anatomy, lecture 1, inroduction to anatomy (slides)

8/8/2019 Anatomy, Lecture 1, Inroduction to Anatomy (slides)

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Descriptive Anatomic Terms:

Anatomic position:

The person is standing erect

The upper limbs by the sides

The face and palms of the hands directed forward



Imaginary Body Planes:

Median Sagittal Plane

Vertical plane passing through the

center of the body

Divides body into equal right and left halves

Paramedian Sagittal plane: ???. .

Coronal (frontal) Planes

vertical planes at right angles to

the median plane

Horizontal, or Transverse, Planes

Are at right angles to both the median

and the coronal planes



Terms Related to Position



Terms Related to Position

Ipsilateral vs Contralateral

Superficial vs Deep

Internal vs External

Supine vs Prone



Terms Related to Movements



Basic Structures

Fasciae

The superficial fascia is a mixture of loose areolar

and adipose tissue that unites the dermis of the

skin to the underlying deep fascia

Variable composition in some body parts :

numerous collagen fibers ???

absence of adipose tissues ???

The deep fascia is a membranous layer of connective tissue

that invests the muscles and other deep structures

well-defined layers, or

a thin film of areolar CT, or

a definite sheath around the muscles and other structures, or

thickened to form restraining bands called retinacula



Basic Structures

Skeletal Muscle

Produce movements

Voluntary muscles

Striped muscle fibers

Mixed innervation

Attached to bones, cartilage, or ligaments by :

-Tendons : cords of fibrous tissue

- Aponeurosis : thin, strong sheet of fibrous tissue

- Raphe: an interdigitation of the tendinous ends of fibers

of flat muscles



Basic Structures

Skeletal muscles

pennate muscles fibers run obliquely to the line of pull

More fibers per volume unit , More powerful



Basic Structures

Skeletal Muscle Action

A. Prime mover:

B. Antagonist:

C. Fixator: stabilize the origin of

the prime mover

D. Synergist: prevent unwanted movements

in an intermediate joint



Basic Structures

JointsA site where two or more bones come together,

whether or not movement occurs between them.

classified into:

A. Fibrous joints

B. Cartilaginous joints

Primary

Secondary

C. Synovial joints

movement in a synovial joint is limited by:the shape of the bones ,

adjacent anatomic structures

presence of fibrous ligaments



Basic Structures

Synovial Joints Types:

A. Plane joints

B. Hinge joints

C. Pivot joints

D. Condyloid joints

E. Ellipsoid joints

F. Saddle joints

G. Ball-and-socket joints



Basic Structures

Stability of Joints

The stability of a joint depends on:

A. The shape, size, and arrangement of

the articular surfaces

B. The ligaments

C. The tone of the muscles

around the joint

Nerve Supply of JointsHilton's law:

A sensory nerve supplying

a joint also supplies the muscles moving the joint and

the skin overlying the insertions of these muscles



Basic Structures

Ligaments: Cords of CT

Collagen vs. Elastic fibers

Bursae: Lubricating device

Areas of friction ??

Synovial Sheaths: Tubular bursae surrounding

tendons

Membranes:

MucusSerous

Synovial



Basic Structures

Blood vessels:

Arteries -----arterioles

Veins---------venules

Capillaries

Portal system:

Hepatic vein

Sinusoids



Basic Structures

Anastomoses

Arteriovenous anastomoses



Basic Structures

Lymphatic System:

Lymphatic tissues

Lymphatic vessels

Lymph

Afferent vessels

Efferent vessels

Lymph .Right lymphatic duct & the thoracic duct



Basic Structures

Bone: CT

compact vs. cancellous

Classification:

Long

ShortFlat

Irregular

Sesamoide

Surface markings:

Cartillage:

gel like matrix

types: Hyaline

Fibrocartilage

Elastic



Basic Structures

N

ervous SystemCentral Nervous System

Peripheral Nervous System



Basic Structures



Fig.17.01

Basic Structures

Somatic Nervous System

Autonomic Nervous System



Fig. 17.03



Fig.17.02



Fig. 17.05

anatomy, lecture 1, inroduction to anatomy (slides)

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