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Libro de Gramática
Hermosa Hammond1st PeriodoEspañol IV Honores
{El Presente
What’s happening AHORA!
Actions in the present time General Truths Near Future Literature Habitual Actions
El Presente: Usar
{ {-AR
- O- As- A- Amos- Aís- An
-ER and IR
- O- Es- E- Emos- Eís- En
El Presente: Regulares
Nosotros and Vosotros NEVER have stem changes in the present tense!
Construir, destruir, incluir have a y before the personal endings.
-AR & -ER stem changes: e to ie, o to i, u to ue.
Stem Changing Verbos!
Yo: Some of the –er/-ir verbos apply. A common verb with an irregular yo is
Saber, meaning to know, which is Yo Sé. -cer to –zco; -gir to –jo Prefixes attached to verbs follow the same
rules as their root, even in the irregular yo form, such as conozco and reconozco.
Irregular Formas
Ser and Estar
To be or not to beThat is the question!
They both mean to be!
Los dos palabras se significan “to be” in Ingles. Ser means “to be” and it is
permanent. Estar es “to be” but it is not
permanent.
Para Usar….
estar
ser
{ {Ser
Place of origin Personality Possession Material Animals Profession or occupation Relationship Date Season Used to express the
permanence of an object
Estar
Condition Temporality Location or spatial relationshio Health and states Emotions Certain weather expressions
(esta nublado) Expressing death Variability Used to express
impermanence of an object.
A Comparison
{ {SER
SoyEresEsSomosSoisSon
Estar
EstoyEstásEstáEstamosEstaísEstán
Personal Forms
YoTuEllaNosotrosVosotrosEllas
{
Gustar means to please. Rather than “I like apples” as English says, Spanish says “Apples are pleasing to me.” Objects are attached to make a the “to me” part. So if the verb is gustar, apples is the subject, and “me” is what apples are pleasing to, you would read “Me gustan manzanas.”
Gustar = VerbsMe = I Object PronounManzanas = Subject
N is added to the verb when the subject is plural, one apple = “Me gusta la manzana.” More than one? “Me gustan manzanas.”
Verbos Como Gustar
Abburir Caer bien Caer mal Doler Faltar Encantar Disgustar Fascinar Importar Interesar Sorprender Importar
More verbos como Gustar
Extra Points adding a + mi/ti, for example adds emphasisto the thing or person or self that is being “gusta-ed”(pleased)
Verbs like gustar have plural and singular forms, adding an n makes it plural, but it refers to the subject, not IO pronoun.
{Continuing?Done?The important questions!
Preterit vs. Imperfect
{ {Preterit
Seen as completed action Definite beginning and
ending Does not lack specificity. Trigger words: ayer,
anoche, desde el primer momento, la semana pasada, entonces, ayer por la tarde
Imperfect
Not seen as a completed action
Indefinite ending or beginning
Vague or general Things you “used to do.” Trigger words: cuando era
un niño, con frecuencia, mucho, nunca, muchas veces, siempre, todas las semanas, todos los dias
Both are past actions, but…
{ {AR
- Aste- Ó- Amos- Asteis- Aron
ER/IR
ísteIóImosIsteisIeron
Regular Preterit
{ {AR
AbaAbasAbaÁbamosAbaisaban
ER/IR
ÍaÍasÍaÍamosÍaisÍan
Regular Impefect
Ser and Ir are the twins, conjugated the same:
FuiFuisteFue
FuemosFuisteisFueron
Irregular Preterit
Dar Hacer Decir Traer Ver
Di Hice Dije Traje Vi
Diste Hiciste Dijiste Trajiste Viste
Dio Hizo Dijo Trajo Vio
Dimos Hicimos Dhimos Trajimos Vimos
Disteis Hicisteis Dijisteis Trajisteis Visteis
Dieron Hicieron Dijeron Trajieron Vieron
Irregular Preterit
Car, gar, zar
Qu Gu C
Verbo Change
Andar Anduv
Estar Estuv
Tener Tuv
Caber Cup
Haber Hub
Poder Pud
Poner Pus
Irreg
ula
r Pre
terit
Verbo Change
Saber Sup
Hacer Hic
Querer Quis
Venir vin
-e:-iste-o
-imos:-isteis-ieron
Ir Ser Ver
Iba Era Veía
Ibas Eras Veías
Iba Era Veía
Ibamos Eramos Veíamos
Ibais Erais Veíais
Ibas Eran Veían
Irregular Imperfect
Transitive has object Intransitive does not. Can sometimes be used with prepositions a, de, and
en. Object is also subject in many cases. Examples of reflexive verbs:
Abburirse – to become bored Ponerse – to get or to become Acordarse –to remember Comerse– to eat up Dormirse – to fall asleep Mudarse – to move Ponerse – to put on clothing quitarse – to take off clothing.
Reflexive Verbs
What will happen? Expresses wonder or probability in current state. Can be expressed by conjugated ir + infinitive. Some irregulares:
Tener – tedr Salir – saldr Haber – habr Decir – dir Caber – cabr Hacer – har
Regular verbs end in É Ás Á Emos Éis Án
Future.
Would / should / could Regulars end in: ía, ías, ía, íamos, íais,
ían. Irregulars mainly the same as future. Use for speculation about the past or
future, reported speech, advice, polite requests, etc.
Conditional expresses what might happen by probability, wonder, or conjecture.
Combine two sentences that share a common noun.
Related to a noun that has previously been stated already.
Introduction to a clause that modifies a noun.
Que vs Cual Q- what C- which Q – definitions C- used before es, not in
definitions Q- before nouns C- suggests from a group,
suggestions, clauses
Relative Pronouns
Just like in english, adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs.
In english we often add –ly to adjectives to make adverbs, the spanish equivalent is –mente.
Carinoso = carinosamente Kindly
Adverbs
Indicate smallness (diminutive) Indicates affection You can drop o or a from almost any
noun and ad ito or ita Cito or cita can be added to words not
ending in o or a Nino ninito
Diminutives
Indicates largeness Opposite of diminutive Can end in anzo/a, on/a, ucho/a, acho/a,
or udo/a. NOT affectionate.
Augmentatives
What had happened in the past Formed using Haber + past participle verb… which are formed by
adding ado to –ar verbs and ido to –er/ir verbs.
He Has Han Hemos Hebais Han
Subjunctive:HayaHayasHayaHayamosHayaisHayan
Present Perfect
+ Past Participle
Reflexive pronouns when subject is also object.
Equivalent of the passive voice in english Can replace le or les to avoid two l
pronouns!
SE
Agree with noun in gender and number Follow same rules regarding er/ir and
then ar verbs.
Past Participles as Adjectives
Hace + time + que Hace tres anos que voy a mexico. It has been two years since I have been to
mexico. Negatives can be formed by adding “no”
simply. Present tense uses desde. Verb + desde hace + time
Yo voy a mexico desde hace dos anos. I have been going to mexico for two years.
Expressing time using hacer.
Event hasn’t happened, but is expected to happen.
Equivalent of english “will” or “shall” happen. Formed by the future indicative of haber and
the participle form.
Habré Habrás Habrá Habremos Habréis habrán
Future perfect
Something that would have happened If In the past Superstition/probability Haber + past participle
Habría Habrías Habrían Habríamos Habrías Habrían
Conditional Perfect Tense
If liklihood is expressed, si can be used. With present indicative.
If condition is contrary or unlikely, si can be used with past subjunctive verbs.
It may precede the sentence, or not.
Si
Cause and effect: ya que, como, porque Clarification: en otras palabras Explanation: ademas Contrast and similarity: sin embargo,
igualmente General and specific: espesificamente Intro and conclusion: el primero lugar –
para concluir.
Transitional Expressions
Coordinating conjunctions Equivalent of english “but” Pero indicates contrast of things or ideas Sino is used when the part of the
sentence following the conjunction is negative, meaning something closer to “rather.”
Pero and Sino
Used with a generalized subject, subject that refers to something else, or a peripheral subject.
Whatever receives the action of the verb comes first.
Followed by verb “to be” Followed by participle Ser is usd Subject would be a DO if written actively.
El coche fue rompido por la arbol.
Passive voice. Shhhh….
Negative: nobody or nothing Nada: nothing Nadie: nobody Ningun: not any Ni: neither Tampoco: neither
Indefinite: ambiguous Algo: something Alguien: someone Alguna vez: some time Alguno: some Cualquier: which
Algo pasó.
Negative and Indefinite Expressions
Formed by adding auxiliary verb of had with a participle.
Negatives formed by adding no prior to haber.
Había Habías Había Habíamos
+participle Habías Habían
Past Perfecto
Completed actions Actions that happened before another
action. Conditional constructions hypothetical Imperfect sub. Of haber is used
alongside a past participle.
Past Perfecto Subjunctivo
-ar -er -ir
Subject (gerund) english equivalent of –ing
Predicate nominative Objects
Verb preposition
Infinitives
Form a phrase! Tell location, approximation, etc. Almost always followed by adjective.
A Con Contra Antes de Durante En Entre Hasta Para Por Sin sobre
Prepositions