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Introduction to anatomy
4TH... LECTURE
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Introduction to anatomy
4TH... LECTURE
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Bone:
- It is living tissue – highly specialized connective
tissue.
- Storage for salt (calcium).
- has blood vessels, lymph vessels, nerves.
- Exists in two forms :
1- Compact bone : solid mass
2- Canacellus bone : branching network
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:Classification of bones
1- according to region:-
- Axial skeletal : include skull
vertebra
sternum
- Upper extremities :include Hummers, radius
ulna, carpal, metacarpal, phalanges.
- Lower extremities : include femur, patella,
fibula, tibia, tarsal, metatarsal, phalanges
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2- according to general shape:-
A- Long bone : femur They have shaft
called diaphysis and
at each ends have epiphysis.
B- Short bone :found in the hand and foot
C- Flat bone : in skull
D- Irregular bone : vertebra, pelvic bone
E- Sesamoid bone : bones found in tendon
like patella
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-Surface Marking of bones: Are various marking or irregularity where band of fascia ,
ligament, tendom or aponeursis are attached to bone. The
surface is raised or roughened . (see table 1-3 in Snell)
Bone development:
By two process:-
1- membranous development from connective
tissue membrane .(in skull)
2- endochondral development cartilaginous model
(in long bones)
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Cartilage:
Is form of connection tissue , they are 3 types of
cartilage
1- Hayaline cartilage: epiphyseal plate
2- Fibro cartilage: temporomandibular
3- Elastric cartilage: auricle of ear
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Joints
A site where two or more bones come
together, occurs between them, is Joints
are classified according to the tissues
that lie between the bones:
1- fibrous joints
2- cartilaginous joints
3 -synovial joint
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Fibrous Joints
The articulating surfaces of the bones are joined by fibrous tissue and thus very
little movement is possible.
The sutures of the vault of the skull and the inferior tibiofibular joints are
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Cartilaginous Joints
Divided into :
: bones unite by plate or bar of hyalin Primary cartilage .
Example : between epiphysis and diaphysis , no movement .
: bones are unite by plate of the Secondary fibrocatilage.
Example: joint between vertebral bodies and symphysis pubis ,small amount of movement is possible.
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Synovial Joints
The articular surfaces of the bones are covered by:
1- a thin layer of hyaline cartilage
2- separated by a joint cavity. 3- permits a great degree of freedom of movement.
4- The synovial membrane is protected on outside by capsule.
5- articular surfaces are lubricated by synovial fluid .
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Synovial joints can be classified according
to:
A- the arrangement of the articular
surfaces.
B-types of movement that are possible.
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1-Plane joint :
- Flat
- Sternoclavicular , acromio
clavicular joint.
2- hing joint :
- Resemble hing on door
- Elbow , knee , ankle joint.
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3-Pivot joints:
Central bony pivot is surronding
by bony ligmentous ring.
Example: atlanto axial joint.
Rotation is the only possible
movement.
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3-Pivot joints:
Central bony pivot is surronding
by bony ligmentous ring.
Example: atlanto axial joint.
Rotation is the only possible
movement.
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4-Saddle joints:
- These concave and convex surface.
- Movement is flexion, extension, abduction,addection, with small amount of rotation.
Example: metacarpo phalangal joint.
5-Ellipsoid joints:
- Elliptal convex fit into elliptal concave surface.
- Movement is flexion, extension, abduction,addection, but rotation is immpossible.
Example: wrist joint.
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6- Saddle joint:
- Resemble saddle on horse back .
- Flexion, extension, adduction ,
abduction and rotation.
Example: carpometacarble joint of the
thumb.
7- ball and socket joint:
-permit three movement.
Example.: shoulder , hip joint.
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Stability of Joints
The stability of a joint depends on three
main factors:
1-the shape, size, and arrangement of
the articular surfaces.
2- the ligaments
3- the tone of the muscles around the
joint.
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Nerve Supply of Joints
The capsule and ligaments receive an
abundant sensory nerve supply.
1-A sensory nerve supplying a joint also
supplies the muscles moving the joint 2-
skin overlying the insertions of these
muscles, a fact that has been called
Hilton's law.
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