg.kts rs egkjk”Vªkrhy izkphu dkGps ewGps vknh
ekuo vWC;kjhtusy vkgsr- 60
• <ksj vkf.k lksu <ksj vkf.k lksu <ksj vkf.k lksu <ksj vkf.k lksu dkrdjh %&dkrdjh %&dkrdjh %&dkrdjh %&
lksu dkrdjh Lor%yk mPp letrkr o <ksj dkrdjh ;kauk vLi`’; letr
vlr- dkrdjh tekr gh <ksj dkrdjh vkf.k lksu dkrdjh ;k nksu izeq[k ltkrh;
xVkr foHkkxyh vkgs- R;kaP;kr jksVh] csVh O;ogkj gksr ukghr- ;kaP;kr Qjd Eg.kts &
v½v½v½v½<ksj dkrdjh %&<ksj dkrdjh %&<ksj dkrdjh %&<ksj dkrdjh %& Bk.ks o ukf’kd ftYgÓkr jkg.kkjs dkrdjh ;kauk <ksj dkrdjh Eg.kwu
vksG[kys tkrkr- <ksj dkrdjh esysY;k tukojkaps ekal [kkrkr Eg.kwu R;kauk <ksj
54
dkrdjh vls Eg.krkr- <ksj dkrdjh gs manhj] [kkjh] ljMs] ekatj] dksYgs ;kaph
f’kdkj djr vlr Eg.kwu R;kauk <ksj dkrdjh Eg.krkr-
cccc½ ½ ½ ½ lksu dkrdjh %lksu dkrdjh %lksu dkrdjh %lksu dkrdjh %& lksu dkrdjh dqykck o jRukfxjh ftYgÓkr jkgrkr- lksu
dkrdjh Lor%yk mPp letrkr- FkksMD;kr jk;xM ftYgÓkrhy dkrdjh e`r
xqjkaps] xkbZps o ekdMkps ekal [kkr ukghr Eg.kwu R;kauk lksu dkrdjh Eg.krkr-
• dkrdjh tekrhph oSf’k”Vdkrdjh tekrhph oSf’k”Vdkrdjh tekrhph oSf’k”Vdkrdjh tekrhph oSf’k”VÓÓÓÓs %&s %&s %&s %& taxykrhy vU; tekrhP;k rqyusus dkrdjh jaxkus
vf/kd dkGs] Bsax.ks] dkVd] jkdV o piG vlrkr- rs pkyrkuk xq<?;kr ckd nsÅu
pkyrkr- MksD;koj ykac ‘ksaMh Bsoysys dkgh o`) vk<Grkr- dkrdjh fL=;k e/;e
maphP;k lMikrG] dkGlj o FkksMs Qkj dsl foapjysY;k vlrkr- loZlk/kkj.ki.ks
dkrdjh irh&iRuh cjkscj tksMhus fQjrkr- fdaok dke djrkuk vk<Grkr- dkrdjh gs
la’k;h o fHkUUk LoHkkokps vlrkr- ;k lektkps vkuqoaf’kd oSf’k”V; Eg.kts
o`)kidkGki;±r dsl dkGs jkg.;kps izek.k dkrdÚ;kae/;s tkLr vk<Grs-
• dwdwdwdwG vkf.k vkMukos %&G vkf.k vkMukos %&G vkf.k vkMukos %&G vkf.k vkMukos %& dkrdÚ;kae/;s ikp iksVfoHkkx iMys vkgsr- rs Eg.kts
1½ lksu] 2½ <ksj] 3½ ejkBk] 4½ fl)h] 5½ oji dkrdÚ;kae/;s 93 dqGh vk<Grkr-
dqGh Eg.kts vkMukosp vlrkr- >kMs] /kank o izk.kh ;kaoj vk/kkjhr fdaok dq.kch ejkBk
fdaok vU; tkrhizek.ks R;kaph vkMukos vlrkr- vkfnoklh Eg.kwu dkrdÚ;kaph Lor%ph
ukos vk<Gwu ;sr ukghr- vfgj] HkksbZj] xk;dokM] dkeMh] Hkksj] eqd.ks] ‘ksykj] ok?k]
ok?kekjs] fgye] eqdqanjko] fudqys] jkÅr] ikVhy] f’koMk] iokj] fnos] dksojk] Vcys]
Hkks;s] xkaxksMk] naHkkGs] nqHkkMk] fudqys] nGoh] b- vkMukos vk<Gwu ;srkr- 61 jk;xM
ftYgÓkrhy vkfne nqljh tekr Eg.kts egknso dksGh-
• egknso dksGh %&egknso dksGh %&egknso dksGh %&egknso dksGh %& dksGh tekrhr dksGh <ksj] dksGh egknso] dksGh eYgkj vls rhu
oxZ iMrkr- jk;xM ftYgÓkr rjh dksGh EgVyk dh eklsekjh dj.kkjh tekr vlsp
fp= mHks jgkrs- i.k eklsekjh dj.kkjh QDr lksudksGh tekr vkgs- R;kaP;kr oSrh
dksGh] ekaxsyk dksGh ;k iksVtkrh vkgsr- eqGkr dksGh gk ‘kCn dlk fuekZ.k >kyk
;kcíyP;kgh fujfujkGÓk nardFkk o rdZ vkgsr- R;k ukok ikBhekxs dkgh ,sfrgkfld
55
o iqjk.kkrhy nk[kys fnys tkrkr- Hkkxor iqjk.kkrhy nardFksuqlkj Ogsuk ukokP;k
jktkP;k e`R;wuarj R;kaP;k izR;sd vko;okiklwu ,d ,d tekr tUekyk vkyh o
dksGh yksdkaph mRiÙkh jktkP;k ik;kiklwu >kyh- 62
dksGh gk ‘kCn dqfy;k ‘kCnkiklwu vkY;kps lkafxrys tkrs- dqfy;kpk vFkZ Je
dj.kkjk etqjh dj.kkjk ;kiklwup eksy&etwjh dj.kkjk rks dksGh vlk vFkZ #< >kyk-
vka/kzkrwu vkysY;k yksdkauk dkseVh Eg.k.;kph izFkk egkjk”Vªkr vkgs- eksxy dkGkr
;kp yksdkauk dksGh Eg.kr vlY;kpk laHko dS- eWfduVkW’kus O;Dr dsyk vkgs- dksyk
Eg.kts gksMh] cksV] dksyk pkyfo.kkjs dksGh v’khgh mRiÙkh ekuyh tkrs- egknso dksGh
tekrhps eqG oLrh LFkku gs gSnzkckn laLFkkue/;s egknso ukokP;k Mksaxjkoj gksrs- rsFkqu
rs egkjk”Vªkr vkys Eg.kqu ;k yksdkauk egknso dksGh vls lacks/kys tkrs- eqG LFkku
ckyk?kkV rFkk egknso Mksaxjkr gksrs- rsFkwu rs ukf’kd] iq.ks] vgenuxj] jk;xM] Bk.ks
;k ftYgÓkae/;s vkys vlkosr-
egknso dksGh gh egkjk”Vª jkT;krhy lg;knzhP;k nÚ;k&[kksÚ;kr jkg.kkÚ;k
vkfnoklÈiSdh ,d tekr vkgs- lu 1981 P;k tux.kusuqlkj R;kaph yksdla[;k
jk;xM ftYgÓkae/;s 60]903 fnlwu ;srs- egknso dksGh tekrhph oLrh izkeq[;kus
ukf’kd] vgenuxj] iq.ks] Bk.ks] o jk;xM ;k ftYgÓkae/;s fnlwu ;srs- egknso dksGh
yksdakph ;k pkj ftYgÓkae/;s oLrhph th fBdk.ks vkgsr- R;k iêÓkyk dksGo.k vlsgh
,d laKk iwohZ okijyh tkbZ- dksGo.k ;kpk vFkZ dksGÓkaps taxy] dksGÓkaps jku]
dksGÓkapk izns’k ;kpkp vFkZ egknso dksGÓkaph oLrh izkeq[;kus taxykr fdaok
nÚ;k[kksÚ;krp fnlwu ;srs- egknso dksGh tekr gh Mksaxj dksGh ;k ukokusgh vksG[kyh
tkrs- 63
vkfnoklh tekrhP;k lektjpusph [kkl oSf’k”VÓs vlrkr- ;k tekrhizek.ksp
egknso dksGh tekrhphgh dkgh [kkl oSf’k”VÓs vkgsr- ;k tekrhph foHkkx.kh ,dw.k 24
dqGkr >kysyh vkgs- R;k izR;sd dqGkrhy midqGs o iksVdqGs la[;k 280 vkgs- dkgh
Hkkxkr egknso dksGh tekrhr ewGph 12 dqGs vlY;kps lkafxrys tkrs- R;kuk
ckjkcqMs Eg.k.;kph izFkk vkgs- 64
56
• BkdwBkdwBkdwBkdwj tekrhph mRij tekrhph mRij tekrhph mRij tekrhph mRiÙkÙkÙkÙkh %&h %&h %&h %& bfrgklkpk;Z jktokMs ;kaP;k ers Bkdwj gk ‘kCn
^rLdj* ;k ‘kCnkiklwu fu?kkyk vlkok- rLdj & BDdj & Bkdj & Bkdwj v’kh ;k
‘kCnkph mRiÙkh R;kauk fnyh vkgs- rLdj Eg.kts pksj dkR;k;ukyk rLdj ;k ukokus gh
tekr ekfgrh gksrh- vlk Jh- jktokMs ;kapk rØ vkgs-
Bkdj %Bkdj %Bkdj %Bkdj %& egkjk”Vª jkT;krhy Bkdwj tekrhph yksdla[;k 1981 P;k tux.kusuqlkj
3-23 yk[k ,o<h gksrh o frps jkT;krhy vkfnoklh yksdla[;s’kh izek.k 7 VDds ,o<s
gksrs- brj ftYgÓkP;k rqyusr jk;xM ftYgÓkr Bkdwj ;k tekrhpk Øekad frljk
ykxrks- b- l- 1981 P;k tux.kusuqlkj R;kaph yksdla[;k 48070 ,o<h gksrh-
jk;xM ftYgÓkr Bkdwj izkeq[;kus dtZr] [kkykiwj] iuosy] lq/kkxM] is.k ;k
rkyqD;kr fo’ks”kr% MksaxjekF;koj R;kaP;k oLR;k vk<Grkr-
Jh- y- uk pkisdj ;kauh Bkdj tekrhckcr dsysY;k la’kks/kukr ukf’kd
ftYgÓkrhy if’pesdMhy MksaxjkG eqyq[k gs R;kaps ewG oLrhLFkku vlkos vlk i`”BÓFkZ
dk<yk vkgs- vkiY;k erkP;k rdZ R;kauh vlk gokyk fnyk vkgs dh] brj Hkkxkr
iljysys Bkdj tekrhps yksd vkiY;k ewG fBdk.kkgwu ukf’kd ftYgÓkrhy LFkGkdMs
cksV nk[kforkr- rlsp yXu izlaxh rs ukf’kd] =acds’oj] cksjyh] rGsxko] vatusjh ;k
Hkkxkrhy dqynSorkauk mns’kwu yksdfxrs Eg.krkr- 65
Bkdj lektkrhy Hksn %&Bkdj lektkrhy Hksn %&Bkdj lektkrhy Hksn %&Bkdj lektkrhy Hksn %& Bkdwj ¼Bkdj½ yksssdkae/;s nksu Hksn vkgsr- ,dkyk d
Bkdj Eg.krkr rj nqlÚ;kauk e Bkdj Eg.krkr- ;k Hksnkcíy egky ns’kkrwu vkys rs
^^e** o dksd.kkrwu vkys rs ^^d** rlsp ^^e** Eg.kts eksBs fdaok ofj”B vkf.k ^^d**
Eg.kts dfu”B ;kizek.ks Li”Vhdj.k nsrkr- BkdwjkaP;k cksyhr ^^e** vkf.k ^^d** gs o.kZ
okjaokj ;sr vlY;keqGs vls nksu Hksn iMys vlkosr- vls ;k tekrhps l[kksy
vH;kld uk-xks- pkisdj ;kaps er vkgs- Bkdwj] Bkdj ;k tekrh ^^d** vkf.k ^^e**
Bkdj] Bkdwj gs nksu csVhcan xV vkgsr- ^^d** Bkdwj gs jkg.kheku vkf.k laLÑrh] ijaijk
;kaP;k ckcrhr ^^e** Bkdjkis{kk rqyusus tqU;k o`Ùkhps vkgsr- ^^e** BdjkP;k ers
^^d** Bkdj xksekl o Mqdjkaps ekal [kkrkr- 66
57
BkdwBkdwBkdwBkdwj ¼Bkdj½ tekrhps oSf’k”Vj ¼Bkdj½ tekrhps oSf’k”Vj ¼Bkdj½ tekrhps oSf’k”Vj ¼Bkdj½ tekrhps oSf’k”VÓÓÓÓs %&s %&s %&s %& Bkdj tekrhps nqxZe Hkkxkrhy okLrO; f’k{k.kkpk
vHkko] vKkuh o vMk.khi.kk] i.kk tUetkr cqtjsi.kk ckgÓ lektkcíy ,d izdkjph
Hkhrh lkaLÑfrd osxGsi.kk ;keqGs gk lekt brjkaiklwu nwj jkfgysyk vkgs- Bkdj iq#”k
LoHkkokus ‘kkar] ladksp o`Ùkhps] =;LFk O;Drhcjkscj cksy.;kps VkG.kkjs o QDr vkiY;k
iqjrk fopkj dj.kkjs vkgsr- R;keqGs vkti;±r ;k lektkr nwjn`”Vh vl.kkjs usr`Ro
fuekZ.k gksÅ ‘kdys ukgh- Bkdj tekr gh ,d fu#inzoh tekr vkgs- nqlÚ;k dks.kkyk
minzo >kyk rjh R;kaP;k’kh HkkaM.kgh djr ukghr- myV rls >kys rj rs cktwyk fu?kwu
tkrkr- R;kapk /keZ gk fulZx /keZ vkgs- rs fulZxkyk loZJs”B ekurkr- vkdk’k] tehu]
lw;Z] panz] ;kauk rs nso ekurkr- Bkdj tekrhph uhfrewY;s ijaijsus pkyr vkysyh
vkgsr- [kksVs u cksy.ks] pksjh u dj.ks gk R;kapk laLÑrhpk ewyHkwr Bsok vkgs- xfjchr
jkgwu izkekf.kdi.kk tik;pk gh R;kaph xq.koSf’k”VÓs vkgsr- 67
dkrdjh [kkykiwj] dtZr] jksgk] iuosy] ek.kxko] lq/kkxM o vfyckx
rkyqD;kr okLrO; d#u vkgsr- Bkdqj dtZr] [kkykiwj] iuosy] lq/kkxM] is.k ;k
rkyqD;kr vk<Grkr- egknso dksGh ;kaps okLrO; jk;xM ftYgÓkrhy loZ rkyqD;kar
vkgs- vkfnoklh mi;kstuk {ks=kckgsjgh dkrdjh gh tekr etqjhP;k fufeÙkkus okLrO;
d#u vkgsr- tux.kusP;k ek/;ekrwu R;kaphgh uksan >kysyh vlrs- ek= rs ewGps
jfgoklh nqlÚ;k ftYgÓkrhy vlrkr- Eg.kwu jk;xM ftYgÓkrhy vuqlwphr tekrhaph
la[;k ,dw.k 39 >kyh vkgs- jk;xM ftYgÓkrhy vkfnoklh lektthoukph vksG[k
dksd.kkrhy izkphu dkGkiklwu rs vktP;k lax.kd ;qxki;±r gtkjks o”kk±ph ijaijk
vlysyh gh laLÑrh vkgs- fu”kkr fdjkr iklwu rs vuqlwfpr tekrh vlk vkfnoklÈpk
izokl vkgs- jk;xM ftYgÓkrhy vkfnoklÈ lekt cnykP;k macjB;kojhy vkfnoklh
lekt vkgs- ifjorZukps okjs tksekus okgr vkgsr- o R;krwu izxrhdMs okVpky djr
vkgsr-
jk;xM ftYgk gk HkksSxksfydn`”V;k fofo/krsus uVysyk vkgs- ?kunkV taxykus
O;kiysyk o map Mksaxj o nÚ;k[kksÚ;kus os<ysY;k ;k izns’kkr foiqy oulaiÙkh vk<Grs-
vkfnoklh tkrh&tekrÈuk vkoM.kkjs vls okrkoj.k vlY;kus izkphu dkGkiklwu
vkti;±r vusd izdkjP;k vkfnoklh tkrh&tekrÈps okLrO; ;k izns’kkr vk<Gwu
58
;srs- egkjk”Vªkr vk<G.kkÚ;k 48 vkfnoklh tkrÈ iSdh 39 tkrh&tekrh ;k
ftY;kr vk<Gwu ;srkr- gs fo’ks”k gks;- ,dw.k yksdl[;siSdh 12 % VDds
yksdla[;k vkfnoklh yksdkph vk<Grs- ;k ftYgÓkaph HkksSxksfyd jpuk ;sFkhy taxys]
Mksaxj nÚ;kPa;k izns’kkeqGs ;k ftYg;kr vkfnoklh tkrh&tekrh fLFkjkoY;k-
N=irh f’kokth egkjktkaP;k dk;ZdrZRokeqGs ;k ftYgÓkyk ,sfrgkfld egÙo
izkIr >kys- vkfnoklÈuk fiz; vlysY;k nÚ;k[kksÚ;kauh o taxykus le`) vlysY;k
izns’kkpk N=irh f’kokth egkjktkauh LojkT; mHkkj.khlkBh mi;ksx d#u ?ksryk-
;sFkhy Mksaxj ioZrkojhy fdYys f’kokth egkjktkauk ‘k=w’kh y<rkuk vkJ;LFkku
cuys gksrs- eksxy vkfny’kkgk ;klkj[;k cyk<Ó ‘k=wiklwu vkiY;k LojkT;kapk o
jkt/kkuhpk cpko Ogkok Eg.kwu jk;xM ¼iwohZpk jk;jh ½ fdYyk vkiyh jkt/kkuh
cufoyh- gk jk;xM fdYYkk iwohZP;k dqykck ftYgÓkr o egkM rkyqD;kr vkgs-
,sfrgkfld Le`rh lrr Lej.kkr jkgkoh Eg.kwu egkjk”Vª ‘kklukus ;k dqykck
ftYgÓkyk N=irh f’kokth egkjktkaP;k^ jk;xM* ;k jkt/kkuhps ukao 1 ess 1981
e/;s fnys- gs vfr’k; mfpr >kys-
,dk cktwyk MksaxjkG o taxye; izns’k ykHkysY;k ;k ftYgÓkyk
eqacbZlkj[;k izxr o vkS|ksfxdn`”VÓk laiUu ‘kgjkps lkfu/Ó ykHkys vkgs- R;keqGs
rsFkhy izxrhpk o vkS|ksfxdhj.kkpk ifj.kke ;k ftYgÓkoj >kysyk vkgs- R;keqGs
iuosy] [kksiksyh] mj.k] jlk;uh gk Hkkx vkS|ksfxdn`”VÓk izxr gksÅu eqacbZ ‘kgjkyk
tksMyk tkr vkgs- rsFkhy izxrh o vk/kqfudrk ;sFksgh ;sÅu iksgkspyh vkgs- R;keqGs
jk;xM ftYgÓkr lkekftd o vkfFkZd n`”VÓk nksu Vksds fnlrkr- ;k ftYgk;krhy
xzkeh.k Hkkxkrhy lekt vtwu vkfFkZd n`”VÓk dedqor vkgs- o vkfnoklh tekrhph
fLFkrh rj dekyhph mis{k.kh; vkgs- vkiY;k ‘kstkjh vkysyh vk/kqfudrk] izxrh o
rsFkhy egkxkbZ ;keqGs vkfnoklh tkrh&tekrhps thou txus vo?kM cuysys vkgs-
jk;xM ftYgk ,dk cktwyk lkekftd ekxklysi.kk o nkfjnzÓ vkgs rj nqlÚ;k cktwyk
vk/kqfudrk] izxr thoueku] HkkaMoy’kkgh thoui)rh leksjk&leksj mHkh vkgs-
R;keqGs xksjxfjckauk o ;k vkfnoklh tkrh&tekrhuk pkaxY;k izdkjps thou tx.ks
nqjkikLr >kys vkgs- izxr lekt?kVdkadMwu o ‘kkldhl ;a=.ksdMwu ;k vkfnoklÈP;k
59
okVÓkyk mis{kkp vkyh vkgs- gh ifjfLFkrh cny.ks furkar xjtsps vkgs- 1960 uarj
vkfnoklÈP;k lq/kkj.kkalkBh ‘kklukus dkgh izek.kkr dk;Z dsys vkgs- ijarq rs iqjs’kk
izek.kkr o loZ vkfnoklÈIk;±r iksgkspyssys ukgh- lektkrhy loZp ?kVdkauh o ‘kklukus
fofo/k miØe jkcowu ;k vkfnoklhuk fofo/k loyrh nsÅu R;kauk lkekftd o
vkfFkZdn`”VÓk vkiY;k cjkscjhus vk.k.ks vko’;d vkgs-
60
lanHkZlqphlanHkZlqphlanHkZlqphlanHkZlqph
1- Gazetter of India, Maharashtra Raigad District, 1993, Govt. of
Maharashtra i`- Ø- 1
2- fdÙkk i`- Ø- 2
3- jk;xM izknsf’kd ;kstuk eaMG vfyckx ¼1985 rs2011½ vgoky Hkkx & 1
i`- Ø- 16
4- Gazetter of India, Maharashtra Raigad District, 1993, Govt. of
Maharashtra i`- Ø- 30
5- fdÙkk i`- Ø-17
6- jk;xM ftYgk lkekftd o vkfFkZd lekykspu lu 2000&2001 vFkZ o
lkaf[;dh lapkyuky; e-‘kk- eqacbZ i`- Ø-4
7- mijksDr i`- Ø-7
8- ,l-,e-ns’keq[k ^^vlk gk jk;xM** lq/kka’kw izdk’ku vfyckx nq-vkoÙkh twu &
2006 i`- Ø- 12
9- jk;xM ftYgk lkekftd o vkfFkZd lekykspu lu 2000&2001 vFkZ o
lkaf[;dh lapkyuky; e-‘kk- eqacbZ i`-Ø- 7
10- fdÙkk i`-Ø- 3]4
11- Gazetter of India, Maharashtra Raigad District, 1993, Govt. of
Maharashtra i`- Ø- 193
12- lOgsZ vkWQ bafM;k cksMZ ¼la-ik-½ fMfLVªDV lsUll~ gWMcqdk jk;xM ¼eqacbZ &
1981½ i`- Ø- 31
13- dY;k.kdkjh jkT;kph okVpky dqykck ftYgk ek- ‘kk- eqacbZ tkusokjh 1957
i`- Ø- 3
14- [kkscjsdj fo- xks- ejkBsdkyhu dksd.kpk jktdh; bfrgkl b- l- iwoZ rs 1820
izdk’ku [kkscjsdj eqacbZ 1997 i`- Ø- 45
61
15- ns'keq[k ,l- ,e- ^^vlk gk jk;xM** lq/kka’kq izdk’ku vfyckx nqljh vko`Ùkh
twu 2006 i`- Ø- 21
16- fdÙkk i`- Ø- 22
17- fdÙkk i`- Ø-24
18- fdÙkk i`- Ø- 26
19- dY;k.kdkjh jkT;kph okVpky ^dqykck ftYgk* ek-‘kk- eqacbZ tkusokjh 1957
i`- Ø- 3]4
20- yksdjkT; 2006 i`- Ø- 15
21- jkgqMdj ok-c- ¼laik½ dksd.kph ‘ksrh ‘ksrdh [kkrs egkjk”Vª jkT; iq.ks 1966
i`- Ø- 2
22- pkS/kjh fd- dk- ¼laik½ jk;xM ftYgk xW>sV i`- Ø- 147
23- [kkscjsdj fOk- xks- ejkBsdkyhu dkssd.kps lkekftd o vkfFkZd thou [kkscjsdj
izdk’ku eqacbZ 1997 i`- Ø- 105
24- dY;k.kdkjh jkT;kph okVpky dqykck ftYgk* e- ‘kk- eqacbZ tkusokjh 1957
i`- Ø- 71
25- jk;xM ftYgk lkekftd o vkfFkZd lekykspu lu- 1980 rs 1981 vFkZ o
lkaf[;dh lapkyuky; e-‘kk- eqacbZ i`- Ø- 7
26- fdÙkk i`- Ø- 9
27- [kkscjsdj fo-xks- ^ejkBsdkyhu dksd.kps lkekftd o vkfFkZd thou* [kkscjsdj
izdk’ku eqacbZ 1997 i`- Ø-105
28- ljnslkbZ xks- l- ejkBh fj;klr [kaM 4-1989 ikWI;qyj izdk’ku eqacbZ i`- Ø- 88
29- nso#[ks ^nso”khZ* izdk’ku =Sekfld tqyS 1930 i`- Ø-19
30- fVYyw x.ks’k nkeksnj ^v”Vkxjkarhy ‘keoar ?kjk.;kapk bfrgkl* vfyckx 1928
i`- Ø-19
31- pkS/kjh ds- ds- la- ik- ^jk;xM ftYgk xW>sfVvj* e- ‘kk- eqacbZ 1993 i`- Ø-221
32- xoGh ih- ,- ^is’kosdkyhu egkjk”Vª* dSykl izdk’ku vkSjaxkckn 2002 i`- Ø-
22
62
33- fdÙkk i- Ø-223
34- ikVhy v- ‘k- ^xkFkk vkxjh laLÑrhph* tk.kho izdk’ku eqacbZ 2007 i`- Ø-
227
35- r=So i`- Ø- 227
36- fdÙkk i`- Ø-258
37- pkS/kjh ds- ds- i`- Ø- 246
38- fdÙkk i`- Ø- 207
39- tks’kh rdZrhFkZ y{e.k’kkL=h ^ejkBh fo’odks’k* [kaM 2 e- ‘kk- la-ik- laLÑrh
eaMG i`- Ø- 40
40- fdÙkk i- Ø-32
41- ukMxksaMs xq#ukFk ^Hkkjrh; vkfnoklh* dkWfUVusUVy izdk’ku iq.ks r`-vk- i`- Ø-3
42- fdÙkk i`- Ø- 4
43- tks’kh ia- egknso ‘kkL=h ^Hkkjrh; laLÑrh dks’k* [kaM 1 izFke vkoÙkh 1962 i`-
Ø- 344
44- fdÙkk i`- Ø- 345
45- tks’kh ia- egknso ‘kkL=h i`- Ø- 428
46- MkW- izfni vkxykos ^vkfnoklh lekTkkps lekt’kkL=* lkbZukFk izdk’ku ukxiwj
iz- vk- 2004 i`- Ø-10
47- fdÙkk i`- Ø-11
48- ukMxksaMs xq#ukFk i`- Ø- 336
49- Census of India 1981
50- ukMxksaMs xq#ukFk i`- Ø- 341
51- fdÙkk i`- Ø-342
52- fdÙkk i`- Ø-336
53- fdÙkk i`- Ø-338
54- tks’kh rØrhFkZ ^ejkBh fo’odks’k* i`- Ø- 40
63
55- MkW- xksfoan xkjs^^egkjk”Vªkrhy ¼vkfnoklh½ tekrh** dkWfUVusUVy izdk’ku iq.ks
2000 i`- Ø- 12
56- fdÙkk i`- Ø- 39
57- fdÙkk i`- Ø- 98
58- lsUll vkWQ bafM;k 1981 lsjht ua- 12 ikVZ 9 e-jk-Lis’ky VscYl QkWj ‘ksMÓqy
VªkbZCl i`- Ø- 98
59- Gazetter of India, Maharashtra Raigad District, 1993, Govt. of
Maharashtra i`- Ø- 193
60- fdÙkk i`- Ø- 194
61- MkW- lkBs fot; Jh- cUlh ?ksoMs ^^dkrdjh** izdk’ku & vWdWMeh vkWQ
MsOgyiesaV lk;Ul d’ksGs dtZr iz-vk- 2003 i`- Ø- 8
62- egkjk”Vª jkT; xW>sfVvj egkjk”Vª Hkweh o yksd 30 ¼laik½ egkjk”Vª ‘kklu
eqacbZ 1996 i`- Ø- 30
63- ckssdhy fefyan ^dkrdjh fodkl dh foLFkkiu ekSts izdk’ku eqacbZ i-vko`Ùkh
2006 i`- Ø- 63
64- Gazetter of India, Maharashtra Raigad District, 1993, Govt. of
Maharashtra i`- Ø- 31
65- MkW-xkjs xksfoan ^lgÓknzhrhy vkfnoklh egknso dksGh** lgk/;;u izdk’ku i-
vk-eqacbZ 1974 i`- Ø- 236
66- fdÙkk i`- Ø- 32
67- Gazetter of India, Maharashtra Raigad District, 1993, Govt. of
Maharashtra i`- Ø- 220
68- MkW-xkjs xksfoan ^lgÓknzhP;k nÚ;k[kksÚ;krhy Bkdwj vkfnoklh* fonÓk izdk’ku iq.ks
i`- Ø- 20
69- fdÙkk i`- Ø- 44
70- fdÙkk i`- Ø- 51
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