Hazard
Mitigation
Plan
Livingston County,
Michigan 2017
Livingston County Board of Commissioners
2017
Kate Lawrence, ChairCarol S. Griffith, Vice Chair
Gary ChildsDennis L. DolanDavid J. DomasWilliam J. Green
Bob BezotteDonald S. ParkerDoug Helzerman
Ken Hinton, County Administrator
Livingston County Hazard Mitgation Planning Team
Therese Cremonte, Emergency Manager, Emergency ManagementMichael Kinaschuk, Emergency Management
Jeff Boyd, Director, Emergency Medical ServicesKathleen J. Kline-Hudson, Director, Planning
Kenneth E. Recker, II, Chief Deputy, Drain CommisssionerRobert A. Stanford, Principal Planner, Planning
Ashley Frez, Emergency Preparedness Coordinator, Public Health
HAZARD MITIGATION PLANLIVINGSTON COUNTY, MICHIGAN
2017
Livingston County Emergency ManagementPublic Safety Complex
1911 Tooley RoadHowell, Michigan 48843
(517) 546-6220
Livingston County Emergency Medical ServicesPublic Safety Complex
1911 Tooley RoadHowell, Michigan 48843
(517) 546-6220
Livingston County Department of PlanningAdministration Building
304 E. Grand River Avenue, Suite 206Howell, Michigan 48843-2323
(517) 546-7555
Livingston County Drain Commissioner’s OfficeEast County Complex
2300 E. Grand River Avenue, Suite 105Howell, Michigan 48843
(517) 546-0040
Livingston County Department of Public HealthEast County Complex
2300 E. Grand River Avenue, Suite 102Howell, Michigan 48843
(517) 546-9850
Livingston County Website: www.livgov.comOffice hours: 8:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m.
HAZARD MITIGATION PLANLIVINGSTON COUNTY, MICHIGAN
2017
Record of Revisions
REVISION AND DATE PAGE
Natural Hazards Risk Assessment Summary, April 14, 2017........................................ 92
Hazard Mitigation PlanLivingston County, Michigan
TABLE OF CONTENTS - Page 1
PAGE
Chapter 1: Introduction To Hazard Mitigation Planning ......................................... 1Why Develop And Update A Hazard Mitigation Plan? ................................................. 1Authority For A Hazard Mitigation Plan......................................................................... 2Update Of The Plan ..................................................................................................... 2Organization Of The Plan ............................................................................................ 3Appendix To Plan ........................................................................................................ 5Integration Of Hazard Mitigation Concepts .................................................................. 5Review And Integration Of Existing Hazard Mitigation Plan, ReportsAnd Technical Information ............................................................................................ 6Public Participation Process ....................................................................................... 6
Chapter 2: A Demographic Profile of Livingston County ...................................... 8Location ...................................................................................................................... 8Population ................................................................................................................... 8Housing ...................................................................................................................... 10Livingston County Community Profile........................................................................... 12
Chapter 3: Hazard Identification ............................................................................. 14Hazard Identification .................................................................................................... 14Natural Hazards .......................................................................................................... 14
Chapter 4: Hazard Risk Assessment ...................................................................... 22Hazard Risk Assessment ............................................................................................ 22Hazard Profile Evaluation ............................................................................................ 23Hazard Risk Factors ................................................................................................... 24Risks of Severe Winds and Tornadoes ........................................................................ 24Risks of Snowstorms and Ice and Sleet ....................................................................... 31Risks of Extreme Cold and Extreme Heat .................................................................... 35Risks of Hail ................................................................................................................ 39Risks of Floods ........................................................................................................... 42Risks of Dam Failure................................................................................................... 56Risks of Wild Fires ...................................................................................................... 59Risks of Drought ......................................................................................................... 69Risks of Earthquakes .................................................................................................. 71Risks of Land Subsidence .......................................................................................... 72Risks of Lightning ........................................................................................................ 73
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TABLE OF CONTENTS - Page 2
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Risks of Fog ............................................................................................................... 78Risks of Invasive Species ............................................................................................ 79Risks of Public Health Emergencies ............................................................................ 83Hazard Risk Assessment Summary ............................................................................. 88Natural Hazards Risk Assessment Summary ............................................................... 89
Chapter 5: Hazard Vulnerability Analysis ............................................................... 94Hazard Vulnerability Analysis ....................................................................................... 94Hazard Vulnerability Factors ........................................................................................ 94Vulnerability to Severe Winds and Tornadoes .............................................................. 94Vulnerability to Snowstorms and Ice and Sleet ............................................................. 95Vulnerability to Extreme Cold and Extreme Heat .......................................................... 96Vulnerability to Hail ...................................................................................................... 97Vulnerability to Floods ................................................................................................. 98Vulnerability to Dam Failure ......................................................................................... 99Vulnerability to Wild Fires ............................................................................................ 100Vulnerability to Drought ................................................................................................ 100Vulnerability to Earthquakes ........................................................................................ 101Vulnerability to Land Subsidence................................................................................. 101Vulnerability to Lightning .............................................................................................. 101Vulnerability to Fog ...................................................................................................... 101Vulnerability to Invasive Species .................................................................................. 102Vulnerability to Public Health Emergencies .................................................................. 102
Chapter 6: Critical Facilities ..................................................................................... 104Critical Facilities ......................................................................................................... 104Public Schools ............................................................................................................ 105Public School Academies and Private Schools ........................................................... 107Colleges and Universities............................................................................................ 108Child Care and Learning Facilities in Non-School Facilities......................................... 110Senior and Health Care Facilities ................................................................................ 113Emergency Shelters .................................................................................................... 116Worship Assembly Facilities ....................................................................................... 120Public Governmental Facilities .................................................................................... 124Licensed Manufactured Housing Parks ....................................................................... 127Major Employers ......................................................................................................... 129Industrial Parks and Areas ........................................................................................... 132Regulated Dams ......................................................................................................... 135
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TABLE OF CONTENTS - Page 3
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Emergency Services ................................................................................................... 137Sewer and Water Treatment Plants ............................................................................. 140Public Works ............................................................................................................... 142Hazardous Substance Sites - City of Brighton ............................................................. 144Hazardous Substance Sites - City of Howell ................................................................ 146Hazardous Substance Sites - Village of Fowlerville ..................................................... 148Hazardous Substance Sites - Southeast Livingston ..................................................... 150Hazardous Substance Sites - Northeast Livingston...................................................... 153Hazardous Substance Sites - Northwest Livingston ..................................................... 155Hazardous Substance Sites - Southwest Livingston .................................................... 157Communities Most At-Risk To Damage of Facilities .................................................... 159Critical Facilities Risk Analysis .................................................................................... 160
Chapter 7: Hazard Mitigation Goals And Objectives ............................................. 163Goal #1 ....................................................................................................................... 163Goal #2 ....................................................................................................................... 164Goal #3 ....................................................................................................................... 164Goal #4 ....................................................................................................................... 164Goal #5 ....................................................................................................................... 165
Chapter 8: Existing Hazard Mitigation Strategies .................................................. 166State Government ....................................................................................................... 166County Government ..................................................................................................... 166Local Government ....................................................................................................... 170
Chapter 9: Potential Hazard Mitigation Strategies ................................................. 177Six Categories of Hazard Mitigation Strategies ........................................................... 177All - Hazards Approach to Hazard Mitigation Strategies ............................................... 178Natural Hazards .......................................................................................................... 182Proposed Mitigation Strategies for Severe Winds and Tornadoes ............................... 182Proposed Mitigation Strategies for Snowstorms, Ice and Sleet .................................... 183Proposed Mitigation Strategies for Extreme Cold/Extreme Heat .................................. 184Proposed Hail/Lightning Mitigation Strategies ............................................................. 184Proposed Flooding Mitigation Strategies .................................................................... 185Proposed Mitigation Strategies for Dam Failure .......................................................... 187Proposed Wild Fire Mitigation Strategies .................................................................... 188Proposed Drought Mitigation Strategies ...................................................................... 189Proposed Mitgation Strategies for Public Health.......................................................... 189
Hazard Mitigation PlanLivingston County, Michigan
TABLE OF CONTENTS - Page 4
Chapter 10: Prioritized Hazard Mitigation Strategies, Implementation Strategyand Plan Maintenance.............................................................................................. 191Hazard Mitigation Strategies ....................................................................................... 191Implementation Plan .................................................................................................... 196Plan Maintenance ....................................................................................................... 204
AppendixAppendix A: Livingston County Department of Public Health Jurisdictional Hazard VulnerabilityAssessment ................................................................................................................ A-1Appendix B: Public Participation Process ................................................................... A-13Appendix C: Plan Adoption Process ........................................................................... A-19Appendix D: Warning System Coverage ..................................................................... A-20
Appendix E: NFIP Repetitive Loss Properties ............................................................. A-21
Hazard Mitigation PlanLivingston County, Michigan
LIST OF MAPS AND PHOTOSPAGE
Chapter 2: A Demographic Profile of Livingston CountyLivingston County, Michigan (location map) ................................................................. 8
Chapter 4: Hazard Risk AssessmentWind Zones In The United States ................................................................................. 29Tornado Touchdown in Hartland and Tyrone Townships ................................................ 30Average Seasonal Snowfall ........................................................................................ 34Severity and Extent of Extreme Summer Heat in the United States .............................. 38Thunderstorm Days Per Year: State of Michigan Averages .......................................... 41Livingston County Floodplain and Flood Hazard Areas ................................................ 45Ore Lake Flooding in Hamburg and Green Oak Townships .......................................... 48Livingston County Lakes, Rivers and Streams ............................................................. 50Livingston County Steep Slopes .................................................................................. 52Livingston County Lakes and Drains ........................................................................... 53Livingston County Percent Impervious Surfaces .......................................................... 55Number of Wildfires, by County.................................................................................... 60Livingston County Recreation, Public and Open Space Areas-Southeast Quadrant ..... 62Livingston County’s Largest Woodland Areas.............................................................. 64Potential Subsidence Hazard ...................................................................................... 72
Hazard Mitigation PlanLivingston County, Michigan
LIST OF MAPS AND PHOTOS - Page 5
PAGE
Chapter 6: Critical FacilitiesPublic and Private Schools, Academies, Colleges and Universities ............................. 109Childcare, Learning Facilities in Non-School Facilities ................................................ 112Senior and Health Care Facilities ................................................................................ 115Emergency Shelters .................................................................................................... 119Worship Assembly Facilities ...................................................................................... 123Public Governmental Facilities .................................................................................... 126Manufactured Housing Parks ...................................................................................... 128Major Employers ......................................................................................................... 131Industrial Parks and Areas .......................................................................................... 134Regulated Dams ........................................................................................................ 136Emergency Services ................................................................................................... 139Sewer and Water Treatment Plants ............................................................................. 141Publc Works ............................................................................................................... 143Hazardous Substance Sites - City of Brighton ............................................................. 145Hazardous Substance Sites - City of Howell ................................................................ 147Hazardous Substance Sites - Village of Fowlerville ..................................................... 149Hazardous Substance Sites - Southeast Livingston ..................................................... 152Hazardous Substance Sites - Northeast Livingston...................................................... 154Hazardous Substance Sites - Northwest Livingston ..................................................... 156Hazardous Substance Sites - Southwest Livingston .................................................... 158
Hazard Mitigation PlanLivingston County, Michigan
LIST OF CHARTS AND TABLES - Page 6
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Chapter 2: A Demographic Profile of Livingston CountyLivingston County Population Change ......................................................................... 8Livingston County’s Most Populated Communities - 2010 Census ............................... 8Livingston County Population Forecast ........................................................................ 9Livingston County Senior and Youth Population ........................................................... 9Livingston County Housing Units ................................................................................. 10Livingston County Households ..................................................................................... 10Livingston County Housing Unit Percentages By Quadrant - 2010 Census................... 11Livingston County 2010 Population By Age ................................................................. 12Total Forecasted Households ...................................................................................... 13Highest Level of Education Population Age 25 And Over ............................................. 132010 Annual Household Income .................................................................................. 13
Chapter 4: Hazard Risk AssessmentNatural Hazards .......................................................................................................... 22Hazard Profile Evaluation ............................................................................................ 23Severe Wind Events in Livingston County, 1983-2013 ................................................. 25Tornado Touchdown Events in Livingston County, 1983-2013....................................... 27Snowstorm Events in Livingston County, 1983-2013 .................................................... 32Ice and Sleet Events in Livingston County, 1983-2013 ................................................. 34Extreme Cold Events in Livingston County, 1983-2013 ................................................ 36Extreme Heat Events in Livingston County, 1983-2013 ................................................ 36Hail Events in Livingston County, 1983-2013 ............................................................... 39Flooding Events in Livingston County, 1983-2013........................................................ 42Dam Failure Events in Livingston County, 1983-2013 .................................................. 56State of Michigan Regulated Dams In Livingston County .............................................. 58Drought Events in Livingston County, 1983-2013 ......................................................... 69Lightning Events in Livingston County, 1983-2013 ....................................................... 73Fog Events in Livingston County, 1983-2013 ............................................................... 78
Natural Hazards Risk Assessment Summary ............................................................... 89
Chapter 5: Hazard Vulnerability Analysis2014 Population and Housing Unit Estimates/ Severe Winds, Tornadoes .................... 942014 Population and Housing Unit Estimates/ Hail ...................................................... 97Population and Housing Units by Census Tract, 2010/ Floods ..................................... 98Population and Housing Units by Census Tract, 2010/ Dam Failure ............................. 992014 Population and Housing Unit Estimates/ Wildfires .............................................. 100
Hazard Mitigation PlanLivingston County, Michigan
LIST OF CHARTS AND TABLES - Page 7
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Chapter 6: Critical FacilitiesPublic Schools ............................................................................................................ 105Public School Academies and Private Schools ........................................................... 107Colleges and Universities............................................................................................ 108Child Care and Learning Facilities in Non-School Facilities......................................... 110Senior and Health Care Facilities ................................................................................ 113Emergency Shelters .................................................................................................... 116Worship Assembly Facilities ....................................................................................... 120Public Governmental Facilities .................................................................................... 124Licensed Manufactured Housing Parks ....................................................................... 127Major Employers ......................................................................................................... 129Industrial Parks and Areas ........................................................................................... 132Regulated Dams ......................................................................................................... 135Emergency Services ................................................................................................... 137Sewer and Water Treatment Plants ............................................................................. 140Public Works ............................................................................................................... 142Hazardous Substance Sites - City of Brighton ............................................................. 144Hazardous Substance Sites - City of Howell ................................................................ 146Hazardous Substance Sites - Village of Fowlerville ..................................................... 148Hazardous Substance Sites - Southeast Livingston ..................................................... 150Hazardous Substance Sites - Northeast Livingston...................................................... 153Hazardous Substance Sites - Northwest Livingston ..................................................... 155Hazardous Substance Sites - Southwest Livingston .................................................... 157Communities Most At-Risk To Damage of Facilities .................................................... 159
Chapter 10: Prioritized Hazard Mitigation Strategies, Implementation Strategyand Plan MaintenanceNew or Continued Hazard Mitigation Strategies/Goal and Objectives Being Addressed................................................................................................................................... 191
Completed or Removed Hazard Mitigation Strategies/Goal and Objectives Being Addressed................................................................................................................................... 195
Implementation Plan .................................................................................................... 197
Hazard Mitigation Plan, Livingston County, Michigan
1Livingston County Department of Planning/Livingston County Emergency Management
Chapter 1
Chapter 1: Introduction To Hazard Mitigation Planning
Why Develop And Update A HazardMitigation Plan?
Livingston County is vulnerable to multiplehazards caused by the natural environment.The ability of a community to respondeffectively to hazards before they cause adisaster, depends largely on actions ormitigation measures taken before a disasteroccurs. Mitigative measures are actions of along-term, permanent nature that reduce theactual or potential risk of loss of life orproperty from a hazardous event.
This Hazard Mitigation Plan is a multi-jurisdictional plan that coordinates theactions of the following 20 local units ofgovernment in Livingston County:
Townships:
Brighton CohoctahConway DeerfieldGenoa Green OakHamburg HandyHartland HowellIosco MarionOceola PutnamTyrone Unadilla
Villages:
Fowlerville Pinckney
Cities:
Brighton Howell
Each of these 20 local units of governmentare continuing participants in the 2016update of the Hazard Mitigation Plan forLivingston County.
The many reasons Livingston County hasdeveloped a Hazard Mitigation Plan include:
• protection of public health and safety
• preservation of essential services
• prevention of property damage
• preservation of the local economy
• preservation of lives
• preservation and protection of thenatural environment
• provision of information to citizens,businesses, and officials forpurposes of: planning, economicdevelopment, project developmentdecisions and emergencymanagement awareness andassistance
• reduction of liability
• building partnerships and communitysupport
• effective communication regardingemergency management
• qualification for hazard mitigationproject funding
• pro-active mitigation planning efforts
This Hazard Mitigation plan is particularlyimportant from an information andcommunication perspective, so that allpersons involved in emergencymanagement functions in county governmentand local government, are directing theiractions from the same base ofunderstanding.
Hazard Mitigation Plan, Livingston County, MichiganChapter 1
2 Livingston County Department of Planning/Livingston County Emergency Management
Emergency management problems can beminimized or eliminated through thecoordinated decision-making that is a resultof hazard mitigation planning. One of thegreatest benefits of hazard mitigationplanning is that a community’s vulnerabilitycan be reduced in conjunction with theachievement of other community goals andobjectives, at little or no additional cost to thecommunity.
Authority For A Hazard MitigationPlan
The Disaster Mitigation Act of 2000 (DMA2000, Public Law 106-390) amended theRobert T. Stafford Disaster Relief andEmergency Assistance Act by repealing theprevious mitigation planning provisions(Section 409) and replacing them with a newset of requirements (Section 322). Therequirement for a State mitigation planremains a condition of receiving federaldisaster assistance. The new requirementsemphasize the need for State, Tribal, andlocal entities to closely coordinate mitigationplanning and implementation efforts. Statesthat demonstrate an increased commitmentto comprehensive mitigation planning andimplementation can increase the amount offunding available through the HazardMitigation Grant Program (HMGP). Section322 also established a new requirement forlocal (County) mitigation plans andauthorized up to 7% of HMGP funds availableto a State to be used for development ofState, Tribal and local mitigation plans.
Update Of The Plan
The 2017 Hazard Mitigation Plan,Livingston County, Michigan represents anupdate to the original 2007 plan.
A planning committee was organized by theLivingston County Emergency Manager forthe update of the 2007 plan. This committeeconsisted of the following representatives:
• Emergency Manager• 911/Central Dispatch Director• EMS Director• Planning Director• Principal Planner• Chief Deputy Drain Commissioner
Prior to updating the plan, the planningcommittee met with representatives from theMichigan State Police EmergencyManagement Division to receive instructionon the required components of a hazardmitigation plan and how the plan updateprocess should be implemented. TheHazard Mitigation Plan Review Sheets (v.October 2012) were used as the primaryinstructional tool for this learning experience.
Each member of the planning committeewas assigned various sections of the plan toupdate, and their draft of each section wasreviewed for accuracy by the planningcommittee as a whole.
Overall, the goals of the planning committeewere to:
• Review and revise the current plandocument with new information
• Streamline the plan into a moreconsise document
• focus the plan on a natural hazardsapproach
Mitigation is... Any action of a long-term,permanent nature that reduces the actualor potential risk of loss of life or propertyfrom a hazardous event.
Hazard Mitigation Plan, Livingston County, Michigan
3Livingston County Department of Planning/Livingston County Emergency Management
Chapter 1
• provide new public inputopportunities in the update process
Organization Of The Plan
This plan is organized in such a manner thatthe twenty local units of government inLivingston County can use this base level ofinformation to draft a hazard mitigation planfor their own local community (township, cityor village). Information from the HazardMitigation Plan for Livingston County,Michigan, provides most of the informationneeded for a localized plan; certain portionsof the plan just need to be further refined withspecific data about the local community.Following is an explanation of the varioussteps involved in assembling this plan:
Step 1. The Hazard/VulnerabilityAnalyses Process: Hazard/vulnerabilityanalyses involve identifying all of the hazardsthat potentially threaten the county andanalyzing them to determine the degree ofthreat or vulnerability that is posed by each.Hazard/vulnerability analyses determine:
• what can occur
• how often it is likely to occur
• how bad it is likely to get
• how it is likely to affect yourcommunity
• how vulnerable your community is tothe hazard
The Hazard/vulnerability components of thisplan include:
• A community profile: Chapter 2: ADemographic Profile of LivingstonCounty introduces the LivingstonCounty community by providing
summary information anddemographics on general features ofthe community such as populationand housing data. This section wasrevised during the update process toinclude 2010 Census demographics,and to pare the content down toprimarily population and housingdemographics.
• Identification of the hazards thataffect Livingston County:Chapter 3: Hazard Identificationrecognizes and describes the knownhazards in Michigan as identified bythe Emergency ManagementDivision, Michigan Department ofState Police in their publication LocalHazard Mitigation PlanningWorkbook, plus additional hazardsthat have been identified byLivingston County’s EmergencyProgram Manager. The naturalhazards are described in terms ofwhat causes each hazard, the form orforms each hazard may take, whattriggers each hazard, and thedamage that may be associated witheach hazard.
• An estimation of the risks fromhazards: Chapter 4: Hazard RiskAssessment evaluates the kinds ofemergencies that have occurred orcould occur in Livingston County. TheLivingston County Hazard ProfileEvaluation, compiled by theLivingston County EmergencyManagement Department, is used asthe assessment tool for evaluating therisk of each hazard. Risk factors suchas historical occurrence, affectedarea, population impact, collateraldamage, and mitigative potential areamong the factors analyzed. Thischapter includes a Hazard Risk
Hazard Mitigation Plan, Livingston County, MichiganChapter 1
4 Livingston County Department of Planning/Livingston County Emergency Management
Assessment Summary table thatassesses how a specific naturalhazard could impact each quadrantof the county. The table summarizeswhether or not the county quadranthas experienced a historicaloccurrence of the particular hazard,and summarizes the locational risksin each quadrant of the county for thatparticular hazard. Examples oflocational risks include: geographicfeatures like topography,infrastructure lifelines like utilities,essential facilities like police and firestations, and special facilities likeschools. Lastly, the table providesthe total number of recorded countyevents for each hazard.
• Assess Vulnerabilities: Chapter 5:Hazard Vulnerability Analysisdetermines the relative threat posedby the identified hazards, usingqualitative and/or quantitative ratings.Two hazard vulnerability factors areanalyzed and/or mapped; populationand economics.
Population vulnerabilities andimpacts are analyzed in terms of thegeneral population that may bevulnerable to a specific hazard, andspecial populations that may beparticularly vulnerable to specifichazards because of the closeproximity of facilities that shelterthese populations.
Economic vulnerabilities and impactsare analyzed in terms of the specificbusiness and industry facilities thatare within close proximity to thehazard-prone area(s) and maycontribute to or intensify the effects ofthe hazard.
Chapter 6: Critical Facilities aids theassessment of population andeconomic vulnerabilities byidentifying, inventorying and mappingat-risk critical facilities in LivingstonCounty.
Step 2. Define goals and objectives:Developing goals and objectives help clarifycommunity problems, issues andopportunities in hazard mitigation. Plansand actions based on clear goals andobjectives are more likely to succeed inmeeting the community’s needs. Goals arebroad conceptual statements of intent thatestablish the direction for the HazardMitigation Plan. Objectives are measurable,detailed statements that describe the tasksto be carried out in the process of realizinggoals.
• Chapter 7: Hazard Mitigation Goalsand Objectives articulates goals andobjectives for the Livingston Countycommunity. Incorporated into thesepolicy statement are the goalsadopted by the State of Michigan inthe Michigan Hazard Mitigation Plan,and the hazard mitigation goals andstrategies of the 2003 LivingstonCounty Comprehensive Plan.
Step 3. Identify and develop strategiesto mitigate hazards: Livingston County hasa variety of existing programs and plansrelated to hazard mitigation. Preparation ofthis mitigation plan offers an opportunity toeducate our community about the existingprograms and resources that are currentlybeing used to manage hazard mitigation inLivingston County. Upon review of theseexisting strategies, many other potentialstrategies are identified as possiblealternatives for the Hazard Mitigation ActionPlan that culminates this plan.
Hazard Mitigation Plan, Livingston County, Michigan
5Livingston County Department of Planning/Livingston County Emergency Management
Chapter 1
• Identify existing hazard mitigationstrategies: Chapter 8: ExistingHazard Mitigation Strategiesprovides examples of the many typesof mitigation strategies that arecurrently active in Livingston County.State, county and local governmentexamples are represented.
• Identify potential hazardmitigation strategies forimplementation: Chapter 9:Potential Hazard MitigationStrategies identifies potential hazardmitigation strategies for the naturalhazards that are most likely to occurin Livingston County. Strategies areorganized under FEMA’s six broadcategories of hazard mitigationstrategies. These categories helpclarify the purpose of the proposedstrategies listed under each hazard.Several of the mitigation strategiesform the core of the action plancomponent of the hazard mitigationplan.
Step 4. Prepare a mitigation action plan.The Hazard Mitigation Plan culminates in anaction plan that is based on the county’shazard analysis, the goals and objectivesthat are articulated in the plan, the mitigationstrategies that are identified in the plan, andrecommendations and input from theLivingston County Emergency ProgramManager and others involved in countyhazard mitigation efforts.
• Select feasible mitigationstrategies: Chapter 10: PrioritizedHazard Mitigation Strategies,Implementation Strategy and PlanMaintenance explains how thehazard mitigation strategies of theplan were developed and prioritized.The prioritized strategies are
presented in a table format with thecorresponding plan goal(s) andobjective(s) that are beingaddressed by each strategy. Theimplementation strategy for the planfollows in a table that lists eachhazard mitigation strategy, the entitywho would have responsibility and/oroversight for each strategy, thefunding and other resources neededfor accomplishing each strategy, thetime frame in which each strategywould be completed, the naturalhazard that is being addressed byeach strategy, and the FEMAMitigation Strategy that is beingaddressed by each strategy. Thechapter concludes with a PlanMaintenance section that describeshow the plan will be reviewed,updated and adopted in the future.
Appendix to Plan
Concurrent with the preparation of thisHazard Mitigation Plan for LivingstonCounty, Michigan, the EmergencyPreparedness Coordinator of the LivingstonCounty Department of Public Health waspreparing a Jurisdictional HazardVulnerability Assessment. The two plansrequire many of the same elements so, asmuch as possible, we have integrated theLivingston County Public Health plan intothis county-wide Hazard Mitigation Plan andhave provided the public health plan in itsentirety in Appendix A.
Integration Of Hazard MitigationConcepts
The preparation of this Hazard MitigationPlan for Livingston County, Michigan,presents a key opportunity for integratingthe hazard mitigation concepts within theplan into:
Hazard Mitigation Plan, Livingston County, MichiganChapter 1
6 Livingston County Department of Planning/Livingston County Emergency Management
1. Local hazard mitigation plans
2. Local master plans
Local units of government should use thisplan as a base document to integrate thecounty hazard mitigation information into amore localized and specific plan for theircommunity. Likewise, the Hazard MitigationPlan for Livingston County will evolve overtime to include the hazard mitigationstrategies of the local units of government.This cooperative effort will produce acountywide mitigation strategy that can helpmove Livingston County closer to becominga disaster-resistant community.
There are also numerous benefits tointegrating the hazard mitigation conceptsof this plan into a community’s master planprocess, including:
• it creates a new and effectiveplanning tool
• it enhances both the master plan,and the local mitigation strategy
• it reduces a community’svulnerability to disasters
• it supports effective pre- and post-disaster decision making
• it creates a new and effectiveplanning tool
• it speeds the return of the impactedcommunity to normalcy
• it provides a forum for analysis ofpotentially sensitive issues
• it enhances credibility for hazardmitigation programs and projects
The concept of integrating hazard mitigationwith comprehensive planning, is based out ofthe belief that the efforts of many disciplinesare neccessary if we are to reduce theconsequences of natural disasters.
Review and Integration of ExistingHazard Mitigation Plans, Studies,Reports and Technical Information
A state mandated function of the LivingstonCounty Department of Planning is to reviewany new master plans produced by the 20local units of government in LivingstonCounty. As each new master plan isreviewed, staff looks for the inclusion of anyhazard mitigation elements, includingstrategies that can be integrated into this2017 Livingston County Hazard MitigationPlan.
Public Participation Process
• 2014 Participation of Local Units ofGovernment
During the draft stage of the HazardMitigation planning process,Livingston County’s 20 local units ofgovernment were asked to participatein an information gathering exercise.In September 2014, the Clerk/Supervisor and/or Mayor of eachmunicipality was sent a letter ofexplanation attached to a Flood RiskMap. The letter explained that the2007 Hazard Mitigation Plan forLivingston County is currently beingupdated. It also explained that weneeded their assistance in identifyingthe locations for potential naturalhazards in their community;particularly regarding flooding. AFlood Risk map was provided andeach municipality was asked to reviewthe map and hand label the map with
Hazard Mitigation Plan, Livingston County, Michigan
7Livingston County Department of Planning/Livingston County Emergency Management
Chapter 1
some additional information regardingflooding and other natural hazards.Also attached was Chapter 3 of theHazard Mitigation Plan that describesall of the natural hazards that mightoccur in Livingston County. Eachmunicipality was instructed on whenand how the information should bereturned. Participation was receivedfrom 50% of the local communities inLivingston County. Thecorrespondence and map associatedwith this data collection effort can befound in the Appendix of this plan.
• Participation of Local EmergencyPlanning Committee
During the draft stage of the HazardMitigation planning process, the LocalEmergency Planning Committee(LEPC) met on May 28, 2015 toreview the 2007 goals and objectivesof the Hazard Mitigation Plan and todevelop related strategies. Aproductive working session resulted inseveral new goals, objectives andstrategies and helped determinewhich strategies should be continuedor removed.
• 2017 Participation of Local Units ofGovernment
To further local involvement in the2017 Hazard Mitigation Plan, leadersof Livingston County local units ofgovernments were once againcontacted in January and February2017 for their input on two matters:
1.) Response to the Flood Risk Map thatwas originally sent in September 2014(if they did not respond in 2014). Thiseffort bolstered the original responserate from 50% to 90%; 18 of 20
local communities responded withinformation about how flooding issueshave impacted their community (seeAppendix for a summary ofresponses).
2.) Implementation Plan Chapter 10 -Local government leaders were askedto participate in the implementation ofthe Hazard Mitigation Plan bybecoming community partners for thestrategies of the Implementation Planthat are most relevant to the hazardmitigation risks of their community.
The responses from localcommunities are noted in the“Community Partners” column of theImplementation Plan table of Chapter10.
• 2017 Adoption of Plan byLivingston County Board ofCommissioners
A resolution to approve the HazardMitigation Plan, Livingston County,Michigan 2017 was adopted onMarch 20, 2017, by the LivingstonCounty Board of Commissioners. Theresolution of adoption is included inthe Appendix of this plan.
Sources:
Comprehensive Plan/Hazard MitigationInterface, Livingston County Department ofPlanning, Winter 1998-1999
Hazard Mitigation Plan, Livingston County, MichiganChapter 1
8 Livingston County Department of Planning/Livingston County Emergency Management
Location
Located in Southeast Michigan, LivingstonCounty is one of seven counties that com-prise the Southeast Michigan Council ofGovernments. Livingston County’s centrallocation to several surrounding job marketssuch as Detroit, Flint and Ann Arbor,coupled with the presence of U.S. 23 and I-96 in the county, have made LivingstonCounty a popular residential community forjob commuters. For several years LivingstonCounty has been one of the fastest growningcounties in the State of Michigan.
The county provides a diverse mix of growingurbanization surrounding the county’s twocities and two villages, numerous lake-sidecommunities, historic burgs, and agriculturallands.
84 W
4 3 N
8 4 W
4 3 N
84 W
4 3 N
8 4 W
4 3 N
Livingston County, Michigan
Population
Population Growth
The 2010 U.S. Census records LivingstonCounty’s total population at 180,967.Livingston County has gained 24,016 resi-dents since the 2000 Census and 122,000
over the prior forty years since 1970 when thepopulation of the county started rapidlygrowing during the 1970 to 1980 decade.
Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census
The City of Howell remains the most popu-lated of the two Livingston County cities with9,489 residents in 2010, and by a slim mar-gin the Village of Fowlerville remains themost populated village with 2,886 residents.
According to the 2010 Census, the Townshipof Hamburg remains Livingston County’smost populated township with 21,165residents, followed by Genoa Township with19,821 residents. With 3,317 residents, theTownship of Cohoctah is shown to be theleast populated Livingston County townshipin the 2010 Census, followed closely byUnadilla Township with 3,366 residents.
Population Distribution
The southeast quadrant of Livingston Countyaccounts for 46% of the 2010 countypopulation. The communities that make up
Chapter 2: A Demographic Profile of Livingston County
C ity: How ell 9 ,489
Villag e : F ow lerville 2 ,886
T o wn sh ip : Ham burg 21,165
L iv in g sto n C o u n ty's M o st
P o p u late d C o mmu n itie s -
2010 C e n su s
1970 Percent 1980 Percent
Change Change
58,967 70.10% 100,289 15.30%
1990 Percent 2000 Percent 2010
Change Change
115,645 35.70% 156,951 15.30% 180,967
Livingston County Population Change
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9Livingston County Department of Planning/Livingston County Emergency Management
Chapter 2
southeast Livingston County are BrightonTownship with 17,791 residents, GenoaTownship with 19,821 residents, HamburgTownship with 21,165 residents,Green Oak Township with 17,476 residentsand the City of Brighton with 7,444 residents.These five communities are the mostpopulous in the county, and all but Green Oakand Hamburg Townships are forecast toexperience a 15% or more population growthbetween 2010 and 2040. Developmentpressures experienced in the southeastquadrant of the county, are largely attributableto the close proximity of Interstate 96 andU.S. 23.
2014 Population Estimates
Since the 2010 Census, SEMCOGestimates that Livingston County has gained5,267 new residents resulting in a December2014 estimated population of 186,224. It isalso estimated that three townships and onecity in Livingston County have gained over500 new residents since the Census. Thesecommunities include: Green Oak (1,049),Oceola (835), and Hamburg Townships (651)and the City of Howell (713). According topopulation estimates, all remainingcommunities have gained fewer than 500persons.
Population Forecasts
SEMCOG forecasts that the LivingstonCounty population will continue to grow overthe next thirty years at an approximate 4.7-6.6% change per decade. The largestpopulation gain is expected between 2020and 2030 when it is forecast that LivingstonCounty will gain 12,588 new residents.
SEMCOG projects that the Livingston Countypopulation will grow by a total of 33,356persons between 2010 and 2040 (a changeof 18.4%.)
Over the next thirty years (2010 - 2040) it isforecast that Howell, Genoa and BrightonTownships will experience the largestpopulation gains with over 3,000 newresidents, for a 2010 - 2030 percentpopulation change of 77.1% (Howell), 16.3%(Genoa) and 20.8% respectively. Conwayand Iosco Townships are the only LivingstonCounty communities expected to experiencea decline in population over the thirty yeartime period (Conway -190% and Iosco -346).
Source: SEMCOG and the U.S. Census Bureau
Child and Senior Population
The child and senior age cohorts representthe portion of our County population that ismore vulnerable to natural hazards.
Source: SEMCOG and U.S. Census Bureau
American Factfinder, 2010
2010 2020 2030
Census Forecast Forecast
180,967 192,116 204,704
2040 Numerical Percent
Forecast Change Change
Census Census
2010-2040 2010-2040
214,323 18.4% 33,356
Livingston County Population
Forecast
Age Census Census Percent
Range 2000 2010 Change
2000-2010
65 and over 13,037 21,644 66.0%
Under 18 45,125 46,237 2.5%
5 to 17 33,820 36,313 7.4%
Under 5 11,305 9,924 -0.90%
Livingston County Senior and Youth
Population
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10 Livingston County Department of Planning/Livingston County Emergency Management
Throughout the nation the population is aging.Within the senior cohort of the populationthere are more people living to near thecenturion mark, while others exceed 100years of age. The Livingston County age 65and over cohort increased by 66% betweenthe 2000 Census and 2010 Census (6.6%average growth rate annually). LivingstonCounty’s 66% increase over the decade wasfar greater than the surrounding SoutheastMichigan counties which range from -7.3% inWayne County to 33% in Washtenaw County.SEMCOG forecasts that this growth trend willcontinue between 2010 and 2040, althoughat a somewhat reduced rate (4.9% averageannual growth).
According to SEMCOG, Livingston County’syouth population under 18 years of ageexperienced a 2.5% increase between the2000 Census and the 2010 Census. Thisslight increase is still greater than the percentchange in youth population within the othersix counties in the Southeast Michiganregion. All Southeast Michigan countiesexcept Macomb and Livingston had adecrease in youth population over the lastdecade. In the under 18 age category, theage 5 to 17 cohort experienced the largestpercent increase in population (7.4%). At theother end of the spectrum, the under age 5cohort experienced the largest percentdecrease in population over the decade(nearly 1%). However, over the next threedecades, the under age 5 population cohortis expected to see the largest percent growthwithin the under age 18 age category, with a0.6% average growth rate annually.
HousingHousingHousingHousingHousing
Households and Housing Units
Households in a community are equivalent tothe number of occupied housing units. Thetotal stock of housing units is generally
greater than the number of households due tothe supply of vacant or seasonal housingunits. For instance, in 2010 the U.S. Censusrecorded a total of 72,809 housing unitsversus 67,380 households. Althoughpopulation is an important factor to considerwhen contemplating the potential futureimpacts upon a community, it is the builtenvironment or housing units that willaccommodate this future population growthand have the most impact on future land use.Among Livingston County’s townships,Hamburg Township contains the largestnumber of housing units and householdswithin the county. Conway Townshipcontained the smallest number of housingunits and households. Among the county’scities and villages, the City of Howell had thelargest number of housing units andhouseholds, and the Village of Pinckney hadthe least number.
Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census
Household and Housing Unit Distribution
Geographically the southeast quadrant ofLivingston County, including the City ofBrighton, Brighton, Genoa, Hamburg andGreen Oak Townships contains 47.8% ofLivingston County’s housing stock (34,764housing units out of 72,809) and 47.7% or
Year Units Change
1980 33,149 -
1990 41,863 26%
2000 58,919 41%
2010 72,809 24%
Year Households Change
1980 31,344 -
1990 38,887 24%
2000 55,384 42%
2010 67,380 22%
Livingston County Housing Units
Livingston County Households
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11Livingston County Department of Planning/Livingston County Emergency Management
Chapter 2
nearly half of all county households (32,135households).
This is no surprise given that the southeastquadrant of Livingston County also accountsfor 46% of the 2010 Census population of180,967. The northeast quadrant was thesecond fastest growing area in LivingstonCounty. Growth in the townships of Hartland,Oceola, Deerfield and Tyrone Townshipsappeared to be expedited by the U.S. 23 andM-59 corridors that traverse these communi-ties. This quadrant contained 20.7% of thecounty’s housing stock (15,101 housing units)and 21.1% of all county households (14,220households). The northwest quadrant of thecounty, which contains the City of Howell, theVillage of Fowlerville and the townships ofHowell, Handy, Conway and Cohoctah, is thethird most residentially developed area of thecounty with 17.9% of the county’s housingstock (13,051 housing units) and 17.7% of allcounty households (11,925 households). Thesouthwest quadrant of the county contains thesmallest portion of the county’s housing stockwith 13.6% or 9,891 housing units locatedthroughout the communities of the Village ofPinckney and Iosco, Marion, Putnam, andUnadilla Townships. This quadrant also had13.5% of the county’s households or 9,098households.
Southeast 47.8%
Northeast 20.7%
Southwest 13.6%
Northwest 17.9%
Livingston County Housing
Unit Percentages By Quadrant
2010 Census
Housing Forecasts
SEMCOG projects that between the 2010Census and the year 2040, LivingstonCounty’s total households will grow by 22%or 14,843 households. SEMCOG also fore-casts that from 2010 to 2040, mostLivingston County townships, cities andvillages will experience between 10% - 20%growth in their number of households. IoscoTownship is forecast to experience the small-est growth in households (80 new householdsfor 6.3% growth) and Howell Township isforecast to experience the most growth overthe 30 year span (1,849 new households for73.1% growth).
2014 Housing Unit Estimates
Since the 2010 Census, SEMCOGestimates that Livingston County has gained1,638 new housing units resulting in aDecember 2014 total of 74,445 housingunits. According to these estimates most ofthe new housing units were constructed incentral Livingston County in the communitiesof Oceola Township (362) and MarionTownship (220) and in southeast LivingstonCounty in the community of Green OakTownship (232) and Brighton Township (210).
Livingston County Community Profile
On the proceeding pages is a LivingstonCounty Community Profile which provides a‘snapshot’ glimpse of the demographics ofLivingston County.
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12 Livingston County Department of Planning/Livingston County Emergency Management
Population
2000 Population 156,9512010 Population 180,967
Male 90,527Female 90,440
2013 Population Estimate (July) 183,377
Livingston County 2010 Population By Age
9,9
24
12
,74
6
14
,55
6
13
,34
6
8,3
24
17
,41
9 25
,98
4 32
,70
5
13
,56
5
10
,75
4
13
,01
6
6,1
37
2,4
91
0
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
30,000
35,000
UN
DE
R 5
5 T
O 9
10
TO
14
15
TO
19
20
TO
24
25
TO
34
35
TO
44
45
TO
54
55
TO
59
60
TO
64
65
TO
74
75
TO
84
85
+
Population Forecasts
2020 Forecast 192,1162030 Forecast 204,7042040 Forecast 214,323Total Percent Change 2020 -2040 11.6%
Housing
2010 Total Households 67,3802010 Persons Per Household 2.672010 Total Family Households 50,578Family Households Occupied By:
Husband-Wife Family 62.8%Male Householder 4.1%Female Householder 8.2%
2010 Total Non-Family Households 16,802
2010 Total Housing Units 72,809Occupied By:
Owner 85.3%Renter 14.7%
Vacancy Rates:Owner 2.0%Renter 9.4%
2010 Median Housing Value $216,4002010 Median Gross Rent $860
LIVINGSTON COUNTY
Livingston County is located in southeasternMichigan and is one of seven counties in theSoutheast Michigan Council of Governments
(SEMCOG). Livingston County is traversed byI-96 and US-23 and is located mid-way betweenDetroit & Lansing, and Ann Arbor & Flint, making
it a popular destination for commuters. Thecounty is diverse in character from growingurbanization to quiet farming community life.
GovernmentLivingston County Administration Building304 East Grand River Avenue, Suite 206
Howell, MI 48843-2323(517) 546-3520
Web Site: www.livgov.com
Business HoursMonday through Friday, 8:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m.
County Board of CommissionersChair
Carol Griffith (517) 546-3520
County AdministratorBelinda M. Peters (517) 546-3669
2013 Millage Residential Residential Residential Residential Residential Rate(per $1,000 of taxable value):
Non-Principal Residency Exemption:as low as 33.7893 - as high as 57.8267
Principal Residency Exemption:as low as 15.7893 - as high as 39.8267
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13Livingston County Department of Planning/Livingston County Emergency Management
Chapter 2
Housing EstimatesAnd Forecasts
2013 Estimated Households (July) 69,4772013 Estimated Persons Per Household 2.622013 Estimated Housing Units 73,448
Tota
l F
ore
caste
d
Household
s
2020 73,620 2030 78,514
2040 82,223
% Change
2020-204011.7%
% Change
2010 2000-2010
Graduate/Professional Degree 10.1% 0.8%
Bachelor's Degree 21.1% 2.2%
Associate Degree 9.5% 0.7%
Some College, No Degree 25.2% -0.9%
High School Graduate 27.8% -0.6%
Did Not Graduate High School 6.4% -2.2%
Highest Level of Education
*5 Yr Amercian Community Survey
Population Age 25 And Over
Labor ForceLivingston County Labor Force Data
2013 Annual Averages
Labor Force 90,542Employment 83,189Unemployment 7,353Unemployment Rate 8.1%
Employment Forecasts
2020 Forecast 77,4682030 Forecast 83,5062040 Forecast 89,727Total Numerical Change 2020 - 2040 12,259Total Percent Change 2020 - 2040 15.8%
County Business Patterns2010
10 Largest Industries by Paid Employees:• Food Services & Drinking Places 4,403• Insurance Carriers and Related
Activities 2,754• Professional, Scientific and
Technical Services 2,650• General Merchandise Stores 2,497• Ambulatory Health Care Services 2,389• Administrative & Support 2,149• Transportation Equipment
Manufacturing 1,831• Specialty Trade Contractors 1,348• Clothing and Clothing Accessories
Stores 1,245
• Food & Beverage Stores 1,116
2010 Income And Poverty
2010 Annual Household Income
2,921
4,657
5,304
8,022
11,250
7,957
4,950
2,493
3,196
2,703
3,247
1,996
2,345
2,315
1,715
2,194
$200,000 or more
$150,000 to $199,999
$125,000 to $149,999
$100,000 to $124,999
$75,000 to $99,000
$60,000 to $74,999
$50,000 to $59,999
$45,000 to $49,999
$40,000 to $44,999
$35,000 to $39,999
$30,000 to $34,999
$25,000 to $29,999
$20,000 to $24,999
$15,000 to $19,999
$10,000 to $14,999
Less than $10,000
Median Household Income $72,129Per Capita Income $31,609Persons in Poverty 11,158Percentage of Persons in Poverty 6.2%Households in Poverty 4,009Percentage of Households in Poverty 6.0%
Sources:Livingston County Planning Department, South-east Michigan Council of Governments (SEMCOG),Livingston County Equalization, U.S. Census Bureau,Michigan Department of Technology, Management,
Budget. Prepared By: Livingston County Planning
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14 Livingston County Department of Planning/Livingston County Emergency Management
Chapter 3: Hazard Identification
Hazard Identification
The first step in conducting a HazardVulnerability Analysis is to identify the naturaldisasters and emergencies that LivingstonCounty has the potential to experience in thefuture.
This chapter will identify and describe theknown natural hazards in Michigan asidentified by the Emergency ManagementDivision, Michigan Department of StatePolice, in their publication Local HazardMitigation Planning Workbook. Chapter 4will further analyze each of these hazards andexamine the potential for these hazards tooccur in Livingston County.
Natural Hazards
The natural hazards and emergencies thatmay occur in Livingston County include thefollowing:
• Floods• Dam Failure• Severe Winds (Windstorms)• Tornadoes• Snowstorms• Hail• Ice and Sleet Storms• Extreme Cold• Extreme Heat• Wild Fires• Drought• Land Subsidence• Earthquakes• Lightning• Fog• Invasive Species• Public Health Emergencies
Floods
The most prevalent hazard in the United
States is flooding. Floods kill an average of150 persons per year nationwide. InLivingston County, flooding may take the formof riverine flooding, flash flooding or urbanflooding.
Riverine flooding occurs when wateroverflows the bank of a river or streamresulting in partial or complete flooding of theadjacent floodplain. This type of flooding isusually triggered by prolonged, intenserainfall, snow melt, ice jams, dam failures, orany combination of these factors. Theduration of riverine flooding may continue forseveral days. Over nine million households inthe United States are located in floodplains.Most property damage occurs fromsediment-filled water that infiltrates thestructure.
In contrast, flash floods are brief in durationwith heavy flows of water on small streams ornormally dry creek beds. Flash floods arenormally the result of locally-intensethunderstorms with significant rainfall. Othercauses of flash flooding may be dam or leveefailures, the sudden release of water from thebreakup of an ice jam or intense rainfall onimpervious surfaces such as roadways.This type of flooding often carries largeamounts of debris. Flash floods are thenumber one weather-related killer in theUnited States. Nearly half of all fatalities areauto-related.
Urban flooding involves the overflow of stormsewer systems. This type of flooding isusually caused by inadequate drainagefollowing heavy rainfall or rapid snow melt.
Hazards associated with flooding include:debris flows where debris such as fallentrees act as battering rams, causingadditional destruction to structures
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Chapter 3
downstream; mud slides; and damage toinfrastructure such as bridges, culverts, anddrainage pipes.
The National Flood Insurance Program(NFIP) protects property owners frompotential losses through an insurancemechanism that allows a premium to be paidby those most in need of the protection. Theprogram is administered by FEMA.
FEMA conducts engineering studies toproduce Flood Insurance Rate Maps (FIRM)that show areas subject to flooding. Usingthe information gathered in these studies,FEMA engineers and cartographersdelineate Special Flood Hazard Areas onFlood Maps. Special Flood Hazard Areasare areas subject to inundation by a 100-year, or base, flood.
The 100-year flood is the regulatory standardused by Federal agencies, and most states,to administer floodplain managementprograms. This regulatory standard is usedby the National Flood Insurance Program asthe basis for insurance requirementsnationwide.
Communities are required to adopt,administer and enforce adequate floodplainmanagement ordinances in order toparticipate in the National Flood InsuranceProgram. Participating communities mustrequire permits for all development in theSpecial Flood Hazard Areas and ensure that
the construction materials and methods thatare used will minimize future flood damage.Communities must also keep permit files thatcontain documentation to substantiate howbuildings were actually constructed. Forperforming these administrative andenforcement duties, the federal governmentreciprocates by making flood insuranceavailable to almost every building and itscontents within the participating community.
Currently 17 of our 20 Livingston Countycommunities participate in the National FloodInsurance Program. The only communitiesthat do not participate are: Brighton, Howelland Tyrone Townships.
If a community choses not to participate inthe NFIP and a Presidentially declared flooddisaster occurs, then no federal financialassistance can be provided for thepermanent repair or reconstruction ofinsurable buildings in the Special FloodHazard Areas. Flood maps are not madeavailable for non-participating communities.
Dam Failure
Dam collapse or failure results in floodingwhich often causes loss of life, propertydamage, and natural resource damage formiles downstream. Dam failure may becaused by: 1) flooding events which overtopa dam; 2) poor operation of a dam; 3) lack ofmainenance and/or repair to a dam; 4)vandalism to a dam. Dam failures can becatastrophic because they often occurunexpectedly, with no time for evacuation.Over 260 dam failures have occurred inMichigan’s history.
Severe Winds (Windstorm)
The National Weather Service classifieswinds of 58 miles per hour or greater as awindstorm. Windstorms are caused by
A 100-year flood is not a flood thatoccurs every 100 years.
A 100-year flood refers to an areaof the community with a one
percent (1%) or greater chance offlooding in any given year.
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extreme differences in pressure over a smalldistance. Pressure variations may be causedby terrain. Windstorms are a fairly commonoccurrence in many parts of Michigan,particularly along the lakeshore and in centraland southern lower Michigan. The stormsoccur primarily in late winter and early springmonths when pressure gradients are extremeand soils are bare. Severe windstorms cancause damage to homes and businesses,power lines, infrastructure, trees andagricultural crops. This type of natural hazardmay require temporary sheltering ofindividuals without power for extendedperiods of time.
Tornadoes
A tornado is a violently whirling column of airextending downward to the ground from acumulonimbus cloud. Tornados developwhen cold air overrides a layer of warm air,causing the warm air to rise rapidly.Historically, tornadoes have resulted in thegreatest loss of life of any natural hazard, withthe mean national annual death toll being 111persons. Michigan averages approximately18 tornadoes per year, with most occurring inthe southern Lower Peninsula. Propertydamage from tornadoes is in the hundreds ofmillions of dollars every year.
Tornadoes are most likely to happen in the
late afternoon on hot spring days, frequentlyduring the months of April, May and June.However, tornadoes have occurred in everymonth at all times of the day or night.Tornadoes often, but not always, occur inconjunction with a severe thunderstorm thatproduces hail. Tornados are defined in termsof the Fujita Scale, which ranks them on thebasis of wind speed and damage potential,ranging from an F0 (light damage) to an F5(incredible damage). Seventy percent (70%)of all tornados that occur in the U.S. are F0and F1 category tornados.
Hazards associated with tornados includedamage from hail, destruction of homes,extensive tree damage along roadwayswhich may block access, extensive damageto electric and telephone lines ofteninterrupting service, and damaged ordestroyed radio and television towers.
Snowstorms
Snowstorms involve a period of rapid snowaccumulation often accompanied by highwinds, cold temperatures, and low visibility.Blizzards are the most dramatic and perilousof all snowstorms. A blizzard is expected toresult in the following conditions lasting for aperiod of 3 hours or longer: sustained windsor frequent gusts to 35 m.p.h. or greater, andconsiderable falling or blowing snowreducing visibility to less than 1/4 mile.Blizzards are characterized by lowtemperatures and strong winds bearingenormous amounts of snow.
Michigan communities may experience largedifferences in snowfall even when they aregeographically located close to one another.This is a result of being surrunded by theGreat Lakes. Livingston County is notlocated in a part of the state that is prone tohigh snowfall accumulation. The greatestaccumulations are in the northern and
Tornado Facts:
A tornado funnel cloud may have winds upto 300 miles per hour with
interior air pressure that is 10-20% belowthat of the surrounding atmosphere.
The typical length of a tornado path isapproximately 16 miles and the width is
generally less than one-quarter mile wide.
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Chapter 3
western portions of the Upper Peninsula.The western parts of the state usually havemore snow than the eastern parts, due to thetendency for winter storms to move fromwest to east.
Hazards associated with snowstormsinclude downed trees, utility poles and lines,snow drifted and icy roads, reduced visibility,overexposure and frostbite due to extremecold, overexertion from snow removal, andisolation in homes and vehicles due to heavysnowfall. Winter storms are deceptive killersbecause most deaths result indirectly fromthe storm. Many winter related deaths resultfrom traffic accidents on icy roads, heartattacks while shoveling snow, hypothermiafrom prolonged exposure to the cold, andresidential fires from the use of wood,kerosene and alternative sources of fuel.
Hail
Hail is a natural hazard where atmosphericwater particles from thunderstorms form intorounded or irregular lumps of ice that fall tothe ground. Hail results when strongupdrafts in a storm carry water dropletsabove the freezing level, where they remainsuspended, growing larger, until the weightof the hailstone can no longer be supportedby the winds and they fall to the ground. Mosthailstones range from pea-size to golf ball-size, although baseball-size hailstones havebeen reported. Hail is generally associatedwith thunderstorms and often proceedstornadoes. Hazards associated with hailinclude dented vehicles and structures,battered agricultural crops and injuries toanimals and humans.
Ice and Sleet Storms
Ice and sleet storms differ from one anotherbased on how they make contact with the
ground and other objects. Ice storms involvea cold rain that freezes on contact with thesurface of the ground, trees, buildings,overhead wires, etc. The resulting ice cancause extensive damage, often downingelectric lines and tree limbs that impedevehicular traffic and disrupt utility provision.Michigan has had numerous damaging icestorms over the past few decades.
Sleet is identified as frozen rain drops thatare similar to hail (only smaller) that bouncewhen they make contact with the ground andother objects. Sleet does not stick to treesand wires, but sleet in sufficient depth doescause hazardous driving conditions.
Extreme Cold
Extreme cold may accompany or follow anytype of winter storm. Freezing temperaturescan cause bursting pipes, crop damage, riverice jams and subsequent flooding, frostbite(tissue damage) and hypothermia (low bodytemperature) due to overexposure.Wind chill is an associated condition that is
caused by the combined effects of wind andcold. Wind chill speeds heat loss fromexposed skin. As the wind increases, heat iscarried away from the body at an acceleratedrate, thereby driving down body temperature.Forecasters use a wind chill index as a guideto heat loss resulting from wind and cold.The threshold for potentially dangerous windchill conditions is considered to be at about-20 degrees Fahrenheit.
Extreme cold and extreme heatprimarily effect the most vulnerable
segments of our population such as theelderly, children, impoverished
individuals and people in poor health
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Extreme Heat
Extreme Heat is caused by a combination ofhigh temperatures (10 degrees or moreabove normal) and high humidity. Suddenrises in temperature when bodies do nothave the chance to acclimate, and prolongedtime periods of extreme heat both cause anincrease in death rates. At certain levels,bodies cannot maintain a proper internaltemperature which may result in heatstroke.A person experiencing heatstroke mayexhibit lethargy, confusion orunconsciousness and they are at risk ofdying. Other heat-related ailments includeheat cramps affecting muscles particularly inthe legs, fainting caused by a rapid drop inblood pressure, and heat exhaustion causedby the loss of body fluid and salt.
The Heat Index (HI) is a measure of the effectof excessive heat on the human body. Adaytime heat index of 105 degreesFahrenheit or above with nighttimetemperatures at or above 80 degreesFahrenheit for two consecutive days maysignificantly impact public safety. Theseconditions generally require the issuance ofan advisory or warning by local NationalWeather Service offices.
Wild Fires
A wild fire is an uncontrolled fire spreadingthrough vegetative fuels such as grass,brushlands, or forest. Hydrological,topographical and vegetation conditionsaffect the spread of wild fires. Forests coverapproximately half of Michigan’s total landbase, making much of the state vulnerable tothis type of natural hazard. In addition, newdevelopment in the state is increasinglyencroaching on forests and grasslandsthereby increasing public risk.
Low humidity, high winds over 10 - 20 m.p.h.,
dry thunderstorms (i.e. lightning without rain)and unstable air are weather conditions thatpromote the ignition and rapid spread ofwildfires. Other contributing factors may beprolonged periods of hot, dry weather ordrought conditions, and the amount ofburnable material in an area. Humans startmore than four out of every five wildfires,through arson, the burning of debris, orcarelessness. Lightning strikes are the nextleading cause of wildfires.
Associated with wildfires are long-termenvironmental impacts, such as: scorchedand barren land, soil erosion, landslides, mudflows, and water sedimentation. Long-termhuman impacts include: loss of recreationalopportunities, structural damage toproperties, and loss of life.
Drought
A prolonged time period with no rain isknown as a drought. Drought often occursduring the summer agricultural growingseason and severely impacts cropproduction. In urban areas drought can limitthe water supply in reservoirs, which oftenleads to imposed water restrictions. It is verydifficult to predict when a drought will beginand how long it will last. The increasedpumping of groundwater and surfaceirrigation during a drought can lead to landsubsidence problems (see explanationbelow). Other impacts associated withdrought include power outages caused byhigh energy use, and an increase in wildfires.
Land Subsidence
Land subsidence is defined as depressions,
Half of Michigan’s total land base iscovered by forests, making much of the
state vulnerable to wild fires
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Chapter 3
cracks, and sinkholes in the ground surface.Often land subsidence occurs over manydays to a few years, and it damagesstructures with low strain tolerances such asdams and utility infrastructure. Such groundmovements pose an immediate threat to lifeand property and may continue for severaldays, weeks, months or years until the earthstabilizes. The population is most at risk inareas where development is situated aboveactive or abandoned mines whereunderground cavities are present near thesurface, and in areas where extensiveamounts of groundwater have beenwithdrawn.
Earthquakes
An earthquake can be defined as the shakingof the earth’s surface caused by slowlyaccumulating strain in the earth’s crust thatabruptly releases energy. Most areas of theUnited States, including the State ofMichigan, are subject to earthquakes andannual occurrences number in the thousands.Most occurrences of earthquakes result inlittle or no damage. However, whenmoderate or severe earthquakes occur, theyhave the ability to cause severe and suddenloss of life, property and essential services.Within minutes an area can be heavilydamaged by ground shaking, surface faultsand ground failure. Most deaths and injuriesare caused by the collapse of buildings andother structures.
Earthquakes are measured by theirmagnitude and intensity. The RichterMagnitude Scale is used to measure theamount of energy released at the epicenter(the point on the earth’s surface directlyabove the origin of the earthquake event). Anearthquake of 5.0 is a moderate event, 6.0characterizes a strong event, 7.0 is a majorearthquake and extremely strongearthquakes have magnitudes of 8 or more.
Earthquake intensity is the measure ofdamage at a specific location. The mostcommonly used scale of intensity is called theModified Mercalli Scale, which describestwelve increasing levels of intensity.
Lightning
Lightning is the discharge of electricity fromwithin a thunderstorm. Although lightning isoften perceived as a minor natural hazard, itcauses considerable damage to structuresand frequently injures and kills people. Infact, lightning kills and injures more people inthe United States per year, on average, thantornadoes or hurricanes. According to theEmergency Management Division of theMichigan Department of State Police,Michigan ranks second in the nation in bothlightning-related deaths and lightning-relatedinjuries.
Fog
Fog forms when water vapor condenses intotiny liquid water droplets that remainsuspended in the air at or near the earth’ssurface. Many different processes can leadto the formation of fog, but the main factor issaturated air.
Fog is not necessarily a hazard by itself, butthe interaction between fog and humans canbe very dangerous; partcularly the impacts offog on transportation. Fog obscures orrestricts visibility and has played acontributing role in several multi-vehicleaccidents over the last several years. Fogcan also take the form of freezing fog causingslickness on roadways and a higherprobability of accidents. Fog is particularlyhazardarous at ariports, where attempts havebeen made to develop methods to aid fogdispersal.
One major fog event is estimated to occur in
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20 Livingston County Department of Planning/Livingston County Emergency Management
Michigan approximately every two years.
Invasive Species
An invasive species is defined as a speciesthat is 1) non-native (alien) to the ecosystemunder consideration and 2) whoseintroduction causes or is likely to causeeconomic or environmental harm, or harm tohuman health. An invasive species can be aplant, animal or other organism such as amicrobe. Invasive species can betransported in many ways including: animals,vehicles, ships, commercial goods, produce,and clothing.
One example of an invasive species inMichigan was the wide-spread insectinfestation of the Emerald Ash Borer whosepresence was first discovered in the Summerof 2002. The Emerald Ash Borer is an exoticpest from Asia that belongs to the group ofinsects known as metallic woodboringbeetles. In Michigan, this pest is only knownto attack green, white or black ash trees; itdoes not attack mountain ash (which is not atrue ash tree). Emerald Ash Borer adults areonly present from late May to late July.Larvae of the beetle is found under the barkof the tree. It is difficult to detect theinfestation of an ash tree until the treecanopy begins to die. Usually the upper thirdof the tree canopy is the first to thin and die.This is usually followed by the death of shootsor branches below the dead portions of thetrunk. Dead or dying ash trees present asignificant danger to public safety becausethe trees are highly vulnerable to partial orcomplete collapse in the event of high winds,heavy rains, or ice and snow accumulation.
Other examples of potentially threateninginvasive species in Michigan are: AsianLong-Horned Beetles found in severalspecies of hardwood trees; Gypsy Mothsfound in tree foilage; and Sea Lampreys and
Zebra mussels found in the Great Lakes andfreshwater lakes and streams.
Public Health Emergencies
A public health emergency occurs when awidespread and/or severe epidemic, incidentof contamination, or other situation presentsa danger to the general health and welfare ofthe public. Public health emergencies cantake many forms, including: 1) diseaseepidemics; 2) large-scale incidents of food orwater contamination; 3) extended periodswithout adequate water, sewer and electricalservices; 4) harmful exposure to chemical,radiological or biological agents; or 5) large-scale infestations of disease-carrying insectsor rodents.
Sometimes public health emergencies areprimary events by themselves and othertimes they are an event secondary to anotherdisaster or emergency, such as a flood orhazmat incident. Regardless of whether theyare primary or secondary events, all publichealth emergencies have the potential toadversely impact a large population ofpeople. This type of emergency can bestatewide, regional, or localized in scope andmagnitude.
This hazard is further defined in Appendix A.
Sources:
State And Local Mitigation Planning how-toguide: Understanding Your Risks, FederalEmergency Management Agency, Version1.0, August 2001
Local Hazard Mitigation PlanningWorkbook, Emergency ManagementDivision, Michigan Department of StatePolice, EMD-PUB 207, June 2001
Hazard Mitigation Plan, Livingston County, Michigan
21Livingston County Department of Planning/Livingston County Emergency Management
Chapter 3
The Professional In EmergencyManagement, Emergency ManagementInstitute, IS-513, March 1999
Michigan Hazard Analysis, MichiganDepartment of State Police, EmergencyManagement Division, March 2000
Macomb County Hazard Mitigation Plan,2005-2010
Michigan Hazard Mitigation Plan,Emergency Management and HomelandSecurity Division, Michigan Department ofState Police and The Michigan Citizen-Community Emergency ResponseCoordinating Council, MSP/EMHSD Pub.106, March 2011
Livingston County Emergency Management
FEMA Factsheets and BackgrounderInformation resources on hazards, http://www.fema.gov/hazards/
Hazard Mitigation Plan, Livingston County, MIChapter 4
22 Livingston County Department of Planning/Livingston County Emergency Management
Chapter 4: Hazard Risk Assessment
Hazard Risk Assessment
What Is the risk potential and resulting impactof natural hazards? Will these hazards affectevery area of the county equally or will certainareas get hit harder than others? How often iseach hazard likely to impact LivingstonCounty? All of these questions and more mustbe addressed in order to determine LivingstonCounty’s level of risk potential to varioushazards.
Hazard risk information is gathered from manysources including:
Federal Disaster Declarations, FederalEmergency Management Agency(FEMA)
The Michigan Hazard Analysis and theMichigan Hazard Mitigation Plan,Michigan Department of State Police,Emergency Management Division
The Livingston County EmergencyManagement Department andLivingston County EmergencyManagement Plan
Newspapers and other historicalrecords
Local plans such as: master plans,zoning ordinances, capital improvementplans, and flood ordinances
Maps of local features such as: floodinsurance rate maps, soil survey maps,topography maps, hazard substancesites, and dams
Local and state hazard experts, and
Hazard internet web sites such as theNOAA Storm Events Database
Livingston County Hazard ProfileEvaluation
The probability of local occurrence has beencalculated by the Livingston CountyEmergency Management Department in aHazard Profile Evaluation (see followingpage). The top 10 natural hazards wereevaluated based on historical occurrence inLivingston County or the State of Michigan,and the prevalence of local factors thatcontribute to each potential hazard. Eachprofiled hazard was evaluated based on thefollowing 11 factors: Historical Occurrence;Affected Area; Speed of Onset; PopulationImpact; Economic Effects; Duration;Predictability; Collateral Damage; Availabilityof Warnings; Mitigative Potential; andSeasonal Pattern. Based on the pointsassigned for each of the eleven factors, atotal point score was calculated for eachhazard.
According to the Livingston County HazardProfile Evaluation, among the 10 naturalhazards that were evaluated, it wasdetermined that Severe Winds andTornadoes are the natural hazards that posethe most significant risk potential inLivingston County (80 total points) and
80 8077 77
7471
59 59 59
50
4550556065707580
Severe Winds Tornado
Snow Wild Fires
Ice & Sleet Flood
Extreme Cold Extreme Heat
Hail Drought
Natural Hazards
Hazard Mitigation Plan, Livingston County, MI
23Livingston County Department of Planning/Livingston County Emergency Management
Chapter 4
Hazard
Historica
l Occurrence
(frequency
of event)
Affected
Area
(size of
geograph
ic
area
impa
cted)
Spee
d of
Onset
(warning
time)
Popu
latio
n Im
pact
(num
ber o
f casualities)
Econ
omic
Effects
(mon
etary
damage
losses
incurred)
Duratio
n
(time
period
hazard is
activ
ely
present
causing
damage)
Pred
ictability
(ease with
which hazard
can be
predicted, in
term
s of time,
locatio
n,
magnitude)
Collateral
Damage
(possibility
of hazard
causing
second
ary
damage/
impa
cts)
Availability of
Warnings
(ease with
which
warning can
issued)
Mitigativ
e Po
tential
(ease with
which
hazard can
be
mitigated
against)
Season
al
Pattern
(degree to
which
hazard
occurs in
one
particular
season
)Total
Points
10Excessive
Large Area
Minim
al/N
oHigh 10+
Significant
Long
Unpred
ictable
High
Unavailable
Impo
ssible
4 Season
s
7High
Small A
rea
1 ‐ 1
1 hrs.
Med
6 ‐ 10
Med
ium
Med
ium
Somew
hat
Unpred
ictable
Good
Gene
rally Not
Available
Difficult
3 Season
s
4Med
ium
Multip
le Site
s12
‐ 24
hrs.
Low 1 ‐ 5
Low
Short
Pred
ictable
Some
Sometim
es
Available
Possible
2 Season
s
1Low
Single Site
> 24
hrs
Non
eMinim
alMinim
alHighly
Pred
ictable
No
Available
Easy
1 Season
SEVE
RE W
INDS
1010
107
101
47
110
1080
TORN
ADO
410
1010
101
410
110
1080
SNOWSTORM
S10
104
1010
44
71
107
77WILD FIRES
14
1010
107
710
74
777
ICE /SLEET
1010
44
104
410
110
774
FLOOD
47
44
1010
410
47
771
DAM FAILU
RE1
77
410
44
44
710
62EXTREM
E CO
LD10
101
44
101
71
47
59EXTREM
E HE
AT7
101
107
71
71
44
59HA
IL7
107
14
17
44
104
59DR
OUG
HT1
101
110
101
41
74
50
Hazard Profile Evaluatio
n
Source: Livingston Co
unty 911
Central Dispa
tch/Em
ergency Man
agem
ent
Note: See App
endix A for s
pecific
Pub
lic Health
hazards. Tab
le does no
t include all of th
e ha
zards that are assessed in Cha
pter 4.
Hazard Mitigation Plan, Livingston County, MIChapter 4
24 Livingston County Department of Planning/Livingston County Emergency Management
Natural features risks and impacts:Natural features (e.g. soils, slopes,woodlands, etc...) that may contribute to orintensify the effects of the hazard.
Man-made risks and impacts: Man-madestructural elements (e.g. infrastructure,essential facilities, transportation routes) thatare within close proximity to the hazard-pronearea(s) and may contribute to or intensify theeffects of the hazard.
Collateral risks: A hazardous event cantrigger many associated risks. The riskscaused by this “ripple effect” must beidentified so that hazard mitigation planningcan address the probability of these risks.
Risks of Severe Winds andTornadoes
Likelihood of occurrence: According tothe Livingston County Hazard ProfileEvaluation, among the ten natural hazardsthat were evaluated, it was determined thatSevere Winds and Tornadoes are the naturalhazards that pose the most significant riskpotential in Livingston County. In theLivingston County Hazard Profile Evaluation,severe winds were given a historicaloccurrence ranking of Excessive andtornadoes were given a historical occurrenceranking of Medium.
Over the last 30 years, 33 severe wind eventshave occurred indicating that there is over a110% chance that this event could occur atleast once in any given year.
A total of 15 tornadoes have occurred duringthis same 30 year time period, indicating a50% chance that a tornado will occur annually.The time-line, locations and impacts of theseevents can be profiled as follows:
Drought is the natural hazard that poses theleast significant risk potential in LivingstonCounty (50 total points).
Hazard Risk Factors
There are several factors that affect theseverity of different types of hazards. If theserisk factors are identified, the information canbe used to formulate the strategies used tomitigate the hazards. Other factors such asweather patterns and phenomenons arebeyond human control and cannot bemitigated.
The following natural hazard sections analyzethe conditions or factors that may contributeto or intensify the effects of each hazard andthe prevalence of these conditions inLivingston County. The hazard sections areordered according to the total points thathave been assigned to the hazard in theHazard Profile Evaluation. Therefore, naturalhazards with a more probable occurrence inLivingston County are analyzed first and ingreater detail. In addition, the hazardsections include analysis of some hazardsthat are somewhat likely to occur inLivingston County, but have not beenincluded in the Livingston County HazardProfile Evaluation.
The hazard risk conditions or factors that areanalyzed and/or mapped include:
Likelihood of occurrence: The probabilityof a hazard occurring in the future basedupon past, historical occurrences of thehazard.
Locational risk: Areas of LivingstonCounty with the potential to be affected by thehazard and the potential size of the affectedarea.
Hazard Mitigation Plan, Livingston County, MI
25Livingston County Department of Planning/Livingston County Emergency Management
Chapter 4
Year/Month Location(s) Impact(s)
1984 County-
specific*
Homes and
vehicles were
damaged,
electrical
customers lost
power
1991/March County-
specific*
Damage to homes,
businesses, farms,
and some public
facilities, power
loss, and hail in
some areas
1991/July County-
specific*
Power loss,
downed electrical
lines
1995 County-
specific*
Structural damage,
downed trees and
electrical lines, hail
and lightning
1996/March County-
specific*
Structural damage,
downed trees and
electrical lines,
power loss.
Multiple county
event.
1996/Oct. County-
specific*
Structural damage,
downed trees and
electrical lines,
power loss.
Multiple county
event.
1997/Feb. County-
specific*
Downed trees and
electrical lines,
power loss.
Multiple county
event.
1997/April County-
specific*
Structural damage,
massive amounts
of debris, downed
trees and electrical
lines
Severe Wind Events in
Livingston County, 1983-2013Year/Month Location(s) Impact(s)
1998/May County-
specific*
Structural damage,
downed trees and
electrical lines,
power loss
1998/
November
County-
specific*
Structural damage,
downed trees and
electrical lines,
power loss
1999/May County-
specific*
Hail damage,
heavy rains,
downed trees and
electrical lines
1999/July County-
specific*Downed trees and
electrical lines,
power loss,
damage to homes,
businesses,
vehicles,boats, hail
and heavy rainfall
2000 County-
specific*
Hail damage,
thunder stroms,
structural damge,
downed trees,
electrical lines,
power loss
2001 County-
specific*
Extensive
thunderstorms,
flooding, tornado
warnings, downed
trees and electical
lines, power loss
and structural
damage
2002/Feb. County-
specific*
Structural damage,
power loss,
multiple county
event
Severe Wind Events in
Livingston County, 1983-2013
Hazard Mitigation Plan, Livingston County, MIChapter 4
26 Livingston County Department of Planning/Livingston County Emergency Management
Year/Month Location(s) Impact(s)
2002/March County-
specific*
Storms, structural
damage, downed
trees and power
lines, loss of
power. Multiple
county event.
2003/May County-
specific*
Downed trees, loss
of power
2003/July County-
specific*/
Brighton
Township
Downed trees, loss
of power. Brighton
Twp. sub without
running water for
several days due to
dependence on
electricity for
operation of wells
2003/
August
County-
specific*
Downed trees,
lightening strikes,
loss of power
2003/
November
County-
specific*
Downed power
lines, loss of power
2004/April County-
specific*
Downed trees and
electrical lines,
power loss.
Multiple county
event.
2004/Oct. County-
specific*
Downed trees and
electrical lines,
power loss, and
minor structural
damage. Multiple
county event.
2005 County-
specific*
Downed trees, loss
of power, road
closures
2006 County-
specific*
Downed trees,
structural damage.
Hardest hit areas
extended along and
north of M-59
corridor. Multiple
county event.
Severe Wind Events in
Livingston County, 1983-2013Year/Month Location(s) Impact(s)
2007 County-
specific*
Structural damage,
downed trees and
power lines, loss of
power
2008/Jan. County-
specific*
Structural damage,
downed trees and
power lines, loss of
power. Multiple
county event.
2008/June 6 County-
specific*
Structural damage,
downed trees and
electrical lines,
power loss and
transportation
disruption
2008/June 8 County-
specific*
Structural damage,
downed trees and
electrical lines,
power loss. This
was the worst wind
event of the
decade.
2008/Dec. County-
specific*
Downed trees and
electrical lines,
power loss.
Multiple county
event.
2010 County-
specific*
Downed trees and
power lines,
structural fires
2011 County-
specific*
Downed trees and
power lines, power
outages
2013/Jan. County-
specific*
Artic frost, downed
trees and power
lines, loss of power
2013/Nov. County-
specific*
Thunderstorms,
downed trees and
power lines, loss of
power
Severe Wind Events in
Livingston County, 1983-2013
Hazard Mitigation Plan, Livingston County, MI
27Livingston County Department of Planning/Livingston County Emergency Management
Chapter 4
Notes: *The term “County-specific” is used tospecify that a severe wind event impacted aportion of Livingston County but our recordsdo not indicate the exact county location.
Sources: Livingston County EmergencyManagement, Michigan Hazard Analysis July2012, and National Oceanic AtmosphericAdministration (NOAA) National ClimaticData Center.
Locational risk: the available data for theoccurrence of severe wind events does notpinpoint an exact location. This is due to thenature of the hazard and its occurrence aspart of a wide-spread weather system.
What we do know about locational risk is thatsevere winds occur more frequently in thesouthern half of the Lower Peninsula than anyother area of the state; on average, 5-7 timesper year. The Michigan Hazard Analysiscompares the thirty-four counties in thesouthern Lower Peninsula of Michigan fornumber of severe wind events and days withsevere winds during the time frame ofJanuary 1996 to October 2013. This analysisreveals that Livingston County with 219severe wind events and 117 days with severewinds, has experienced a higher thanaverage number of events and days withsevere winds for the Lower Peninsula (177avg.events/110 avg. days), but a lower thanaverage number of events and days withsevere winds for the five county metro regionof Wastenaw, Wayne, Livingston, Oaklandand Macomb counties (304 avg. events/144avg. days).
.
Year/Month Location(s) Impact(s)
1985
County-
specific*
Downed trees and
wires
1986 Oceola
Township
Damage to a
mobile home park,
downed trees and
wires
1988/July County-
specific*
Downed trees and
wires
1988/
August 14
Unadilla
Township
Downed trees, hurt
livestock
1990 Hartland
Township
Downed trees and
damaged
structures
1994 Hartland
Township
Campground
damage
1996 Hartland and
Tyrone
Townships
Downed trees and
wires
1997 Fowlerville
and Hartland
Townships
One house was
destroyed, downed
trees and wires in
Fowlerville area,
hail reported in
Brighton area
2000 County-
specific*
Downed trees and
wires
2001/May Hartland and
Tyrone
Townships
Damage to a golf
course, nearby
homes,
businesses and
agricultural crops
and livestock. The
tornado downed
hundreds of trees
and flipped and
damaged cars
when the tornado
crossed U.S. 23. A
local state of
emergency was
declared.
Tornado Touchdown Events in
Livingston County, 1983-2013
The locational risk of tornadoes is betterdocumented, although tornadoes areinvisible until they pick up a sufficientamounty of debris which allows their patternsto be seen. The Michigan Hazard Analysisstates that tornadoes occur more frequentlyin the southern half of the Lower Peninsulathan any other area of the state. This area
Hazard Mitigation Plan, Livingston County, MIChapter 4
28 Livingston County Department of Planning/Livingston County Emergency Management
Year/Month Location(s) Impact(s)
2001/
October
Putnam,
Marion,
Oceola,
Tyrone and
Hartland
Townships
15 mile path
caused downed
trees and wires,
structural damage
2003/June Village of
Fowlerville,
Handy and
Conway
Townships
Downed trees and
wires, structural
damage
2003/August Fowlerville,
Conway and
Handy
Townships
Downed trees and
wires, structural
damage, hail
2007 Fowlerville
and northern
tier of county
townships to
Hartland
Township
Damage to 71
homes/buildings,
hundreds of trees
leveled, eight
homes destroyed
in Cohoctah and
Deerfield
Townships.2013 Southeast
Livingston
County
Townships
and
Cohoctah
Township
Downed trees
Tornado Touchdown Events in
Livingston County, 1983-2013
Notes: *The term “County-specific” is used tospecify that a tornado event impacted aportion of Livingston County but our recordsdo not indicate the exact county location.
Sources: Livingston County EmergencyManagement, Michigan Hazard Analysis July2012, National Oceanic AtmosphericAdministration (NOAA) National ClimaticData Center, and Tornado Project Online(http://www.tornadoproject.com/)
can be referred to as Michigan’s “tornadoalley.” The Tornado Touchdown Events tablesreveal that within Livingston County there alsoappears to be a common tornado path fromthe northwest corner of the county in theFowlerville area to the northeast corner of thecounty in the Hartland area. This follows thegeneral southwest to northeast travel of mosttornadoes in Michigan.
In the Michigan Hazard Analysis, LivingstonCounty is compared to the other counties inthe southern Lower Peninsula of Michigan fornumber of tornado events and days withtornadoes during the time frame of January1996 to October 2013.
I
In this comparison, Livingston County hasexperienced a higher than average numberof tornado events and days with tornadoesfor the southern Lower Peninsula, and for thefive county Detroit metro region of Wastenaw,Wayne, Livingston, Oakland and Macombcounties.
County
Tornado
Events
Days with
Tornadoes
Washtenaw 5 5
Wayne 3 3
Livingston 8 7
Oakland 6 6
Macomb 4 3
5 County
Metro
Detroit
Region
5.2 avg. 4.8 avg.
34 Counties
in Southern
Lower
Peninsula
5.5 avg. 4.7 avg.
Tornado History for Michigan
Counties, January 1996 -
October 2013
Hazard Mitigation Plan, Livingston County, MI
29Livingston County Department of Planning/Livingston County Emergency Management
Chapter 4
In fact, Livingston County has the highestnumber of tornado events and days withtornadoes in the five county metro region.Livingston and Tuscola counties are tied forthe sixth most occurrences of these events inthe southern Lower Peninsula during theJanuary 1996 to October 2013 time frame.
The NOAA source data for the TornadoTouchdown Events tables indicates that all ofthe tornadoes events in Livingston County thatoccurred from 1985 to 2003 were classifiedas F0, F1 or F2 intensity on the Fujita Scale.These Fujita categories and the typicaldamage associated with each category, canbe described as follows:
F0 Light: Chimneys are damaged,tree branches are broken, shallow-rooted trees are toppled.
F1 Moderate: Roof surfaces arepeeled off, windows are broken, sometree trunks are snapped, unanchoredmobile homes are overturned, attachedgarages may be destroyed.
F2 Considerable: Roof structures aredamaged, mobile homes aredestroyed, debris becomes airborne,large trees are snapped or uprooted.
The more recent tornado events recorded in2007 and 2013 were measured on theEnhanced Fujita Scale at EF0 (weak tornado)and EF2 (strong tornado). According to theNational Weather Sevice (NWS) the vastmajority of tornadoes that hav eoccurred in theUnited States since 1950were classified asweak tornados (EF0 or EF1 instensity).
Natural features risks and impacts: Thereare not many natural features that maycontribute to or intensify severe wind ortornado risk. These two natural hazards arenot caused by ground features such as
topography and soils, instead they arecaused by atmospheric conditions such aswarm and cold air fronts that generate severethunderstorms. Wind zones are one naturalfeature relative to Livingston County that isworthy of mentioning as a contributing factorto Livingston County’s risk of severe windsand tornadoes.
Wind Zones
Wind zones are based on historic informationregarding tornadoes and hurricanes. Thesouthern part of Michigan’s Lower Peninsulalies at the northeastern edge of the nation’sprimary tornado belt, which extends fromTexas and Oklahoma through Missouri,Illinois, Indiana and Ohio. The majority ofLivingston County lies within the wind zoneknown as Zone IV, the nation’s highestcategory of wind zone. FEMA recommendsthat a community calculate their severe windand tornado risk by cross referencing theirwind zone with the number of recordedtornadoes per 1,000 square miles. LivingstonCounty’s Wind Zone IV cross referenced withthe 1-5 recorded tornadoes per 1,000 squaremiles in southeast Michigan results in a HighRisk assessment according to FEMA.
Hazard Mitigation Plan, Livingston County, MIChapter 4
30 Livingston County Department of Planning/Livingston County Emergency Management
Man-made risks and impacts: Much likenatural features, there are not many man-made features that may contribute to orintensify severe wind and or tornado risk.Two worth noting are as follows:
• electrical infrastructure• building construction
Electrical Infrastructure
One of the major problems associated withsevere winds and tornadoes is the loss ofelectrical power due to trees falling on powerlines. Outages of electrical power can last forseveral hours or several days at a time. Thiscan pose serious health risks for personswho depend on home health care devices
Tornado Touchdown in Hartland and Tyrone TownshipsMay 2001
Source: Hartland Area Fire Department website (hartlandareafire.com). Website by Coleman Photography
such as oxygen tanks that require electricityor simply air conditioning for better breathingor prevention of heat stroke.
Where trees and tree limbs encroach uponelectrical line rights-of-way, there is a greaterchance that downed electrical lines willintensify the risk of a severe wind or tornadoevent. Downed electrical lines and treedebris can force road closings, and causeelectrical fires and the threat of humanelectrocution.
Building Construction
Construction methods often determinewhether or not structural parts of a building willcome loose during severe winds and
31
and tornadoes and cause futher damage/riskas airborne missiles. Construction debriscan be picked up by the wind and moved withenough force to damage and even penetratewindows, doors, walls, and other parts of abuilding. Past severe wind and tornadoevents have shown that once a roof begins topeel away from the walls of a structure or thebuilding begins to shift off its foundation,major structural damage occurs.
Collateral risks: The Livingston CountyHazard Profile Evaluation ranks the CollateralDamage or possibility of severe windscausing secondary damage, as Good (thesecond highest ranking). The possibility oftornadoes causing collateral damage isranked as High (the highest ranking).Property damage is an obvious collateral riskassociated with severe wind and tornadoevents. However, there are many other risksthat can be triggered, including:
• extensive tree damage alongroadways which may block accessand cause power outages
• extensive damage to electric andtelephone lines, often interruptingservice
• damaged or destroyed radio andtelevision towers
• damage to agricultural crops
• impassable roadways
• traffic accidents
• debris dispersion such as rocks, fallentrees and other debris that can act asbattering rams to structures
Risks of Snowstorms and Ice andSleet
Likelihood of occurrence: In theLivingston County Hazard Profile Evaluation,snowstorms and ice and sleet storms weregiven a historical occurrence ranking ofExcessive. Since 1983 there have been 28major snow storm occurrences and 8 icestorms in Livingston County. This suggeststhat there is an 93% chance of a major snowstorm and a 27% chance of an ice stormoccurring annually in Livingston County. Thetime-line, locations and impacts of theseevents can be chronicled in the table on thefollowing page.
The type of Presidential Declaration for the2000 snowstorm that occurred in LivingstonCounty, was a state-wide Emergency. This isa situation where the full range of assistanceavailable with a major disaster declaration isnot required because the type of disaster isless severe. This type of PresidentialDeclaration does provide specializedassistance from Federal agencies to meet aspecific need that the Federal government isuniquely able to provide, such as temporaryhousing and mass care.
The type of Governor’s Declaration for the1985 ice storm was Disaster which meansthat the storm caused widespread or severedamage, injury, or loss of life. This type ofGovernor declaration is for the most severetypes of disasters.
Locational risk: Neither snowstorm or iceand sleet events can be mapped since theyare both dispersed events that tend to affectthe entire county. A northern United Statesclimate is our primary locational risk. Theorigin of many Michigan snow, ice and sleetstorms are Canadian and Arctic cold frontsthat move across the state from the west ornorthwest.
Hazard Mitigation Plan, Livingston County, MIChapter 4
32 Livingston County Department of Planning/Livingston County Emergency Management
Year/Month Location(s) Impact(s)
1987 County-wide Traffic accidents,
impassable
roadways
1996 - March County-wide Rain changed to
snow, significant
accumulation,
strong wind,
drifting, power
outages
1996 - Dec. County-wide Significant snow
accumulation
1997 - Oct. County-wide Rain changed to
snow, significant
accumulation,
downed trees and
power lines, power
outages
1997 - Dec. County-wide Heavy snow
accumulation,
vehicular accidents
1999 - Jan. County-wide Structural damage,
transportation
difficulties, traffic
accidents, and
power outages
1999 - March County-wide Structural damage,
impassable
roadways, traffic
accidents
2000* County-wide Structural damage
from roof
collapses, ice
dams and water
seepage. Fires
caused by water
seeping into
electric meter
boxes. Snow
accumulation
created
impassable
roadways.
Snowstorm Events in Livingston
County, 1983-2013
Year/Month Location(s) Impact(s)
2001- Jan. County-wide Heavy snow
accumulation,
structural damage,
personal injury
2001 - April County-wide Snow
accumulation,
collapsed several
tents at home
show in Howell,
numerous vehicle
accidents in
Brighton
2002 - Jan. County-wide Freezing rain and
drizzle, high winds,
large snow
accumulation, ice
accumulation on
trees and power
lines resulting in
broken tree limbs,
uprooted trees,
damage to homes
& cars, downed
power lines and
loss of power.
Snow and ice also
caused flooded
roadways and
traffic accidents.
2002 - Feb. County-wide Traffic accidents,
power loss to
homes and
businesses, large
snow
accumulation.
2003 County-wide Heavy snow
accumulation,
traffic accidents,
personal injury
2004 - Jan. County-wide Freezing rain,
drizzle and sleet,
large snow
accumulation.
Snowstorm Events in Livingston County, 1983-2013
33
Year/Month Location(s) Impact(s)
2004 - Nov. County-wide Rain turned to
snow
accumulation,
thundersnow, wind
gusts, power
outages and traffic
accidents
2004 - Dec. County-wide Snow
accumulations,
winds caused
significant blowing
and drifting of snow
2005 County-wide Significant snow
accumulation
2006 County-wide Rain to snow,
significant snow
accumulations,
winds caused
downed trees and
power outages
2007 County-wide Heavy amounts of
snow, wind gusts,
near blizzard
conditions, traffic
accidents
2008 - Jan. County-wide Heavy snowfall in a
short period of time
2008 - Feb. County-wide Heavy snowfall,
strong winds,
drifting snow
2008 - March County-wide Heavy snow
accumulation
2008 - Dec. County-wide Heavy amounts of
snow
2009 - Jan. County-wide Heavy amounts of
snow
2009 - April County-wide Late season heavy
snowfall, winds,
downed tree limbs,
power outages
Snowstorm Events in Livingston County, 1983-2013
Year/Month Location(s) Impact(s)
2010 County-wide Rain to snow,
significant snow
accumulations,
blowing snow,
gusty winds, power
outages and
stranded vehicles
2011- Feb. County-wide Significant snowfall
accumulation,
gusting winds
2011 - Nov. County-wide Rain turned to
snow, snowfall
accumulation
Snowstorm Events in Livingston
County, 1983-2013
Note: *Indicates Presidential DeclarationSources: Livingston County EmergencyManagement, Michigan Hazard Analysis July2012, National Oceanic AtmosphericAdministration (NOAA) National ClimaticData Center.
The average seasonal snowfall map for theState of Michigan shows Livingston County ina snowfall zone where the average is about40 inches of snow per year with a 20 inchvariable. This amount of snowfall isconsidered moderate to heavy for the UnitedStates.The “lake effect” on snowfall is evidentfor counties along Lake Michigan and LakeSuperior shorelines, but this effect isnegligible for Livingston County.
The probability of an ice and sleet storm ispartly determined by a Lower Peninsulalocation in Michigan that averages 90 to 180days per year below freezing. This number ofaverage annual days below freezing isconsidered moderate for the United States.
Natural features risks and impacts:Natural features in Livingston County do not
Hazard Mitigation Plan, Livingston County, MIChapter 4
34 Livingston County Department of Planning/Livingston County Emergency Management
Note: **Indicates Governor’s DeclarationSources: Michigan Hazard Analysis July2012, National Oceanic AtmosphericAdministration (NOAA) National ClimaticData Center.
really contribute to or intensify snow, ice orsleet storms. Michigan climate andatmospheric conditions are the primarycontributors to these types of natural hazards. Year/Month Location(s) Impact(s)
1997 County-wide Freezing rain, icy
roads, downed
trees that damaged
cars and homes,
minor flooding,
numberous auto
accidents and the
worst power
outage in history
for an ice storm
2001 County-wide Auto accidents and
minor injuries
2003 County-wide Thunderstorms,
freezing rain,
substantial tree
damage blocking
roadways and
causing structural
damage, traffic
accidents, power
outages
2006 County-wide Ice on roadways,
downed trees and
power lines, power
outages
2007 County-wide Ice accumulations
downed trees,
power poles and
lines causing
power outages, car
accidents and
property damage.
2013 County-wide Freezing rain, ice
accumulations,
downed trees and
wires, power
outages
Ice and Sleet Events in Livingston County, 1983-2013
Hazard Mitigation Plan, Livingston County, MI
35Livingston County Department of Planning/Livingston County Emergency Management
Chapter 4
Man-made risks and impacts: There arenot many man-made features that maycontribute to or intensify snowstorm and iceand sleet risk. Two worth noting are asfollows:
• electrical infrastructure• transportation infrastructure
Electrical Infrastructure
Much like the electrical infrastructureproblems associated with severe winds andtornadoes, snowstorms and ice and sleet cancause the loss of electrical power due totrees falling on power lines. Outages ofelectrical power can last for several hours orseveral days at a time. This can poseserious health risks for persons who areisolated in their homes because of theseevents and cannot obtain the home healthservices or medicines that they depend upon.
The weight of ice upon tree limbs andelectrical lines particularly intensifies the riskof interruption in electricity provision.Where trees and tree limbs encroach uponelectrical line rights-of-way, there is a greaterchance that ice or snow can snap the treelimbs and down electrical lines. Downedelectrical lines and tree debris can force roadclosings, and cause electrical fires and thethreat of human electrocution.
Transportation Infrastructure
When the cold rain of an ice storm freezes oncontact with transportation infrastructure suchas roadways and bridges, drivers are atgreat risk of not being able to control theirvehicle. Skidding on ice causes many trafficaccidents and may put drivers in periloussituations on bridges. Heavy snows withreduced visibility have nearly the same effect.
Collateral risks: The Livingston CountyHazard Profile Evaluation ranks the CollateralDamage or possibility of snowstorms causingsecondary damage, as Good (the secondhighest ranking). The possibility of ice andsleet causing collateral damage is ranked asHigh (the highest ranking). Property damageis an obvious collateral vulnerabilityassociated with snow, ice and sleet events,however, there are many other risks that canbe triggered, including the following:
• extensive tree damage alongroadways which may block access andcause power outages
• extensive damage to electric andtelephone lines, often interruptingservice
• impassable roadways
• traffic accidents
• residential fires due to the use ofalternative fuel sources such as woodand kerosene
• health risks from hypothermia, heartattacks from shoveling heavy snow,and persons stranded in vehicles
Risks of Extreme Cold and ExtremeHeat
Likelihood of occurrence: In the UnitedStates, human deaths from extreme coldrelated weather far outnumber deaths fromheat related weather. However, both hazardsare alike in that they primarily affect vulnerablesegments of the population such as theelderly, children, impoverished individuals,and people in poor health. In the LivingstonCounty Hazard Profile Evaluation, extremecold is given a historical occurrence rankingof Excessive. Extreme heat is given a
Hazard Mitigation Plan, Livingston County, MIChapter 4
36 Livingston County Department of Planning/Livingston County Emergency Management
historical occurrence ranking of High. Eventsassociated with extremely cold temperaturedays have been recorded in the MichiganHazard Analysis and by the National ClimaticData Center. Seven (7) extreme cold eventshave occurred in Livingston County in the lastthirty years, demonstrating a 23% chance ofthis hazard occurring in any given year. Theseincidents are chronicled in the table below:
The Michigan Hazard Analysis and theNational Climatic Data Center have alsorecorded the occurrence of nine (9) incidentsof extremely hot temperature over the lastthirty years, resulting in a 30% chance of thishazard occurring each year. These incidentsare chronicled as follows:
Year/Month Location(s) Impact(s)
1996 County-wide Approximately one
week in duration,
hypothermia
1997 County-wide The coldest
weather of the
winter occurred in
this 3 day period,
hypothermia
1999 County-wide Exposure, frostbite,
pipes froze and
burst
2000 County-wide Burst water pipes,
transportation
issues
2003 County-wide Three week
duration, frozen
water pipes and
water mains,
frostbite and
exposure
2007 County-wide Four day duration,
gusty winds, cold
related illnesses,
frostbite, frozen
water pipes and
water mains,
damage to
vehicles, property
damage by flooding
2009 County-wide Very low wind chill
values
Extreme Cold Events in Livingston County, 1983-2013 Year/Month Location(s) Impact(s)
1988 County-wide A drought/heat
wave in theCentral
and Eastern U.S.
greatly impacted
Michigan. Michigan
experienced 39
days with 90
degree or better
heat. Impacts
included
agricultural losses
and related
economic losses.
1995 County-wide A July 11-27 heat
wave experienced
throughout the
Central and
Eastern U.S., heat
related illnesses
and fatalities,
livestock loss
1999 County-wide A July heat wave
struck the Midwest
and East Coast,
temperatures were
above 90 degrees
for much of the
month and
humidity levels
were oppressively
high, heat-related
illnesses
Extreme Heat Events in Livingston County, 1983-2013
Hazard Mitigation Plan, Livingston County, MI
37Livingston County Department of Planning/Livingston County Emergency Management
Chapter 4
Sources: Michigan Hazard Analysis July2012, National Oceanic Atmospheric
Administration (NOAA) National ClimaticData Center.
Locational risk: Neither extreme cold norheat events can be mapped since they areboth dispersed events that tend to effect theentire county.
Extremely cold temperatures pose a threatthroughout Michigan regardless of communitylocation or size. A northern United Statesclimate is our primary locational vulnerability.To a certain extent, the Great Lakes helptemper extremely cold temperatures duringMichigan’s winter months. However,prolonged periods of extreme cold are notuncommon during the months of January andFebruary. Michigan has 90 to 180+ days peryear below freezing. This number of averageannual days below freezing is consideredmoderate for the United States.
Extreme heat conditions are generally causedby a combination of very high temperaturesand exceptionally humid conditions. Althoughthese conditions can be experienced in anyU.S. location, humidity is frequentlyexperienced in Michigan due to thesurrounding Great Lakes. These conditionsare also experienced more acutely in urbanareas because the concentration of structuresin a city contributes to overall heat.
Long-term weather forecasts can notaccurately predict prolonged periods ofextreme heat. National heat figures putMichigan in the upper half of the heat indexscale, indicating a greater than averagevulnerability for prolonged periods of extremeheat. The heat index is a measure of how hotit really feels when relative humidity is addedto actual air temperature. A heat index of 105-110 is indicated for Livingston County.
Natural features risks and impacts:Natural features do not significantly contribute
Year/Month Location(s) Impact(s)
2001
June-August
County-wide Extreme heat and
humidity in the
Midwest and
Central Plains,
heat stress index
readings well
above 100
degrees, cooling
centers were
opened, heat
advisories
2006
May-August
County-wide Heat index
averaged between
105 and 110
detrees, cooling
centers were
opened, heat
related illnesses
2010 County-wide A five day heat
wave,
temperatures in the
90's, heat related
illnesses
2011 County-wide Heat indices above
100 degrees for a 5
day period in mid-
July.
2012 County-wide A ten day heat
wave in late June -
early July with heat
indices between
100-110 degrees,
heat related
illnesses
2013 County-wide A 6 day heat wave
with heat indices in
the 90's, heat
related illnesses
Extreme Heat Events in Livingston County, 1983-2013
Hazard Mitigation Plan, Livingston County, MIChapter 4
38 Livingston County Department of Planning/Livingston County Emergency Management
to or intensify the risk of extreme cold or heat.
Man-made risks and impacts: There arenot many man-made features that maycontribute to or intensify the risk of extremecold or heat. Following are a few man-madefeatures that have some impact:
• urban development
• special population housing that doesnot provide adequate heating orcooling
• housing codes
Urban Development
Concentrated development in a city centertraps heat and contributes additional warmthto a naturally occurring heat wave. Ifatmospheric conditions are stagnant,pollutants in urban areas may also betrapped, thus adding contaminated air toexcessively hot temperatures. Extreme heattends to lead to high energy usage of fansand air conditioners. A high urban demandfor electricity often leads to “brown outs” orpower outages which further aggravate heatproblems. Each of these impacts moreprofoundly affect people who have lessnatural ability to internally cool themselves,such as those with health concerns, theelderly and children. Often public “coolingcenters” are opened in urban settings so thatpersons can get relief from extreme heat bygetting hydrated with fluids in a coolerenvironment.
Special Population Housing that does notProvide Adequate Heating or Cooling
During times of extreme cold or heat, therehave been instances throughout the UnitedStates where nursing homes and otherspecial population housing environments
have not provided the necessary heating orcooling for their special needs tenants. Inthese instances, human lives have been lost.Over half of the deaths that occur nation-widedue to cold exposure, are persons 60 years ofage or older. Elderly persons have a moredifficult time perceiving cold than youngerpersons. Therefore, they tend to set theirthermostats too low and hypothermia may setin. Additionally, high energy costs for anelderly person on a fixed income maydiscourage him or her from setting thethermostat high enough to maintain adequatewarmth.
Housing Codes
Local communities should have adequatehousing codes that require dwellings to havefurnaces capable of maintaining sufficientroom temperature for the winter conditionsthat will normally be expected.
Collateral risks: The Livingston CountyHazard Profile Evaluation ranks the CollateralDamage, or possibility of extreme cold orheat causing secondary damage, as Good.Collateral vulnerabilities associated withextreme cold or heat include the following:
• hypothermia or frostbite due tooverexposure
Severity and Extent of Extreme Summer Heat in the United States
Source: U.S. Department of Commerce; Multi-Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment, 1997, FEMA
Hazard Mitigation Plan, Livingston County, MIChapter 4
40 Livingston County Department of Planning/Livingston County Emergency Management
Year/Month Location(s) Impact(s)
1999 Fowlerville Severe
thunderstorms,
hailstones of 1
inch, damage
producing winds
2000 -
March
Unadilla
Township
Thunderstorms,
strong cold front,
hailstones of .75
diameter
2000 - May Cohoctah
and Hartland
Townships
Hailstones of 1",
thunderstorms,
lighting, significant
rain, flooding
2000 - July
14
Hartland Hailstones of 1.75
inches, severe
thunderstorms,
structural damage
2000 - July
28
Fowlerville Thunderstorms,
rain, flooding,
hailstones of .75"
2000 -
August
Cohoctah
Township,
Howell
Hailstones of .75",
severe
thunderstorms,
wind gusts, flash
flooding
2001 - May Fowlerville Hailstones of .75",
severe
thunderstorms,
wind gusts
2001 - July Hartland Hailstones of .75",
thunderstorms
2002 Brighton Hailstones of .75",
thunderstorms
2003 - June Unadilla
Township,
Brighton
Hailstones of 1",
thunderstorms,
damaging winds
2003 - Aug. Howell Hailstones of .75",
thunderstorms,
damaging winds
Hail Events in Livingston County, 1983-2013
Year/Month Location(s) Impact(s)
2004 - May Hamburg
Township
Hailstones of .75",
thunderstorms
2004 - June
14
Cohoctah
Township
Hailstones of .88",
wind damage
2004 - June
19
Pinckney
area, Iosco
Township
Hailstones of .75 -
1", damaging
winds
2006 Brighton Hailstones of .75",
thunderstorms
2007 Fowlerville Damaged crops,
homes and
vehicles,
hailstones of .75",
thunderstorms,
winds, downed
trees
2008 Brighton,
Pinckney
Hailstones of .88",
thunderstorm
winds
2010 Brighton Hailstones of 1.5",
thunderstorms,
focused at Brighton
Hyne Airport and
along M-59 corridor
2011 - May Fowlerville Hailstones of .88",
thunderstorms
2011 - Aug. Green Oak
Township,
Brighton
Hailstones of .75",
thunderstorms
2012 -
March
Howell,
Pinckney
Severe
thunderstorms,
hailstones of .75 -
1", tornadoes
observed
2012 - July 3 Brighton Hailstones of .75 -
.88",
thunderstorms
Hail Events in Livingston County, 1983-2013
Hazard Mitigation Plan, Livingston County, MI
41Livingston County Department of Planning/Livingston County Emergency Management
Chapter 4
Sources: Michigan Hazard Analysis July2012, National Oceanic AtmosphericAdministration (NOAA) National ClimaticData Center.
Locational risk: Hail is often produced bythunderstorms and it often proceedstornadoes. Because Livingston County isvulnerable to both thunderstorms andtornadoes, the county is also vulnerable tohail. Generally, the southern half ofMichigan’s Lower Peninsula more frequentlyexperiences the severe thunderstorms thatproduce hail.
Since 1967 the National Weather Servicehas been recording hail activity in Michigan.Their findings have revealed thatapproximately 50% of the severethunderstorms that produce hail haveoccurred during the months of June and July,and nearly 80% have occurred during theprime agricultural season of May thoughAugust.
The National Weather Service alsomeasures the potential thunderstorm threat inMichigan by the number of “thunderstormdays”, which is defined as the days in whichthunderstorms are observed. LivingstonCounty, like most of the Lower Peninsula, issubject to 30 - 40 thunderstorm days peryear.
Year/Month Location(s) Impact(s)
2013 - July
27
Brighton,
Cohoctah,
Deerfield,
Howell
Hailstones of .75 -
1", thunderstorms
2013 Howell area Hailstones of 1",
thunderstorms
Hail Events in Livingston
County, 1983-2013
IRON
DELTA
LUCE
KENT
MARQUETTE
ALGER CHIPPEWA
GOGEBIC
HURON
SANILAC
BAY
BARAGA
LAKE
ONTONAGON
IONIA
OAKLAND
MACKINAC
IOSCO
HOUGHTON
ALLEGAN
TUSCOLA
SAGINAW
CLARE
LAPEER
EATONBARRY
MENOMINEE
ALCONA
NEWAYGO
SCHOOLCRAFT
ST. CLAIR
ALPENA
GENESEE
MASON
DICKINSON
OSCODA
INGHAM
OTTAWA
OCEANA
ANTRIMOTSEGO
EMMET
CLINTON
CHEBOYGAN
GRATIOT
OGEMAW
OSCEOLA
MONTCALM
ISABELLAMECOSTA
WEXFORD
MIDLAND
MANISTEE
GLADWIN
MACOMB
KALKASKA
MISSAUKEE
PRESQUE ISLE
CRAWFORDBENZIE
LIVINGSTON
MUSKEGON
ARENAC
ROSCOMMON
SHIAWASSEE
LEELANAU
CHARLEVOIX
KEWEENAW
GRANDTRAVERSE
MONTMORENCY
VAN BUREN KALAMAZOO CALHOUN JACKS ON WASHTENAWWAYNE
MONROELENAWEEHILLSDALEBRANCHST. JOSEPHCASSBERRIEN
Thunderstorm Days Per Year20-30 Days per Year30-40 Days per Year40-60 Days per Year
Thunderstorm Days Per Year:State of Michigan Averages
Produced by:Michigan State Police
Emergency Management Division12 January 2002
Natural features risks and impacts:Natural features do not contribute to orintensity the risk of a hail storm. This naturalhazard is not made worse by specific groundfeatures such as topography and soils. Hailis created when atmospheric water particlesfrom thunderstorms form into rounded orirregular lumps of ice that fall to the ground.
Man-made risks and impacts: There arenot many man-made features that maycontribute to or intensify the risk of hail. Oneworth noting is agricultural in nature:
Agricultural Crops
Extensive crop damage can occur if theplants are battered by hail. Depending onthe magnitude of crop damage, the local andeven national supply of particular foodproducts can be affected, and this maycreate marketplace inflation of the limitedsupply.
Hazard Mitigation Plan, Livingston County, MIChapter 4
42 Livingston County Department of Planning/Livingston County Emergency Management
• damage to agricultural livestock• damage to agricultural crops
Risks of Floods
Likelihood of occurrence: In theLivingston County Hazard Profile Evaluation,floods were given a historical occurrenceranking of Medium. Since 1983 there havebeen sixteen (16) major flooding incidents.Which suggests that there is a 53.3% chancethat flooding will occur in any given year inLivingston County. The time-line, locationsand impacts of these events can be profiledas follows:
Collateral risks: The Livingston CountyHazard Profile Evaluation ranks the CollateralDamage or possibility of hail causingsecondary damage, as Some. Propertydamage to homes and vehicles is an obviouscollateral vulnerability associated with hail.Less obvious risks include:
Year/Month Location(s) Impact(s)
1986 Random
County
Locations
Property Damage
1989 Green Oak
Township
Approximately 25
year-round cottage
homes on Limekiln
Lake experienced
flooding due to their
location on
lowlands around
the lake
1990 Green Oak,
Hamburg
and Putnam
Townships
Property Damage
1996 Hartland
Township
Water washed
over Bullards Dam
on Bullard lake due
to heavy rains
Flooding Events in Livingston County, 1983-2013
Year/Month Location(s) Impact(s)
2000 Hamburg
and Green
Oak
Townships
The Huron River
exceeded flood
stage June 28-
July 8. People living
in hundreds of
homes on the
pennisulas
between Ore Lake
and the Huron
River experienced
some minor
flooding in their
yards.
2001- Feb. Hamburg
Township
The Huron River
exceeded flood
stage for
approximately 24
hours due to rain
and snowmelt,
basement and road
flooding occurred
2001 - May
through June
Hamburg
Township
The Huron River
exceed flood stage
for 26 days
causing property
flooding and
damage
2001 - Oct. Hamburg
Township
Huron River
exceeded flood
stage for one
week, property
flooding and
damage
2002 Hamburg
Township
May 13-31 the
Huron River
exceeded flood
stage, property
flooding and
damage
Flooding Events in Livingston County, 1983-2013
Hazard Mitigation Plan, Livingston County, MI
43Livingston County Department of Planning/Livingston County Emergency Management
Chapter 4
Year/Month Location(s) Impact(s)
2008 County-wide Remnants of
Hurricane Gustav
(9/4) and Ike (9/14)
passed through
County, causing
property flooding
and minor flood
damage to homes
2009 Howell Severe
thunderstorms
caused flash
flooding. Half a foot
of standing water
on primary
roadways, power
loss
Flooding Events in Livingston County, 1983-2013
Notes: ** Indicates Governor’s Declaration.Sources: Livingston County EmergencyManagement, Michigan Hazard Analysis July2012, and National Oceanic AtmosphericAdministration (NOAA) National ClimaticData Center.
The type of Governor’s Declaration for the2004 flooding was State of Disaster whichdirects state agencies to maximize theirefforts to assist the affected jurisdictions andto utilize all resources at their availabilitypursuant to the Michigan EmergencyManagement Plan. A Presidentialdeclaration of Major Disaster was laterdeclared for this 2004 flooding incident.
Locational risk: Livingston County istopographically elevated compared to thesurrounding counties in Michigan, with theexception of southwestern Oakland County.This results in the County sitting on ahydrological divide. Floodwaters fromLivingston County discharge to LakeMichigan (via the Red Cedar River and
Year/Month Location(s) Impact(s)
2004
May 14 -
June 8
Hamburg
and Green
Oak
Townships
Huron River
exceeded flood
stage, property
flooding and
damage
2004**
May 23-24
Hamburg
and Green
Oak
Townships
Heavy rainfall
worsened the flood
stage of the Huron
River,
approximately 120
homes sustained
minor to major
damage; there
were 25
evacuations
2004
June 11-21
Hamburg
and Green
Oak
Townships
The Huron River
once again
exceeded flood
stage, property
flooding and
damage
2005 Hamburg
Township
For a six day
period of time in
January, the Huron
River exceeded
flood stage
2006 8 Western
Livingston
County
Townships
3-8 inches of rain
over a four hour
period
overwhelmed the
drainage system,
causing property
flooding and minor
flood damage to
homes
Flooding Events in Livingston County, 1983-2013
Hazard Mitigation Plan, Livingston County, MIChapter 4
44 Livingston County Department of Planning/Livingston County Emergency Management
Looking Glass River systems), Lake Huron(via the Shiawassee River and North OreCreek Systems) and Lake Erie (via theHuron River and its several tributary creeks).Perhaps due to the elevated topography andrelatively mild rainfall patterns, historicalagricultural drainage systems were lessaggressive than in surrounding communities.Therfore, structural flooding risk in the countyis often more associated with agressivebuilding practices next to wetlands anddrainageways, rather than with large scaleflooding events typically associated withFEMA-mapped floodplains.
In 2008 the Michigan Department ofEnvironomental Quality, in cooperation withthe Federal Emergency ManagementAgency, completed a map modernizationproject for Livingston County. The new mapscreated as a result of this map modernizationproject overlaid the historical FEMA maps onaerial photography, and added new maps forseveral tributary streams that were previouslyunavailable. While these maps were adramatic improvement over the old mapspublished in 1986, two key points should benoted when evaluating flood risk aspresented by these maps:
• The MDEQ has stated that mappingefforts in the Huron River watershedutilized existing data where availablefrom the 1986 FEMA study, which wasnot updated. For Hamburg and GreenOak Townships, this means that the2008 aerial maps do not account forsubstantial development that hasoccurred in the headwaters ofSouthwestern Oakland County fromthe mid-1980’s to date. USGS datafor the Huron River at HamburgStream Gage have exhibitedincreased occurrence of peak flowsover the last decade spanning 2003 to2013. NOAA has also publishedrecent reports that have noted an
increase in rainfall intensities andstorm severity compared to earlierstorm intensities, which lead us torecommend updating the 1986hydrological analysis.
• Mapping efforts along the Red CedarRiver through Handy, Iosco, andConway Townships included areaswhere the Livingston County DrianCommissioner (LCDC) operatesseveral tributary drainage systemsfeeding the Red Cedar River. Theextent of flooding along the RedCedar River as presented by themaps in this portion of the Countydoes not corroborate well with thehistorical observations of LCDC staff,who have indicated the FEMA mapsoutside of the Village of Fowlervilletend to under-report flooding based onobservations from several events from1975 to date. When discussions withtechnical staff of FEMA ensured ,LCDC staff were informed a one footdatum shift associated with the USGSgage for the Red Cedar River nearWilliamston lowered the floodplainone foot. LCDC staff could notcorroborate this datum shift withUSGS staff.
With the concerns noted above, areas ofknown large-scale flood risk are depicted inthe following Livingston County Floodplainand Flood Hazard Areas map and can be
described as follows:
Northwest Quadrant:
• The Red Cedar River drains all ofHandy Township, and substantialportions of Conway, Howell, Iosco,and Marion Townships. Prior to mapmodernization in 2008, publishedFEMA maps were only available for
45
Iosco Genoa
Handy
Marion
Tyrone
OceolaHowell
Conway
Putnam
Hartland
Unadilla
Deerfield
Brighton
Cohoctah
Hamburg Green Oak
City of Howell
City of Brighton
Fowlerville
Pinckney
Livingston CountyFloodplain and Flood Hazard Areas
®0 2.5 5 7.5 101.25
Miles
Source: FEMA Digital Q3 Flood DataPrepared By: Livingston County Department of Planning Hazard Mitigation Planning in Livingston County
Floodplain
Non-Floodplain
Highways
7 Flood Hazard Areas
Hazard Mitigation Plan, Livingston County, MIChapter 4
46 Livingston County Department of Planning/Livingston County Emergency Management
this system in the Village of Fowlerville.The river serves as the ultimate outletfor several large tributary streams, andit’s relatively shallow depth, comparedto the elevations it operated at asrecently as 50 years ago, limit the flowcapacity of tributary streams.
• Sprague Creek, the South Branch of theShiawassee River and Bogue Creekthat traverse Cohoctah and HowellTownships and the City of Howell.
Northeast Quadrant:
• North Ore Creek from the Genessee/Livingston County line extendingthrough the Lobdell/Bennett/Hoisington/Stearns chain of lakes in northernDeerfield and Tyrone Townships, thensouthward surrounding the ParshallvillePond to a point south of the pond wherethe creek splits in a east/west fashion.The flood hazard areas follow thebranches of the creek where the westbranch terminates in section 7 ofHartland Township and the flood hazarddesignation follows the east branchsouth of the burg of Hartland where itagain splits and terminates surroundingBullard and Handy lakes. Developmentpressure, including the availability ofsanitary sewer service along the M-59/US-23 corridor, has served to increaseurbanization in this area, thusincreasing the need for surfacedrainage service, and the risksassociated with a large scale floodingevent.
• Cranberry Creek and the lakes it joinsin Deerfield Township.
• Runyan and Sullivan Lakes in TyroneTownship and Denton Creek thatconnects them.
Southeast Quadrant:
• The Huron River extending from KentLake in northeast Green OakTownship (Section 1) southwestthrough Island Lake State Park tolarge flood hazard areas surroundingOre Lake and the Huron MeadowMetropark Pond in eastern HamburgTownship to areas surrounding a chainof 12 lakes that include: Oneida,Zukey, Sunset, Strawberry, LakeShangri- La, Bass, Gallagher, Long,Whiteford, Mohican, Tamarack andBase Line Lakes. The Huron Riverconnects to Strawberry Lake and thenon the west side of the lake it splitsinto Gallagher and Long lakes andcontinues westward from Gallagher toWhiteford Lake to Base Line Lake atthe Livingston/Washtenaw county linein Section 31 of Hamburg Township.This flood risk has been altered overtime by:
i. the conversion of historically seasonalhomes along the chair of lakes toyear-round residences as LivingstonCounty has increased population, and
ii. Development patterns in southwesternOakland County increasing runoff intothe Huron River System
The dam operator for the John Flook(Portage/Baseline Lake) Dam justsouth of the County Line on the HuronRiver reports that during spring andfall flood events with the gates fullyopen, there is no appreciable effecton water levels upstream. This is dueto the relatively large tributary to thisstructure (over 400 square miles) andthe relatively large storage area ofwater on the chain of lakes.
Hazard Mitigation Plan, Livingston County, MI
47Livingston County Department of Planning/Livingston County Emergency Management
Chapter 4
• Davis Creek westward from theLivingston/Oakland county line inSection 13 of Green Oak Township,extending southwest to terminate intoTen Mile Lake which connects to achain of 5 additional lakes including:Nichwagh, Limekiln, Sandy Bottom,Fish and Silver Lakes. The creek thencontinues northwest from SandyBottom Lake to the Huron River justnorth of Silver Lake Road and east ofU.S. 23.
• The South Branch of the Huron Riverextending from the Huron River as itconnects to Strawberry Lake inSection 27 of Hamburg Township,southeast to Whitmore Lake inSection 32 of Green Oak Township.
• Brighton, Fonda, Island, Briggs andWildwing Lakes surrounding the Cityof Brighton and the Mill Pond withinthe City.
Northwest Quadrant:
• The perimeters of the Village ofFowlerville - flood hazards associatedwith the Red Cedar River.
Southwest Quadrant:
• Honey Creek from its juncture withPortage Creek just southeast of theVillage of Pinckney, southeast toPortage Lake which straddles thePutnam/Hamburg township line.
• Flood hazard areas connectingWoodburn/Patterson Lake at theUnadilla/Putnam Township linesoutheasterly to Half Moon Lake, toopen water areas southwest of theburg of Hell. The operator of theHiland Dam in the burg of Hell reports
a typical water level increase four timesthe precipitation amount for Woodburn/Patterson lakes, and that fully openingthe Hiland Dam during high flowperiods has little or no influence in thewater elevations at Half Moon andWoodburn/Patterson lakes. County andTownship officials were involved in anemergency response activity tosandbag homes surroundingWoodburn and Patterson Lakes in2007. It should be noted that HilandLake has not experienced flooding inthese events. However, flooding hasbeen reported on the Portage Creekoutlet downstream of the Hiland LakeDam. This has generally been reportedfrom Patterson Lake Roaddownstream to Portage Lake inSection 36 of Putnam Township.
When the historical occurrences of flooding inLivingston County are cross referenced withthe MDEQ/FEMA map modernization project,several vulnerable areas of Livingston Countyare identified. These locational risk areasinclude:
√ the Village of Fowlerville and the RedCedar River near the village
√ North Ore Creek at Parshallville and atBullard Lake
√ Limekiln Lake
√ the Huron River through Green Oakand Hamburg Townships
√ the area surrounding Ore Lake
√ Portage Creek at the settlement of Hellto Portage Lake in Putnam Township
Hazard Mitigation Plan, Livingston County, MIChapter 4
48 Livingston County Department of Planning/Livingston County Emergency Management
Ore Lake Flooding in Hamburg and Green Oak Townships - May 2004
49
Natural features risks and impacts: Thenatural features in Livingston County that maycontribute to or intensify flood risk include:
• floodplains• rivers• lakes• streams• steep slopes• soil capabilities
Floodplains
According to hazard and floodplain data,flooding of floodplain areas due to overflowfrom adjacent rivers, lakes and streams, islikely to occur in 19 of 20 Livingston Countycommunities.
Currently 17 of our 20 Livingston Countycommunities participate in the National FloodInsurance Program (NFIP). The onlycommunities that do not participate are:Brighton, Howell and Tyrone Townships.
Rivers
There are three major rivers that flow throughLivingston County. Each of these rivers maybe vulnerable to riverine flooding triggered byintense rainfall, snow melt or other factorswhich cause an increase in the normal watervolume carried by the river. These LivingstonCounty rivers include: the Huron River whichflows through Green Oak and HamburgTownships in the southeastern portion of thecounty; the South Branch of the ShiawaseeRiver which flows through Cohoctah, Howelland Marion Townships in the central portionof the county; and the Red Cedar River andits branches which primarily flows throughHandy and Iosco Townships in the westernportion of the county. County rivers aredepicted in the Livingston County Lakes,Rivers and Streams map on the adjacentpage.
Lakes
Lakes are affected by large volumes of runoffmoving downstream through rivers andstreams to deposit in a lake. Hundreds oflakes are present in Livingston County, andover 50 lakes are greater than 60 acres insize. The greatest concentration of lakes inthe county occurs in the southeast quadrantand includes large lakes such as Chemung,East & West Crooked Lake, Brighton,Woodland, Fonda, Island, Briggs, Rush,Bass, Strawberry, Zukey, Winans, Ore,Whitmore, Silver and Nichwagh Lakes.Hamburg Township in southeast LivingstonCounty contains substantially more lakes thanany other Livingston County community. Seethe Livingston County Lakes, Rivers andStreams map and the Lakes and Drains mapon the following pages.
Streams
Streams in Livingston County may also bevulnerable to riverine flooding or flash floods.Major streams in Livingston County include:Cranberry Creek, Ore Creek, Denton Creekand Bogue Creek in northeast LivingstonCounty; Ore Creek, Woodruff Creek, MannCreek, Hay Creek, Chilson Creek, Spring MillCreek and Davis Creek in southeastLivingston County; Livermore Creek, HoneyCreek and Portage Creek in southwestLivingston County; and Sprague Creek andBogue Creek in northwest Livingston County.
Steep Slopes
Steep slopes contribute to flood vulnerabilityby accelerating surface water run-off intonearby floodplains, rivers, streams and lakes.Rapid surface run-off is particularly a riskwhen:
• slopes are of 18% grade or more
50
Lobdell Lake
Portage Lake
Ore Lake
Whitmore Lake
Lake Shannon
Lake Chemung
Woodland Lake
Bennet Lake
Bass Lake
Long Lake
Thompson Lake
Strawberry Lake
Silver Lake
Rush Lake
Runyan Lake
East Crooked Lake
Zukey Lake
Island Lake
Brighton Lake
Lake Walden
Winans Lake
Base Line Lake
West Crooked Lake
Patterson Lake
Cedar Lake
Hi-land Lakes
Coon Lake
Tyrone Lake
Nichwagh Lake
Marl Lake
Fonda Lake
School Lake
Hoisingston Lake
Hamburg Lake
Indian Lakes
Round Lake
Briggs Lake
Ryan Lake
Whitewood Lakes
Louis Lake
Pardee Lake
Bentley Lake
Earl Lake
Pleasant Lake
Sloan Lake
Maxfield Lake
Beach Lake
Handy Lake
Wildwing Lake
Woodburn Lake
Triangle Lake
Mill Pond
Williamsville Lake
Walker Lake
Chilson Impoundment
Fish Lake
Bishop Lake
Round Lake
Gill Lake
Lake Urban
Appleton Lake
Euler Lake
Whalen Lake
Oneida Lake
Gallagher Lake
Half Moon LakeJoslin Lake
Lime Lake
Bullard Lake
Bitten Lake
Crooked Lake
Cordley Lake
Watson Lake
Buck Lake
Neff Lake
Sandy Bottom Lake
Indian Lakes
Hidden Lake
Fausett Lake
Kent Lake
Maltby Lake
Barris Lake
Duck Lake
Parshallville Pond
Sheets Lake
Putnam Lake
Clark Lake
Frog Lake
Half Moon Lake
Lake Serene
Baetcke Lake
Stearns Lake
Blaine Lake
Lyon Lake
Woodruff Lake
Noble Lake
Sharp LakeLong Lake
Patterson Lake
Chenango Lake
Mud Lake
Bruin Lake
Osborn Lake
Ackerman Lake
Sullivan Lake
Kuhn Lake
Dibrova Lake
Lady Jane Lake
Reed Lake
Lamoreaux Lake
Long Lake
Mud Lake
Sabine Lake
Mill Pond
Cook Lake
Worden Lake
Denton Lake
McConachie Lake
Monahan Lake
Root Lake
Mud Lake
Lake Cohoctah
Gale Lake
Lamb Lake
Edgewood Lake
Grass Lake
Mohican Lake
Tamarack LakeLawton Lake
Sunset Lake
Cranberry Lake
Grand Beach Lake
Wolf Lake
McIntyre Lake
Big Barber Lake
Gosling Lake
Logan Lakes
Haynor Lake
Goodfellow Lake
Horseshoe Lake
Crooked Lake
Divine Lake
Mott Lake
Grubb Lake
Church Lake
Beaver Lake
Mud Lake
Treasure Lake
Caroga Lake
Fowlerville WWTP
Logan Lakes
Cunningham Lake
Rider Lake
Chase Lake
Schuler Lake
Howell Township WWTP
Little Barber Lake
School Lot Lake
Bennet Lake
Pearson Lake
Wasson Lake
Alans MHP Treatment Ponds
Hidden Lake WWTP
Hur
on
Riv
er
C & C Union
North O
re C
reek
East Cedar R
iver
Davis C
reek
Wo
odru
ff C
ree
kM
ann
Cre
ek
Colbu
rn &
Kee
der
Gard
ner C
ounty
Livingston CountyLakes, Rivers and Streams
®0 2 4 6 81
MilesSource: Livingston County GISPrepared By: Livingston County Department of Planning Hazard Mitigation Planning in Livingston CountyJune 2004
Lake
Rivers and Streams
51
• a steep slope contains developmentwith impervious surfaces that redirectwater and cause it to accumulate
• development has altered the naturalvegetation on a steep slope that mightnaturally have captured some of thesurface water run-off
The Livingston County Steep Slopes map onthe following page illustrates that the heaviestconcentration of steep slopes is present inthe southeast quadrant of Livingston County.Additional areas where steep slopes areconcentrated include: Tyrone Township, thewestern portion of Oceola Township and thesouthwest quadrant of Putnam Township.
Soil Capabilities
Some soils absorb surface water runoff moreeffectively than others. Soils with higher clayor muck content tend to pond water and theprincipal management concern is adequatedrainage. If development occurs on landsurrounding these types of soil, theimpervious surfaces of the development canfurther contribute to the retention of water tothe point where flooding is possible.Therefore any plans for development shouldinclude drainage management practicessuch as providing an adequate balance ofopen spaces within a development area sothat rainwater runoff can be absorbed byopen soils or providing structural projects tochannel water away from people andproperty (such as culverts).
Steep slopes consisting of certain soil typesmay also be prone to soil erosion concernscaused by rapid surface water runoff. Soilseroded by water runoff can cause silt buildupand reduce the capacity of a river or streamto carry flood waters (see correspondingmap on adjacent page).
Erosion can be controlled by managementpractices that reduce the rate and volume ofsurface water runoff and increase the rate ofwater absorption by the soil. Providingnatural vegetation on steep slopes andcontour cultivation such as terracing, are twosuch management practices.
Man-made risks and impacts: The man-made features in Livingston County that maycontribute to or intensify flood risk include:
• drains• storm sewer systems• impervious surfaces• dams
Drains
As a community, Livingston County has along history as an agrarian community andmuch of the western portion is still farmedtoday. There are numerous wetlands, lakes,and three major watersheds, all of which havecontributed to the extensive network ofdrains throughout Livingston County. Themajority of drains are located in the westernhalf of the county where agricultural soils aredrained for a large network of agriculturalfields. See the following page for adepiction of Livingston County Lakes andDrains.
Storm Sewer Systems
Storm sewers, which are usually found alongdowntown streets and in fairly denseneighborhoods, can move large volumes ofrainwater rapidly over long distances. Stormsewers are particularly vulnerable if they arecombined with sanitary sewer systems.Separation of the two systems is preferredsince the inundation of flood waters cancause water and sewage to back up in thesystem and flood basements. Particularlyvulnerable are Livingston County’s two
52
Livingston CountySteep Slopes
Areas of 18% Slope or Greater
®0 2.5 5 7.5 101.25
MilesSource: Livingston County U.S.D.A. Soil SurveyPrepared By: Livingston County Department of Planning Hazard Mitigation Planning in Livingston County
53
Lobdell Lake
Portage Lake
Ore Lake
Whitmore Lake
Lake Shannon
Lake Chemung
Woodland Lake
Bennet Lake
Bass Lake
Long Lake
Thompson Lake
Strawberry Lake
Silver Lake
Rush Lake
Runyan Lake
East Crooked Lake
Zukey Lake
Island Lake
Brighton Lake
Lake Walden
Winans Lake
Base Line Lake
West Crooked Lake
Patterson Lake
Cedar Lake
Hi-land Lakes
Coon Lake
Tyrone Lake
Nichwagh Lake
Marl Lake
Fonda Lake
School Lake
Hoisingston Lake
Hamburg Lake
Indian Lakes
Round Lake
Briggs Lake
Ryan Lake
Whitewood Lakes
Louis Lake
Pardee Lake
Bentley Lake
Earl Lake
Pleasant Lake
Sloan Lake
Maxfield Lake
Beach Lake
Handy Lake
Wildwing Lake
Woodburn Lake
Triangle Lake
Mill Pond
Williamsville Lake
Walker Lake
Chilson Impoundment
Fish Lake
Bishop Lake
Round Lake
Gill Lake
Lake Urban
Appleton Lake
Euler Lake
Whalen Lake
Oneida Lake
Gallagher Lake
Half Moon LakeJoslin Lake
Lime Lake
Bullard Lake
Bitten Lake
Crooked Lake
Cordley Lake
Watson Lake
Buck Lake
Neff Lake
Sandy Bottom Lake
Indian Lakes
Hidden Lake
Fausett Lake
Kent Lake
Maltby Lake
Barris Lake
Duck Lake
Parshallville Pond
Sheets Lake
Putnam Lake
Clark Lake
Frog Lake
Half Moon Lake
Lake Serene
Baetcke Lake
Stearns Lake
Blaine Lake
Lyon Lake
Woodruff Lake
Noble Lake
Sharp LakeLong Lake
Patterson Lake
Chenango Lake
Mud Lake
Osborn Lake
Ackerman Lake
Sullivan Lake
Kuhn Lake
Dibrova Lake
Lady Jane Lake
Reed Lake
Lamoreaux Lake
Long Lake
Mud Lake
Sabine Lake
Mill Pond
Cook Lake
Worden Lake
Denton Lake
McConachie Lake
Monahan Lake
Root Lake
Mud Lake
Lake Cohoctah
Gale Lake
Lamb Lake
Edgewood Lake
Grass Lake
Mohican Lake
Tamarack LakeLawton Lake
Sunset Lake
Cranberry Lake
Grand Beach Lake
Wolf Lake
McIntyre Lake
Big Barber Lake
Gosling Lake
Logan Lakes
Haynor Lake
Goodfellow Lake
Horseshoe Lake
Crooked Lake
Divine Lake
Mott Lake
Grubb Lake
Church Lake
Beaver Lake
Mud Lake
Treasure Lake
Caroga Lake
Fowlerville WWTP
Logan Lakes
Cunningham Lake
Rider Lake
Chase Lake
Schuler Lake
Howell Township WWTP
Little Barber Lake
School Lot Lake
Bennet Lake
Pearson Lake
Wasson Lake
Alans MHP Treatment Ponds
Hidden Lake WWTP
Mari
on
No.
2Living
ston N
o. 3
Con
way N
o. 1
5
An
de
r so
n D
r ai n
Cedar R
iver Im
pro
vem
ent
Portage Creek Drain
Livi
ngst
on
No.
7
Bush Drain
Conw
ay
No. 1
Ho
we
ll N
o.
1
Bro
wnin
g D
rain
Iosc
o 3
5-3
Iosc
o D
rain
No
. 3
Carter Drain
Iosc
o D
rain
No
. 2
L & S
No.5
Tyrone 27-4
Howell No. 2
Iosc
o 3
6-2
Con
way 2
5-2
Marion No. 3
Oceola Drain No. 1G
en
oa
No. 1
Howell 3-1
Bri
gh
ton
1-1
Ha
ndy
33- 1
Co
nw
ay N
o. 3
Howell No. 4
How
ell &
Oceo
la D
rain
Hibbard DrainG
en
oa
24
- 1
Conway 8-1
Handy 7 & 13
Deerfield 13-3
Oce
ola
10-3
Con
way N
o. 1
8
Con
way
No. 1
6
Genoa & Oceola Drain
Han
dy N
o. 1
4
Unadilla 10-5
Handy No. 19
Oceola 1-1
Marion 1-1
C &
L N
o. 1
Hartland 16-2
Genoa 6-1
Livingston No. 5
Han
dy 4
-3
Woodin D
rain
Con
way N
o.
20
Oce
ola
No.
3
Marion
20-1
Iosc
o 2
6-7
Oce
ola
6-1
Con
way 1
1- 4
Handy No. 4
Pu
tna
m 4
-2
Handy 7-2
Lime Lake D
rain
Tyro
ne
35-1
Tyrone 24-3
Conway 3-2
Livin
gsto
n N
o. 2
Dee
rfie
ld 2
2- 1
Gen
oa 7
-3
Howell County Drain
Unadilla 19-1
Unadilla 7-3
Iosco 31-4
Con
way 6
-2
Genoa 2-1
Con
way
7-1
Marion N
o. 5
Iosco 1-1
Con
way 1
5- 6
Iosc
o N
o. 8
Hart
land
22
-8
Cohoctah 34-1
Con
wa
y 2
1-2
Howell No. 3
Iosco 14-3
Livingston CountyLakes and Drains
®0 2.5 5 7.5 101.25
Miles
Source: Livingston County GISPrepared By: Livingston County Department of Planning Hazard Mitigation Planning in Livingston CountyJune 2004
Lake
Drain
Note: Both public and private drainsare shown.
Hazard Mitigation Plan, Livingston County, MIChapter 4
54 Livingston County Department of Planning/Livingston County Emergency Management
cities which provide storm sewers.
Impervious Surfaces
Roadways, parking lots, rooftops and otherhard surfaces that do not absorb water, arecalled impervious surfaces. Impervioussurfaces redirect stormwater and cause it toaccumulate into much greater volumes thanwould normally flow over the land. Thenegative impacts of impervious surfaces arecompounded when this man-made vulnerabilityis adjacent to a natural feature that is alsovulnerable (e.g. a river, a stream, etc.)
Based on the current state of development inLivingston County, the areas with the largestamount of impervious surfaces are the county’stwo cities and two villages. Other areas with ahigh level of impervious surfaces (more than26%) include:
• the I-96 corridor
• the U.S. 23 corridor
• the General Motor proving grounds inBrighton Township
• an industrial park off Silver Lake Roadin Green Oak Township
• scattered sites in Genoa and HowellTownships along Grand River Avenue
• most of the area surrounding LakeChemung in Genoa Township
• state correctional facilities along M-36in Green Oak Township
See the Livingston County Percent ImperviousSurfaces map on the following page for anillustrated view.
Dams
Livingston County contains a total of 14 damsites that are regulated under the MichiganDam Safety Act. Three of these dams areclassified as Category 1 High Hazard Damsand 11 are classified as Category 2Significant Hazard Dams. Each of these damsites are illustrated on the following page onthe map titled Dam Sites Regulated UnderMichigan Dam Safety Act, and they are furtherdecribed in the following Risks of Dam Failuresection.
Category 1 and Category 2 Dams havewritten emergency operation plans for theirparticular site. These plans are contained inthe Livingston County EmergencyManagement Plan.
Collateral risks: The Livingston CountyHazard Profile Evaluation ranks the CollateralDamage or possibility of flooding causingsecondary damage, as High (the highestranking). Property damage is an obviouscollateral vulnerability associated with floodingevents, however, there are many other risksthat can be triggered by floods including thefollowing:
• contamination of drinking water - ifflood waters cover well heads, the wellwater is considered contaminated andis no longer safe for humanconsumption.
• wastewater treatment plant overflows
• grinder pump/septic overflows
• storm sewer overflows
• broken sewer lines causing watersupply pollution
55
LIVINGSTON COUNTY PERCENT IMPERVIOUS SURFACESBased on 1995 Land Use
.Sources: SEMCOG, MIRIS 1995 land use data
Prepared By: Livingston County Department of Planning,
Hazard Mitigation Planning in Livingston County
2 0 2 41 Miles
84 W
43 N
84 W
43 N
Livingston County, MichiganLivingston County, Michigan
Legend
0 - 10%
11 - 25%
26 - 88%
Water
Hazard Mitigation Plan, Livingston County, MIChapter 4
56 Livingston County Department of Planning/Livingston County Emergency Management
• infrastructure damage to bridges,culverts, drainage pipes, dams, roads,etc.
• downed power lines
• broken gas lines
• fires
• dispersion of hazardous materials
• interruption of communications and ortransportation systems
• stream bank failure
• silt dispersion that may reduce thecapacity of the river or stream to carrywater
occurrence ranking of Low.
Livingston County Emergency Managementhas recorded four dam failures since 1975;only one of which occurred during the lastthirty years in the 1983-2013 time period thatwe are analyzing in this plan. The time-line,locations and impacts of these events are asfollows:
• debris dispersion such as rocks, fallentrees and other debris that can becarried downstream to act asbattering rams to structures
• outbreak of disease
• widespread animal death
Risks of Dam Failure
Likelihood of occurrence: Dam failurescan be catastrophic because they often occurunexpectedly with no time for evacuation. Theimpacts of a dam failure can be felt milesdownstream from a dam. A dam failure canresult in loss of life and extensive propertyand natural resource damage. Floodingevents can cause water to overtop a dam ordam failure may be a result of poor damoperation, lack of maintenance/repair, orvandalism.
In the Livingston County Hazard ProfileEvaluation, Dam Failure is given a historical
Year/Month Location(s) Impact(s)
1975* Hartland
Township -
settlement of
Parshallville
Flooding caused
the unregulated
Parshallville Dam
to fail, thereby
causing nearby
Lake Shannon to
drain. The dam and
associated road
had to be re-built.
1981 Hartland
Township -
settlement of
Parshallville
Water wahed over
the unregulated
Parshallville Dam
causing bank
failure.
1982 Putnam
Township -
settlement of
Hell
Hiland Lake Dam in
Hell failed. A
nearby trailer park
of about 20 units
was flooded.
1996 Hartland
Township -
Bullard Lake
Dam
Water washed
over Bullards Dam
due to heavy rains,
resulting in a dam
that is in fragile
condition and an
embankment prone
to failure.
Dam Failure Events in Livingston County
Notes: *Indicates Presidential Declaration.
57
According to the Michigan Department ofEnvironmental Quality (MDEQ), there havebeen 287 dam failures documented inMichigan since 1888.The Michigan HazardAnalysis states “Although dams vary widely intheir significance and environmental contextthroughout Michigan, the historical recordshows a frequency of about 2.3 failures peryear, on average.”
Locational Risk: Dams in Michigan areregulated by Part 307, Inland Lake Levels,and Part 315, Dam Safety, of The NaturalResources and Environmental Protection Act,1994 PA 451, as amended. Part 315requires that dam owners prepare, and keepcurrent, an Emergency Action Plan (EAP) forall High and Significant Hazard dams (asrated through the Michgan Dam SafetyProgram). An EAP is a plan that establishesprocedures for notification of the MDEQ,public off-site authorities, and otheragencies, of the emergency actions to betaken prior to and following an impending oractual failure of a dam.
Hazard potential is based upon the potentialloss of life, property damage andenvironmental damage in an areadownstream of a dam; it is not based uponthe structural condition of the dam. A dam thatis rated “High Hazard” is one where loss oflife is likely if the dam fails. A dam that israted “Significant Hazard” is one wherepossible loss of human life and likelysignificant property or environmentaldestruction would occur if the dam failed.
Livingston County has 10 dam sites thatrequire an EAP under the Michigan DamSafety Act. Three of these dams areclassified as “High Hazard” Dams, and 7 areclassified as “Significant Hazard” Dams. Anadditional 14 dams are “Low Hazard” dams.
The following map and table of State of
Michigan Regulated Dams in LivingstonCounty shows us that the 3 High Hazarddams are located in Brighton, Green Oakand Putnam Townships. Failure of any ofthese 3 dams has the potential to causeserious flood damage to inhabited homes,agricultural buildings, campgrounds,recreational facilities, industrial orcommercial buildings, public utilities, mainhighways or Class I carrier railroads.Environmental degradation from floodingcould also be extensive and there is thepotential for loss of human life. The 7Significant Hazard dams in Livingston Countyare located in the communities of Green Oak,Hamburg, Genoa, Unadilla, Cohoctah andthe City of Howell. Failure of these dams maycause flood damage limited to isolatedinhabited homes, agricultural buildings,structures, secondary highways, short linerailroads or public utilities. Much like HighHazard dams, these dams may result inflooding that causes significant environmentaldegradation and loss of human life.
Overall, the southern portion of LivingstonCounty from Woodland Lake in BrightonTownship to the southern County line,represents the area with the greatestlocational risk for Dam Failure. This areacontains eight of the ten higher risk dams inLivingston County and all three of the damsrated “High Hazard.”
Natural features risks and impacts: Thenatural features (e.g. soils, slopes,woodlands, etc...) that may contribute to orintensify the effects of a dam failure include:
• significant precipitation
• dead vegetation along waterways thatcan be swept away, causing damagelike a battering ram
Hazard Mitigation Plan, Livingston County, MIChapter 4
58 Livingston County Department of Planning/Livingston County Emergency Management
Dam Name Location River/Stream Location
Hazard
Level
Nighwagh Lake Dam Green Oak Twp. - Section 26 Tributary to Huron River High
Hiland Lake Dam Putnam Township - Section 32 Hell Creek High
Woodland Lake Dam Brighton Township - Section 19 South Ore Creek High
Kent Lake Dam Green Oak Township - Section
1
Huron River Significant
Pettysville Mill Dam Hamburg Twp. - Section 16 Chilson Creek Significant
Lower Chilson Pond Dam Hamburg Township - Section 4 Chilson Creek Significant
Brighton Lake Dam Genoa Township - Section 36 South Ore Creek Significant
Unadilla Mill Dam Unadilla Township - Section 35 Hell Creek Significant
Oak Grove Millpond Dam CohoctahTwp. - Section 36 Bogue Creek Significant
Thompson Lake Dam City of Howell Tributary to Bogue Creek Significant
Moraine Lake Dam Brighton Township - Section 22 Mann Creek Low
Shannon Lake Dam Tyrone Township - Section 19 North Branch Ore Creek Low
Marsh Unit Flooding #4 Putnam Township - Section 16 Tributary to Honey Creek Low
Parshallville Dam Hartland Township - Section 6 North Ore Creek Low
Hidden Lake Dam Cohoctah Township - Section
24
Tributary to South Branch
Shiawassee River
Low
Gregory State Game
Area Dam #3
Putnam Township - Section 10 Tributary to Honey Creek Low
Faussett Dam Deerfield Twp. - Section 33 Yellow River Low
General Motors Dam Brighton Township - Section 12 Mann Creek Low
Long Lake Control
Structure
Hartland Township - Section 33 South Ore Creek Low
Bullard Lake Dam Hartland Township - Section 23 Ore Creek Low
Gregory State Game
Area Dam #2
Putnam Township - Section 16 Tributary to Honey Creek Low
Serene Lake Dam Howell Township - Section 24 Tributary to South Branch
Shiawassee River
Low
Tyrone Dam Tyrone Township - Section 34 Tributary to North Ore
Creek
Low
Caroga Lake Level
Control Structure
Hamburg Township - Section 9 Chilson Creek Low
State of Michigan Regulated Dams In Livingston County
Source: National Inventory of Dams, U.S. Army Corp of Engineers.
Hazard Mitigation Plan, Livingston County, MI
59Livingston County Department of Planning/Livingston County Emergency Management
Chapter 4
Man-made risks and impacts: The man-made features that may contribute to, orintensify the risk of dam failure include:
• lack of an Emergency Action Plan(EAP) for the dam and exercise of thisplan
• dam ownership that is varied andincludes ownership by individuals,private firms, states and municipalities
• indequate dam construction,operation, maintenance or repair
• vandalism
• no warning system for the impactedpopulation
• lack of evacuation due to unexpecteddam failures
• new development in potentialinundation zones downstream fromdam
• aging dam infrastructure
Collateral risks: The Livingston CountyHazard Profile Evaluation ranks the collateraldamage or possibility of dam failure causingsecondary damage, as Some. Other risksthat can be triggered by dam failures includethe following:
• human injury or death
• lifestock death
• property losses
• flooding
• loss of power generated by dam
Risks of Wild Fires
Likelihood of occurrence: In theLivingston County Hazard Profile Evaluation,wild fire is given a historical occurrenceranking of Low, however, the cumulativedamage and effects of wild fires in LivingstonCounty yields a high number of total points inthe evaluation, making wildfires the fourthmost prevalent natural hazard.
According to the Michigan Department ofNatural Resources (MDNR), there have been79 wildfires in Livingston County between1981 and 2010. This number of occurrencesover a 29 year period indicates that wildfiresare likely to occur at least three times peryear in Livingston County (precisely 3.7times). This is a low occurrence whencompared to Michigan’s northern LowerPennisula and Upper Pennisula countieswhere forests cover vast areas of land andwild fires can number in the hundreds to nearone thousand. However, the 79 occurrencesis high when compared to the counties thatsurround Livingston County. The surroundingsix counties have experienced wildfires withinan occurrence range of 1 wildfire in GeneseeCounty to 54 wildfires in Oakland County.Shiawassee County is the only surroundingcounty that has experienced more wildfiresthan Livingston County with 80 that haveoccurred between 1981 and 2010. Withinthe seven county Southeast Michigan Councilof Governments (SEMCOG), LivingstonCounty has experienced the second highestnumber of wildfires. St. Clair County hasexperienced more with 110 recordedwildfires.
MDNR records indicate that the 79 wildfiresthat have occurred in Livingston County, haveburned 651 acres of land between 1981 and2010. This is more than any other county thatsurrounds Livingston County, and it is thesecond highest number of acres burned per
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60 Livingston County Department of Planning/Livingston County Emergency Management
county in the SEMCOG region (second only toSt. Clair County where 1,643 acres of landwere burned).
Drought and lightning strikes are two naturalphenomenons that may contribute to wildfirerisk. Therefore, the risk of these two eventsoccurring is linked to the risk of wildfireoccurrence. However, contrary to popularbelief, neither drought nor lightning strikes arethe primary cause of wildfires. Ninety-threepercent (93%) of wildfires are caused byhuman activity. According to the MichiganHazard Analysis, outdoor debris burning is theleading cause of wildfires in Michigan.
Locational risk: Although the wildfires thathave occurred in Livingston County arespecific in location, a record of theselocations has not been kept by emergencymanagement or fire officials. In addition, theMichigan Department of Natural Resourcesfire force does not suppress many of thewildfires in southern Michigan, thereforeMDNR statistics fail to show a major
presence of wildfires.
2010 Census figures place LivingstonCounty’s total population at 180,967. Thisreflects a gain of 24,016 residents since2000, and 80,678 over the last thirty years.The 2010 Census population is a 80.5%increase since 1980, a 56.5% increase since1990 and a 15.3% change from the 2000Census population figure.
Additionally, Livingston County has long beenconsidered a natural playground for peopleliving in the nearby urban areas of MetroDetroit. Livingston County has approximately20,000 acres of parks and recreation areaswhich comprise roughly 5% of all land areawithin the county. Most of this acreage iswithin State parks, recreation and gameareas (83%) or regional Metroparks (10%).
Since most Michigan wildfires occur close towhere people live and recreate, these twovulnerability factors, an abundance of parksand recreation land and Livingston County’shigh rate of population growth, are thelocational features that make LivingstonCounty most vulnerable to wildfires.
In terms of population, the southeast quadrantof Livingston County accounts forapproximately 46% of the 2010 Censuscounty population. The communities thatmake up southeast Livingston County areBrighton Township, Genoa Township,Hamburg Township, Green Oak Townshipand the City of Brighton with a total southeastquadrant population of 83,697. The fourtownships in the southeast quadrant are themost populous in the county.
The second most populated area of thecounty is the northeast quadrant with apopulation of 40,799 (23% of the countypopulation), and the third and fourth mostpopulated areas of the county are the
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northwest quadrant with a population of30,060 (17% of county) and the southwestquadrant with a population of 25,411 (14% ofcounty).
An inventory of the State parks, County parks,recreation and game areas and Metroparklands, which constitute approximately 98% ofthe park and recreation acreage in LivingstonCounty, reveals the following quadrant byquadrant breakdown:
Southeast Quadrant:
11,206 acres consisting of:
• Island Lake State Recreation Area -4,000 acres of land in Green OakTownship.
• Brighton State Recreation Area -4,947 acres of land in Hamburg andGenoa Townships.
• Kensington Metropark - 522 acres inBrighton Township (the remainder ofthe park is in Oakland County).
• Huron Meadows Metropark - 1,539acres in Hamburg Township.
• Fillmore County Park - 198 acres inGenoa Township.
Northeast Quadrant:
1,194 acres consisting of:
• Oak Grove State Game Area - 894acresin Deerfield Township (roughlyhalf of the game area is in DeerfieldTownship and half is in CohoctahTownship in the northwest quadrant ofthe county).
• Lutz County Park - 300 acres locatedin Section 5 of Deerfield Townshipwest of Latson Road and south ofLovejoy Road (northern county line).
Northwest Quadrant:
894 acres consisting of:
• Oak Grove State Game Area - inCohoctah Township (roughly half of thegame area is in Cohoctah Townshipand half is in Deerfield Township in thenortheast quadrant of the county).
Southwest Quadrant:
6,557 acres and 12.7 linear miles consistingof:
• Gregory State Game Area andUnadilla Wildlife Area - 3,312 acres inUnadilla Township.
• Pinckney State Recreation Area(including Hell Creek Ranch) - 3,245acres in Putnam and UnadillaTownships.
• Lakeland Trail State Park - 12.7 milesin Unadilla and Putnam Townshipsand the Village of Pinckney.
Located on the following page, the mapentitled Livingston County Recreation, Public,and Open Space Areas Southeast Quadrant,depicts where most of these park andrecreational lands are situated.
Each Metropark receives an extensivenumber of visitors ranging from over190,000 annual visitors at Huron MeadowsMetropark to over 2 million annual visitors atKensington Metropark. The State Parks arealso heavily attended with an annualattendance of over 200,000 at Brighton State
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Park, over 700,000 at Pinckney StateRecreation Area and over 1 million annualvisitors at Island Lake State Park. Thenumber of annual visitors to the LakelandTrail and the various game areas throughoutthe county is unknown.
Another significant factor to consider whenassessing the locational risk of wildfires, iswhere the fuel sources for a potential wildfireexist in Livingston County. The location oflarge stands of woodland present thegreatest risk for fueling a wildfire. The mapentitled Livingston County’s LargestWoodland Areas found on the following page,illustrates where the largest stands of treespresently exist in the county. The woodlandsthat are depicted are broad leaved foresttrees such as Central Hardwoods like Oak,and Aspen and White Birch Associatedtrees. Also depicted are coniferous foresttrees such as pine, other upland conifers, andChristmas tree plantations. The stands oftrees were examined on a section by sectionbasis throughout the county. Most sectionsare one square mile in size or 640 acres.The woodlands that are depicted are thosethat comprise approximately 30 - 65% of thesection or approximately 190 to 414 acres ofthe 640 acre section. This analysis revealedthe following large stands of trees:
Southeast Quadrant:
• A swath of woodland in the northeastpart of Green Oak Township extendingup to the southeast corner of BrightonTownship. This woodland area isassociated with the Island LakeRecreation Area and the KensingtonMetropark.
• Expanses of woodland near thenortheast and northwest corners ofHamburg Township. These woodlandareas are associated with the Huron
Meadows Metropark and the BrightonState Recreation Area.
• A woodland area on the north side ofLake Chemung in Genoa Township.Golf course land in this areacontributes to the woodlandpreservation.
• Scattered smaller areas of woodlandsuch as: an area northeast ofNichwagh Lake in Green OakTownship, an area south of Silver LakeRoad and east of Fieldcrest Road inGreen Oak Township (owned by amission society), an area south of OreLake and the Huron River straddlingthe Green Oak and Hamburg Townshipline, and an area northeast of BaseLine Lake in Hamburg Township.
Northeast Quadrant:
• A large expanse of woodland on thewest side of Deerfield Townshipassociated with the Oak Grove StateGame Area and large farm properties.
• Woodlands east of Runyan Lake inTyrone Township.
• Scattered smaller areas of woodlandsuch as: two woodland areas in thesoutheast corner of Tyrone Township, awoodland area south of HoisingtonLake in Tyrone Township, a woodlandin the northeast corner of TyroneTownship, a woodland just west ofTyrone Lake in Hartland Township,woodland areas surrounding the burgof Hartland in Hartland Township, andwoodland areas north and east ofThompson Lake in Oceola Township.
64
Livingston County'sLargest Woodland Areas
Note: The woodlands that are depicted compriseapproximately 30-65% of the section in which they are locatedor approximately 190 to 414 acres of the 640 acre section.
Source: MIRIS Land Cover Data, 2000
Prepared By: Livingston County Department of Planning,Hazard Mitigation in Livingston County, August 2004
®0 2 4 6 81
Miles
Freeways
Rivers
Lakes
Sections
Woodlands
DenseWoodlands
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Northwest Quadrant:
• An expanse of woodland along theeastern tier of sections in CohoctahTownship. This woodland isassociated with the Oak Grove StateGame Area and large agriculturalproperties.
• A woodland area at the north centralboundary of Cohoctah Township.
• A woodland area at the south centralboundary of Cohoctah Township.
• A swath of woodland on either side ofthe Shiawassee River in the northcentral part of Howell Township.
Southwest Quadrant:
• Woodlands along the Red Cedar Riverin the north central portion of MarionTownship, inclusive of State ofMichigan land.
• Woodlands near the southeast cornerof Marion Township that are associatedwith the Brighton Recreation Area.
• Woodlands in northeast PutnamTownship that includes land area withinthe Gregory State Game Area and landarea owned by the Girl Scouts.
• A woodland area immediately north ofthe Village of Pinckney in PutnamTownship.
• A large expanse of woodland at thesouthwest corner of Putnam Townshipand the southeast corner of UnadillaTownship. These woodlands areassociated with the Pinckney StateRecreation Area and land owned bythe University of Michigan.
• Woodlands near the northeast cornerof Unadilla Township and the southeastcorner of Iosco Township that areassociated with the Gregory StateGame Area and large agriculturalproperties.
• Scattered woodlands associated withlarge agricultural properties in Unadillaand Iosco Townships.
In summary, when the high population growthareas of the county are cross referenced withthe location of state parks, recreation andgame areas, Metropark lands, and largestands of woodlands, we can start to identifysome county locations that are particularlyvulnerable to wild fire risk.
Based on resident population andrecreational risk factors, the locations withinthe county that are most at risk from wildfiresare:
√ Hamburg Township (particularly thenorthern half) and,
√ Green Oak Township (particularly thenorthern half).
These two areas are where most of the Stateand Metropark land is located and are alsowithin the quadrant of the county that is mostheavily populated (Hamburg Township is themost populated community in the county andGreen Oak Township is the fourth mostpopulated community in the county accordingto the 2010 Census).
Other areas at a greater risk of wildfirebecause of extensive park land and humanactivity due to resident population include:
√ Genoa Township√ Brighton Township√ Deerfield Township
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66 Livingston County Department of Planning/Livingston County Emergency Management
√ Putnam Township
Areas at a greater risk of wildfire due to largestands of woodland include all LivingstonCounty communities except the two cities ofBrighton and Howell, the two villages ofPinckney and Fowlerville, and the townshipsof Handy and Conway.
This expands the total list of communities thatare locationally at risk of wildfire to thefollowing 14 municipalities:
√ Cohoctah Township√ Deerfield Township√ Tyrone Township√ Hartland Township√ Oceola Township√ Howell Township√ Iosco Township√ Marion Township√ Genoa Township√ Brighton Township√ Green Oak Township√ Hamburg Township√ Putnam Township√ Unadilla Township
Natural features risks and impacts: Thenatural features in Livingston County that maycontribute to or intensify wildfire risk include:
• woodlands• vegetative cover• topography• hydrology• wildland/urban interface areas• state and Metropark park lands
Woodlands
Where there are expanses of woodland, thereis a greater vulnerability to wildfire becausetimber is a potential fuel source for fire. InLivingston County there are not the largestands of trees that you find in less developed
parts of Northern Michigan, but there arepockets of forested land scattered throughthe county. Many of these larger woodlandareas are associated with the State Parksand Metroparks that were discussedpreviously.
Vegetative Cover
Vegetation on both natural and man-madelandscapes can fuel a wildfire. The NationalWildland/Urban Interface Fire Program haspublished many helpful materials on how tocreate a firewise landscape. In a firewiselandscape, four planting zones arerecommended. Zone 1 is closest to thestructure and Zones 2-4 are progressivelyfurther away from the structure. The use oflow lying vegetation is recommended so thatif the vegetation burns it does not as easilyignite the surrounding tree canopy. The useof low flammability and drought tolerant plantmaterials is also suggested and it isrecommended that trees and other plantingson a landscape be well-spaced. Zone 4 is anatural area farthest from the structure. In thiszone it is recommended that nativevegetation be retained with periodic pruningand thinning by the homeowner.
The MDNR is currently conducting a detailedstatewide assessment to determinecommuniities’ risks from wildfire, usingGeographic Information System (GIS)technology. The assessment will identifyareas of greatest concern for wildfires basedon existing and projected land uses andpopulation concentrations, as well astopography, hydrology, soils, vegetative coverand other natural features. The assessmentwill provide state agencies, localgovernments, builders, developers, andprivate citizens with information needed tomake “Firewise” land use and developmentdecisions and to facilitate the creation ofcommunity wilfire protection plans.
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Topography
Topography influences the wind patternswhich can fuel a wildfire and cause it tospread. Even minor slopes cause fire tospread more rapidly. Wildfires on steeptopography cause many long-termenvironmental impacts. Scorched andbarren land on slopes may lead to soilerosion, landslides, mud flows, andsedimentation of nearby water resources.
Hydrology
In a high growth area such as LivingstonCounty where suburban residential patternsare changing the rural landscape, there areoften development battles regarding wellsand the water that is being drawn fromaquifers. The availability of well water iscritical to the rural homeowner in terms ofwatering/irrigating their landscape tosuppress the risk of wildfire. A naturallyoccurring drought compounds this risk andincreases the need for irrigation. In a rurallandscape, the lack of readily available waterfrom pressurized underground pipespresents further concerns for irrigation andfire suppression.
Wildland/urban Interface Areas
Increased suburban-style development in andaround forested areas in Livingston Countyhas increased the potential for loss of life andproperty from wildfires. Wooded slopes thatprovide scenic vistas are popular for homeplacement. Where wildland and urbanresidential development abut one anotherthere is an increased risk of a wildfire beingignited by a structural fire or a structure beingignited by a wildfire.
State and Metropark Park Lands
Park lands contribute to the vulnerability of
natural features because of the extensivevolume of woodland and other vegetation thatis preserved in the parks. The contiguousacres of park land greatly benefit thepreservation of habitat, but the abundance ofnatural timber and vegetative cover acts as apotential fuel source for wildfire, and thenatural devastation from a park land firewould be far greater than wildfires in otherportions of Livingston County.
Man-made risks and impacts: The man-made features in Livingston County that maycontribute to or intensify wildfire risk include:
• construction in wildland/urbaninterface areas
• recreation lands
• outdoor burning ordinances and yarddebris
• site plan design of developments
• seasonal homes
• on-call firefighters
• prevalence of domestic wells
Construction in Wildland/Urban InterfaceAreas
A high rate of development in LivingstonCounty is increasing the number of homesbeing built contiguous to or within woodlands.These woodland homes increase the risk ofwildfires. Fires that start as structural firescan spread to the woodland and woodlandfires can spread to the structures. Decks,fences, porches and outbuildings connectedto houses act as fuel bridges and increasethe risk of igniting woodlands. Flammableconstruction materials such as wood roofshingles can also contribute to fires in
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68 Livingston County Department of Planning/Livingston County Emergency Management
wildland/urban interface areas. Educationalefforts aimed at firewise construction suggestthe use of building material alternatives suchas: a fire-resistant sub-roof, slate or clay tiles,stucco or masonry exterior wall facing, andnon-flammable shutters.
Recreation Lands
Wildfires occur not only where people live,but also where people play. Therefore,recreation lands are vulnerable to humanactivities that may fuel a fire, such ascampfires, cooking with camp stoves andsmoking while recreating. Long-termimpacts include: loss of recreationalopportunities, loss of significant naturalfeatures and animal habitat, structuraldamage to public facilities on recreationallands and nearby non-recreational structuresand loss of human and animal life.
Outdoor Burning Ordinances and YardDebris
If municipal ordinances do not restrict openburning and the disposal of yard debris, bothof these factors can fuel or contribute to theintensity of a wildfire. The Michigan SolidWaste Management Act (264 P.A. 1990prohibits the burning of leaves and grassclippings in municipalities over 7,500 inpopulation, unless a municipality has anordinance expressly allowing such burningactivities. According to the Michigan StatePolice Emergency Management Division,when properly applied and enforced, this lawhelps prevent some wildfires since roughlyone-quarter of all wildfires are started bysmall residential waste fires that get out ofcontrol.
Site Plan Design of Developments
Local fire departments often sporadicallyreview proposed developments for fire
protection needs. This may be due to lack oftime or fire department personnel, or the firedepartments advice is simply not sought bythe local community. To solicit professionalfirefighting advice, some local communitieshave language in their zoning ordinanceswhich includes the local Fire Chief in thereview process.
Residential developments are particularlyvulnerable to wildfire when site design doesnot assist fire suppression with measuressuch as: adequate vehicular access,adequate signage for streets, roads andbuildings, and provision of adequateemergency water supplies. Development isalso vulnerable to wildfire when the sitedesign does not provide fire breaks.Firewise site design includes “thinningzones” or “fuel modification strips” wheredevelopment is separated from forestedareas by a zone or strip where flammablevegetation has been removed, modified orreplaced with drought-tolerant, fire-resistantplants. The placement of streets, parks, golfcourses and other noncombustible uses canalso achieve fuel modification. Most fuelmodifications will have a cost impact ondevelopment. Therefore it is much less costlyto include this in the first stages of site plandesign rather than as a design afterthought.
Seasonal Homes
An influx of residents using seasonal homesduring the warm dry Michigan summermonths increases the risk for wildfires due tothe increase in human activity around andwithin vulnerable natural features.Historically, Livingston County has beenconsidered a recreational playground forpersons living in surrounding urbanenvironments such as Metropolitan Detroitand Flint. The abundant lakes in LivingstonCounty made it an attractive location for thedevelopment of cottage dwellings. Over the
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Michigan).
Sources: Livingston County EmergencyManagement, Michigan Hazard Analysis July2012, and National Oceanic AtmosphericAdministration (NOAA) National ClimaticData Center.
There have been three (3) occurrences ofdrought in Livingston County over the last 30years, suggesting a 10% chance of thishazard occurring in any given year.
Locational risk: Drought events cannot bemapped since they are dispersed events thattend to affect the entire county.
Drought is a normal part of the climate ofMichigan. It is caused by a natural reductionin rainfall over an extended period of time,usually a season or more in length. It isdifficult to determine the beginning or end ofa drought.
Natural features risks and impacts:There are few natural features that contributeto or intensify the risk of a drought. Particularsoils are one natural vulnerability, and theimpacts of this vulnerability are as follows:
Soils Prone to Moisture Loss
Soils with a higher sand content tend to drainwater quickly and dry easily. Moistureconservation is a management concern ofthese soil types and the soils could becomemore vulnerable if exposed to droughtconditions. In a dry state, soils are moreprone to cause erosion, particularly onslopes. Erosion of soils can in turn dump soilsediment into nearby water bodies therebylessening its overall water quality. Soilparticles muddy the water, reduce the sunlightthat plants and animals in the water need toproduce oxygen, reduce the water areawhere animal eggs would be laid and
hatched, increase the erosive forces of thewater on stream and river banks, and addphosphorus and trace metals to the water.
Soils that lose a significant amount of theirmoisture through drought, may also be proneto land subsidence in the form ofdepressions, cracks, and sinkholes in theground surface. If land subsidence occursover a prolonged period, it may damagestructures with low strain tolerance such asdams and utility infrastructure.
Man-made risks and impacts: Followingare a couple of man-made features that maycontribute to or intensify the risk of drought:
• irrigation of agricultural crops• water supply demands
Irrigation of Agricultural Crops
The human and animal food supply that isprovided by agricultural crops may bedestroyed by the lack of water that isassociated with drought. This may affect thefood supply for a season or for severalgrowing seasons. If crop failure is prolonged,food shortages may be inevitable.
Water Supply Demands
With drought there is an increased demandfor water supply. The usage of waterincreases for human consumption, health &sanitation, agricultural irrigation, the wateringof landscapes, and recreation (pools, etc.).With a higher water demand and little or noreplenishment of water supplies, watershortages may occur. Many communitiesmay temporarily restrict municipal waterusage. Domestic wells may becomedepleted or contain dangerously low waterlevels which could pose health problems.
Collateral risks: The Livingston County
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Chapter 4
Hazard Profile Evaluation ranks the CollateralDamage or possibility of drought causingsecondary damage, as Some. Collateralrisks associated with drought include thefollowing:
• water shortages
• damage to agricultural crops
• decline of water quality in lakes,streams, and other bodies of water
• malnourishment of wildlife andlivestock
• increase in wildfires
• decline in tourism in areas dependenton water-related activities
• decline in land values
• reduced tax value
• increases in insect infestations, plantdisease, and wind erosion
• health-related problems such asdiminished sewage flows andincreased pollutant concentrations
• food shortages
Risks of Earthquakes
Likelihood of occurrence: In theLivingston County Hazard Profile Evaluation,a historical occurrence ranking forearthquakes is not included, since Michiganhas not had a major earthquake to date andthere is a very low probability of a future eventaffecting the State of Michigan in a significantway. Several mildly damaging earthquakeshave been felt in Michigan since thelate1700’s, although damage has been
limited to cracked plaster, broken dishes,damaged chimneys and broken windows.
Locational risk: The New Madrid SeismicZone centered around St. Louis, Missouri,contains the fault line that presents thegreatest locational risk of earthquakesimpacting Michigan. Scientists predict that amajor earthquake may occur within this zonesometime within the next few decades. If thiswere to occur, parts of Michigan couldreceive minor damage. Portions of southernMichigan are located within the lowestintensity area (Intensity VI) surrounding theNew Madrid Seismic Zone. LivingstonCounty is not one of the Michigan countiesincluded in this low intensity area.
Natural features risks and impacts: Faultlines are the naturally occurring feature whereearthquakes tend to strike. Michigan doescontain fault lines in the bedrock of the statebut these fault lines are considered stable.Therefore, Livingston County (and Michigan)does not contain any natural features thatcontribute to or intensify the risk of anearthquake.
Man-made risks and impacts: TheMichigan Hazard Analysis states that naturalgas and petroleum pipelines present thegreatest man-made vulnerability toearthquakes.
Damage to Pipelines
Damage to Livingston County gas andpetroleum pipelines could cause fuelshortages and/or the disruption of service tocounty households, businesses andindustries. Four major pipelines arepresently located in Livingston County. Theyare: Michcon Gas Pipeline; PanhandleEastern Pipeline; Consumers Power GasLine; and Enbridge Pipeline. The lines criss-cross the county in both east/west and north/
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south directions. Three of the pipelinestransport gas and one transports oil.
Collateral risks: There is the possibility thatan earthquake could cause the followingsecondary damage or collateral risks:
• disruption of communications systems
• disruption of electric power lines, gas,sewer and water mains
• contaminated water supplies
• damage to roads and othertransportation systems
• food and other resource shortages
• fires
• hazardous material spills
Risks of Land Subsidence
Likelihood of occurrence: The historicaloccurrence of land subsidence in LivingstonCounty has not been ranked in the LivingstonCounty Hazard Profile Evaluation due to theinfrequent occurrence of this hazardousevent. The Michigan Hazard Analysis citesthat major incidents that lead to catastrophicdamage are rare in Michigan, however,smaller incidents occur with regularity in oldmining areas. Generally, land subsidenceposes a greater risk to property than tohuman life.
Locational risk: Land subsidence in theform of depressions, cracks and sinkholestends to occur in areas where development islocated above active or abandoned mineswhere underground cavities are present nearthe surface, and in areas where considerableground water has been withdrawn from theearth.
Gravel extraction is the most common form ofmining in Livingston County and it does notinvolve underground mining activity; allactivity is at the surface of the land. Staterecords of abandoned underground minesare often sketchy and are sometimesnonexistent. Therefore, underground minesmay have existed in Livingston County anddevelopment may now be located over theseold mines.
The Michigan State Police EmergencyManagement Division has mapped PotentialSubsidence Hazards in Michigan, and as themap below indicates, much of the westernboundary of Livingston County is locatedwithin the Michigan Coal Basin whereunderground and surface coal mining wasprevalent from 1897 to 1952.
Natural features risks and impacts:There are few natural features that contributeto or intensify the risk of land subsidence.Particular soils are one natural vulnerability,and the impacts of this vulnerability are asfollows:
Potential Subsidence Hazard
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Soils
When soils rich in organic carbon aredrained for agriculture or other purposes, itmay cause land subsidence to occur.
Collapsing Cavities
Rock types such as limestone, gypsum, orsalt are susceptible to dissolution in waterand the formation of cavities. The collapsingcavities may develop over a period of hoursand cause extensive damage.
Man-made risks and impacts: Followingare a couple of man-made features that maycontribute to or intensify the risk of LandSubsidence:
Underground Mines
The Michigan Hazard Analysis states thatunderground mines present the greatestman-made vulnerability to land subsidence inMichigan.When land subsidence of anunderground mine occurs, the ground surfacecollapses into the underground mined area oran improperly stabilized mine openingcollapses. Many times, the only way that thepresence of an abandoned mine isdiscovered is after subsidence has actuallyoccurred and caused damage to structures.Mine subsidence can take years to manifest.
Groundwater Pumping
Groundwater in the pore spaces of an aquifersupports some of the wieght of the overlyingmaterials. When large amounts of water arepumped out of the ground, the subsoilcompacts and the surface of the ground maysubside.
Collateral risks: Other than the obviouscollateral risks that land subsidence causesto homes and non-residential buildings, thefollowing secondary damages could alsooccur:
• damage to underground utilityinfrastructure
• damage to roadways, bridges, damsand other types of publicinfrastructure
• changes to the landscape, wildlifehabitat and natural ecosystem
Risks of Lightning
Likelihood of occurrence: The historicaloccurrence of lightning has not been rankedas a separate natural hazard in the LivingstonCounty Hazard Profile Evaluation. It hashowever, been recognized as an impact ofSevere Winds and Tornadoes in the analysis.Since 1983 there have been twelve (12)significant Lightning incidents, whichsuggests that there is a 40% chance thatLightning strikes will occur in any given yearin Livingston County.
According to the Michigan Hazard Analysis,approximately 100,000 thunderstorms occureach year in the United States and eachstorm generates lighting. It is not uncommonfor a thunderstorm to produce hundreds oreven thousands of lightning strikes.
Year/Month Location(s) Impact(s)
1998 - June Hartland
Township
A lightning strike
damaged electrical
equipment at the
wastewater
treatment plant
Lightning Events in Livingston
County
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Year/Month Location(s) Impact(s)
1998 -
August
Genoa
Township
Thunderstorm
produced lightning
struck a store
northwest of
Brighton. The
resulting fire
destroyed the
building (1.5 million
in damage).
2001 - April Brighton Lightning struck the
chimney of a
Brighton home,
damaging
moldings, drywall,
and carpeting. A
computer in the
home also
received electrical
damage.
2001 -
October
Green Oak
Township
A 42 year old man
was struck by
lightning while
standing near his
front door. The
man sustained only
minor injuries.
2002 - early
April
Brighton A bolt of lightning
struck a detached
garage setting it
ablaze. The garage
suffered some
sizable damage.
2002 - late
April
Howell Lightning struck the
cap off the top of a
well and followed
the well-line into
the basement of a
nearby home. The
bolt blew out a hole
in the basement
wall.
Lightning Events in Livingston County
Year/Month Location(s) Impact(s)
2002 - May Fowlerville A mobile home
was struck by
lightning, setting it
on fire.The trailer
sustained
moderate damage.
The residence was
unoccupied and up
for sale when it
was struck so
there were no
injuries.
2003 - April Brighton Wide spread
thunderstorms
producing lightning,
severe winds and
hail. Lightning
struck an electrical
pole at the rear of a
house and set a
portion of the
garage on fire.
2005 - June Howell The Howell Fire
Department
reported that a car
was struck by
lightening as it
traveled on M-59
around 620 p.m.
causing damage to
the vehicle.
2006 -
October 2
Hartland A condominium
caught fire after
being struck by
lightning. Damages
were roughly
estimated at $50K.
Non one was
injured and
attached condos
were not damaged.
Lightning Events in Livingston County
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Chapter 4
Sources: Livingston County EmergencyManagement, Michigan Hazard Analysis July2012, and National Oceanic AtmosphericAdministration (NOAA) National ClimaticData Center.
The general public tends to view lightningoccurrences as a minor emergencymanagement threat, when in fact lightningdamages many structures and kills and injuresmore people in the U.S.per year, on average,than tornadoes or hurricanes. Lightningdeaths and injuries could be avoided if peoplehad more respect for the threats that lightningpresents to their safety.
Locational risk: Nationally, Michigan is oneof the states with the highest number oflightning deaths and injuries. This is probablydue in part to Michigan’s orientation as a state
with considerable outdoor recreationopportunities. Livingston County very muchfits this recreation profile with its many lakes,golf courses and extensive acres of park andgame land.
According to National Weather Servicerecords through the mid-2000s, Michigan hasincurred 711 lightning injuries and 101lightning deaths, for a total of 810 lightningcasualties. Casualties are equivalent toinjuries plus deaths.
National statistics on lightning strikes areavailable for the period from 1959 to 1995.These statistics reveal that the State ofMichigan ranks 2nd nationally in lightninginjuries (behind Florida), 12th nationally inlightning deaths and 2nd nationally in lightningcasualties (again, behind Florida).
In terms of specified locations, most deathsand injuries occur on open fields andrecreation areas such as ball fields andsecondly, under trees. Water areas withactivities such as fishing and boating, golfcourses, heavy equipment and machinery,and at a telephone, are other commonlocations for death and/or injury from lightningstrikes. Many other lightning deaths andinjuries occur at unspecified locations. Mostlightning incidents involve one individual. It isfar less common for an incident to involve agroup of persons. Victims are much morelikely to be male (84%) and lightning strikesmost commonly occur in the afternoonbetween 2:00 p.m. and 6:00 p.m.
Livingston County has approximately 20,000acres of parks and recreation areas whichcomprise roughly 5% of all land area withinthe county. Most of this acreage is withinState parks, recreation and game areas(83%) or regional Metroparks (10%). Whilemuch of this land has been left in a natural,
Year/Month Location(s) Impact(s)
2006 -
October
Fowlerville A home caught fire
after being struck
by lightning. The
blaze resulted in
extensive damage,
destroying two
second-story
rooms and the
roof. Property
damages were
estimated at
$150K. No one
was injured.
2010 - June Fowlerville A vacant home
caught fire after a
lightning strike. The
fire was contained
in the attic, but the
roof was
destroyed.
Lightning Events in Livingston County
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76 Livingston County Department of Planning/Livingston County Emergency Management
passive state, there are also areas withinthese recreational resources whereorganized, active recreation such as boatingand golf takes place. Due to the recreationaluse of this land, these locations are morevulnerable to lightening hazards. Thelocations of this park, recreation and gameland is inventoried under the Wild Firessection of this chapter (see the LivingstonCounty Recreation, Public, and Open SpaceAreas Southeast Quadrant map under WildFires). Additionally, there are numerousoutdoor recreation sites owned bymunicipalities, the school districts and privateand commercial operators.
The approximately 1,339 acres of municipalpark land in Livingston County is primarilylocated in the Cities of Brighton and Howell,the Village of Fowlerville and HartlandTownship. The outdoor recreation facilitiesthat are owned by the school districts areprimarily located in the Cities of Brighton andHowell, the Villages of Fowlerville andPinckney, and Hartland and PutnamTownships. The outdoor recreation facilitiesthat are privately owned and operated arescattered throughout Livingston County. Golfcourses are concentrated in the eastern halfof Livingston County and this type of outdoorrecreation is one of the most vulnerable tolightning incidents.
The analysis of recreational land under theWild Fires section notes six townships thatcontain the most acres of recreational landfound in State parks, recreation and gameareas or regional Metroparks and aretherefore most vulnerable to wild fires. Thesesix townships are: Hamburg, Green Oak,Genoa, Brighton, Deerfield and PutnamTownships. The vast recreational land inthese communities also makes themvulnerable to lightning hazards. Adding in thesix communities that house the majority of
school recreational facilities, we arrive at alist of 11 Livingston County communities thatare most locationally vulnerable to lightninghazards. These eleven communities are alsoinclusive of the majority of county golfcourses, woodlands, and lakes which presentnaturla feature vulnerabilities. the vulnerablecommunities are as follows:
√ Hamburg Township√ Green Oak Township√ Genoa Township√ Brighton Township√ Deerfield Township√ Putnam Township
√ Hartland Township√ City of Howell√ City of Brighton√ Village of Fowlerville
Natural features risks and impacts:Since lightning is a random andunpredictable hazardous event, it is difficult todetermine whether any natural features inLivingston County would contribute to orintensity the risk of lightning. Following arethe two natural freatures that most likely couldintensity the risk of lightning:
• trees• lakes
Trees
Trees present a natural feature vulnerability inthat humans are frequently injured by lightningwhile under the canopy of a tree. Additionally,when woodlands are struck by lightning thereis a chance of the wood catching fire andstarting a larger scale wild fire. In LivingstonCounty there are not the large stands of treesfound in less developed parts of NorthernMichigan, but there are pockets of forestedland scattered through the county. Many ofthese larger woodland areas are associated
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with the State Parks and Metroparks thatwere discussed previously. The previoussection on Vulnerability to Wild Fires,inventories and illustrates where the largeststands of trees presently exist in LivingstonCounty.
Lakes
Hundreds of lakes are present in LivingstonCounty including over 50 lakes that aregreater than 60 acres in size. The greatestconcentration of lakes in the county occurs inthe southeast quadrant. The previous sectionon Vulnerability to Floods contains a listing ofthe largest lakes in Livingston County and amap of lakes county-wide. Lakes mightintensify the risks of lightning by carrying thecharge of a strike upon the water. Michiganswimmers and boaters have been injured orkilled by this type of incident.
Man-made risks and impacts: There arenot many man-made features that maycontribute to or intensify the risk of lightning.Following are a few man-made vulnerabilitiesthat have some impact:
• outdoor recreational facilities• electrical utility equipment• construction sites
Outdoor Recreational Facilities
As previously discussed, it is primarily wherehumans recreate out of doors that lightningstrikes injure or kill people. Although there isno absolute way to prevent lighting strikes orprotect humans and structures from theeffects of a lightning strike, local lightningdetection systems are increasingly beinginstalled at golf courses, parks, pools, sportsfields and other outdoor recreation spaces.These devices monitor electrical activity inthe atmosphere and activate a warning light
or horn when conditions are favorable forlightning.
Electrical Utility Equipment
Lightning damage to computers, phone linesand communication systems, are estimatedto amount to nearly 5% of all paid insuranceclaims, with residential claims aloneexceeding $1 billion.
Lightning strikes are the single largest causeof electrical outages. Estimated damages toelectrical utility equipment and lost revenuefrom lightning strikes totals as much $1 billionper year in the U.S.
Construction Sites
Wherever there is a concentration of heavyequipment there is a greater chance of alighting strike causing property damage orhuman casualties. According to the U.S.Bureau of Labor Statistics, construction is the6th largest industry in Livingston County,employing 2,450 persons or 5.7% of theemployed civilian population 16 years of ageand older (43,199). While construction hasdeclined in the County during the recentrecesssion, Livingston County remains adesired locale in Southeast Michigan and thenumber of construction sites is increasingthereby increasing the risk of constructionsite lightning strikes.
Collateral risks: Property damage is anobvious collateral risk associated withlightning strikes. There are many other risksthat can be triggered by lightning including:
• damage to aircraft• damage to electric utility equipment• power outages• wildfires• structure fires
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Likelihood of occurrence: The historicaloccurrence of fog has not been ranked as anatural hazard in the Livingston CountyHazard Profile Evaluation due to the fact thatfog by itself is not a natural hazard withdestructive forces. It is only when fog andhumans interact that a hazardous situationmay occur. It must be noted, however, thatfreezing fog is a hazard for which the NationalWeather service does issue specialstatements. Freezing fog can makeroadways slick and hazardous leading toserious transporation issues.
Risks of Fog
Year/Month Location(s) Impact(s)
1995 -
January
county-wide A dense fog
blanketed much of
Lower Michigan
from the evening of
January 11th - the
morning of January
13th. Numerous
traffic accidents
resulted in 4
fatalities. School
openings were
delayed and airline
flights were
cancelled, delayed
or diverted.
2000 -
October
county-wide Dense fog
throughout metro
Detroit for two day
period. The fog
caused significant
problems for
morning
commuters, school
openings, and
flights at Detroit
Metropolitan
Airport.
Fog Events in Livingston County
Year/Month Location(s) Impact(s)
2005 -
January
county-wide Heavy fog caused
up to 200 cars to
collide on the I-96
espressway,
primarily between
Okemos and
Webberville, but
also extending
westward to
Fowlerville. Two
people were killed
and 37 were
injured. It was the
worst crash in mid-
Michigan in recent
years and it shut
down both lanes of
Interstate 96.
2009 -
January
county-wide Freezing fog
reduced visibility
and froze upon the
roadways making
conditions slick.
Fog Events in Livingston County
Sources: Livingston County EmergencyManagement, Michigan Hazard Analysis July2012, and National Oceanic AtmosphericAdministration (NOAA) National ClimaticData Center.
Since 1983 there have been four (4)significant Fog incidents, which suggests thatthere is a 13% chance that Fog will occur inany given year in Livingston County.
Locational risk: According to the MichiganHazard Analysis, one major fog event isestimated to occur in Michiganapproximately every two years. Fogparticularly impacts the transportationnetwork therefore, Livingston County
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experiences some locational risks due toInterstate 96, and U.S. 23 and M-59highways that traverse the county andtransport many computers to and from thecounty. In recent years the presence of Fogon I-96 has played a part in several multi-vehicle accidents; some with deadlyconsequences.
Natural features risks and impacts: It isdifficult to determine whether any naturalfeatures in Livingston County wouldcontribute to or intensity the risk of Fog. Low-lying and wetland areas often trap fog morethan upland areas. These low and wet areascan cause localized fog that is particularlydangerous if an unsuspecting driver on aroadway encounters the Fog unexpectantlyand their visibility is impaired.
Man-made risks and impacts: There arenot many man-made features that maycontribute to or intensify the risk of Fog.Following are a few man-made vulnerabilitiesthat have some impact:
• vehicular transportation• airport transportation facilities• industrial smoke and pollution
Vehicular Transportation
Property damage to vehicles can besignificant, although real property andstructures are usually not impacted. Human-error such as high speed and following othervehicles too closely in limited visibilityconditions is usually the cause of Fog-relatedvehicular accidents.
Airport Transportation Facilities
Fog is particularly hazardous at airports,where various methods such as heating orspraying salt particles, and de-icing havebeen attempted to disperse fog and freezingfog.
Industrial Smoke and Pollution
Industrial pollution can cause a dense haze ortype of fog know as smog. Over time,Michigan has become less industrialized asa state which has improved the air qualitycoupled with the positive effects of the CleanAir Act and other legislation and regulatorymeasures.
Collateral risks: The collateral risksassociated with Fog events include:
• damage to vehicles• damage to aircraft• potential impact on respiratory health
Risks of Invasive Species
Likelihood of occurrence: The historicaloccurrence of Invasive Species has not beenranked as a natural hazard in the LivingstonCounty Hazard Profile Evaluation. It is verydifficult to predict when a non-native speciesmay be introduced into our ecosystem.Invasive species can be insects, plants, andspecies such as organisms and animals. Atleast 200 well-known, high-impact invasivespecies presently occurr in the United States.
Locational Risk: It is primarily humanaction that introduces the invasive species toa location. The invasive species can betranported in many ways such as modes oftransportation (train, ship, vehicles, etc.) or ona person’s clothing. Transportationefficiencies make it possible for a species totravel quickly around the globe.
Some of the more prevalent invasive speciesin Livingston County include:
Invasive Insects- Emerald Ash Borer
The Emerald Ash Borer (EAB) is an exoticbeetle that was discovered near Detroit in2002. The beetle is responsible for the death
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80 Livingston County Department of Planning/Livingston County Emergency Management
or damage of approximately 50 million ashtrees in Michigan, surrounding states andCanada.
With the exception of a few Upper Pennisulacounties, all counties in Michigan are nowEmerald Ash Borer quarantinedcounties in order to prevent and control thespread of EAB. Livingston County and allother lower penninsula counties areprohibited from moving hardwood firewoodnorth across the Mackinac Bridge.Additionally hardwood firewood and otherarticles regulated by the quarantine cannotbe moved from anywhere in Michigan to theBeaver Island Archipelago, Big and LittleCharity Islands, North and South ManitouIslands and Isle Royale. Individuals orbusinesses found violating the State ofMichigan EAB quarantine are subject to finesranging from $1,000 to $250,000 and jailtime of up to five years.
Other examples of invasive insects and theirhosts, include:
• Balsam Woolly Adelgid - Fir trees• Hemlock Woolly Adelgid - Eastern
Hemlock trees• Asian Long-Horned Beetle - Several
species of hardwood trees found inMichigan.
• Japanese Cedar Long-HornedBeetles - Nest in white cedar, easternred cedar, and cypress trees.
• Gypsy Moth - Tree foilage• Khapra Beetle - Grains and other dry
food storage areas.
Invasive Plant Species - Phragmites
There are many invasive plant species thatdo major damage to Michigan’s naturalareas by attacking and eliminating nativeplant species that provide valuable habitat interms of shelter, food, spawning and nurseryopportunities. The invasive plant species
have no natural predators, so they expandrapidly throughout areas of SoutheastMichigan. Examples of invasive plantsinclude: Autumn Olive, Black Locust,Common Buckthorn, Glossy Buckthorn,Japanese Barberry, Japanese Knotweed,Oriental Bittersweet, Purple Loosestrife,Swallow-Wort and Phragmites.
The Green Infrastructure Vision for SoutheastMichigan notes that Phragmites Australis(Common reed) is a highly invasive plantspecies that has been growing in SoutheastMichigan for about 20 years. This invasiveplant species can be found in varying densitythroughout the region in road ditches,wetlands, inland lakes and their channels;along rivers, streams and county drains;aswell as along the shores, channels, islands,and wetlands of the Great Lakes.
Large stands of Phragmites have replacedhigh quality communities of native plants overtens of thousands of acres of Michiganwetlands and coastal areas. The rapidexpansion of Phragmites has resulted inmany adverse hazard mitigation impactsincluding:
• Phragmites’ impenetrable root masschokes off water bodies, restrictingaccess and water flow, oftencontributing to localized flooding.
• Phragmites threatens public safety asa fire hazard.
• Phragmites is a visual hazard topublic safety, due to diminished sightlines along waterways, trails, and roadintersections.
Other Invasive Species
Organisms such as invasive microbes mayinfect plants impacting their health or foodproduction. Some examples of invasivemicrobes, their hosts and symptoms, include:
• Dutch Elm Disease - Elm trees. Trees
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Chapter 4
infected by elm bark beetles first showwilting, curling and yellowing leaves onone or more barnches in the upperportion of the tree, as a fungus fromthe beetles progressively affects thetree’s health.
• Plum Pox Virus - Peach, plum,nectarine, apricot, almond and cherrytrees. Discolored viral rings on leavesand fruit result in smaller deformedfruit and reduced fruit production.
• Thousand Canker Disease of Walnut -Black walnut and other walnutspecies. Infected walnut trees showwilting, curling, and yellowing of leaveson one or more branches in theirupper portions, as a fungus from thewalnut twig beetles progressivelyaffects the tree’s health.
Invasive water species such as the ZebraMussel have been invading Michigan waterbodies since the mid 1980’s. Acquatic formsof invasive species eat the food supply whichis vital to the existing ecosystem, therebydisturbing the natural balance of the habitat.The Zebra mussel attaches to water intakepipes and screens used for drinking waterand industrial plants.These pests not onlycause environmental problems, they alsocause economic impacts. Asian Carp andSea Lampreys are other examples ofacquatic invasive species. Both of theseanimals prey on native fish causing a declinein fish population.
Invasive terrestrial animal species such asferal swine also pose a threat in Michigan.Feral swine are considered an agressivepublic nuisance as the pigs have been knownto chase and attack humans. They may alsobecome infected with diseases that can betransmitted to humans, domestic livestock orwildlife.
Lastly, animal diseases have the potential toimpact Livingston County by causingmortality in livestock, wildlife, and companionanimals. Some examples of animaldiseases, their hosts and symptoms, include:
• Foot and Mouth Disease - Thisinfectious virus spreads on surfacesand in the air, and impacts livestocksuch as cattle, swine, sheep, goats,deer and other cloven-hoof ruminantanimals. The presence of this animaldisease has not existed since 1929however, it continues to be of greatconcern because of its highlycontagious nature and widespreadimpacts.
• Chronic Wasting Disease - Deer andelk are affected by this brain disease.This disease has only been detectedat one enclosed deer breeding facilityin Michigan however, the diseaseremains a major concern due to thelarge wild population of deer inMichigan.
Natural features risks and impacts: Thepresence of ash trees in Livingston Countywould be the natural feature that would mostsignificantly contribute to or intensify the riskof the Emerald Ash Borer. It is estimated thatthere are 700 million ash trees in the State ofMichigan.
The largest concentration of ash trees andother hardwood trees in Livingston Countythat could be at risk to insect and microbeinfestation would be in the larger woodlandareas of the State Parks and Metroparks.These parks are primarily located inHamburg and Green Oak Townships insoutheast Livingston County. However,almost all Livingston County communitieshave large stands of woodlands that are not
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82 Livingston County Department of Planning/Livingston County Emergency Management
necessarily associated with parkland. Theprevious section on Vulnerability to WildFires, inventories and illustrates where thelargest stands of trees presently exist inLivingston County.
Trees that have been infested by EAB orother invasive species, are either dead ordying with the tree in a dry, brittle anddeteriorating condition. Therefore, theseinfested trees are a significant public safetyrisk since the trees are highly vulnerable topartial or complete collapse in the event ofhigh winds, heavy rains, ice or snowaccumulation. The dead or dying trees alsopose a fire hazard.
The natural water feature in Livingston Countythat has proven to significantly contribute toor intensify the risk of invasive species is theHuron River. The river traverses the highlypopulated townships of Green Oak andHamburg in Livingston County, and theimpacts of this watershed reach far beyondLivingston County boundaries. In the lastseveral years invasive plants such asphragmites have been harvested annuallyfrom the river in order to keep the watercourse flowing in an unrestricted fashion tolessen the risk of seasonal flooding.
Man-made risks and impacts: The man-made features that may contribute to orintensify the risk of invasive species thatharm trees, are features that could beimpacted by tree debris. Following are a fewman-made vulnerabilities that have someimpact:
Electrical Utility Equipment
Tree debris can cause significant electricaloutages by falling on wires or other electricalutility equipment.
Transportation Infrastructure
Fallen tree debris can wreak havoc onroadways by creating obstacles thatmotorists must avoid, which could lead totraffic accidents.
Outdoor Recreational Facilities
The outdoor recreational areas where peopleplay typically have a higher concentration ofnatural features like woodlands and aretherefore vulnerable to the destruction oftrees. Downed trees and tree limbs couldforce the closure of recreational amenitiessuch as trailways due to public health, safetyand welfare concerns.
Collateral risks: Property damage is anobvious collateral risk associated with treesinfested by EAB or another invasive species.There are many other collateral risks that canbe triggered by dry, brittle and collapsing treedebris such as:
• loss of recreational opportunities
• damage to electric utility equipment
• power outages or disruption ofelectrical or telephone service
• wildfires
• structure fires
• extensive tree damage alongroadways may block access or causetraffic accidents
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83Livingston County Department of Planning/Livingston County Emergency Management
Chapter 4
Risks of Public Health
Emergencies (see Appendix A for in
depth analysis)
Likelihood of occurrence: The historicaloccurrence of Public Health Emergencieshas not been ranked as a natural hazard inthe Livingston County Hazard ProfileEvaluation. A common characteristic of publichealth emergencies is that they impact, orhave the potential to impact, a largepopulation of people. A public healthemergency may be a primary event such asa disease epidemic or a large-scale incidentof food or water contamination, or a publichealth emergency may be a secondary eventto another disaster or emergency. Forinstance, extended periods without adequateelectricity, water and sewer/septic servicesmay be the public health impact of aninfrastructure emergency, or harmfulexposure to chemical, radiological orbiological agents, may be the public health
impact of terrorism.
Local occurrences of Public Health incidentshave taken many forms including:
• high E. coli content in area lakesforcing temporary closure ofswimming areas
• waterbourne outbreaks from publicswimming, either beach or pool
• boil-water advisories for consumers ofarea water plants that have hadtemporary operating problems suchas a drop in or lack of adequatesystem pressure
• high nitrates in homeowner wells
• West Nile threats from mosquitoes
• hepatitis and meningitis outbreaks inschools
• foodbourne pathogeniccontaminations (such as a 1998-1999listeriosis outbreak from production ofhot dogs and deli meats in a Michiganmeat plant)
• Vaccine preventable diseaseoutbreaks, including influenzaoutbreaks in schools, daycares, short-term/long-term care facilities
• potential lung cancer risk due toelevated Radon gas levels
• groundwater contamination due tomay potential scenarios
• elevated arsenic in groundwaterleading to health affects
• elevated barium in groundwaterleading to health affects
• Norwalk-like illnesses in short-term/long-term care facilities
• Healthcare associated infections inhealth-care settings
Other public health emergencies thathave occurred in Michigan include:
• PCB contamination of cattle
• botulism bacterium
• frozen water and sewer infrastructure,resulting in line breaks
Locational risk: In Livingston County theprimary locational risks for public health
emergencies include:
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• long-term care facilities
• restaurants
• schools
• swimming areas
• public water, sewer and electricityfacilities
• individual wells and septic systems
• landfills
• food processing plants
• farms
Restaurants
Foodborne Pathogenic Contamination canbe transmitted through any food serviceestablishment, with restaurants and schoolsbeing typical locations because they servelarge numbers of people. A 1977 Botulismoutbreak occurred in nearby Oakland Countydue to the use of improperly canned peppersin an area restaurant. Michigan schoolsexperienced a Hepatitis A outbreak due totainted frozen strawberries that weredistributed through the national school lunchprogram.
Restaurants in Livingston County areprimarily located in the two cities of Brightonand Howell, the two villages of Fowlervilleand Pinckney, the Grand River corridorbetween the City of Howell and the City ofBrighton, and U.S. 23 and I-96 highwayinterchanges.
The Livingston County Department of PublicHealth (LCDPH) conducts surpriseinspections of local restaurants looking forviolations of the Michigan Health Code. The
state reporting forms cover multiplerestaurant sanitation issues such as trashreceptacles, utensils, cloths for washingtables, food preparation areas, and even thecondition of food storage containers in pantryareas. These inspections may result in anon-critical violation that must typically beresolved within 180 days, or a criticalviolation which requires immediate attention.The results of these inspections are publicinformation. Information about healthinspection violations may be obtained for anyLivingston County restaurant through asearch engine available on the LCDPHwebsite. Additionally, the Livingston CountyHealth Department licenses and inspectstemporary food establishments that operatefor a period of no more than 14 consecutivedays in conjunction with a single event orcelebration.
Schools
The congregation of children in schools hasmade these locations vulnerable to severaldifferent types of public health emergenciesincluding hepatitis A outbreaks throughschool hot lunches, E. coli contamination ofswimming pools, and spread ofcommunicable diseases such as influenzaand meningitis.
Schools in Livingston County arepredominately concentrated within oradjacent to the county’s two cities and twovillages. See Chapter 6: Critical Facilities fora full inventory and map of school locations.
Swimming areas
Particularly during summer months, it iscommon for Detroit area TV stations to carrya story about certain area beaches that areclosed due to high E. coli levels. The causeof high E. coli in swimming areas may be dueto animal feces (such as seagulls) orimproper chlorine levels in pools that do not
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kill the E. coli bacteria. Most of the publicswimming pools in Livingston County arelocated in the public high schools rather thanprivate recreational facilities like the YMCA.The location of county schools is discussedin the subsection above.
Although there are an abundance of lakes inLivingston County with public access areas,two of the State Parks and one of theMetroparks contain the Livingston Countyswimming beaches that are most likely toreceive the greatest concentration of visitors.Kensington Metropark is located in BrightonTownship and it contains both MartindaleBeach and the Splash ‘N’ Blast childrenswater park. Kensington Metroparkconsistently receives over 2.5 million annualvisitors.
The state park and metropark beaches aremonitored by the LCDPH EnvironmentalHealth Division, because there is thepossibility for E. coli and other types of publichealth emergencies due to the highconcentration of park visitors.
Public water and sewer facilities
Public water and sewer facilities are prone topublic health emergencies such as broken orfrozen lines that cause a loss in service, or adrop in system pressure that requires boil-water advisories due to potential watercontamination.
The previous Risks of Infrastructure sectiondiscusses public water and sewer facilities indetail. There are 10 public water facilitieslocated in seven Livingston Countycommunities and one or more public sewerfacilities located in seven Livingston Countycommunities. The locations of these facilitiesare mapped in Chapter 6: Critical Facilities.
Individual wells and septic systems
A large number of Livingston Countyresidents live in county areas that are notserved by public sewer and/or water. Thecontamination of individual wells and thefailure of individual septic systems presentsthe potential for numerous public healthemergencies. The LCDPH EnvironmentalHealth Division notes that particularly aroundthe City of Howell and northeast of the Villageof Fowlerville, water wells may containmethane gas. Water may appear milky andeffervescent. Methane levels can build to anexplosive level if water is used in small,unvented or poorly vented areas such as alaundry room, shower well pit or pump house.There are a couple of different ways tomitigate methane in a well water supply andLCDPH can suggest a gas removal system.
Coliform bacteria, high nitrates and arsenicin individual water wells are other commonpublic health risks. Coliform bacteria is atype of bacteria associated with animalwastes, sewage and surface water. Nitratesare a naturally occurring form of nitrogenfound in soil and groundwater. In sufficientconcentrations, nitrates in drinking water canbe toxic to infants and young animals.Elevated nitrates in groundwater and wellsmay be associated with excessive fertilizers,sewage disposal systems, barnyard runoff,municipal wastewater and sludge, andindustrial wastes. High nitrates may also beassociated with poorly constructed orimproperly placed water wells. Arsenic isalso naturally occurring. Through erosion andweathering of rock it is sometimes found inwell water. Exposure to arsenic at high levelsposes serious health effects because it is a
known human carcinogen.
According to the LCDPH, approximately 65percent of all homes in Livingston Countyutilize on-site septic treatment systems forwastewater disposal. Approximately 1,000
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new septic tanks are installed each year. thisis predicted to increase septage volumesfrom 12 milion to 16 million gallons by 2020.
Locationally, these systems are dispersedthroughout the county. Individual septicsystems may fail due to inadequate design,inappropriate installation, neglectfuloperation or exhausted life expectancy.Septic system failures are sources ofincreased nitrogen, phosphorus, organicmatter, and bacterial and viral pathogens andthey can contaminate surface waters andshallow drinking water supplies. In LivingstonCounty there has been a large in-migration ofnew residents from the Metro Detroit area.Many former city dwellers that have lived withmunicipal water and sewer service havepurchased rural land parcels in LivingstonCounty that have individual water wells andseptic systems. Many have no knowledge ofhow to maintain septic tanks and drainfields,so the likelihood of failure of these systems
may be increased.
Not to long ago, most septage removed from
residential septic tanks by waste haulers was
disposed of, untreated, upon the land at
permitted sites across the County. In 2007 inresponse to new State legislation, theLivingston County Board of Commissioners
banned the application of septage on all
properties in Livingston County in order to
protect citizens from potential contamination
risks to surface and ground water. Septage
processing and storage facilities were
developed at various sites within the County
to comply with the new regulations, including
a Livingston County municipal collection site
called Livingston Regional Sanitary System
located in Hartland Township. The Livingston
County Drain Commissioner also manages
and operates ten small community sanitary
sewer systems.
Landfills
There are no active dumps/landfills inLivingston County and there are 18 knownclosed dump/landfill sites. The Public HealthDepartment states that there is littleinformation available about these sites, andanyone interested in purchasing ordeveloping the surrounding land shouldcontact LCDPH for further informationregarding any special restrictions and/orrequirements associated with the land.Restrictions often regard the drilling of newwells, due to potential contamination from thedump/landfill.
The LCDPH has mapped these locations inthe Environmental Awareness Handbookmentioned previously. The number of dumpsor landfills and the communities in which theyare located is as follows:
• Brighton Township - 1• Cohoctah Township -1• Conway Township - 1• Genoa Township - 1• Green Oak Township - 4• Hamburg Township - 2• Handy Township - 2• Hartland Township - 2• Howell Township - 1• Iosco Township - 1• Marion Township - 2• Oceola Township - 2• Putnam Township - 1• Tyrone Township - 2• Unadilla Township - 1• Village of Fowlerville - 2• Village of Pinckney - 1
Farms and Food Processing Plants
According to the 2012 Census of Agriculture,the number of farms in Livingston County hasdecreased since the 2007 Census ofAgriculture from 795 to 734 (2012). The
number of acres of land involved in farming
T
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also decreased between 2007 and 2012.The 2012 Census of Agriculture recorded86,141 acres in farms in Livingston County.The Census defines a farm as any place fromwhich $1,000 or more of agricultural productswere produced and sold or normally wouldhave been sold during the census year.Although the Census does not reveal thelocation of these farms, land use statisticsreveal that the majority of farm land is locatedin the western half of the county. TheSoutheast Michigan Council of Governments(SEMCOG) 2008 statistics on land use/landcover by acre, reveal that the townships ofConway, Cohoctah, Deerfield, Handy andIosco each contain over 10,000 acres of landthat is cultivated, grassland, and shrub, whichincludes agriculture and farm residences.
Farms and agricultural land pose specialpublic health concerns. The use ofpesticides and fertilizers on cultivated landand the generation of animal waste on farmshas the potential to pollute area ground watersupplies. This may result in area wells withhigh nitrates that could be toxic to infants andyoung animals, or wells that arecontaminated with Coliform bacteria which isassociated with animal wastes.
Another public health concern is the use ofantibiotics as an additive to livestock feed orwater. The antibiotics are used to convertfood into meat more quickly and efficiently, orto avert infection in animals that are kept inconfined conditions. Scientists have proventhat antibiotic use inevitably leads toantibiotic resistance in humans, yet thisagricultural practice continues and many feelthat the problem constitutes a global publichealth crisis.
The storage, distribution and/or processingof food products in the county couldpotentially result in foodborne pathogenic
contaminations like that of the 1998-1999
listeriosis outbreak from the production of hotdogs and deli meats in a Michigan meatplant. There are a handful of facilities thatstore, distribute or process food products inLivingston County including:
• Gordon Foods Distribution Center inGreen Oak Township
• Specialty Food Services (adistributor) in Green Oak Township
In addition, the F.E. Lott Elevator in CohoctahTownship is the only grain elevator inLivingston County that is still operating as atraditional business for the drying and storingof grain.
Natural features risks and impacts: Thenatural features that may contribute to orintensify the effects of a public healthemergency include the following:
• environmental contamination carriedby water, absorbed by plants orcirculated in some other fashion
• ground water contamination
• pollution of natural features such aslakes, watercourses and groundwater
Man-made risks and impacts: The man-made features in Livingston County that maycontribute to or intensify the risk of publichealth emergencies include:
• weakened immune systems in theyoung, pregnant and elderlypopulations
• limited or low supply of serums thatcounteract the effects of disease orcontamination
• improper processing of foods
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88 Livingston County Department of Planning/Livingston County Emergency Management
• a health department’s unorganized orslow response to a public healthemergency
• high consumption of restaurant foodsand processed foods
• facilities that congregate people,increasing the number of peopleexposed to potential public healththreats
• food safety procedures that are notstringently enforced
• a very mobile population that consistslargely of persons who commute towork
• global travel that spreads disease
• a dependence on municipal water andsewer systems
• scrap tire piles (West Nile threat)
• the raising of livestock - animal fecesmay contaminate nearby watersources
Collateral risks: The Livingston CountyHazard Profile Evaluation ranks the CollateralDamage, or possibility of public healthemergencies causing secondary damage, asNo. However minimal the probability is ofexperiencing collateral risks, there is a smallrisk of the following:
• temporary closure of restaurants,schools, parks and businesses
• injury or death to humans or animals
• compromised human immune
systems
• temporary closure of infrastructure
facilities that supply sewer and water
services
Hazard Risk Assessment Summary
Following is a summary table that provides asnapshot of how specific natural hazardscould impact each quadrant of the county. Aspecific hazard is listed in the left handcolumn and a heading for each countyquadrant is located at the top of the table.Under each county quadrant heading is: 1.) alisting of the Historical Occurrences of theparticular hazard (by community location),and 2.) the Locational Risks of the particularhazard, for instance: the specific parks orrivers that could be impacted. Lastly, thereare two right hand columns that provide theTotal Recorded County Events of theparicular hazard and the Probability of AnnualEvent for each specific hazard (in terms ofpercentage chance of annual occurrence).
This summary table provides information in aconsistent format for each hazard, therebyallowing the reader to compare potentialhazard impacts. This table also illustrateshow location risks in communities/quadrants,could impact neighboring communities/quadrants (e.g. the Oak Grove Millpond Damthat is located in the southeast corner ofCohoctah Township/Northwest Quadrantcould fail and cause flooding in neighboringDeerfield and Oceola Townships in the Northeast quadrant).
Public Health Emergencies, Earthquakes,Land Subsidence and Invasive Species arenot included in the summary table. Thesehazards are not included in the table becausethere are no recorded county events for thehazards due to the rarity of the hazard, or theinability to be able to record occurrences ofthe hazard.
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Southeast Southwest Northeast Northwest
8 27%
Snow Storms
Historical Occurrences: None determined Locational Risks: County‐wide
Historical Occurrences: None determined Locational Risks: County‐wide
Historical Occurrences: None determined Locational Risks: County‐wide
Historical Occurrences: None determined Locational Risks: County‐wide
Ice and Sleet
Historical Occurrences: None determined Locational Risks: County‐wide
Historical Occurrences: None determined Locational Risks: County‐wide
Historical Occurrences: None determined Locational Risks: County‐wide
Historical Occurrences: None determined Locational Risks: County‐wide
15Tornado
Historical Occurrences: Entire quadrant 2013 Locational Risks: County‐wide
28 93%
Historical Occurrences: Unadilla August 1988; Putnam
and Marion Townships, October 2001 Locational Risks: County‐wide
Historical Occurrences: Fowlerville 1997; quadrant‐wide in June 2003, August 2003, and 2007; and Cohoctah 2013. Locational Risks: County‐wide
Historical Occurrences: Oceola Township 1986; Hartland Township 1990, 1994, 1997; Hartland and Tyrone Townships 1996, 1997 and October 2001; quadrant‐wide 2007 Locational Risks: County‐wide
50%
NATURAL HAZARDS RISK ASSESSMENT SUMMARY
Areas Of Livingston County Likely To Be Impacted By Natural Hazards (Historic Occurrences and Locational Risks 1983 ‐ 2013)
Type Of Natural Hazard
Probability Of Annual Event
Severe Winds
110%
Historical Occurrences: Brighton Township July 2003 Locational Risks: County‐wide
Historical Occurrences: Howell, Oceola and Hartland Townships, City of Howell 2006 Locational Risks: County‐wide
Historical Occurrences: None determined Locational Risks: County‐wide
Historical Occurrences: None determined Locational Risks: County‐wide
Total Recorded County Events
33
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90 Livingston County Department of Planning/Livingston County Emergency Management
Southeast Southwest Northeast Northwest
9Extreme Heat
Historical Occurrences: None determined Locational Risks: County‐wide
41 137%
Historical Occurrences: None determined Locational Risks: County‐wide
Historical Occurrences: None determined Locational Risks: County‐wide
Historical Occurrences: None determined Locational Risks: County‐wide
30%
Hail
Historical Occurrences: City of Brighton 1997, September 1998, 2002, June 2003, 2006, 2008, 2010, July 2012 and July 2013; Hamburg May 2004; Green Oak Township and Brighton August 2011 Locational Risks: County‐wide
Historical Occurrences: Unadilla Township September 1994, March 2000 and June 2003; Pinckney area June 2004, 2008, and March 2012; Iosco Township June 2004 Locational Risks: County‐wide
Historical Occurrences: quadrant‐wide May 1994; Hartland May 1998, May 2000, July 2000, July 2001; and Deerfield July 2013 Locational Risks: County‐wide
Historical Occurrences: Cohoctah Township June 1994, May and August 2000, June 2004 and July 2013; Fowlerville 1995, 1999, July 2000, May 2001, 2007, and May 2001; City of Howell September 1998, August 2003, March 2012, and 2013; Locational Risks: County‐wide
NATURAL HAZARDS RISK ASSESSMENT SUMMARY
Areas Of Livingston County Likely To Be Impacted By Natural Hazards (Historic Occurrences and Locational Risks 1983 ‐ 2013)
Type Of Natural Hazard
Probability Of Annual Event
Extreme Cold
23%
Historical Occurrences: None determined Locational Risks: County‐wide
Historical Occurrences: None determined Locational Risks: County‐wide
Historical Occurrences: None determined Locational Risks: County‐wide
Historical Occurrences: None determined Locational Risks: County‐wide
Total Recorded County Events
7
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91Livingston County Department of Planning/Livingston County Emergency Management
Chapter 4
Southeast Southwest Northeast Northwest
3%
NATURAL HAZARDS RISK ASSESSMENT SUMMARY
Areas Of Livingston County Likely To Be Impacted By Natural Hazards (Historic Occurrences and Locational Risks 1983 ‐ 2013)
Type Of Natural Hazard
Probability Of Annual Event
Flooding 53%
Historical Occurrences: Green Oak Township, 1989, 1990, 2000, May 2004 (2 occurrences), June 2004; Hamburg Township 1990, 2000, February 2001, May‐June 2001, October 2001, 2002, May 2004 (2 occurences), June 2004 and 2005 Locational Risks: Huron River, Limekiln Lake, and Ore Lake
Historical Occurrences: Putnam
Township 1990; quadrant‐wide 2006 Locational Risks: Lakes, rivers, creeks, dams, drainage systems
Historical Occurrences: Hartland Township 1996 Locational Risks: Lakes, rivers, creeks, dams, drainage systems
Historical Occurrences: Quadrant‐wide 2006; Howell area 2009 Locational Risks: Lakes, rivers, creeks, dams, drainage systems
Total Recorded County Events
16
1Dam
Failure
Historical Occurrences: None determined Locational Risks: 9 regulated dams in this quadrant of the county
Historical Occurrences: None determined Locational Risks: 5 regulated dams in this quadrant of the county
Historical Occurrences: Hartland Township 1996 Locational Risks: Bullard Lake Dam; 6 regulated dams in this quadrant of the county
Historical Occurrences: None determined Locational Risks: 4 regulated dams in this quadrant of the county
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Southeast Southwest Northeast Northwest
12 40%
Fog
Historical Occurrences: None determined Locational Risks: County‐wide
Historical Occurrences: None determined Locational Risks: County‐wide
Historical Occurrences: I‐96 Fowlerville area January 2005 Locational Risks: County‐wide
Historical Occurrences: None determined Locational Risks: County‐wide
4 13%
Lightning
Historical Occurrences: Genoa Township 1998; Brighton Township April 2001, April 2002 and April 2003; Green Oak Township October 2001 Locational Risks: County‐wide
Historical Occurrences: None determined Locational Risks: County‐wide
Historical Occurrences: Fowlerville May 2002, October 2006, and June 2010; Howell April 2002, June 2005 Locational Risks: County‐wide
Historical Occurrences: Hartland June 1998 and October 2006 Locational Risks: County‐wide
NATURAL HAZARDS RISK ASSESSMENT SUMMARY
Areas Of Livingston County Likely To Be Impacted By Natural Hazards (Historic Occurrences and Locational Risks 1983 ‐ 2013)
Type Of Natural Hazard
Probability Of Annual Event
Total Recorded County Events
3Drought
Historical Occurrences: None determined Locational Risks: County‐wide
79 272%
Historical Occurrences: None determined Locational Risks: County‐wide
Historical Occurrences: None determined Locational Risks: County‐wide
Historical Occurrences: None determined Locational Risks: County‐wide
10%
Wild Fires
Historical Occurrences: None determined Locational Risks: County‐wide park and recreation areas, densely populated areas, large stands of woodland
Historical Occurrences: None determined Locational Risks: County‐wide park and recreation areas, densely populated areas, large stands of woodland
Historical Occurrences: None determined Locational Risks: County‐wide park and recreation areas, densely populated areas, large stands of woodland
Historical Occurrences: None determined Locational Risks: County‐wide park and recreation areas, densely populated areas, large stands of woodland
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93Livingston County Department of Planning/Livingston County Emergency Management
Chapter 4
Sources:
Southeast Michigan Council of Governments,Creating a Future Impervious SurfacesCoverage for Southeast Michigan, June1999
Michigan Hazard Analysis, MichiganDepartment of State Police, EmergencyManagement Division, March 2000
Environmental Systems Research Institute,Inc., Hazard Information and AwarenessMapping, http://www.esri.com/hazards
FEMA website (for instance, MitigationDivision), http://www.fema.org
State of Michigan website, http://michigan.gov
Michigan State University Extension website,http://www.msue.msu.edu
Taking Shelter From The Storm: Building ASafe Room Inside Your House, FederalEmergency Management Agency
Michigan Climatology Atlas, Michigan StatePolice Emergency Management Division,November 2000
Parks & Recreation In Livingston County,Michigan, Livingston County Department ofPlanning, 2012
2003 Livingston County Data Book andCommunity Profiles, Livingston CountyDepartment of Planning
Fire Protection In The Wildland/Urban
Interface: Everyone’s Responsibility,National Wildland/Urban Interface FireProtection Program
National Oceanic and AtmosphericAdministration’s National Climatic DataCenter, http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents
Department of Natural Resources, WaterManagement, http://www.michigan.gov/dnr
Livingston County Press & Argus, variousarticles on internet, http://www.hometownlife.com
FEMA Factsheets and BackgrounderInformation Resources on Hazards, http://www.fema.gov/hazards/
Firewise website, www.firewise.org
Livingston County High Quality NaturalAreas, Livingston County Department ofPlanning, 2003
Ottawa County Natural Hazards Analysis,June 2000
Livingston County Emergency Management
Livingston County Geographic InformationSystems Department, GIS Maps
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94 Livingston County Department of Planning/Livingston County Emergency Management
Hazard Vulnerability Analysis
A Hazard Vulnerability Analysis determinesthe relative threat posed by the identifiedhazards, using qualitative and/or quantitativeratings. This information enables planners todecide which hazards merit special attentionin planning and other emergencymanagement efforts.
Hazard Vulnerability Factors
The hazard vulnerability conditions or factorsthat are analyzed and/or mapped in thischapter include:
• Population vulnerabilities andimpacts - The general population thatmay be vulnerable to a specific hazardand special populations that may beparticularly vulnerable to specifichazards because of the close proximityof facilities that shelter thesepopulations. Population vulnerabilitiesand impacts for each hazard areranked in the Hazard Profile Evaluationin the following manner: High (10+casualties), Medium (6 - 10casualties), Low (1 - 5 casualties) andNone.
• Economic vulnerabilities andimpacts - Specific business andindustry facilities that are within closeproximity to the hazard-prone area(s)and may contribute to or intensify theeffects of the hazard (includinghazardous materials storage facilities).Economic vulnerabilities and impactsfor each hazard are ranked in theHazard Profile Evaluation in thefollowing manner: Significant (10points), Medium (7 points), Low (4points), and Minimal (1 point).
Chapter 5: Hazard Vulnerability Analysis
Vulnerability to Severe Winds andTornadoes
Population vulnerabilities and impacts:The Livingston County Hazard ProfileEvaluation ranks the Population Impact ofsevere winds as Medium with 6 - 10casualties as a possible result of this type ofhazard, and ranks tornadoes as High withmore than 10 casualties as a possible resultof this type of hazard.
The Natural Hazards Risk Assessment of thisplan identifies Brighton Township as the onlyknown location of severe winds, and severalLivingston County communities that appearto be more vulnerable to tornado activitybased upon historical occurrences. Thepopulation and housing unit demographics ofthe four communities with three or moresevere wind/historical tornado occurrencesare as follows:
This data indicates that among these fourcommunities a future event occurring inHartland or Tyrone Townships (or acombination thereof since they are adjacentcommunities) would probably have thegreatest impact on Livingston Countypopulation and property damage to housingunits. A severe wind or tornado eventoccurring in Conway Township wouldprobably not have as great of an impactbecause of the township’s lower population
Commmunity Housing Est. Population Est.
Hartland 5,486 14,719
Tyrone 3,853 10,171
Fowlerville 1,312 2,894
Conway 1,273 3,536
Livingston County December 2014 Population
and Housing Units Estimates
Source: SEMCOG Population and Housing Estimates,
December 2014
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95Livingston County Department of Planning/Livingston County Emergency Management
Chapter 5
and housing unit totals, and because the ruraldevelopment pattern of this community wouldlimit impact.
While a future severe wind event or tornadooccurrence would probably not impact anentire township community, we can notprecisely pinpoint the exact locations of pastoccurrences. Therefore, an entire townshipserves as the most specific point ofreference. In reality, the entire LivingstonCounty community consisting of an estimated2014 population of 186,224 and 74,445housing units is vulnerable to severe windsand tornadoes.
Special populations in the four communitiescited as most vulnerable, include:
• persons living in manufacturedhousing parks - located in Tyrone,Hartland and Fowlerville.
• school-aged children in schoolfacilities - particularly concentratedareas of school facilities located nearthe Hartland settlement and the Villageof Fowlerville.
• senior citizens - the senior centers inthe settlement of Hartland and theVillage of Fowlerville, as well as thesenior housing facilities in these twocommunities.
• children in child care centers - locatedin Tyrone, Hartland and the Village ofFowlerville.
Each of these special population facilitiesand/or communities is mapped in Chapter 6:Critical Facilities.
Economic vulnerabilities and impacts:The Livingston County Hazard ProfileEvaluation ranks the Economic Effects or
possible monetary losses incurred as a resultof severe winds and tornadoes as Significant(the highest ranking). Specific business andindustry facilities that are within closeproximity to the hazard-prone area(s) and maycontribute to or intensify the effects of severewinds or tornados, include:
• major employer facilities - located inTyrone and Hartland Townships andthe Village of Fowlerville.
• industrial park facilities - located inHartland and Tyrone Townships and theVillage of Fowlerville.
• hazardous substance sites - located inall four cited communities.
Each of these business and industry facilitiesis mapped in Chapter 6: Critical Facilities.
Vulnerability to Snowstorms andIce and Sleet
Population vulnerabilities and impacts:The Livingston County Hazard ProfileEvaluation ranks the Population Impact ofsnowstorms as High with more than 10casualties as a possible result of this type ofhazard, and ranks ice and sleet as Low with 1to 5 casualties as a possible result of this typeof hazard.
The Natural Hazards Risk Assessment of thisplan identifies that these two natural hazardsoccur as a county-wide event rather thanseparate hazardous occurrences in differentcounty locations. Therefore, the entireLivingston County community consisting of apopulation of 186,224 and 74,445 housingunits is vulnerable to snowstorms and ice andsleet.
Special populations in the county that may beparticularly vulnerable to these hazards,
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96 Livingston County Department of Planning/Livingston County Emergency Management
include:
• senior citizens in senior housingfacilities and senior centers - locatedprimarily in the two cities and twovillages.
• patients in hospital and health carefacilities - located in the Cities ofHowell and Brighton, Genoa andBrighton Townships.
• school-aged children in school facilities(many of which also serve asemergency shelters).
• children in child care facilities.
• emergency shelters in churches andschools located primarily within the twocities and two villages.
Most of these special population facilities aremapped in Chapter 6: Critical Facilities.
Economic vulnerabilities and impacts:The Livingston County Hazard ProfileEvaluation ranks the Economic Effects orpossible monetary losses incurred as a resultof snowstorms and ice and sleet asSignificant (the highest ranking). Specificbusiness and industry facilities that are withinclose proximity to the hazard-prone area(s)and may contribute to or intensify the effects ofsnowstorms or ice and sleet storms, include:
• shopping plazas and malls - vulnerableto heavy snow accumulations on largeroof expanses- located primarily inHowell, Genoa and Green OakTownships and the cities of Howell andBrighton.
• major employers and industrial parks -a large concentration of employees ismore vulnerable to damage or
temporary closure of an employmentfacility, and heavy volumes ofemployee traffic in and out of a facilitymay contribute to transportationmishaps on area roadways.
Major employers (including some majorshopping centers) and industrial parks aremapped in Chapter 6: Critical Facilities.
Vulnerability to Extreme Cold andExtreme Heat
Population vulnerabilities and impacts:The Livingston County Hazard ProfileEvaluation ranks the Population Impact ofextreme cold as Low with 1-5 humancasualties expected as a possible result ofthis type of hazard. The Population Impact ofextreme heat is ranked High with ten or morehuman casualties expected as a possibleresult. Even though nation-wide statisticsreveal that more human deaths stem fromextreme cold than extreme heat, it is moredifficult to link death to extreme cold becausethe cold seems to exacerbate an existing,serious medical condition such as heartdisease or pneumonia which causes theactual death.
Both of these natural hazards occur asdispersed events that affect the whole county,rather than as separate hazardousoccurrences in different county locations.Therefore, the entire Livingston Countycommunity consisting of a population of186,224 and 74,445 housing units isvulnerable to extreme cold and extreme heat.
Special populations in the county that may beparticularly vulnerable to these hazards,include:
• senior citizens in senior housingfacilities and senior centers (whichmay also serve as public warming orcooling centers) - located primarily in
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Chapter 5
the two cities and two villages.
• patients in hospital and health carefacilities - located in the Cities ofHowell and Brighton, Genoa andBrighton Townships.
• school-aged children in schoolfacilities (many of which also serve asemergency shelters).
• children in child care facilities.
These special population facilities aremapped in Chapter 6: Critical Facilities.
Economic vulnerabilities and impacts:The Livingston County Hazard ProfileEvaluation ranks the Economic Effects orpossible monetary losses incurred as a resultof extreme cold as Low. The EconomicEffects or possible monetary losses incurredas a result of extreme heat is ranked asMedium.
Specific business and industry facilities thatmay contribute to or intensify the effects ofextreme cold or extreme heat include:
• hazardous substance sites - thesebusiness facilities are dispersedthroughout the county. Due to theinherent volatility of hazardoussubstances, an extreme change intemperature may cause instability inhazardous substances that are storedor used at a facility. This can lead tofires and explosions.
• agri-business - agriculture and theraising of livestock are businesses thatare particularly vulnerable to extremefluctuations in temperature. Crops maybe lost due to drought brought on byextreme heat, or livestock may perishdue to extreme cold. The western halfof the county contains the vast majority
of agricultural businesses inLivingston County.
Hazardous substance sites are mapped inChapter 6: Critical Facilities.
Vulnerability to Hail
Population vulnerabilities and impacts:The Livingston County Hazard ProfileEvaluation ranks the Population Impact of hailas None with no human casualties expectedas a possible result of this type of hazard.
Several occurrences of hail in LivingstonCounty have impacted specific locations,such as the villages of Fowlerville andPinckney, the cities of Howell and Brightonand the townships of Cohoctah, Unadilla andHartland, have been recorded by the NOAAas sustaining more damage due to hail. Thepopulation and housing unit demographics ofthe seven communities with three or morehail occurrences are as follows:
Although fatalities are not anticipated from ahail occurrence, this data indicates thatamong these seven communities a futureevent occurring in Hartland or the cities ofHowell and Brighton would probably have thegreatest impact on Livingston Countypopulation and property damage to housingunits. A hail event occurring in Unadilla or
Commmunity Housing Est. Population Est.
Pinckney 927 2,408
Unadilla 1,493 3,519
Hartland 5,486 14,719
Cohoctah 1,297 3,367
Fowlerville 1,312 2,894
City of Howell 4,574 10,202
City of Brighton 3,976 7,684
Livingston County December 2014 Population
and Housing Units Estimates
Source: SEMCOG Population and Housing Estimates,
December 2014
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Cohoctah Townships would probably nothave as great of an impact because of thetownship’s smaller population base and rural,dispersed development pattern.
Economic vulnerabilities and impacts:The Livingston County Hazard ProfileEvaluation ranks the Economic Effects orpossible monetary losses incurred as a resultof hail as Low.
Specific business and industry facilities thatmay contribute to or intensify the effects ofhail include:
• agri-business - agriculture is abusiness that is particularly vulnerableto hail battering and damaging crops.Livestock on farms may alsoexperience injury from hail. Thewestern half of the county contains thevast majority of agriculturalbusinesses in Livingston County.
Vulnerability to Floods
Population vulnerabilities and impacts:The Livingston County Hazard ProfileEvaluation ranks the Population Impact offlooding as Low with 1 - 5 casualties as apossible result of this type of hazard.
The Natural Hazards Risk Assessment of thisplan identifies that Hamburg and Green OakTownships have experienced more historicaloccurances of flooding than any otherLivingston County community. Eachcommunity has experienced 5-10occurrences of flooding in the last 30 years.
As adjacent communities this means that acombined population of 40,341 orapproximately 22% of County residents arevulnerable to this natural hazard. HamburgTownship is the most populated community inthe county, while Green Oak Township is thethird most populated community in Livingston
County. Although it is likely that a floodingoccurrence in either of these two communitieswould not impact the entire population andhousing of the municipality. Therefore, thepotential population vulnerabilities andimpacts on these two communities can befurther analyzed by examining the CensusTracts that most closely align with the floodhazard areas that have historicallyexperienced flooding along the Huron River.The primary data limitation with this form ofanalysis is that the census figures are datedbecause they come from the 2010 Census.
In addition to the population living in floodhazard areas (noted in the table above), thereare other special populations that areparticularly vulnerable to flooding including:
• persons living in regulatedmanufactured housing parks
• persons living in other mobile homeenvironments, such as the plattedmobile home housing.
• persons residing near regulated dams
Economic vulnerabilities and impacts:
Commmunity Housing Population
Green Oak
Township -
Census Tracts
7442, 7446,
7447, 7448 5,085 12,765
Hamburg
Township -
Census Tracts
7433, 7436,
7437, 7438,
7439 6,619 15,592
Livingston County Population and
Housing by Census Tract, 2010
Source: Data Driven Detroit, Census Summary File 1
Profile, August 2011
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Chapter 5
The Livingston County Hazard ProfileEvaluation ranks the Economic Effects orpossible monetary losses incurred as a resultof flooding as Significant (the highest ranking).
Specific business and industry facilities thatmay contribute to or intensify the effects offlooding include:
• sewer and water treatment plants -these facilities are primarily clusteredaround Livingston County’s 2 cities and2 villages. If storm sewers arecombined with water and/or sewersystems the inundation of flood watersin the storm sewers can cause waterand sewage to back up in the systemand flood facilities or render their waterand sewer service inoperative.
• well and septic systems - any businessand industry facilities that rely on well orseptic service may experienceoperational problems that force closureof the facility. If flood waters cover wellheads, the well water is consideredcontaminated and is no longer safe forhuman consumption. If grinder pumpsin septic systems are inundated withflood waters, the septic may overflow.
Sewer and water treatment plants are mappedin Chapter 6: Critical Facilities.
By way of example, the public damage/economic impacts in Hamburg Townshipincurred as a result of the May 2004 flooding ofOre Lake and the Huron River, are estimatedat $345,000.
Vulnerability to Dam Failure
Population vulnerabilities and impacts:The Livingston County Hazard ProfileEvaluation ranks the Population Impact of damfailure as Low with one to five human
casualties expected as a possible result ofthis type of hazard.
The 10 dam sites in Livingston County thatare classified as “High Hazard” and“Significant Hazard” are contained within thefollowing county census tracts. These censustracts identify a more specific subset of thecounty population, 33,501 residents, that aremost vulnerable to dam failures.
Economic vulnerabilities and impacts:The Livingston County Hazard ProfileEvaluation ranks the Economic Effects orpossible monetary losses incurred as a resultof dam failure as Significant.
There are not specific business and industryfacilities that may contribute to or intensity theeffects of Dam Failure.
Commmunity Housing Population
Green Oak
Census Tracts
7442 and 7447 2,937 6,383Hamburg Census
Tracts 7434 and
7436 2,517 6,677Putnam Census
Tract 7336 1,293 2,638Unadilla Census
Tract 7321 1,484 3,366Brighton Census
Tract 7405 957 2,194Genoa Census
Tract 7429 1,384 3,822City of Howell
Census Tract
7250 2,687 5,104
Cohoctah Census
Tract 7211 1,295 3,317TOTALS 14,554 33,501
Livingston County Population and Housing
Units by Census Tract, 2010
Source: Data Driven Detroit, Census Summary File 1
Profile, August 2011
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Vulnerability to Wild Fires
Population vulnerabilities and impacts:The Livingston County Hazard ProfileEvaluation ranks the Population Impact ofwildfires as High with more than tencasualties as a possible result of this type ofhazard.
The Natural Hazards Risk Assessment of thisplan explains that the Michigan Departmentof Natural Resources (MDNR) recordswildfire data for each county in the state,however, the exact location of each wildfireincident in the county is not recorded byMDNR, emergency management or fireofficials. While the entire Livingston Countycommunity consisting of an estimated 2014population of 186,224 and 74,445 housingunits must be considered vulnerable towildfires, there are 6 Livingston Countycommunities that are particularly vulnerableto wildfires because of their over 1,000 acresof park and recreation land where humanactivity increases the threat of wildfires. Thepopulation and housing unit demographics ofthe six communities are as follows:
A hazardous event occurring in the southeastquadrant of the county in Green Oak,Hamburg, Genoa or Brighton Townshipswould probably have the greatest impact onLivingston County population and propertydamage to housing units. There are not
special populations that may be particularlyvulnerable to wild fires.
Economic vulnerabilities and impacts:The Livingston County Hazard ProfileEvaluation ranks the Economic Effects orpossible monetary losses incurred as a resultof wildfires as Significant (the highestranking). There are not specific businessand industry facilities that may contribute toor intensify the effects of wildfires.
Vulnerability to Drought
Population vulnerabilities and impacts:The Livingston County Hazard ProfileEvaluation ranks the Population Impact ofdrought as None with no human casualtiesexpected as a possible result of this type ofhazard.
Occurrences of drought in Livingston Countyhave impacted the whole county rather thanprecise locations within the county.Therefore, the entire Livingston Countycommunity consisting of a population of186,224 and 74,445 housing units isvulnerable to drought. There are not specialpopulations that are particularly vulnerable todrought.
Economic vulnerabilities and impacts:The Livingston County Hazard ProfileEvaluation ranks the Economic Effects orpossible monetary losses incurred as a resultof drought as Significant.
Specific business and industry facilities thatmay contribute to or intensify the effects ofdrought include:
• agri-business - crops may bedestroyed due to the lack of water thatis associated with drought. Thewestern half of the county contains thevast majority of agriculturalbusinesses in Livingston County.
Commmunity Housing Est. Population Est.
Green Oak 7,240 18,525
Hamburg 8,791 21,816
Genoa 8,481 20,164
Brighton 3,976 7,684
Putnam 2,495 6,171
Deerfield 1,655 4,254
Livingston County December 2014 Population
and Housing Units Estimates
Source: SEMCOG Population and Housing Estimates,
December 2014
Hazard Mitigation Plan, Livingston County, MI
101Livingston County Department of Planning/Livingston County Emergency Management
Chapter 5
Vulnerability to Earthquakes
Population vulnerabilities and impacts:The Livingston County Hazard ProfileEvaluation does not rank the PopulationImpact of earthquakes.
Although portions of southern Michigan areincluded in the lowest intensity areasurrounding the New Madrid Seismic Zone(St. Louis, Missouri, area), Livingston Countyis not one of the Michigan counties included inthis area.
Economic vulnerabilities and impacts:The Livingston County Hazard ProfileEvaluation does not rank the EconomicEffects or possible monetary losses incurredas a result of earthquakes, due to the lowprobability of this hazard occurring.
Vulnerability to Land Subsidence
Population vulnerabilities and impacts:The Livingston County Hazard ProfileEvaluation does not rank the PopulationImpact of land subsidence. However, theMichigan Hazard Analysis states that this typeof hazardous event generally affects very fewpeople unlike other natural hazards that mayimpact a large number of people.
Economic vulnerabilities and impacts:The Livingston County Hazard ProfileEvaluation does not rank the EconomicEffects of Land Subsidence. If landsubsidence were to occur in the county, itwould likely impact infrastructure such asroads, bridges and underground utilitiesrather than affect specific business andindustry facilities.
Vulnerability to Lightning
Population vulnerabilities and impacts:The Livingston County Hazard Profile
Evaluation does not rank the PopulationImpact of lightning.
National statistics on lightning strikes revealthat Michigan is one of the top ranking statesfor lightning injuries and deaths.Unfortunately, the locations of these lightningstrikes are not specified. Therefore, theentire county population must be consideredvulnerable.
Economic vulnerabilities and impacts:The Livingston County Hazard ProfileEvaluation does not rank the EconomicEffects of lightning.
Most injuries and deaths due to lightningstrikes, occur on open fields and under trees.Livingston County park and recreation areascontain the majority of these hazard-pronefeatures and may contribute to or intensify theeffects of lightning. There are 11 LivingstonCounty communities that contain most of thecounty’s recreational land or schoolrecreational facilities. These communitiesare: Hamburg, Green Oak, Genoa, Brighton,Deerfield, Putnam, and Hartland Townships,the cities of Howell and Brighton and thevillages of Pinckney and Fowlerville. Thesecommunities are rather dispersed except forthe five communities that form the southeastquadrant of the county.
Vulnerability to Fog
Population vulnerabilities and impacts:The Livingston County Hazard ProfileEvaluation does not rank the PopulationImpact of Fog, due to the fact that Fog byitself is not a natural hazard with destructiveforces. For the most part, it is only when fogand humans interact on transportationcorridors that the population may bevulnerable to fog; this is particularly true onour high speed I-96 Interstate and US-23Highway networks. Since most of the county
Hazard Mitigation Plan, Livingston County, MIChapter 5
102 Livingston County Department of Planning/Livingston County Emergency Management
population periodically travels on thesetransportation cooridors, the entire countypopulation must be considered vulnerable.
Economic vulnerabilities and impacts:The Livingston County Hazard ProfileEvaluation does not rank the EconomicEffects of Fog. If a fog hazard were to occurin Livingston County, it would most likelyimpact personal vehicles and publicinfrastructure such as roads, bridges andutilities, rather than impact specific businessand industry facilties.
Vulnerability to Invasive Species
Population vulnerabilities and impacts:The Livingston County Hazard ProfileEvaluation does not rank the PopulationImpact of Invasive Species.The entirepopulation is vulnerable to invasive speciesbecause the hazard primarily impacts ourenvironment. The detruction that invasivespecies have on our woodlands and waterfeatures ultimately impact humans bydiminishing the postive cleansing featuresthat nature offers and diminishing our foodsupply. Additionally our population isvulnerable to invasive species compoundingthe risks of related hazards such as flooding.
Economic vulnerabilities and impacts:The Livingston County Hazard ProfileEvaluation does not rank the EconomicEffects of Invasive Species.
Much like the economic vulnerabilities andimpacts of lightning, Livingston County parkand recreation areas contain the majority ofthese hazard-prone features and maycontribute to or intensify the effects ofInvasive Species. There are 11 LivingstonCounty communities that contain most of thecounty’s recreational land or schoolrecreational facilities (see listing undereconomic vulnerability and impacts of
lightning on previous page).
Vulnerability to Public HealthEmergencies
Population vulnerabilities and impacts:The Livingston County Hazard ProfileEvaluation does not rank the PopulationImpact of public health emergencies. Asdescribed in the risk assessment chapter ofthis plan, the primary locational risks inLivingston County for public healthemergencies are restaurants, schools, long-term care facilities, swimming areas, publicwater, sewer and electrical facilities,individual wells and septic systems, landfills,food processing plants and farms. When allof these locations are examined, every localcommunity in Livingston County contains atleast one of these locations that are at risk.Therefore, the entire Livingston Countypopulation of 186,224 is vulnerable to publichealth emergencies. In addition, theweakened immune systems of the young,pregnant or elderly are more vulnerable topublic health emergencies.
Economic vulnerabilities and impacts:The Livingston County Hazard ProfileEvaluation does not rank the EconomicEffects of Public Health Emergencies. Thereare many exceptional and far-reachinghazardous events that could occur as primaryor secondary public health emergenciesresulting in high economic impacts. Forexample, a pandemic flu or a large outbreakof Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome(SARS) could result in large percentages ofemployees taking sick leave or mandatedquarantine action, removing workers fromtheir place of employment and thus impactingproductivity within the economy. Additionally,any hazardous event that would havesecondary public health implications such aslarge scale radiological events, wouldsignificantly disrupt or halt the normal
Hazard Mitigation Plan, Livingston County, MI
103Livingston County Department of Planning/Livingston County Emergency Management
Chapter 5
business activities of an impactedcommunity. Such is the complex nature ofpublic health vulnerabilities; it is difficult toseparate individual hazards that result inmass fatality and/or mortality from generalpublic health emergencies.
Specific business and industry facilities thatare within close proximity to the hazard-pronearea(s) and may contribute to or intensify theeffects of the hazard include:
• restaurants - local food serviceestablishments can spread foodbornepathogenic contamination fromimproperly prepared food or foodsthat were already tainted before theywere served. These situations mayresult in critical health violations thatcould force the temporary or fullclosure of a restaurant.
• food processing plants anddistribution centers - there are at leastthree such establishments inLivingston County. Any foodbornecontamination caused by thepractices of one of these facilitiescould result in a wide spread pubichealth emergency and economichardship for the food facility.
• farms - the 2012 Census of Agriculturerecorded 734 farms in LivingstonCounty which are primarily located inthe western portion of the county. Thepresence of pesticides, fertilizers,animal feed and animal wastes onfarms can potentially contribute to apublic health emergency.
Sources:
Michigan Hazard Analysis, MichiganDepartment of State Police, EmergencyManagement Division, March 2000
FEMA website (for instance, MitigationDivision), http://www.fema.org
State of Michigan website, http://www.michigan.gov
2003 Livingston County Data Book andCommunity Profiles, Livingston CountyDepartment of Planning, 2003
FEMA Facts Sheets and Backgrounderinformation resources on hazards, http://www.fema.gov/hazards
State And Local Mitigation Planning how-to-guide: Understanding Your Risks, FederalEmergency Management Agency, Version1.0, August 2001
Livingston County Department of EmergencyManagement, records
Southeast Michigan Council of Governments,Population and Household Estimates forSoutheast Michigan, December 2014
Livingston County Geographic InformationSystem Department, G.I.S. maps
Livingston County Press & Argus, variousarticles on internet, http://www.hometownlife.com
104
Critical FacilitiesCritical FacilitiesCritical FacilitiesCritical FacilitiesCritical Facilities
The next step in risk assessment is toidentify, inventory and map critical facilities inLivingston County. Critical facilities wereidentified by focusing on the following veryurgent and important types of facilities:
• Facilities for vulnerablepopulations - facilities that housepopulations that are particularly at riskto hazardous incidents. Examples ofvulnerable populations include:school-aged children in schoolfacilities, and senior citizens housedin nursing homes. These populationsmay require special responseassistance or special medical careafter a disaster.
• Facilities that significantly impactthe local or regional economy - thefacilities of major employers couldaffect the local or regional economy ifsignificantly disrupted, putting manyresidents out of work and/or out offinancial resources.
• Facilities with specialconsiderations that if damaged,would result in high death tolls -facilities such as high density housingdevelopments, large scalecommercial developments such asmalls, and infrastructure such asdams.
• Facilities that provide essentialservices - facilities that are essentialfor the health and welfare of the wholepopulation. The vulnerability of thesefacilities is based on the service theyprovide rather than simply theirphysical aspects. Essential facilities
include hospitals and other medicalfacilities, and evacuation shelters.
• Facilities containing hazardousmaterials - facilities housinghazardous materials such ascorrosives and explosives that couldcontribute to or intensify the risk ofcertain hazards.
• Facilities that provide lifeline utilitysystems - the facilities of public andprivate utility systems that provideessential life support services such aselectric power, heating, airconditioning, water, and sewagedisposal. If these facilities weredamaged, it would seriouslyjeopardize the health, safety andwelfare of the general public.
• Facilities that ensure a fullrecovery of the community -facilities that provide servicesessential to the recovery of acommunity following a hazardousevent, such as government functionslike fire and police stations andemergency operation centers.
Following are inventory tables andassociated maps that identify at-risk, criticalfacilities in Livingston County:
Chapter 6: Critical Facilities
105
MAP
#CR
ITICAL FA
CILITY
TYPE
OF
FACILITY
ADD
RESS
COMMUNITY
SCHO
OL
DISTRICT
1Brighton
High Scho
olHigh
Schoo
l7878 Brig
hton
Road
Brighton
Brighton
2Th
e Bridge
Alte
rnative High
Schoo
lHigh
Schoo
l125 S. Chu
rch Street
Brighton
Brighton
3Scranton
Middle Scho
olMiddle Scho
ol8415 M
altby Ro
adGree
n Oak Tow
nship
Brighton
4Maltby Interm
ediate
Middle Scho
ol4740 Bau
er Road
Geno
a To
wnship
Brighton
5Ha
wkins Elemen
tary
Elem
entary Schoo
l8900 Le
e Ro
adGree
n Oak Tow
nship
Brighton
6Hilto
n Elem
entary
Elem
entary Schoo
l9600 Hilton
Roa
dBrighton
Tow
nship
Brighton
7Ho
rnun
g Elem
entary
Elem
entary Schoo
l4680 Bau
er Road
Geno
a To
wnship
Brighton
8Sp
encer E
lemen
tary
Elem
entary Schoo
l10639 Sp
encer R
oad
Brighton
Tow
nship
Brighton
9Brighton
Com
.Edu
catio
n/He
adstart
Commun
ity Edu
catio
n850 Sp
encer R
oad
Brighton
Brighton
10Fo
wlerville High
Schoo
lHigh
Schoo
l700 N. G
rand
Ave
.Fo
wlerville
Fowlerville
11Fo
wlerville Junior High Scho
olMiddle Scho
ol7677 Sha
rpe Ro
adFo
wlerville
Fowlerville
12Natalie Kreeg
er Elemen
tary Schoo
lElem
entary Schoo
l430 N. H
ibba
rd Stree
tFo
wlerville
Fowlerville
13HT
Smith
Elemen
tary Schoo
lElem
entary Schoo
l440 N. H
ibba
rd Stree
t Fo
wlerville
Fowlerville
14Mun
n Early
Childho
od Cen
ter
Commun
ity Edu
catio
n450 N. H
ibba
rd Stree
tFo
wlerville
Fowlerville
15Fo
wlerville Co
mmun
ity Edu
catio
nCo
mmun
ity Edu
catio
n7677 Sha
rpe Ro
adFo
wlerville
Fowlerville
16Brum
mer Elemen
tary
Elem
entary Schoo
l9919 Rushton
Roa
dGree
n Oak Tow
nship
South Lyon
17Ha
rtland
High Scho
olHigh
Schoo
l10635 Du
nham
Roa
dHa
rtland
Tow
nship
Hartland
18Ha
rtland
Alt. High Scho
ol/Com
. Ed.
Commun
ity Edu
catio
n9525 Highlan
d Ro
adHa
rtland
Tow
nship
Hartland
19Ha
rtland
Middle Scho
ol at O
re Creek
Middle Scho
ol3250 N. H
artla
nd Road
Hartland
Tow
nship
Hartland
20Ha
rtland
Farms Intermed
iate
Middle Scho
ol581 Taylor Roa
dBrighton
Tow
nship
Hartland
21Cree
kside Elem
entary Schoo
lElem
entary Schoo
l3480 East Stree
tHa
rtland
Tow
nship
Hartland
22Ro
und Elem
entary Schoo
lElem
entary Schoo
l11550 Hibn
er Roa
dHa
rtland
Tow
nship
Hartland
23Villa
ge Elemen
tary Schoo
lElem
entary Schoo
l10632 Hibn
er Roa
dHa
rtland
Tow
nship
Hartland
24Lake
s Elemen
tary Schoo
l Elem
entary Schoo
l687 Taylor Roa
dBrighton
Tow
nship
Hartland
Source:
Living
ston
Cou
nty Plan
ning
Dep
artm
ent a
nd GIS Dep
artm
ent, LESA
Living
ston
Cou
nty Scho
ol Dire
ctory 2014‐2015, Ju
ne 2015
CRITICAL FA
CILITIES IN
LIVINGSTON COUNTY
Public Schoo
ls
106
MAP
#CR
ITICAL
FAC
ILITY
TYPE
OF
FACILITY
ADDR
ESS
COMMUNITY
SCHO
OL
DISTRICT
25Ho
well H
igh Scho
ol
High
Schoo
l12000 W. G
rand
River Ave.H
owell
Howell
26Ho
well H
igh Scho
ol ‐ Freshman
High
Schoo
l1400 W
. Grand
River Ave.
Howell
Howell
27Highland
er W
ay Middle Scho
olMiddle Scho
ol511 N. H
ighlande
r Way
Howell
Howell
28Parker Middle Scho
olMiddle Scho
ol400 Wrig
ht Road
Marion Township
Howell
29Ch
allenger Elemen
tary Schoo
lElem
entary Schoo
l1066 W
. Grand
River Ave.
Howell
Howell
30Three Fires E
lemen
tary Schoo
lElem
entary Schoo
l4125 Crooked
Lake
Road
Geno
a Township
Howell
31Northwest Elemen
tary Schoo
lElem
entary Schoo
l1233 Bow
er Stree
tHo
well
Howell
32Southe
ast Elemen
tary Schoo
lElem
entary Schoo
l861 E. Sibley Street
Howell
Howell
33Southw
est Elemen
tary Schoo
lElem
entary Schoo
l915 Ga
y Street
Howell
Howell
34Vo
yager Elemen
tary Schoo
lElem
entary Schoo
l1450 Byron
Road
Howell
Howell
35Hu
tchings E
lemen
tary Schoo
lElem
entary Schoo
l3503 Bigelow
Road
Oceola Township
Howell
36Livingston
Edu
catio
nal Service Agency
Commun
ity Edu
catio
n1425 W
. Grand
River Ave.
Howell
All Cou
nty Scho
ols
37Pinckney
High Scho
olHigh
Schoo
l10255 De
xter‐Pinckne
yPu
tnam
Tow
nship
Pinckney
38Navigator Middle Scho
olMiddle Scho
ol2150 E. M
‐36
Hambu
rg Tow
nship
Pinckney
39Pathfin
der M
iddle Scho
olMiddle Scho
ol2100 E. M
‐36
Hambu
rg Tow
nship
Pinckney
40Co
untry Elem
entary
Elem
entary Schoo
l2939 E. M
‐36
Hambu
rg Tow
nship
Pinckney
41Ha
mbu
rg Elemen
tary
Elem
entary Schoo
l10564 Learning
Lane
Hambu
rg Tow
nship
Pinckney
42Lakeland
Elemen
tary
Elem
entary Schoo
l9501 Pettys D
rive
Hambu
rg Tow
nship
Pinckney
43Pinckney
Elemen
tary
Elem
entary Schoo
l935 W. M
‐36
Pinckney
Pinckney
44Farle
y Hill Elem
entary
Elem
entary Schoo
l8110 Farley Ro
adPu
tnam
Tow
nship
Pinckney
45Pinckney
Com
mun
ity Edu
catio
nCo
mmun
ity Edu
catio
n2130 E. M
‐36
Hambu
rg Tow
nship
Pinckney
46Ho
welett Elemen
tary Schoo
lCo
mmun
ity Edu
catio
n125 Web
b Street
Unadilla Township
LESA
Source:
Livingston
Cou
nty Planning
Dep
artm
ent and
GIS Dep
artm
ent, LESA
Livingston
Cou
nty Scho
ol Dire
ctory 2014‐2015, Ju
ne 2015
CRITICAL
FAC
ILITIES IN LIVINGS
TON COUNTY
Public Schoo
ls
107
MAP
#CR
ITICAL
FAC
ILITY
TYPE
OF FA
CILITY
ADDR
ESS
COMMUNITY
47Ch
aryl Stockwell A
cade
my ‐Secon
dary
Academ
y1032 Karl G
reim
elBrighton
48Ch
aryl Stockwell A
cade
my ‐High Scho
olAcadem
y1032 Karl G
reim
elBrighton
49Flextech High Scho
olAcadem
y7707 Con
ference Drive
Brighton
Tow
nship
50Ch
aryl Stockwell A
cade
my ‐Elemen
tary
Academ
y9758 Highland Ro
adHa
rtland
Tow
nship
51Ke
nsington
Woo
ds Schoo
lAcadem
y9501 Pettys R
oad
Hambu
rg Tow
nship
52St. Patrick Scho
olPrivate Scho
ol1001 Charle
s Orndo
rf Dr.
Brighton
53Brighton
Mon
tessori Schoo
lPrivate Scho
ol5291 Ethel Stree
tBrighton
Tow
nship
54Co
rnerston
e Ch
ristia
n Scho
olPrivate Scho
ol9455 Hilton
Road
Brighton
Tow
nship
55Shep
herd of the
Lakes Luthe
ran
Private Scho
ol2101 Sou
th Hacker R
oad
Brighton
Tow
nship
56St. M
ary Magdalen
Private Scho
ol2201 Old U.S. 23
Brighton
Tow
nship
57Ho
ly Spirit Catho
lic Schoo
lPrivate Scho
ol9565 Musch Road
Gree
n Oak Tow
nship
58Fowlerville Ch
ristia
n Scho
olPrivate Scho
ol9430 W
. Grand
River Ave.
Hand
y Township
59Maple Tree Mon
tessori A
cade
my
Private Scho
ol2944 S. O
ld U.S. 23
Brighton
Tow
nship
60Our Savior Evangelical Lu
theran
Schoo
lPrivate Scho
ol13667 W. H
ighland Ro
adHa
rtland
Tow
nship
61St. Josep
h Scho
olPrivate Scho
ol425 E. W
ashington Street
Howell
62Hidd
en Springs Christia
n Scho
olPrivate Scho
ol5860 La
tson
Road
Oceola Township
63Livingston
Christia
n Scho
olPrivate Scho
ol550 E. Ham
burg Stree
tPinckney
64Light o
f the
World Acade
my
Private Scho
ol1740 E. M
‐36
Putnam
Tow
nship
65St. M
ary Scho
olPrivate Scho
ol10601 De
xter‐Pinckne
y Rd
.Putnam Tow
nship
Source:
Livingston
Cou
nty Planning
Dep
artm
ent and
GIS Dep
artm
ent, LESA
Livingston
Cou
nty Scho
ol Dire
ctory 2014‐2015, Ju
ne 2015
CRITICAL
FAC
ILITIES IN LIVINGS
TON COUNTY
Public Schoo
l Acade
mies a
nd Priv
ate Scho
ols
108
MAP
#CR
ITICAL
FAC
ILITY
TYPE
OF FA
CILITY
ADDR
ESS
COMMUNITY
66Cleary University
Colle
ge or U
niversity
3750 Cleary Dr.
Geno
a Township
67Eastern Michigan Un
iversity
Colle
ge or U
niversity
2250 Gen
oa Business P
ark Dr.
Geno
a Township
68Ferris State University
Colle
ge or U
niversity
1240 Packard Dr.
Howell Tow
nship
69Lansing Co
mmun
ity College
Colle
ge or U
niversity
402 Wrig
ht Road
Marion Township
70Mott C
ommun
ity College
Colle
ge or U
niversity
1240 Packard Dr.
Howell Tow
nship
71Livingston
MTEC
Colle
ge or U
niversity
1240 Packard Dr.
Howell Tow
nship
72Washten
aw Com
mun
ity College
Colle
ge or U
niversity
7878 Brig
hton
Road
Brighton
Source:
Livingston
Cou
nty Planning
Dep
artm
ent and
GIS Dep
artm
ent, LESA
Livingston
Cou
nty Scho
ol Dire
ctory 2014‐2015, Ju
ne 2015
CRITICAL
FAC
ILITIES IN LIVINGS
TON COUNTY
Colleges a
nd Universities
109
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!
!
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!
!
!
!
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!
!
!
!
!!
!!
!
!
!
!
!!
!
!
15
6
7 4
9
3
8
12
201
7
2422
27
3626
31 32
34
69
40
44
37
38
23
33
53
54
55
52
65
61
35
39
21
18
71
59
48
50
62
63
57
16
2
47
66 3
028
51
49
64
60
15
11
41
42
43
56
58
67
68
70
72
14
29
25
46
45
19
13
10
47,
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ount
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epar
tmen
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f Pla
nnin
g,
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grap
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Info
Sys
tem
s,
Publ
ic H
ealth
& Em
erge
ncy
Man
agem
ent
May
201
5
CRI
TIC
AL
FAC
ILIT
IES
IN L
IVIN
GST
ON
CO
UNTY
-
PUBL
IC A
ND
PRI
VA
TE S
CHO
OLS
, AC
AD
EMIE
S,
CO
LLEG
ES A
ND
UNIV
ERSI
TIES
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pe
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ch
oo
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oo
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n
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riva
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ch
oo
l
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olle
ge
or
Un
ive
rsity
110
MAP
#CR
ITICAL
FAC
ILITY
TYPE
OF
FACILITY
ADDR
ESS
COMMUNITY
1First Steps Prescho
olCh
ild Care & Le
arning
400 E. Grand
River
Brighton
2Brighton
Mon
tessori Schoo
lCh
ild Care & Le
arning
5291 Ethel Stree
tBrighton
Tow
nship
3Creativ
e Kids Le
arning
Cen
ter
Child
Care & Le
arning
801 Ch
estnut Stree
tBrighton
4Ro
sebroo
ke Child Develop
men
tCh
ild Care & Le
arning
7600 Nem
co W
ayBrighton
5LO
L Daycare
Child
Care & Le
arning
5051 Pleasant V
alley Dr.
Brighton
Tow
nship
6Maple Tree Mon
tessori A
cade
my
Child
Care & Le
arning
2944 S. O
ld U.S. 23
Brighton
Tow
nship
7Tedd
y Be
ar's Playho
use
Child
Care & Le
arning
10068 Spen
cer R
oad
Brighton
Tow
nship
8Co
rnerston
e Ch
ristia
n Scho
olCh
ild Care & Le
arning
9455 Hilton
Road
Brighton
Tow
nship
9He
artstrings Le
arning
Cen
ter
Child
Care & Le
arning
201 S. 2nd
Stree
tFowlerville
10The Learning
Tree
Child
Care & Le
arning
1183 Parkw
ay Driv
eGe
noa Township
11Brighton
Co‐Op Preschoo
lCh
ild Care & Le
arning
4440 Brig
hton
Road
Geno
a Township
12IXL Learning Ce
nter
Child
Care & Le
arning
5424 E. G
rand
River Ave.
Geno
a Township
13Scho
ol Bell Child Care
Child
Care & Le
arning
7172 E. G
rand
River Ave.
Geno
a Township
14Stacy's E
arly Childho
od Cen
ter
Child
Care & Le
arning
5885 M
‐36
Hambu
rg15
Alph
abet Sou
p Ch
ildren's C
enter
Child
Care & Le
arning
8048 Cou
ntry Corne
r Dr.
Hand
y Township
16New
Creations Prescho
olCh
ild Care & Le
arning
9300 W
. Grand
River Ave.
Hand
y Township
17Co
untry Mou
se Childcare
Child
Care & Le
arning
7739 Clyde
Road
Oceola Township
18Our Savior Evangelical Lu
theran
Prescho
olCh
ild Care & Le
arning
13667 Highland
Road
Hartland
Tow
nship
19The Learning
Ladd
erCh
ild Care & Le
arning
1025 Yorkshire Driv
eHo
well
20St. Josep
h Preschoo
l & La
tch Ke
yCh
ild Care & Le
arning
317 Fowler Stree
tHo
well
21Grace Lutheran
Early Le
arning
Cen
ter
Child
Care & Le
arning
312 Prospe
ct Stree
tHo
well
22First P
resbyterian Ch
ildrens Care Ce
nter
Child
Care & Le
arning
323 W. G
rand
River Ave.
Howell
23Ho
well Recreation Preschoo
lCh
ild Care & Le
arning
925 W. G
rand
River Ave.
Howell
CRITICAL
FAC
ILITIES IN LIVINGS
TON COUNTY
Child
Care an
d Learning
Facilitie
s in Non
‐Schoo
l Facilitie
s
Sources: Livingston
Cou
nty Planning
Dep
artm
ent, Livingston
Cou
nty De
partmen
t of P
ublic Health
, Great Start to
Quality Re
ferral List, Jun
e 2015
111
MAP
#CR
ITICAL
FAC
ILITY
TYPE
OF
FACILITY
ADDR
ESS
COMMUNITY
24He
art o
f the
She
pherd Ch
ild Dev. Cen
ter
Child
Care & Le
arning
228 N. Burkhart R
oad
Howell Tow
nship
25Ho
well Early Le
arning
Cen
ter
Child
Care & Le
arning
1800 N. Burkhart R
oad
Howell Tow
nship
26Little Cou
ntry Kids D
ay Care
Child
Care & Le
arning
3076 W
. Coo
n Lake
Road
Marion Township
27Crossroads Le
arning
Cen
ter
Child
Care & Le
arning
144 Schroe
der P
ark
Marion Township
28Follo
w th
e Ch
ild Mon
tessori Schoo
lCh
ild Care & Le
arning
985 N. Latson
Oceola Township
29Rainbo
w Child Care Ce
nter
Child
Care & Le
arning
1840 La
tson
Road
Oceola Township
30Giggle Gang Da
ycare & Prescho
olCh
ild Care & Le
arning
5202 E. H
ighland Ro
adOceola Township
31A Place to Grow
Child
Care & Le
arning
910 Da
rwin Road
Putnam
Tow
nship
32For K
ids S
ake Early
Learning
Child
Care & Le
arning
10300 Pinckney
Road
Putnam
Tow
nship
CRITICAL
FAC
ILITIES IN LIVINGS
TON COUNTY
Child
Care an
d Learning Facilitie
s in Non
‐Schoo
l Facilitie
s
Sources: Livingston
Cou
nty Planning
Dep
artm
ent, Livingston
Cou
nty De
partmen
t of P
ublic Health
, Great Start to
Quality Re
ferral List, Jun
e 2015
112
!!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
! !
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!!
!!!
!
!
!!!
!
!
12
34
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
2425
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
Fow
lerv
ille
Pinc
kne
y
Tyro
neD
eerfi
eld
Coh
octa
hC
onw
ay
Har
tland
Iosc
o
Una
dilla
Ham
burg
Han
dy
Putn
am
Gre
enO
ak
Brig
hton
City
Oce
ola
How
ell
Ma
rion
Ho
we
llC
ity
Ge
noa
Brig
hton
±SO
URC
ES:
Livin
gst
on
Cou
nty
Dep
artm
ents
of P
lann
ing,
G
eog
rap
hic
Info
Sys
tem
s,
Publ
ic H
ealth
& Em
erg
ency
Man
ag
eme
nt
May
201
5
CRI
TIC
AL
FAC
ILIT
IES
IN L
IVIN
GST
ON
CO
UNTY
-
CH
ILD
CA
RE, L
EARN
ING
FA
CIL
ITIE
S IN
NO
N-S
CH
OO
L FA
CIL
ITIE
S
113
MAP
#CR
ITICAL
FAC
ILITY
TYPE
OF
FACILITY
ADDR
ESS
COMMUNITY
1Brighton
Sen
ior C
enter
Senior Cen
ter
850 Spen
cer R
oad
Brighton
2Em
eritu
s at B
righton
Senior Hou
sing
833 E. Grand
River Ave.
Brighton
3Oak Tree Village
Senior Hou
sing
7800 Nem
co W
ayBrighton
4Inde
pend
ence Village of Brig
hton
Valley
Senior Hou
sing
7700 Nem
co W
ayBrighton
5Mill Pon
d Manor Apartmen
tsSenior Hou
sing
614 N. 2nd
Stree
tBrighton
6Caretel Inn
s of B
righton
Nursing/Reh
ab1014 E. G
rand
River Ave.
Brighton
7Un
iversity of M
ichigan Brighton
Health
Cen
terNursing/Reh
ab8001 Challis R
oad
Brighton
8St. Joh
n Providen
ce Health
System Brig
hton
Center For Recovery
Health Care/Ho
spita
l12851 Grand River R
oad
Brighton
Tow
nship
9Meado
w Glen Ap
artm
ents
Senior Hou
sing
470 N. G
rand
Fowlerville
10Glen
woo
d Ap
artm
ents
Senior Hou
sing
797 Ha
zelnut Stree
tFowlerville
11Ro
lling
Meado
ws S
enior A
partmen
tsSenior Hou
sing
360 N. A
nn Stree
tFowlerville
12Fowlerville Senior Cen
ter
Senior Cen
ter
203 N. Collin
s Stree
tFowlerville
13Ashley
Cou
rtNursing/Reh
ab7400 Challis R
oad
Brighton
14Sanctuary at W
oodland
Senior Hou
sing
7533 Grand
River Ave.
Geno
a Township
15Wellbrid
ge of B
righton
Nursing/Reh
ab2200 Dorr R
oad
Geno
a Township
CRITICAL
FAC
ILITIES IN LIVINGS
TON COUNTY
Senior and
Health
Care Facilities
Sources: Livingston
Cou
nty Planning
Dep
artm
ent, Livingston
Cou
nty De
partmen
t of P
ublic Health
, Sen
ior H
ousing
Guide
2013, Ju
ne 2015
114
MAP
#CR
ITICAL
FAC
ILITY
TYPE
OF
FACILITY
ADDR
ESS
COMMUNITY
16St. Josep
h Mercy Brig
hton
& Cancer C
enter
Health Care/Ho
spita
l7575 E. G
rand
River Avenu
eGe
noa Township
17Ha
mbu
rg Tow
nship Senior Cen
ter
Senior Cen
ter
10407 Merrill Road
Hambu
rg Tow
nship
18Ha
rtland
Tow
nship Senior Cen
ter
Senior Cen
ter
9525 Highland Ro
adHa
rtland
Tow
nship
19Village
Manor Retire
men
tSenior Hou
sing
9501 E. H
ighland Ro
adHa
rtland
Tow
nship
20Co
untry Glen
Senior Hou
sing
600 Warbler W
ayHo
well
21Sunn
y Kn
oll A
partmen
tsSenior Hou
sing
1333 W
. Grand
River Ave.
Howell
22Oakhaven Manor
Senior Hou
sing
1320 Asheb
ury Lane
Howell
23Ho
well Sen
ior C
enter
Senior Cen
ter
925 W. G
rand
River Ave.
Howell
24The Willow
s at H
owell
Senior Hou
sing
1500 Byron
Road
Howell
25Vista Sprin
gsSenior Hou
sing
605 Pe
re Marqu
ette Stree
tHo
well
26Ho
well Care Ce
nter
Nursing/Reh
ab3003 W
. Grand
River Ave.
Howell Tow
nship
27Med
ilodge of How
ell
Nursing/Reh
ab1333 W
. Grand
River Ave.
Howell
28Sunn
y Kn
oll A
partmen
tsSenior Hou
sing
1333 W
. Grand
River Ave.
Howell
29St. Josep
h Mercy Livingston
Hospital
Health Care/Ho
spita
l620 Byron Ro
adHo
well
30Pinckney
Sen
ior C
enter
Senior Cen
ter
131 S. How
ell Stree
tPinckney
CRITICAL
FAC
ILITIES IN LIVINGS
TON COUNTY
Senior and
Health
Care Facilities
Sources: Livingston
Cou
nty Planning
Dep
artm
ent, Livingston
Cou
nty De
partmen
t of P
ublic Health
, Sen
ior H
ousing
Guide
2013, Ju
ne 2015
115
!
!!
!
!
!
!
! !! !
!!!
!
!
!
!!
!
!!
!!!
!!!
!
!
1
34
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
1314
15
2
16
17
18
19
20
21
23
22
25
26
27
28
29
30
24
Fow
lerv
ille
Pinc
kney
Tyro
neDe
erfie
ldC
ohoc
tah
Con
way
Hartl
and
Iosc
o
Unad
illa
Ham
burg
Hand
y
Putn
amG
reen
Oak
Brig
hton
City
Oce
ola
How
ell
Mar
ion
How
ell
City
Gen
oaBr
ight
on
±SO
URC
ES:
Livin
gsto
n C
ount
y De
partm
ents
of P
lann
ing,
G
eogr
aphi
c In
fo S
yste
ms,
Pu
blic
Hea
lth
& Emer
genc
y M
anag
emen
t
May
201
5
CRI
TIC
AL
FAC
ILIT
IES
IN L
IVIN
GST
ON
CO
UNTY
-
SEN
IOR
AN
D H
EALT
HCA
RE F
AC
ILIT
IES
Ty
pe
of
Fa
cilit
y
!S
en
ior
Ce
nte
r
!S
en
ior
Ho
us
ing
!N
urs
ing
/ R
eh
ab
!H
ea
lth
ca
re /
Ho
sp
ita
l
116
MAP
#CR
ITICAL
FAC
ILITY
TYPE
OF
FACILITY
ADDR
ESS
COMMUNITY/
SCHO
OL DIST.
1Scranton
Middle Scho
olScho
ol8415 Maltby Ro
adBrighton
Schoo
l District
2Lord of Life
Lutheran
Chu
rch
Church
5051 Pleasant V
alley
Brighton
Tow
nship
3Miller Early Childho
odScho
ol850 Spen
cer R
oad
Brighton
Schoo
l District
4Brighton
High Scho
olScho
ol7878 Brig
hton
Road
Brighton
Schoo
l District
5Ha
wkins Elemen
tary Schoo
lScho
ol8900 Le
e Ro
adBrighton
Schoo
l District
6Hilto
n Elem
entary Schoo
lScho
ol9600 Hilton
Brighton
Schoo
l District
7Spen
cer Elemen
tary Schoo
lScho
ol10639 Spen
cer R
oad
Brighton
Schoo
l District
8Ho
rnun
g Elem
entary Schoo
lScho
ol4680 Bauer Road
Brighton
Schoo
l District
9Brighton
Christia
n Ch
urch
Church
4309 Bun
o Ro
adBrighton
Tow
nship
10Shep
ard of th
e Lakes Luthe
ran
Church
2101 S. H
acker R
oad
Brighton
Tow
nship
11First U
nited Metho
dist Chu
rch
Church
400 E. Grand
River
Brighton
12St. Paul's Episcop
al Chu
rch
Church
200 West St. Paul Stree
tBrighton
13Maltby Middle Scho
olScho
ol4740 Bauer Road
Brighton
Schoo
l District
14St. M
ary Magdalen Catholic
Church
2201 Old US‐23
Brighton
Tow
nship
15St. A
ugustin
e Catholic Chu
rch
Church
6481 Faussett
Deerfie
ld Tow
nship
16Kree
ger Elemen
tary Schoo
lScho
ol430 N. H
ibbard Stree
tFowlerville Scho
ol District
17Fowlerville Junior High Scho
olScho
ol7677 Sharpe Ro
adFowlerville Scho
ol District
18Fowlerville High
Schoo
lScho
ol700 North Grand
River
Fowlerville Scho
ol District
19St. Joh
n's Luthe
ran
Church
132 S Be
njam
in Stree
tFowlerville
20Gregory Co
mmun
ity Chu
rch
Church
126 Ch
urch Stree
t Un
adilla Township
CRITICAL
FAC
ILITIES IN LIVINGS
TON COUNTY
Emergency Shelters
Sources: Livingston
Cou
nty De
partmen
t of P
ublic Health
and
Livingston
Cou
nty Ch
apter o
f the
American
Red
Cross, M
ay 2015
117
MAP
#CR
ITICAL
FAC
ILITY
TYPE
OF
FACILITY
ADDR
ESS
COMMUNITY/
SCHO
OL DIST.
21St. Paul Luthe
ran Ch
urch
Church
7701 East M
‐36
Hambu
rg Tow
nship
22Ore Creek
Middle Scho
olScho
ol3250 Hartla
nd Road
Hartland
Schoo
l District
23Cree
kside Elem
entary Schoo
lScho
ol3480 East Stree
tHa
rtland
Schoo
l District
24Ha
rtland
High Scho
olScho
ol10635 Du
nham
Road
Hartland
Schoo
l District
25Lakes E
lemen
tary Schoo
lScho
ol687 Taylor Road
Hartland
Schoo
l District
26Farm
s Intermed
iate Schoo
lScho
ol581 Taylor Road
Hartland
Schoo
l District
27Ro
und Elem
entary Schoo
lScho
ol11550 Hibn
er Road
Hartland
Schoo
l District
28Village
Elemen
tary Schoo
lScho
ol10632 Hibn
er Road
Hartland
Schoo
l District
29Ha
rtland
Edu
c. Sup
port Service
Scho
ol9525 Highland Ro
adHa
rtland
Schoo
l District
30Northwest Elemen
tary
Scho
ol1233 Bow
er Stree
tHo
well Schoo
l District
31Southw
est Elemen
atry
Scho
ol915 Ga
y Street
Howell Schoo
l District
32Ho
well A
ssem
bly of God
Church
1130 W
. Highland
Howell Tow
nship
33Ho
well H
igh Scho
olScho
ol1200 W
. Grand
River
Howell Schoo
l District
34Highland
er W
ay Middle Scho
olScho
ol511 N. H
ighlande
r Way
Howell Schoo
l District
35Three Fires M
iddle Scho
olScho
ol4125 Crooked
Lake
Rd.
Howell Schoo
l District
36Hu
tchings E
lemen
tary
Scho
ol3503 Bigelow
Road
Howell Schoo
l District
37Vo
yager Elemen
tary
Scho
ol1450 Byron
Road
Howell Schoo
l District
38Southe
ast Elemen
tary
Scho
ol861 Sibley
Stree
tHo
well Schoo
l District
39St. Josep
h Catholic Chu
rch
Church
440 E. W
ashington St.
Howell
40Ch
allenger Elemen
tary
Scho
ol1066 W
. Grand
River
Howell Schoo
l District
Sources: Livingston
Cou
nty De
partmen
t of P
ublic Health
and
Livingston
Cou
nty Ch
apter o
f the
American
Red
Cross, M
ay 2015
CRITICAL
FAC
ILITIES IN LIVINGS
TON COUNTY
Emergency Shelters
118
MAP
#CR
ITICAL
FAC
ILITY
TYPE
OF
FACILITY
ADDR
ESS
COMMUNITY/
SCHO
OL DIST.
41First U
nited Metho
dist Chu
rch
Church
1230 Bow
er Stree
tHo
well
42Parker High Scho
olScho
ol400 Wrig
ht Road
Howell Schoo
l District
43Ho
well H
igh Scho
ol ‐ Freshman
Scho
ol1400 W
. Grand
River
Howell Schoo
l District
44Am
erican
Red
Cross ‐ Livingston
Agen
cy1372 W
. Grand
River
Howell
45St. Joh
n Catholic Chu
rch
Church
2099 N. H
acker R
oad
Oceola Township
46Farle
y Hill Elem
entary
Scho
ol8110 Farley Ro
adPinckney
Schoo
l District
47Co
untry Elem
entary
Scho
ol2939 East M
‐36
Pinckney
Schoo
l District
48Pathfin
der M
iddle Scho
olScho
ol2130 East M
‐36
Pinckney
Schoo
l District
49Navigator Middle Scho
olScho
ol2150 East M
‐36
Pinckney
Schoo
l District
50Pinckney
High Scho
olScho
ol10255 De
xter Pinckne
yPinckney
Schoo
l District
51Shalom
Lutheran
Chu
rch
Church
1740 East M
‐36
Putnam
Tow
nship
Sources: Livingston
Cou
nty De
partmen
t of P
ublic Health
and
Livingston
Cou
nty Ch
apter o
f the
American
Red
Cross, M
ay 2015
CRITICAL
FAC
ILITIES IN LIVINGS
TON COUNTY
Emergency Shelters
119
!
!!
!
!
!
!!
!
!
!!!
!
!
! !
!!
!!! ! !
!!
!
!
!
!!
!
!
!
!
!!
!!
! !
!
!!
!
!!
!
!
!
!
1
2
4
5
6
79
10
12
14
15
16 19
20
21
25
26
27
28
29
34
35
36
38
39
41
42
44
45
47
48
51
17
46
49
50
3
8
11
13
22
23
24
30
31
32
33
37
40
43
18
Fow
lerv
ille
Pin
ckn
ey
Tyro
ne
De
erfi
eld
Co
ho
cta
hC
on
wa
y
Ha
rtla
nd
Iosc
o
Una
dill
aH
am
bu
rg
Ha
nd
y
Putn
am
Gre
en
Oa
k
Brig
hto
nC
ity
Oc
eo
laH
ow
ell
Ma
rion
Ho
we
llC
ity
Ge
no
aBr
ight
on
±SO
URC
ES:
Livi
ngst
on
Co
unty
D
ep
art
men
ts o
f Pla
nnin
g,
Ge
og
rap
hic
Info
Sys
tem
s,
Pub
lic H
ea
lth
& Eme
rgen
cy
Ma
nag
em
ent
Ma
y 20
15
CRI
TIC
AL
FAC
ILIT
IES
IN L
IVIN
GST
ON
CO
UN
TY -
EM
ERG
ENC
Y S
HEL
TERS
Fa
cilit
y T
yp
e!
Ch
urc
h
!S
ch
oo
l
!A
ge
ncy
120
MAP
#CR
ITICAL
FAC
ILITY
ADDR
ESS
COMMUNITY
1First P
resbyterian Ch
urch of B
righton
300 East Grand
River
Brighton
2First U
nited Metho
dist Chu
rch of Brig
hton
400 East Grand
River
Brighton
3GraceP
ointe Ch
urch
228 S. 4th Stree
tBrighton
4Pathway Com
mun
ity Chu
rch
850 Spen
cer R
oad
Brighton
5St. G
eorge Lutheran
Chu
rch
803 W. M
ain Street
Brighton
6St. Patrick Catholic Chu
rch
711 Rickett R
oad
Brighton
7St. Paul's Episocal at the
Millpo
nd200 W. St. Paul
Brighton
8242 Co
mmun
ity Chu
rch
7526 Grand
River Avenu
eGe
noa Township
9Brighton
Christia
n Ch
urch
4309 Bun
o Ro
adBrighton
Tow
nship
10Floo
d Ga
te Ren
ewal Fellowship
1623 Old U.S. 23
Brighton
Tow
nship
11Lord of Life
Lutheran
Chu
rch
5051 Pleasant V
alley Ro
adBrighton
Tow
nship
12Co
rnerston
e Evangelical Presbyterian
9455 Hilton
Road
Brighton
Tow
nship
13Shep
herd of the
Lakes Luthe
ran Ch
urch
2101 Sou
th Hacker R
oad
Brighton
Tow
nship
14St. M
ary Magdalen Catholic Chu
rch
2201 Sou
th Old U.S. 23
Brighton
Tow
nship
15Oak Grove
United Metho
dist Chu
rch
6686 Oak Grove
Coho
ctah
Tow
nship
16Co
nway Free Metho
dist Chu
rch
6995 N. Fow
lerville Ro
adCo
nway Tow
nship
17St. A
gnes Catho
lic Chu
rch
855 E. Grand
River Avenu
eFowlerville
18First U
nited Metho
dist Chu
rch of Fow
lerville
201 S. 2nd
Stree
tFowlerville
19St. Joh
n Lutheran
Chu
rch
132 S. Ben
jamin
Fowlerville
20Ch
ilson
Hills C
hurch
4440 Brig
hton
Road
Geno
a Township
Source:
Livingston
Cou
nty Planning
Dep
artm
ent, June
2015
CRITICAL
FAC
ILITIES IN LIVINGS
TON COUNTY
Worship Assem
bly Facilities
121
MAP
#CR
ITICAL
FAC
ILITY
ADDR
ESS
COMMUNITY
21Brighton
Chu
rch of th
e Nazaren
e7669 Brig
hton
Road
Geno
a Township
22St. Joh
n the Baptist C
atho
lic Chu
rch
2099 N. H
acker R
oad
Hartland
Tow
nship
23NorthRidge Ch
urch
7555 Brig
hton
Road
Geno
a Township
24Co
mmun
ity Bible Chu
rch
7372 Grand
River Avenu
eGe
noa Township
25Brighton
Assem
bly of God
7770 W
hitm
ore Lake
Road
Gree
n Oak Tow
nship
26First B
aptist C
hurch of Brig
hton
6235 Rickett Road
Gree
n Oak Tow
nship
27St. Paul Luthe
ran Ch
urch
7701 E. M
36
Hambu
rg Tow
nship
28St. Steph
en's Episcopal Chu
rch
10585 Ha
mbu
rg Road
Hambu
rg Tow
nship
29Fowlerville Ch
urch of the
Nazaren
e8040 Cou
ntry Corne
r Driv
eHa
ndy Township
30Fowlerville Un
ited Brethren
in Christ
9300 W
. Grand
River Road
Hand
y Township
31Ore Creek
Com
mun
ity Chu
rch
3375 Fen
ton Ro
adHa
rtland
Tow
nship
32Ve
nture Ch
urch
10171 Be
rgin Road
Hartland
Tow
nship
33Ha
rtland
Chu
rch of th
e Nazaren
e3619 Avon Street
Hartland
Tow
nship
34First U
nited Metho
dist Chu
rch
10300 Maple Avenu
eHa
rtland
Tow
nship
35Ce
nterpo
inte Chu
rch
214 E. Brooks S
tree
tHo
well
36First B
aptist C
hurch Ho
well
210 Ch
urch Stree
tHo
well
37Ch
rist C
hurch of Livingston
Cou
nty
521 W. W
ashington
Howell
38First P
resbyterian Ch
urch of H
owell
323 W. G
rand
River
Howell
39First U
nited Metho
dist Chu
rch of How
ell
1230 Bow
er Stree
tHo
well
40St. Joh
n's E
piscop
al Chu
rch
504 Prospe
ct Stree
tHo
well
41St. Josep
h Catholic Chu
rch
440 E. W
ashington Street
Howell
Source:
Livingston
Cou
nty Planning
Dep
artm
ent, June
2015
CRITICAL
FAC
ILITIES IN LIVINGS
TON COUNTY
Worship Assem
bly Facilities
122
MAP
#CR
ITICAL
FAC
ILITY
ADDR
ESS
COMMUNITY
42The Ro
ad Com
mun
ity Chu
rch
214 Broo
ks Stree
tHo
well
43The Salvation Army
503 Lake
Stree
tHo
well
44Grace Lutheran
Chu
rch
312 Prospe
ct Stree
tHo
well
45Marr C
ommun
ity Bible Chu
rch
4494 N. Burkhart R
oad
Howell Tow
nship
46Sonrise Ch
urch
1130 W
est H
ighland Ro
adHo
well Tow
nship
47He
art o
f the
She
pherd Lutheran
Chu
rch
228 N. Burkhart R
oad
Howell Tow
nship
48Trinity
United Metho
dist Chu
rch
8201 Iosco Ro
adIosco Township
49Crosssroads A
postolic Chu
rch
144 Schroe
der P
ark Drive
Marion Township
50Crosssroads C
hurch of God
3940 Pinckne
y Ro
adMarion Township
51Life Christia
n Ch
urch
5202 E. H
ighland Ro
adOceola Township
52Hidd
en Springs Chu
rch
5860 N. Latson Ro
adOceola Township
53Ha
rdy Un
ited Metho
dist Chu
rch
6510 E. H
ighland Ro
adOceola Township
54Pe
oples C
hurch of Pinckne
y500 W. M
ain
Pinckney
55Co
mmun
ity Con
gregational Chu
rch
125 E. Unadilla
Stree
tPinckney
56Arise Un
ited Metho
dist Chu
rch
11211 De
xter‐Pinckne
y Ro
adPu
tnam
Tow
nship
57Shalom
Lutheran
Chu
rch
1740 East M
‐36
Putnam
Tow
nship
58St. M
ary Catholic Chu
rch
10601 De
xter Pinckne
y Ro
adPu
tnam
Tow
nship
59Trinity
Lutheran
Chu
rch
5758 W
. M‐36
Putnam
Tow
nship
60Tyrone
Coven
ant P
resbyterian Ch
urch
10235 White La
ke Road
Tyrone
Tow
nship
Source:
Livingston
Cou
nty Planning
Dep
artm
ent, June
2015
CRITICAL
FAC
ILITIES IN LIVINGS
TON COUNTY
Worship Assem
bly Facilities
123
! !!
!!
!!
!
!
!
!
!
!!
!!
!!!
!!! !
!
!
!
!!
!
!!
!! !
!!!!!
!
! !!
!
!
!
!
!
! !
!
!
!
!!
!
!
!
!
!
Fow
lerv
ille
Pinc
kney
Tyro
neD
eerfi
eld
Co
hoct
ah
Co
nwa
y
Ha
rtla
nd
Iosc
o
Una
dill
aH
am
bur
g
Ha
ndy
Putn
am
Gre
en
Oa
k
Brig
hton
City
Oce
ola
Ho
we
ll
Ma
rion
Ho
we
llC
ity
Gen
oaBr
ight
on
6
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
3334
39
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
1
23
4
5
7
3536
37
38
40
41
±SO
URC
ES:
Livi
ngst
on
Cou
nty
De
pa
rtmen
ts o
f Pla
nnin
g,
Ge
og
rap
hic
Info
Sys
tem
s,
Pub
lic H
ea
lth
& Eme
rge
ncy
Ma
nag
em
ent
Ma
y 20
15
CRI
TIC
AL
FAC
ILIT
IES
IN L
IVIN
GST
ON
CO
UNTY
-
WO
RSH
IP A
SSEM
BLY
FAC
ILIT
IES
!
Wors
hip
A
ssem
bly
F
acili
tie
s
124
MAP
#CR
ITICAL
FAC
ILITY
TYPE
OF
FACILITY
ADDR
ESS
COMMUNITY
1Brighton
Charter Tow
nship Ha
llGo
vernmen
t Hall
4363 Bun
o Ro
adBrighton
Tow
nship
2Brighton
City
Hall
Governmen
t Hall
200 N. 1st Stree
tBrighton
3Brighton
Post O
ffice
Post Office
100 Ch
arles O
rndo
rf Driv
eBrighton
4Co
hoctah
Tow
nship Ha
llGo
vernmen
t Hall
10518 An
tcliff R
oad
Coho
ctah
Tow
nship
5Co
hoctah
Post O
ffice
Post Office
1477 W
. Coh
octah Ro
adCo
hoctah
Tow
nship
6Co
nway Tow
nship Ha
llGo
vernmen
t Hall
8015 N. Fow
lerville Ro
adCo
nway Tow
nship
7De
erfie
ld Tow
nship Ha
llGo
vernmen
t Hall
4494 Cen
ter R
oad
Deerfie
ld Tow
nship
8Ha
ndy Township Ha
llGo
vernmen
t Hall
135 N. G
rand
Avenu
eFowlerville
9Fowlerville Village
Hall
Governmen
t Hall
213 S. Grand
Avenu
eFowlerville
10Fowlerville Po
st Office
Post Office
7030 E. G
rand
River Avenu
eFowlerville
11Ge
noa Ch
arter Tow
nship Ha
llGo
vernmen
t Hall
2911 Dorr R
oad
Geno
a Township
12Gree
n Oak Tow
nship Ha
llGo
vernmen
t Hall
10001 Silver La
ke Road
Gree
n Oak Tow
nship
13Woo
dland Ce
nter Correctional Facility
Correctio
ns9036 E. M
‐36
Gree
n Oak Tow
nship
14W.J. Maxey
Boys T
raining Scho
olCo
rrectio
ns8701 E. M
‐36
Gree
n Oak Tow
nship
15Gregory Po
st Office
Post Office
114 E. M
‐36
Gregory/Un
adilla Township
16Ha
mbu
rg Tow
nship Ha
llGo
vernmen
t Hall
10405 Merrill Road
Hambu
rg Tow
nship
17Ha
rtland
Tow
nship Ha
llGo
vernmen
t Hall
2655 Clark Road
Hartland
Tow
nship
18Ha
rtland
Post O
ffice
Post Office
10246 Crou
se Road
Hartland
Tow
nship
19Ho
well Tow
nship Ha
llGo
vernmen
t Hall
3525 Byron
Road
Howell Tow
nship
20Livingston
Cou
nty Airport
Transportatio
n3399 Cou
nty Airport D
r.Ho
well Tow
nship
21Livingston
Cou
nty Pu
blic Safety Co
mplex
Coun
ty Offices
1911 Too
ley Ro
adHo
well Tow
nship
Source:
Livingston
Cou
nty Planning
Dep
artm
ent, May 2015
CRITICAL
FAC
ILITIES IN LIVINGS
TON COUNTY
Public Governm
ental Facilitie
s
125
MAP
#CR
ITICAL
FAC
ILITY
TYPE
OF
FACILITY
ADDR
ESS
COMMUNITY
22Ho
well City
Hall
Governmen
t Hall
611 E. Grand
River Avenu
eHo
well
23Ho
well Post O
ffice
Post Office
325 S. Michigan Av
enue
Howell
24Livingston
Cou
nty Ad
ministration
Coun
ty Offices
304 E. Grand
River Avenu
eHo
well
25Livingston
Cou
nty Co
urthou
seCo
unty Offices
200 E. Grand
River Avenu
eHo
well
26Livingston
Cou
nty East Com
plex
Co
unty Offices
2300 E. G
rand
River Avenu
eGe
noa Township
27Livingston
Cou
nty West C
omplex
Coun
ty Offices
210 S. Highlande
r Way
Howell
28Livingston
Essen
tial Trans. Service (LETS)
Transportatio
n3950 W
. Grand
River Avenu
eHo
well Tow
nship
29Livingston
Cou
nty Jail
Correctio
ns150 S. Highlande
r Way
Howell
30Iosco Township Ha
llGo
vernmen
t Hall
2050 Bradley
Road
Iosco Township
31Lakeland
Post O
ffice
Post Office
9680 Kress Road
Lakeland
‐Ham
burg Tow
nship
32Marion Township Ha
llGo
vernmen
t Hall
2877 W
. Coo
n Lake
Road
Marion Township
33Oceola Township Ha
llGo
vernmen
t Hall
1577 La
tson
Road
Oceola Township
34Pinckney
Village Ha
llGo
vernmen
t Hall
220 S. How
ell Stree
tPinckney
35Pinckney
Post O
ffice
Post Office
1325 E. M
‐36
Pinckney
36Pu
tnam
Tow
nship Ha
llGo
vernmen
t Hall
3280 W
. M‐36
Putnam
Tow
nship
37Tyrone
Tow
nship Ha
llGo
vernmen
t Hall
10408 Ce
nter Road
Oceola Township
38Un
adilla Township Ha
llGo
vernmen
t Hall
126 Web
b Street
Unadilla Township
Source:
Livingston
Cou
nty Planning
Dep
artm
ent, May 2015
CRITICAL
FAC
ILITIES IN LIVINGS
TON COUNTY
Public Governm
ental Facilitie
s
126
!
!
!
!
!
!
! !
!
!
!!
!
!
!
!
!
!!
!!!!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!!
!
!
!
!!
Fow
lerv
ille
Pinc
kney
Tyro
neDe
erfie
ldC
ohoc
tah
Con
way
Hartl
and
Iosc
o
Unad
illa
Ham
burg
Hand
y
Putn
amG
reen
Oak
Brig
hton
City
Oce
ola
How
ell
Mar
ion
How
ell
City
Gen
oaBr
ight
on 12
3
4
6
89
11
12
13
14
15
17
5
16
19
20
21
22
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
38
18
10
7
23
37
±SO
URC
ES:
Livin
gsto
n C
ount
y De
partm
ents
of P
lann
ing,
G
eogr
aphi
c In
fo S
yste
ms,
Pu
blic
Hea
lth
& Emer
genc
y M
anag
emen
t
May
201
5
CRI
TICA
L FA
CIL
ITIES
IN L
IVIN
GST
ON
CO
UNTY
- PU
BLIC
GO
VERN
MEN
TAL
FAC
ILITI
ES
Fa
cil
ity T
yp
e!
Corr
ect
ion
s
!C
ou
nty
Offic
es
!G
overn
me
nt H
all
!P
ost
Offic
e
!T
ransport
ation
127
MAP
#CR
ITICAL
FAC
ILITY
ADDR
ESS
COMMUNITY
SITES
1Brighton
Traile
r Cou
rt612 Flint R
d.Brighton
City
92
Woo
dland Lake
Mob
ile Park
8005 W
Grand
River Ave.
Brighton
Tow
nship
653
North Bay Harbo
r Club
11659 He
ron Bay Dr.
Deerfie
ld Tow
nship
944
Cedar R
iver Estates
400 Ce
dar R
iver Dr.
Fowlerville
119
5Grandshire Estates
851 Willow
St.
Fowlerville
151
6Brighton
Village
7500 Grand
River Ave.
Geno
a Township
196
7Sylvan
Glen Mob
ile Hom
e Estates
6600 E Grand
River Ave.
Geno
a Township
482
8Silver La
ke Mob
ile Park
10987 Silver La
ke Rd.
Gree
n Oak Tow
nship
279
Starlight Mob
ile Hom
e Park
7175 Bisho
p Rd
.Gree
n Oak Tow
nship
4810
University Mob
ile Estates II
11870 He
idelbe
rg La
neGree
n Oak Tow
nship
5511
Woo
dland Ridge
12250 Woo
dland Ridge Circle
Gree
n Oak Tow
nship
433
12Co
ventry W
oods
7243 She
ldon
Rd.
Hambu
rg Tow
nship
195
13Ha
mbu
rg Hills E
states
7005 She
ldon
Rd.
Hambu
rg Tow
nship
152
14Alan's Mob
ile Hom
e Park
3575 Nicho
lson
Rd.
Hand
y Township
199
15Ha
rtland
Meado
ws
13643 West H
ighland Rd
.Ha
rtland
Tow
nship
617
16Ho
well Estates
515 Mason
Rd.
Howell City
458
17Bu
rkhart Ridge
1011 River Line
Dr.
Howell Tow
nship
306
18Fairlaw
n Meado
ws
1701 Fairla
wn Rd
.Ho
well Tow
nship
4819
Fairlane Estates M
obile
Park
2195 E Grand
River Ave.
Oceola Township
6020
Cide
r Mill Crossings
9900 Tow
n Square Blvd.
Tyrone
Tow
nship
262
21Tyrone
Woo
ds8378 Hogan
Rd.
Tyrone
Tow
nship
293
Sources:
Livingston
Cou
nty Planning
Dep
artm
ent and
the Southe
ast M
ichigan Co
uncil of G
overnm
ents (SEM
GOG), M
ay 2015
CRITICAL
FAC
ILITIES IN LIVINGS
TON COUNTY
Licensed
Man
ufactured Ho
using Parks
128
Fow
lerv
ille
Pinc
kney
Tyro
neD
eerfi
eld
Coh
octa
hC
onw
ay
Hartl
and
Iosc
o
Unad
illa
Ham
burg
Hand
y
Putn
amG
reen
Oak
Brig
hton
City
Oce
ola
How
ell
Mar
ion
How
ell
City
Gen
oaBr
ight
on
! !
!
!
!
!
!!
!
!
!
!
! !
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
4
5
19
7
9
10
12
16
18
2
3 6
13
14
1
15
21
11
20
8
17
±SO
URC
ES:
Livin
gsto
n C
ount
y De
partm
ents
of P
lann
ing,
G
eogr
aphi
c In
fo S
yste
ms,
Pu
blic
Hea
lth
& Emer
genc
y M
anag
emen
t
May
201
5
CRI
TICA
L FA
CIL
ITIE
S IN
LIV
ING
STO
N C
OUN
TY -
MA
NUF
AC
TURE
D HO
USIN
G P
ARK
S
!M
an
ufa
ctu
red
Ho
usin
g P
ark
s
129
MAP
#CR
ITICAL
FAC
ILITY
TYPE
OF FA
CILITY
ADDR
ESS
COMMUNITY
1Meijer Inc.
Grocery/Re
tail
8650 W
. Grand
River Avenu
eBrighton
2Toyoda
Gosei Co., Ltd.
Manufacturin
g/Wareh
ousing
740 Ad
vance St.
Brighton
3Eberspaecher North America
Manufacturin
g/Wareh
ousing
2075 Charle
s H. O
rndo
rf Dr.
Brighton
4Target
Gene
ral Retail
8043 Challis R
oad
Brighton
5Co
rrigan
Oil Co
.Manufacturin
g/Wareh
ousing
775 N. 2nd
St.
Brighton
6Brighton
Area Scho
ols
Education
125 S. Chu
rch St.
Brighton
7St. Joh
n Providen
ce Health
System Brig
hton
Center For Recovery
Health Care/Ho
spita
l12851 Grand River R
oad
Brighton
Tow
nship
8Ge
neral M
otors
Manufacturin
g/Wareh
ousing
Hickory Ridge, GM Road
Brighton
Tow
nship
9Go
rdon
Foo
d Service
Manufacturin
g/Wareh
ousing
7770 Ken
sington Co
urt
Gree
n Oak Tow
nship
10BW
I Group
Manufacturin
g/Wareh
ousing
12501 W. G
rand
River Avenu
eBrighton
Tow
nship
11Asahi Kasei Plastics N
orth America
Manufacturin
g/Wareh
ousing
900 E. Van
Riper Road
Fowlerville
12TRW Autom
otive ‐ Fowlerville
Manufacturin
g/Wareh
ousing
500 E. Van
Riper Road
Fowlerville
13Wal‐M
art
Grocery/Re
tail
970 Ge
hringer D
rive
Fowlerville
14St. Josep
h Mercy Brig
hton
‐Trin
ity Health
Health Care/Ho
spita
l7575 E. G
rand
River Avenu
eGe
noa Township
15Wal‐M
art
Grocery/Re
tail
3850 E. G
rand
River Avenu
eGe
noa Township
16CR
WManufacturin
g/Wareh
ousing
5775 Brig
hton
Pines Cou
rtGe
noa Township
17Meijer Inc.
Grocery/Re
tail
3883 E. G
rand
River Avenu
eGe
noa Township
18Brighton
NC Machine
Group
Manufacturin
g/Wareh
ousing
7300 W
hitm
ore Lake
Road
Gree
n Oak Tow
nship
19Excelda Manufacturin
gManufacturin
g/Wareh
ousing
12785 Em
erson Dr.
Gree
n Oak Tow
nship
20Aspe
n Techno
logies, Inc.
Manufacturin
g/Wareh
ousing
7963 Lo
chlin
Dr.
Gree
n Oak Tow
nship
21Flexible Metal
Manufacturin
g/Wareh
ousing
7495 E. M
‐36
Hambu
rg Tow
nship
22Target
Gene
ral Retail
10025 E. Highland Ro
adHa
rtland
Tow
nship
Note: Employers o
f 100 or m
ore em
ployee
s, list may not be all inclusive
CRITICAL
FAC
ILITIES IN LIVINGS
TON COUNTY
Major Employers
Sources: Livingston
Cou
nty Planning
Dep
artm
ent, SPAR
K and Crain's D
etroit Bu
sine
ss, Jun
e 2015
130
MAP
#CR
ITICAL
FAC
ILITY
TYPE
OF FA
CILITY
ADDR
ESS
COMMUNITY
23Meijer Inc.
Grocery/Re
tail
2160 Hartla
nd Road
Hartland
Tow
nship
24Wal‐M
art
Grocery/Re
tail
10400 Highland
Road
Hartland
Tow
nship
25Ha
rtland
Con
solid
ated
Schoo
lsEducation
9525 E. H
ighland Ro
adHa
rtland
Tow
nship
26Ve
ntra Fow
lerville, LLC
Manufacturin
g/Wareh
ousing
8887 W
. Grand
River Avenu
eHa
ndy Township
27Livingston
Cou
nty
Governmen
t304 E. Grand
River Avenu
eHo
well
28Citizen
s Insurance Co‐Am
erica
Insurance
808 N. H
ighlande
r Way
Howell
29Ch
em‐Trend
Inc.
Manufacturin
g/Wareh
ousing
1445 McPhe
rson
Park Dr.
Howell
30Tri‐S
tate Hospital Sup
ply
Health Care/Ho
spita
l301 Catrell St.
Howell
31Med
ilodge of How
ell
Health Care/Ho
spita
l1333 W
. Grand
River Avenu
eHo
well
32Pe
psi
Manufacturin
g/Wareh
ousing
755 McPhe
rson
Park Dr.
Howell
33St. Josep
h Mercy Livingston
Hospital ‐ Trin
ity
Health
Health Care/Ho
spita
l620 Byron Ro
adHo
well
34TG
Fluid Systems
Manufacturin
g/Wareh
ousing
1055 Packard Driv
eHo
well
35Thai Sum
mit Am
erica Co
rporation
Manufacturin
g/Wareh
ousing
1480 McPhe
rson
Park Dr.
Howell
36Ho
well Pub
lic Schoo
l District
Education
411 N. H
ighlande
r Way
Howell
37Livingston
Edu
catio
nal Service Cen
ter
Education
1425 W
. Grand
River Avenu
eHo
well
38Tribar Manufacturin
gManufacturin
g/Wareh
ousing
2211 Grand
Com
merce Dr.
Howell Tow
nship
39Tanger Outlet C
enter
Gene
ral Retail
1475 N. Burkhart R
oad
Howell Tow
nship
40Carcou
stics U
SA, Inc.
Manufacturin
g/Wareh
ousing
1400 Durant D
r.Ho
well Tow
nship
41Ch
assix
Manufacturin
g/Wareh
ousing
2280 W
. Grand
River Avenu
eHo
well
42Magna
Exteriors and
Interio
rs, U
SA, Inc.
Manufacturin
g/Wareh
ousing
3707 W
. Grand
River Avenu
eHo
well Tow
nship
43TRW Autom
otive ‐ Fenton
Manufacturin
g/Wareh
ousing
9475 Cen
ter R
oad
Tyrone
Tow
nship
44Pinckney
Com
mun
ity Schoo
lsEducation
2130 E. M
‐36
Hambu
rg Tow
nship
Note: Employers o
f 100 or m
ore em
ployee
s, list may not be all inclusive
CRITICAL
FAC
ILITIES IN LIVINGS
TON COUNTY
Major Employers
Sources: Livingston
Cou
nty Planning
Dep
artm
ent, SPAR
K and Crain's D
etroit Bu
sine
ss, Jun
e 2015
131
! !!!
!!
!
!
!
!
!!
!
!
!
!
!
!!
!
!
!! !
!
!
!
!
!!
!
!!!
!
! !
!
!!
!
!
!
!
123
4
5
67
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19 2
0
21
23
24
25
26
30
32
36
41
42
43
44
22
27
28
29
31
33
34
35
37
38 39
40
Fow
lerv
ille
Pinc
kney
Tyro
neD
eerfi
eld
Coh
octa
hC
onw
ay
Har
tland
Iosc
o
Unad
illa
Ham
burg
Ha
ndy
Putn
am
Gre
enO
ak
Brig
hton
City
Oce
ola
How
ell
Ma
rion
How
ell
City
Gen
oaBr
ight
on
±SO
URC
ES:
Livi
ngst
on
Cou
nty
Dep
artm
ents
of P
lann
ing
, G
eog
rap
hic
Info
Sys
tem
s,
Pub
lic H
ealth
& Em
erge
ncy
Man
ag
eme
nt
Ma
y 20
15
CRI
TIC
AL
FAC
ILIT
IES
IN L
IVIN
GST
ON
CO
UNTY
-
MA
JOR
EMPL
OYE
RS
TY
PE
_O
F_
FA
CIL
ITY
!G
roce
ry/R
eta
il
!M
an
ufa
ctu
rin
g/W
are
hou
sin
g
!G
ene
ral R
eta
il
!E
ducation
!H
ealthca
re/H
osp
ita
l
!G
ove
rnm
ent
!In
sura
nce
132
MAP
#CR
ITICAL
FAC
ILITY
TYPE
OF
FACILITY
LOCA
TION
COMMUNITY
1Ad
vance Street Indu
stria
l Area
Indu
stria
l Area
Advance Street, off of 2nd
Stree
tBrighton
2Ap
pian
Way Indu
stria
l Park
Indu
stria
l Park
S. side
of G
rand
River near W
hitm
ore Lake
Rd.
Brighton
3Ch
allis Road Co
rridor
Indu
stria
l Area
Challis Rd. betwee
n Grand River &
rail lin
eBrighton
4Rickett R
oad Indu
stria
l Area
Indu
stria
l Area
E. side
of R
ickett Road bo
unde
d by
rail lin
eBrighton
5Summit Street Indu
stria
l Area
Indu
stria
l Area
Summit Street, off of R
ickett Road
Brighton
6Pleasant Valley Partne
rsIndu
stria
l Area
E. side
of P
leasant V
alley ne
ar I‐96
Brighton
Tow
nship
7Brighton
Indu
stria
l Park
Indu
stria
l Park
On Ford Cou
rt next to Brighton
Hospital
Brighton
Tow
nship
8Va
n Ripe
r Road Indu
stria
l District
Indu
stria
l Area
On Va
n Ripe
r east o
f Grand
Ave.
Fowlerville
9National Park Indu
stria
l District
Indu
stria
l Area
S. side
of G
rand
River on National Park Dr.
Fowlerville
10Ga
rden
Lane
Indu
stria
l Park
Indu
stria
l Park
W. side of Grand
Ave. on Ga
rden
Lane
Fowlerville
11Brighton
Pines Indu
stria
l Park
Indu
stria
l Park
On Do
rr Road just north of I‐96
Geno
a Township
12Euler R
oad /Pless Driv
e Indu
stria
l Area
Indu
stria
l Area
N. of G
rand
River Ave. in Section 13
Geno
a Township
13Ge
ntech
Indu
stria
l Area
Grand Oaks D
r. south of Grand
River Ave.
Geno
a Township
14Grand Oaks Ind
ustrial Park
Indu
stria
l Park
Grand Oaks D
r. south of Grand
River Ave.
Geno
a Township
15Grand Oaks Ind
ustrial Park West
Indu
stria
l Park
Victory Dr. sou
th of G
rand
River Ave.
Geno
a Township
16Parkway Indu
stria
l Driv
eIndu
stria
l Area
S. side
of G
rand
River Ave. near I‐96 Ch
emun
gGe
noa Township
17Sterlin
g Drive Indu
stria
l Driv
eIndu
stria
l Area
W. side of Dorr R
oad just north of I‐96
Geno
a Township
Sources:
Livingston
Cou
nty Planning
Dep
artm
ent, and GIS De
partmen
t, June
2015
CRITICAL
FAC
ILITIES IN LIVINGS
TON COUNTY
Indu
stria
l Parks and
Areas
133
MAP
#CR
ITICAL
FAC
ILITY
TYPE
OF
FACILITY
LOCA
TION
COMMUNITY
18Co
lonial Acres Indu
stria
l Park
Indu
stria
l Park
10 mile
/Rushton
area
Gree
n Oak Tow
nship
19Gree
n Oak Indu
stria
l Park
Indu
stria
l Park
10 mile
/Rushton
area ne
xt to
Colon
ial A
cres
Gree
n Oak Tow
nship
20Ke
nsington
Pines Indu
stria
l Park
Indu
stria
l Park
E. side
of K
ensington Rd
. on Lochlin
Dr.
Gree
n Oak Tow
nship
21Lemen
Road Indu
stria
l Park
Indu
stria
l Park
Lemen
Rd., S. of M
‐36
Gree
n Oak Tow
nship
22Ke
nsington
Indu
stria
l Park
Indu
stria
l Park
Emerson Dr. on W. side of Ken
sington Rd
.Gree
n Oak Tow
nship
23Zand
er Indu
stria
l Park
Indu
stria
l Park
N. of M
‐36 on
Plaza Dr.
Gree
n Oak Tow
nship
24Trou
t Lake Indu
stria
l Park
Indu
stria
l Park
W. side of Ken
sington Rd
., N. of Silver La
keGree
n Oak Tow
nship
25Lowry Techn
ical Park
Indu
stria
l Park
S. of M
altby Rd
., E. site of W
hitm
ore Lake
Rd.
Gree
n Oak Tow
nship
26Ha
mbu
rg Indu
stria
l Driv
eIndu
stria
l Area
N. of M
‐36, E. of H
ambu
rg se
ttlemen
tHa
mbu
rg Tow
nship
27Ha
rtland
Indu
stria
l Park
Indu
stria
l Park
W. of U
.S. 23, S. of M
‐59 and N. of B
ergin
Hartland
Tow
nship
28McPhe
rson
Indu
stria
l Park
Indu
stria
l Park
S. of G
rand
River Ave. on McPhe
rson
Dr.
Howell
29Trans W
est Ind
ustrial Cen
ter
Indu
stria
l Park
E. side
of M
‐59, N. of I‐96 ne
ar outlet m
all
Howell Tow
nship
30R2k De
velopm
ent
Indu
stria
l Park
E. side
of B
urkhart along
Hydraulic Dr.
Howell Tow
nship
31Bu
rkhart/Grand
River Indu
stria
l Area
Indu
stria
l Area
S. of G
rand
River Ave., W. of M
‐59
Howell Tow
nship
Sources:
Livingston
Cou
nty Planning
Dep
artm
ent, and GIS De
partmen
t, June
2015
CRITICAL
FAC
ILITIES IN LIVINGS
TON COUNTY
Indu
stria
l Parks and
Areas
134
Fow
lerv
ille
Pinc
kney
Tyro
neDe
erfie
ldC
ohoc
tah
Con
way
Hartl
and
Iosc
o
Unad
illa
Ham
bur
g
Hand
y
Putn
amG
reen
Oak
Brig
hton
City
Oce
ola
How
ell
Mar
ion
How
ell
City
Gen
oaBr
ight
on
!
!
!
!!!
!!
!! !!
!!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!!
!
!
!
!
1
2
3
6
45
1112
13
14
15
16
18
19
7
8
27
20
21
25
28
29
26
22
30
9
10
17
23
24
31
±SO
URC
ES:
Livin
gsto
n C
ount
y D
epar
tmen
ts o
f Pla
nnin
g,
Geo
grap
hic
Info
Sys
tem
s,
Publ
ic H
ealth
& Em
erge
ncy
Man
agem
ent
May
201
5
CRI
TIC
AL
FAC
ILITI
ES IN
LIV
ING
STO
N C
OUN
TY -
IND
USTR
IAL
PARK
S A
ND
ARE
AS
Typ
e o
f In
du
str
ial
Sp
ac
e
!In
du
str
ial A
rea
!In
du
str
ial P
ark
135
MAP
#CR
ITICAL
FAC
ILITY
HAZA
RD
LEVE
LLO
CATION
COMMUNITY
1Woo
dland Lake
Dam
High
South Ore Creek
‐ Sectio
n 19
Brighton
Tow
nship
2Moraine
Lake
Dam
Low
Mann Cree
k ‐ Section 22
Brighton
Tow
nship
3Ge
neral M
otors D
amLow
Mann Cree
k ‐ Section 12
Brighton
Tow
nship
4Oak Grove
Millpo
nd Dam
Significant
Bogue Cree
k ‐ Section 36
Coho
ctah
Tow
nship
5Hidd
en La
ke Dam
Low
Tributary to S. Branch Shiawassee River
Coho
ctah
Tow
nship
6Faussett Dam
Low
Yello
w River ‐ Sectio
n 33
Deerfie
ld Tow
nship
7Brighton
Lake
Dam
Significant
South Ore Creek
‐ Sectio
n 36
Geno
a Township
8Nighw
agh Lake
Dam
High
Tributary to Huron
River ‐ Sectio
n 26
Gree
n Oak Tow
nship
9Ke
nt La
ke Dam
Significant
Huron River ‐ Sectio
n 1
Gree
n Oak Tow
nship
10Parshallville Da
mLow
North Ore Creek
‐ Sectio
n 6
Hartland
Tow
nship
11Long
Lake
Con
trol Structure
Low
South Ore Creek
‐ Sectio
n 33
Hartland
Tow
nship
12Bu
llard La
ke Dam
Low
Ore Creek
‐ Sectio
n 23
Hartland
Tow
nship
13Pe
ttysville
Mill Dam
Significant
Chilson
Creek
‐ Sectio
n 16
Hambu
rg Tow
nship
14Lower Chilson
Pon
d Da
mSignificant
Chilson
Creek
‐ Sectio
n 4
Hambu
rg Tow
nship
15Caroga La
ke Le
vel Con
trol Structure
Low
Chilson
Creek
‐ Sectio
n 9
Hambu
rg Tow
nship
16Serene
Lake
Dam
Low
Tributary to S. Branch Shiawassee River
Howell Tow
nship
17Thom
pson
Lake
Dam
Significant
Tributary to Bogue
Creek
‐ Sectio
n 25
City of H
owell
18Marsh Unit Flood
ing #4
Low
Tributary to Hon
ey Creek
‐ Sectio
n 16
Putnam
Tow
nship
19Gregory State Ga
me Area
Dam
#2
Low
Tributary to Hon
ey Creek
‐ Sectio
n 16
Putnam
Tow
nship
20Gregory State Ga
me Area
Dam
#3
Low
Tributary to Hon
ey Creek
‐ Sectio
n 10
Putnam
Tow
nship
21Hiland
Lake
Dam
High
Hell Cree
k ‐ Section 32
Putnam
Tow
nship
22Shanno
n Lake
Dam
Low
North Branch Ore Creek
‐ Sectio
n 19
Tyrone
Tow
nship
23Tyrone
Dam
Low
Tributary to North Ore Creek
‐ Sectio
n 34
Tyrone
Tow
nship
24Un
adilla Mill Dam
Significant
Hell Cree
k ‐ Section 35
Unadilla
Sources:
CRITICAL
FAC
ILITIES IN LIVINGS
TON COUNTY
Regulated Da
ms
National Inven
tory of D
ams, U.S. A
rmy Co
rp of Enginee
rs
136
!!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
! !
!
!
!
!!
!
!
!
!
12
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
Fow
lerv
ille
Pinc
kney
Tyro
neD
eerfi
eld
Coh
octa
hC
onw
ay
Hartl
and
Iosc
o
Unad
illa
Ham
burg
Hand
y
Putn
amG
reen
Oak
Brig
hton
City
Oce
ola
How
ell
Mar
ion
How
ell
City
Gen
oaBr
ight
on
±SO
URC
ES:
Livin
gsto
n C
ount
y D
epar
tmen
ts o
f Pla
nnin
g,
Geo
grap
hic
Info
Sys
tem
s,
Publ
ic H
ealth
& Em
erge
ncy
Man
agem
ent
May
201
5
CRI
TIC
AL
FAC
ILIT
IES
IN L
IVIN
GST
ON
CO
UNTY
-
REG
ULA
TED
DA
MS
Haza
rd L
evel
!Low
!S
ignific
an
t
!H
igh
137
MAP
#CR
ITICAL
FAC
ILITY
TYPE
OF
FACILITY
ADDR
ESS
COMMUNITY
1Brighton
Police De
partmen
tPo
lice/Sheriff Statio
n440 S. Third Stree
tBrighton
2Brighton
Area Fire Dep
artm
ent ‐ Statio
n 31
Fire Statio
n615 W. G
rand
River Ave.
Brighton
3Brighton
Area Fire Dep
artm
ent ‐ Statio
n 32
Fire Statio
n1580 S. O
ld U.S. 23
Brighton
Tow
nship
4Brighton
Area Fire Dep
artm
ent ‐ Statio
n 33
Fire Statio
n9939 W
ebbe
r Stree
tBrighton
Tow
nship
5Brighton
Tow
nship EM
SEM
S5360 S. O
ld U.S. 23
Brighton
Tow
nship
6Michigan State Po
lice Po
stPo
lice/Sheriff Statio
n4337 Bun
o Ro
adBrighton
Tow
nship
7Ho
well A
rea Fire Dep
artm
ent ‐ Statio
n 24
Fire Statio
n7304 Oak Grove
Road
Coho
ctah
Tow
nship
8Fowlerville Fire Dep
artm
ent ‐ Statio
n 41
Fire Statio
n200 N. G
rand
Avenu
eFowlerville
9Fowlerville Po
lice De
partmen
tPo
lice/Sheriff Statio
n213 S. Grand
Avenu
eFowlerville
10Ha
mbu
rg Tow
nship EM
SEM
S3706 E. M
‐36
Hambu
rg Tow
nship
11Ha
mbu
rg Tow
nship Fire Dep
artm
ent ‐ Statio
n 11
Fire Statio
n3666 E. M
‐36
Hambu
rg Tow
nship
12Ha
mbu
rg Tow
nship Fire Dep
artm
ent ‐ Statio
n 12
Fire Statio
n10100 Ve
terans Mem
orial D
r.Ha
mbu
rg Tow
nship
13Ha
mbu
rg Tow
nship Po
lice De
partmen
tPo
lice/Sheriff Statio
n10409 Merrill Road
Hambu
rg Tow
nship
14Fowlerville Fire Dep
artm
ent ‐ Statio
n 42
Fire Statio
n810 Fowlerville Ro
adHa
ndy Township
15Ha
rtland
Tow
nship EM
SEM
S5995 N. O
ld U.S. 23
Hartland
Tow
nship
16Ha
rtland
Tow
nship Fire Dep
artm
ent ‐ Statio
n 61
Fire Statio
n3205 Hartla
nd Road
Hartland
Tow
nship
17Ha
rtland
Tow
nship Fire Dep
artm
ent ‐ Statio
n 62
Fire Statio
n5965 N. O
ld U.S. 23
Hartland
Tow
nship
18Livingston
Cou
nty 911 Ce
ntral D
ispatch
911 Ce
ntral D
ispatch
300 S. Highlande
r Way
Howell
19Ho
well A
rea Fire Dep
artm
ent ‐ Statio
n 20
Fire Statio
n1211 W
. Grand
River Ave.
Howell
20Ho
well Police De
partmen
tPo
lice/Sheriff Statio
n611 E. Grand
River Ave.
Howell
21Livingston
Cou
nty Sheriff Dep
artm
ent
Police/Sheriff Statio
n150 S. Highlande
r Way
Howell
22Livingston
Cou
nty Pu
blic Safety Co
mplex
EMS
1911 Too
ley Ro
adHo
well Tow
nship
Source:
Livingston
Cou
nty EM
S and Livingston
Cou
nty Planning
Dep
artm
ent, Septem
ber 2015
CRITICAL
FAC
ILITIES IN LIVINGS
TON COUNTY
Emergency Services
138
MAP
#CR
ITICAL
FAC
ILITY
TYPE
OF
FACILITY
ADDR
ESS
COMMUNITY
23Ge
noa Township EM
SEM
S3577 Grand
Oaks D
r.Ge
noa Township
24Brighton
Area Fire Dep
artm
ent ‐ Statio
n 34
Fire Statio
n2755 Dorr R
oad
Geno
a Township
25Brighton
Area Fire Dep
artm
ent ‐ Statio
n 35
Fire Statio
n1315 Chilson
Road
Geno
a Township
26Gree
n Oak Tow
nship Fire Dep
t ‐ Statio
n 81
Fire Statio
n9384 W
hitm
ore Lake
Road
Gree
n Oak Tow
nship
27Gree
n Oak Tow
nship Fire Dep
t ‐ Statio
n 82
Fire Statio
n11411 E. Grand
River Ave.
Gree
n Oak Tow
nship
28Gree
n Oak Tow
nship Fire Dep
t ‐ Statio
n 83
Fire Statio
n9863 Rushton
Road
Gree
n Oak Tow
nship
29Gree
n Oak Tow
nship Po
lice De
partmen
tPo
lice/Sheriff Statio
n8965 Fieldcrest R
oad
Gree
n Oak Tow
nship
30Ho
well A
rea Fire Dep
artm
ent ‐ Statio
n 23
Fire Statio
n2877 W
. Coo
n Lake
Road
Marion Township
31Ho
well A
rea Fire Dep
artm
ent ‐ Statio
n 22
Fire Statio
n1579 La
tson
Road
Oceola Township
32Pinckney
Police De
partmen
tPo
lice/Sheriff Statio
n220 S. How
ell
Pinckney
33Pu
tnam
Tow
nship Fire Dep
artm
ent ‐ Statio
n 51
Fire Statio
n3250 W
. M‐36
Putnam
Tow
nship
34Un
adilla Township Fire Dep
artm
ent ‐ Statio
n 71
Fire Statio
n122 Main Street
Unadilla Township
35Un
adilla Township Po
lice De
partmen
tPo
lice/Sheriff Statio
n126 Web
b Street
Unadilla Township
Source:
Livingston
Cou
nty EM
S and Livingston
Cou
nty Planning
Dep
artm
ent, Septem
ber 2015
CRITICAL
FAC
ILITIES IN LIVINGS
TON COUNTY
Emergency Services
139
140
MAP
#CR
ITICAL
FAC
ILITY
TYPE
OF
FACILITY
ADDR
ESS
COMMUNITY
1City of B
righton
Sew
er Plant
Sewer Treatmen
t Plant
6570 Ham
burg Road
Hambu
rg Tow
nship
2Brighton
Tow
nship Sewer Plant
Sewer Treatmen
t Plant
5901 Pleasant V
alley Ro
adBrighton
Tow
nship
3Village
of Fow
lerville Sewer Plant
Sewer Treatmen
t Plant
8610 W
. Grand
River
Fowlerville
4Village
of P
inckne
y Sewer Plant
Sewer Treatmen
t Plant
1595 Patterson
Lake
Road
Putnam
Tow
nship
5Ha
mbu
rg Tow
nship Sewer Plant
Sewer Treatmen
t Plant
6400 E. M
‐36
Hambu
rg Tow
nship
6City of H
owell Sew
er Plant
Sewer Treatmen
t Plant
1191 Pinckne
y Ro
adHo
well
7Ho
well Tow
nship Sewer Plant
Sewer Treatmen
t Plant
1222 Packard Driv
eHo
well Tow
nship
8Oceola/Ge
noa Township Sewer Plant
Sewer Treatmen
t Plant
890 Ch
ilson
Road
Geno
a Township
9Ha
rtland
Tow
nship Sewer Plant
Sewer Treatmen
t Plant
McCartney
Lane
Hartland
Tow
nship
10Northfie
ld Tow
nship Sewer Plant
Sewer Treatmen
t Plant
11150 Lemen
Road
Gree
n Oak Tow
nship
11Lake
Edgew
ood Sewer Plant
Sewer Treatmen
t Plant
7817 Ben
dix Ro
adGe
noa Township
12Oak Pointe Sewer Plant
Sewer Treatmen
t Plant
4971 Brig
hton
Road
Geno
a Township
13Hidd
en La
ke Sew
er Plant
Sewer Treatmen
t Plant
8227 Stone
y Cree
k Dr.
Gree
n Oak Tow
nship
14City of B
righton
Water Plant 1
Water Treatmen
t Plant
300 Pierce Road
Brighton
15City of B
righton
Water Plant 2
Water Treatmen
t Plant
7377 Challis R
oad
Brighton
16City of H
owell W
ater Plant
Water Treatmen
t Plant
150 Marion Street
Howell
17Village
of Fow
lerville Water Plant
Water Treatmen
t Plant
8610 W
. Grand
River
Fowlerville
18Village
of P
inckne
y Water Plant
Water Treatmen
t Plant
424 Mann Street
Pinckney
19Lake
Edgew
ood Water Plant
Water Treatmen
t Plant
7817 Ben
dix Ro
adGe
noa Township
20Ge
noa Township Oak Pointe Water Plant
Water Treatmen
t Plant
4981 Brig
hton
Road
Geno
a Township
21MHO
G Water Plant
Water Treatmen
t Plant
4288 Norton Ro
adMarion Township
22FIB Lake
Joine Water Autho
rity Plant
Water Treatmen
t Plant
11510 East Grand
River
Gree
n Oak Tow
nship
23Livingston
Com
mun
ity W
ater Autho
rity PlantWater Treatmen
t Plant
9220 Rickett Road
Gree
n Oak Tow
nship
Sources:
CRITICAL
FAC
ILITIES IN LIVINGS
TON COUNTY
Sewer and
Water Treatmen
t Plants
Livingston
Cou
nty De
partmen
t of P
lann
ing Pe
rson
al Con
tacts w
ith Twen
ty Lo
cal U
nits of G
overnm
ent, and Livingston
Cou
nty GIS De
pt.
141
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
Fow
lerv
ille
Pinc
kney
Tyro
neDe
erfie
ldC
ohoc
tah
Con
way
Hartl
and
Iosc
o
Unad
illaHa
mbu
rg
Hand
y
Putn
amG
reen
Oak
Brig
hton
City
Oce
ola
How
ell
Mar
ion
How
ell
City
Gen
oaBr
ight
on
1
2
3
4
5
6
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
7
±SO
URC
ES:
Livin
gsto
n C
ount
y De
partm
ents
of P
lann
ing,
G
eogr
aphi
c In
fo S
yste
ms,
Pu
blic
Hea
lth
& Emer
genc
y M
anag
emen
t
May
201
5
CRI
TICA
L FA
CIL
ITIES
IN L
IVIN
GST
ON
CO
UNTY
- SE
WER
AN
D W
ATE
R TR
EATM
ENT P
LAN
TS
Ty
pe
of
Fac
ilit
y!
Se
we
r T
rea
tme
nt
!W
ate
r T
rea
tme
nt
142
MAP
#CR
ITICAL
FAC
ILITY
TYPE
OF
FACILITY
ADDR
ESS
COMMUNITY
1Ha
mbu
rg Tow
nship De
partmen
t of P
ublic W
orks
Public W
orks
10675 Merrill Road
Hambu
rg Tow
nship
2Brighton
Transpo
rtation Service Ce
nter
Public W
orks
10321 E. Grand
River Ave.
Brighton
Tow
nship
3MDO
T Mainten
ance Yard
Public W
orks
10102 E. Grand
River Ave.
Brighton
Tow
nship
4Livingston
Cou
nty Ro
ad Com
mission
Out Garage
Public W
orks
738 Rickett R
oad
Brighton
5City of B
righton
Dep
artm
ent o
f Pub
lic W
orks
Public W
orks
420 S. Third Stree
tBrighton
6Livingston
Cou
nty Ro
ad Com
mission
Yard
Public W
orks
918 Faussett Road
Tyrone
Tow
nship
7Livingston
Cou
nty Ro
ad Com
mission
Public W
orks
3535 Grand
Oaks D
rive
Geno
a Township
8City of H
owell Pub
lic W
orks Yard
Public W
orks
150 Marion Street
Howell
9City of H
owell Pub
lic W
orks Yard‐ Cem
etery
Public W
orks
Madison
Stree
tHo
well
10Fowlerville De
partmen
t of P
ublic W
orks
Public W
orks
8610 W
. Grand
River
Fowlerville
11Livingston
Cou
nty Ro
ad Com
mission
Out Garage
Public W
orks
212 Ga
rden
Lane
Fowlerville
12Pinckney
Dep
artm
ent o
f Pub
lic W
orks
Public W
orks
455 S. How
ell Stree
tPinckney
13Livingston
Cou
nty Drain Co
mmission
Garage
Public W
orks
918 North Stree
tHo
well
Sources:
CRITICAL
FAC
ILITIES IN LIVINGS
TON COUNTY
Public W
orks
Livingston
Cou
nty GIS and Planning
Dep
artm
ents, Sep
tembe
r 2015
143
!
!!
!!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
Fow
lerv
ille
Pinc
kney
Tyro
neDe
erfie
ldC
ohoc
tah
Con
way
Hartl
and
Iosc
o
Unad
illa
Ham
burg
Hand
y
Putn
amG
reen
Oak
Brig
hton
City
Oce
ola
How
ell
Mar
ion
How
ell
City
Gen
oaBr
ight
on
1
23
45
6
78
9
10
11
12
13
±SO
URC
ES:
Livin
gsto
n C
ount
y De
partm
ents
of P
lann
ing,
G
eogr
aphi
c In
fo S
yste
ms,
Pu
blic
Hea
lth
& Emer
genc
y M
anag
emen
t
May
201
5
CRI
TIC
AL
FAC
ILIT
IES
IN L
IVIN
GST
ON
CO
UNTY
-
PUBL
IC W
ORK
S
Ty
pe
of
Fac
ilit
y!
Pu
blic
Wo
rks
144
MAP
#CR
ITICAL
FAC
ILITY
TYPE
OF
FACILITY
ADDR
ESS
COMMUNITY
1Am
erican
Com
poun
ding
Spe
cialities
Busine
ss/Ind
ustry
9984 Borde
rline
Driv
eBrighton
2Atreum
Bu
sine
ss/Ind
ustry
100 Brighton
Interio
r Driv
eBrighton
3Co
rrigan
Oil Co
mpany
‐ BP Station
Busine
ss/Ind
ustry
8340 W
est G
rand
River Ave.Brighton
4Co
rrigan
Oil Co
mpany
‐ Brig
hton
BP
Busine
ss/Ind
ustry
204 West G
rand
River Ave.
Brighton
5Co
rrigan
Oil Co
mpany
‐ Brig
hton
Bulk Plant
Busine
ss/Ind
ustry
775 N. Secon
d Street
Brighton
6Co
rrigan
Oil Co
mpany
‐ Sun
oco Station
Busine
ss/Ind
ustry
602 Grand River
Brighton
7City of B
righton
Mun
icipal
420 S. 3rd Stree
tBrighton
8City of B
righton
Mun
icipal
6570 Ham
burg Road
Brighton
9City of B
righton
Mun
icipal
7377 Challis R
oad
Brighton
10Du
nnage Engine
ering Inc.
Busine
ss/Ind
ustry
721 Ad
vance Street
Brighton
11Eberspaecher North America
Busine
ss/Ind
ustry
2035 Orndo
rf Road
Brighton
12March Coatin
gsBu
sine
ss/Ind
ustry
160 Summit Street
Brighton
13Meijer ‐ gas station
Busine
ss/Ind
ustry
8660 W
. Grand
River Ave.
Brighton
14Mt. Brighton
Recreatio
n310 Franklin Stree
tBrighton
15Ho
me De
pot
Busine
ss/Ind
ustry
8053 Challis R
oad
Brighton
Source:
Livingston
Cou
nty Em
ergency Managem
ent and
Plann
ing De
partmen
ts, and
Michigan State Po
lice Em
ergency Managem
ent
CRITICAL
FAC
ILITIES IN LIVINGS
TON COUNTY
Hazardou
s Sub
stan
ce Site
s ‐ City
of B
righton
Hazard Mitigation Plan, Livingston County, Michigan
145Livingston County Department of Planning/Livingston County Emergency Management
Chapter 6
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
Brig
hton
City
Br 1
23
5
6
7
8
9 10
11
12
13
14
15
±SO
URC
ES:
Livin
gsto
n C
ount
y D
epar
tmen
ts o
f Pla
nnin
g,
Geo
grap
hic
Info
Sys
tem
s,
Publ
ic H
ealth
& Em
erge
ncy
Man
agem
ent
May
201
5
CRI
TIC
AL
FAC
ILIT
IES
IN L
IVIN
GST
ON
CO
UNTY
-
HA
ZARD
OUS
SUB
STA
NC
E SI
TES
- C
ITY
OF
BRIG
HTO
N
Fa
cilit
y T
yp
e!
Ha
zard
ou
s S
ubsta
nce S
ite
146
MAP
#CR
ITICAL
FAC
ILITY
TYPE
OF
FACILITY
ADDR
ESS
COMMUNITY
16Go
odyear Com
mercial Tire
& Service Cen
ter
Busine
ss/Ind
ustry
147 Morgan Drive
Howell
17AT
&T
Busine
ss/Ind
ustry
1071 East G
rand
River Ave.
Howell
18Alph
a Techno
logy Corpo
ratio
nBu
sine
ss/Ind
ustry
251 Mason
Road
Howell
19AT
&T
Busine
ss/Ind
ustry
421 East Grand
River Ave.
Howell
20Ce
nturion Med
ical Produ
cts
Busine
ss/Ind
ustry
301 Catrell D
rive
Howell
21Ch
em‐Trend
Limite
d Partne
rship
Busine
ss/Ind
ustry
1445 W
. McPhe
rson
Park Dr.Ho
well
22Diam
ond Ch
rome Plating
Busine
ss/Ind
ustry
604 S. Michigan Av
enue
Howell
23Diversified
Machine
Inc.
Busine
ss/Ind
ustry
2280 W
. Grand
River Ave.
Howell
24Livingston
Cou
nty
Mun
icipal
152 S. Highlande
r Way
Howell
25Ve
rizon
Wire
less
Busine
ss/Ind
ustry
152 S. Highlande
r Way
Howell
26International Paper
Busine
ss/Ind
ustry
1450 McPhe
rson
Park Dr.
Howell
27Ke
y Plastics
Busine
ss/Ind
ustry
1450 McPhe
rson
Park Dr.
Howell
28Ke
y Plastics
Busine
ss/Ind
ustry
1301 McPhe
rson
Park Dr.
Howell
29Pe
psi H
owell
Busine
ss/Ind
ustry
755 S. McPhe
rson
Park Dr.
Howell
30City of H
owell
Mun
icipal
1191 S. M
ichigan Av
enue
Howell
31City of H
owell
Mun
icipal
150 Marion Street
Howell
32Spee
dway LLC
Busine
ss/Ind
ustry
1195 S. M
ichigan Av
enue
Howell
33VC
F Film
s, Inc.
Busine
ss/Ind
ustry
1100 Sutton Av
enue
Howell
Source:
Livingston
Cou
nty Em
ergency Managem
ent and
Plann
ing De
partmen
ts, and
Michigan State Po
lice Em
ergency Managem
ent
CRITICAL
FAC
ILITIES IN LIVINGS
TON COUNTY
Hazardou
s Sub
stan
ce Site
s ‐ City
of H
owell
147
!
!
!!
!
! !!
!!!!
!
!
!
!!
!
Brig
Oce
ola
How
ell
Mar
ion
How
ell
City
Gen
oa
20
23
24 2
5 27
28
29
31
32
19
17 16
18
21
22
26
30
33
±SO
URC
ES:
Livin
gsto
n C
ount
y D
epar
tmen
ts o
f Pla
nnin
g,
Geo
grap
hic
Info
Sys
tem
s,
Publ
ic H
ealth
& Em
erge
ncy
Man
agem
ent
May
201
5
CRI
TIC
AL
FAC
ILIT
IES
IN L
IVIN
GST
ON
CO
UNTY
-
HAZA
RDO
US S
UBST
AN
CE
SITE
S -
CITY
OF
HOW
ELL
FA
CIL
TY
_T
YP
E!
Ha
zard
ou
s S
ub
sta
nta
ce
Site
148
MAP
#CR
ITICAL
FAC
ILITY
TYPE
OF
FACILITY
ADDR
ESS
COMMUNITY
34Ve
rizon
Wire
less
Busine
ss/Ind
ustry
706 E. Van
Riper Road
Fowlerville
35Sprin
g Arbo
r Coatin
gs, LLC
Busine
ss/Ind
ustry
895 Ga
rden
Lane
Fowlerville
36Fowlerville Farm
Services, LLS
Agriculture
320 Ga
rden
Lane
Fowlerville
37Village
of Fow
lerville
Mun
icipal
441 North Grand
Ave.
Fowlerville
38Excelda Manufacturin
gBu
sine
ss/Ind
ustry
900 Ga
rden
Lane
Fowlerville
39JCIM
, LLC
Busine
ss/Ind
ustry
705 E. Van
Riper Road
Fowlerville
40Ke
lsey
‐Hayes Com
pany
Busine
ss/Ind
ustry
500 E. Van
Riper Road
Fowlerville
41Am
erican
Com
poun
ding
Spe
cialities
Busine
ss/Ind
ustry
200 Ve
terans Driv
eFowlerville
42Asahi Kasei Plastice North America Inc.
Busine
ss/Ind
ustry
900 E. Van
Riper Road
Fowlerville
43AT
&T
Busine
ss/Ind
ustry
318 Co
llins Stree
tFowlerville
44Bu
ddys Mini M
art #38
Busine
ss/Ind
ustry
203 West G
rand
River Ave.
Fowlerville
45May and
Scofie
ld LLC
Busine
ss/Ind
ustry
445 E. Van
Riper Road
Fowlerville
Source:
Livingston
Cou
nty Em
ergency Managem
ent and
Plann
ing De
partmen
ts, and
Michigan State Po
lice Em
ergency Managem
ent
CRITICAL
FAC
ILITIES IN LIVINGS
TON COUNTY
Hazardou
s Sub
stan
ce Site
s ‐ Village of Fow
lerville
149
!
!!
!
!
!!
!
!
!
!
!
Fow
lerv
ille
d34
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
±SO
URC
ES:
Livin
gsto
n C
ount
y D
epa
rtmen
ts o
f Pla
nnin
g,
Geo
gra
phi
c In
fo S
yste
ms,
Pu
blic
Hea
lth
& Emer
genc
y M
anag
emen
t
Ma
y 20
15
CRI
TIC
AL
FAC
ILIT
IES
IN L
IVIN
GST
ON
CO
UNTY
-
HAZA
RDO
US S
UBST
AN
CE
SITE
S -V
ILLA
GE
OF
FOW
LERV
ILLE
Fa
cil
ity
Ty
pe
!H
aza
rdou
s S
ubsta
nta
ce
Site
150
MAP #
CRITICAL FA
CILITY
TYPE
OF
FACILITY
ADDRES
SCO
MMUNITY
46Mos
bach
er Ene
rgy Co
mpa
nyBu
sine
ss/Ind
ustry
1746
Corlett Roa
dBrighton
Tow
nship
47AT&
TBu
sine
ss/Ind
ustry
1001
9 Hyn
e Ro
adBrighton
Tow
nship
48AT&
TBu
sine
ss/Ind
ustry
900 Highs
lope
Ct.
Brighton
Tow
nship
49Merit Ene
rgy Co
mpa
nyBu
sine
ss/Ind
ustry
1371
Pleasan
t Valley Drive
Brighton
Tow
nship
50Whiting
Oil & Gas Corpo
ration
Busine
ss/Ind
ustry
Plea
sant Valley Drive
Brighton
Tow
nshp
51Co
r‐Met, Inc
.Bu
sine
ss/Ind
ustry
1250
0 Grand
River Roa
dBrighton
Tow
nship
52Ed
ward C. Lev
yBu
sine
ss/Ind
ustry
1301
7 Bu
no Roa
dBrighton
Tow
nship
53Merit Ene
rgy Co
mpa
nyBu
sine
ss/Ind
ustry
1248
9 Iowe Dr.
Brighton
Tow
nship
54Su
perior M
aterials ‐ Brigh
ton Co
ncrete
Busine
ss/Ind
ustry
1014
7 Ea
st Grand
River Ave
.Brighton
Tow
nship
55Amerigas Propa
neBu
sine
ss/Ind
ustry
2400
Dorr R
oad
Gen
oa Tow
nship
56AT&
TBu
sine
ss/Ind
ustry
1391
Grand
Oak
s Drive
Gen
oa Tow
nship
57Co
mcast
Busine
ss/Ind
ustry
6168
East G
rand
River Ave
.Gen
oa Tow
nship
58Ch
em‐Trend
Lim
ited
Partnersh
ipBu
sine
ss/Ind
ustry
3205
East G
rand
River Ave
.Gen
oa Tow
nship
59Brighton
Wes
tBu
sine
ss/Ind
ustry
2047
Euler Roa
dGen
oa Tow
nship
60Pa
nhan
dle Ea
ster Pipe Line
Com
pany
Busine
ss/Ind
ustry
3990
Crook
ed Lak
e Ro
adGen
oa Tow
nship
61DTE
Electric Co
mpa
nyBu
sine
ss/Ind
ustry
1095
Law
son Drive
Gen
oa Tow
nship
62Gen
oa Cha
rter Tow
nship
Mun
icipal
900 Ch
ilson
Roa
dGen
oa Tow
nship
63Grostic Farm
Agriculture
65 S. K
ellogg
Gen
oa Tow
nship
64En
vironm
ental C
onsu
lting & Tec
hnolog
y Inc.
Busine
ss/Ind
ustry
2450
Bec
k Ro
adGen
oa Tow
nship
65Ba
ttery So
lution
s LLC
Busine
ss/Ind
ustry
5900
Brigh
ton Pine
s Co
urt
Gen
oa Tow
nship
66Lo
wes
Hom
e Ce
nters LLC
Busine
ss/Ind
ustry
1100
S. Latso
n Ro
adGen
oa Tow
nship
67Michiga
n Ro
d Prod
ucts
Busine
ss/Ind
ustry
1326
Grand
Oak
s Drive
Gen
oa Tow
nship
68Re
gal R
ecyclin
g Inc.
Busine
ss/Ind
ustry
645 Lu
cy Roa
dGen
oa Tow
nship
69Su
perior M
aterials
Busine
ss/Ind
ustry
3655
Grand
Oak
s Drive
Gen
oa Tow
nship
70Hom
e Dep
otBu
sine
ss/Ind
ustry
3330
East G
rand
River Ave
.Gen
oa Tow
nship
71Gen
oa Tow
nship
Mun
icipal
5025
Club Drive
Gen
oa Tow
nship
Source
: Living
ston
Cou
nty Em
erge
ncy Man
agem
ent a
nd Plann
ing Dep
artm
ents, a
nd M
ichiga
n State Po
lice Em
erge
ncy Man
agem
ent
CRITICAL FA
CILITIES
IN LIVINGST
ON COUNTY
Hazardo
us Sub
stan
ce Sites ‐ Sou
thea
st Livingston
151
MAP #
CRITICAL FA
CILITY
TYPE
OF
FACILITY
ADD
RESS
COMMUNITY
72NES Equ
ipmen
t Services C
orpo
ratio
nBu
sine
ss/Ind
ustry
7109 Dan
McG
uire Dr.
Gree
n Oak Tow
nship
73Ge
neral C
hemical Corpo
ratio
nBu
sine
ss/Ind
ustry
12336 Em
erson Drive
Gree
n Oak Tow
nship
74Excelda Man
ufacturin
gBu
sine
ss/Ind
ustry
12839 Em
erson Drive
Gree
n Oak Tow
nship
75Excelda Man
ufacturin
gBu
sine
ss/Ind
ustry
12785 Em
erson Drive
Gree
n Oak Tow
nship
76Hu
ron Clinton Metropa
rks
Recrea
tion
8765 Ham
mel Driv
eGree
n Oak Tow
nship
77Island
Lake
State Park
Recrea
tion
11763 E. Grand
River Ave
.Gree
n Oak Tow
nship
78Ajax M
aterials Corpo
ratio
nBu
sine
ss/Ind
ustry
7392 Ken
sing
ton Ro
adGree
n Oak Tow
nship
79Be
hler‐You
ngBu
sine
ss/Ind
ustry
7734 Lo
chlin
Driv
eGree
n Oak Tow
nship
80Am
erigas Propa
neBu
sine
ss/Ind
ustry
10747 Hi‐Tech Driv
eGree
n Oak Tow
nship
81Ch
arter C
ommun
ications
Busine
ss/Ind
ustry
8505 East M
‐36
Gree
n Oak Tow
nship
823E Com
pany
‐ Costco
Busine
ss/Ind
ustry
6700 W
hitm
ore Lake
Roa
dGree
n Oak Tow
nship
83Su
burban
Propa
neBu
sine
ss/Ind
ustry
11879 East Grand
River Ave
.Gree
n Oak Tow
nship
84Go
rdon
Foo
d Se
rvice
Busine
ss/Ind
ustry
7770 Ken
sing
ton Co
urt
Gree
n Oak Tow
nship
85AT
&T
Busine
ss/Ind
ustry
10524 Hi‐Tech Driv
eGree
n Oak Tow
nship
86Micro Gau
geBu
sine
ss/Ind
ustry
7350 Ken
sing
ton Ro
adGree
n Oak Tow
nship
87Northfie
ld Tow
nship
Mun
icipal
11500 Lemen
Roa
dGree
n Oak Tow
nship
88Waste M
anagem
ent o
f Michigan
Busine
ss/Ind
ustry
11655 Ve
nture Drive
Gree
n Oak Tow
nship
89Co
rrigan
Oil Co
mpa
nyBu
sine
ss/Ind
ustry
11721 Ve
nture Drive
Gree
n Oak Tow
nship
90Michigan Pa
ving
Busine
ss/Ind
ustry
11620 Whitm
ore Lake
Roa
dGree
n Oak Tow
nship
91Wym
an‐Gordo
n Co
mpa
nyBu
sine
ss/Ind
ustry
7250 W
hitm
ore Lake
Roa
dGree
n Oak Tow
nship
92To
rch Su
rface Te
chno
logies
Busine
ss/Ind
ustry
10781 Plaza
Gree
n Oak Tow
nship
93Tran
star Autob
ody Te
chno
logies
Busine
ss/Ind
ustry
2040 Heiserm
an Drive
Gree
n Oak Tow
nship
94Un
ilock Brig
hton
Busine
ss/Ind
ustry
12591 Em
erson Drive
Gree
n Oak Tow
nship
95TR
W Autom
otive
Busine
ss/Ind
ustry
7300 W
hitm
ore Lake
Roa
dGree
n Oak Tow
nship
96AT
&T
Busine
ss/Ind
ustry
9325 Ham
burg Roa
dHa
mbu
rg Tow
nship
97Strata Env
ironm
ental
Busine
ss/Ind
ustry
2130 East M
‐36
Hambu
rg Tow
nship
98Flex
ible M
etal In
c.Bu
sine
ss/Ind
ustry
7495 East M
‐36
Hambu
rg Tow
nship
Source:
Living
ston
Cou
nty Em
erge
ncy Man
agem
ent a
nd Plann
ing De
partmen
ts, and
Michigan State Po
lice Em
erge
ncy Man
agem
ent
CRITICAL FA
CILITIES
IN LIVINGSTON COUNTY
Hazardo
us Sub
stan
ce Site
s ‐ Sou
thea
st Livingston
152
!
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!! !
!
!
!
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!
!!
!
!
!
!!
!
!
!
!
!
! !
!
!
!!
!!
!
!
!
!
!
!! !!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
Ham
burg
mG
reen
Oak
Brig
hton
City
Gen
oaBr
ight
on
72
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
74
75
76
77
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
878
889
90
95
92
93
94
91
96
97
98
73
78
±SO
URC
ES:
Livin
gsto
n C
ount
y D
epar
tmen
ts o
f Pla
nnin
g,
Geo
grap
hic
Info
Sys
tem
s,
Publ
ic H
ealth
& Em
erge
ncy
Man
agem
ent
May
201
5
CRI
TIC
AL
FAC
ILIT
IES
IN L
IVIN
GST
ON
CO
UNTY
-
HA
ZARD
OUS
SUB
STA
NC
E SI
TES
- SO
UTH
EAST
LIV
ING
STO
N
Fac
ilit
y T
yp
e!
Haza
rdo
us S
ub
sta
nce
Site
153
MAP
#CR
ITICAL
FAC
ILITY
TYPE
OF
FACILITY
ADDR
ESS
COMMUNITY
99Plastech Enginee
red Prod
ucts, Inc.
Busine
ss/Ind
ustry
1502 Old US 23
Hartland
Tow
nship
100
Enbridge
Ene
rgy
Busine
ss/Ind
ustry
9185 Parshallville Ro
adHa
rtland
Tow
nship
101
Merit Energy Com
pany
Busine
ss/Ind
ustry
13750 Lone
Tree Ro
adHa
rtland
Tow
nship
102
Hartland
Sand & Gravel
Busine
ss/Ind
ustry
1380 Pleasant V
alley Ro
adHa
rtland
Tow
nship
103
Unk.
Busine
ss/Ind
ustry
878 Old US 23
Hartland
Tow
nship
104
Michigan Be
ll Facility
Busine
ss/Ind
ustry
10625 Highland
Road
Hartland
Tow
nship
105
Unk.
Agriculture
9295 Parshallville Ro
adHa
rtland
Tow
nship
106
Warne
r Farm
Agriculture
5970 Old US 23
Hartland
Tow
nship
107
Spee
dway LLC
Busine
ss/Ind
ustry
10070 E. Highland Ro
adHa
rtland
Tow
nship
108
Unk.
Busine
ss/Ind
ustry
5716 E. H
ighland Ro
adOceola Township
109
Kelsey
‐Hayes Com
pany
Busine
ss/Ind
ustry
9475 Cen
ter R
oad
Tyrone
Tow
nship
110
Schm
uck Farm
Agriculture
11177 Foley Ro
adTyrone
Tow
nship
111
Subu
rban
Propane
Busine
ss/Ind
ustry
7119 Old US 23
Tyrone
Tow
nship
Source:
Livingston
Cou
nty Em
ergency Managem
ent and
Plann
ing De
partmen
ts, and
Michigan State Po
lice Em
ergency Managem
ent
CRITICAL
FAC
ILITIES IN LIVINGS
TON COUNTY
Hazardou
s Sub
stan
ce Site
s ‐ Northeast Livingston
154
!
!
!
!
!
!
!!
!!
!
!
!
Tyro
neDe
erfie
ldah
Hartl
and
Oce
ola
l9
9
10
0
101
10
2
10
3
104
10
51
06
10
7
108
10
9
110
111
±SO
URC
ES:
Livin
gsto
n C
ount
y De
partm
ents
of P
lann
ing,
G
eogr
aphi
c In
fo S
yste
ms,
Publ
ic H
ealth
& Em
erge
ncy
Man
agem
ent
May
201
5
CRI
TICAL
FAC
ILITIE
S IN
LIVI
NGST
ON
CO
UNTY
- HA
ZARD
OUS
SUB
STAN
CE
SITE
S -N
ORT
HEAS
T LIV
ING
STO
N
Facilit
y T
yp
e!
Hazard
ou
s S
ub
sta
nce
Site
155
MAP
#CR
ITICAL
FAC
ILITY
TYPE
OF
FACILITY
ADDR
ESS
COMMUNITY
112
Lott Elevator Inc.
Agriculture
1495 Coh
octah Ro
adCo
hoctah
Tow
nship
113
Ventra Fow
lerville LLC
Busine
ss/Ind
ustry
8887 W
est G
rand
River Ave.Ha
ndy Township
114
Subu
rban
Propane
Busine
ss/Ind
ustry
10140 W. G
rand
River Ave.
Hand
y Township
115
DTE Electric Com
pany
‐ Colfax Station
Busine
ss/Ind
ustry
4025 Gregory Road
Hand
y Township
116
Thyssenkrupp
‐ Bud
d System
sBu
sine
ss/Ind
ustry
175 National Park Drive
Hand
y Township
117
Tetra Tech, Inc.
Busine
ss/Ind
ustry
1415 Durant D
rive
Howell Tow
nship
118
Tetra Tech, Inc.
Busine
ss/Ind
ustry
1055 Packard Driv
eHo
well Tow
nship
119
Rooto Co
rporation
Busine
ss/Ind
ustry
3505 W
. Grand
River Ave.
Howell Tow
nship
120
Parker Propane
Busine
ss/Ind
ustry
3985 Tow
er Driv
eHo
well Tow
nship
121
DMI A
utom
otive
Busine
ss/Ind
ustry
1200 Durant D
rive
Howell Tow
nship
122
John
Dee
re La
ndscapes
Busine
ss/Ind
ustry
3813 Tractor Driv
eHo
well Tow
nship
123
Hometow
n New
spapers
Busine
ss/Ind
ustry
1551 Burkhart R
oad
Howell Tow
nship
124
Howell Tow
nship
Mun
icipal
1222 Packard Driv
eHo
well Tow
nship
125
Ferrellgas
Busine
ss/Ind
ustry
645 East Highland Ro
adHo
well Tow
nship
126
Atreum
‐How
ell
Busine
ss/Ind
ustry
3705 W
est G
rand
River Ave.Ho
well Tow
nship
127
Pinckney
Molde
d Plastics
Busine
ss/Ind
ustry
3970 Parsons Road
Howell Tow
nship
Source:
Livingston
Cou
nty Em
ergency Managem
ent and
Plann
ing De
partmen
ts, and
Michigan State Po
lice Em
ergency Managem
ent
CRITICAL
FAC
ILITIES IN LIVINGS
TON COUNTY
Hazardou
s Sub
stan
ce Site
s ‐ Northwest Livingston
156
!
!!
!!
!!
!!
!!!
!
!
!
!
Fow
lerv
ille
Deer
fi eC
ohoc
tah
Con
way
Hand
y
Oce
oHo
wel
l
How
ell
City
112
113
114
115
116
12
0
12
5
12
6
12
7
117
118
119 12
1
12
2
12
3
12
4
±SO
URC
ES:
Livin
gsto
n C
ount
y De
partm
ents
of P
lann
ing,
G
eogr
aphi
c In
fo S
yste
ms,
Pu
blic
Hea
lth
& Emer
genc
y M
anag
emen
t
May
201
5
CRI
TIC
AL
FAC
ILIT
IES
IN L
IVIN
GST
ON
CO
UNTY
-
HAZA
RDO
US S
UBST
AN
CE
SITE
S -N
ORT
HW
EST
LIV
ING
STO
N
Fac
ilit
y T
yp
e!
Ha
za
rdo
us S
ub
sta
nce
Site
157
MAP
#CR
ITICAL
FAC
ILITY
TYPE
OF
FACILITY
ADDR
ESS
COMMUNITY
128
Christia
n Oil Co
.Bu
sine
ss/Ind
ustry
S. side
of C
oon Lake
btw
Kane &
Bradley Ro
ads
Iosco Township
129
Savoy Energy L.P.
Busine
ss/Ind
ustry
Robe
rts R
oad SE/SW Sec 28 T2N‐
R4E
Iosco Township
130
Christia
n Oil Co
mpany
Busine
ss/Ind
ustry
N. of Iosco betwee
n Ellio
t & Bull
Run Ro
ads
Iosco Township
131
Christia
n Oil Co
mpany
Busine
ss/Ind
ustry
N. side of Coo
n Lake
btw
Bull Run
and Du
tche
r Roads
Iosco Township
132
Christia
n Oil Co
mpany
Busine
ss/Ind
ustry
On Lamoreaux
btw
Bradley
& Bull
Run Ro
ads
Iosco Township
133
Christia
n Oil Co
mpany
Busine
ss/Ind
ustry
S. side
of Iosco Road 1/8 mile
west
of Elliot
Iosco Township
134
Christia
n Oil Co
mpany
Busine
ss/Ind
ustry
W. side of Bradley
btw
Lamoreau &
Coon
Lake
Road
Iosco Township
135
Environm
ental Con
sulting
& Techn
ology
Busine
ss/Ind
ustry
3024 Pingree
Road
Marion Township
136
MHO
GMun
icipal
4288 Norton Ro
adMarion Township
137
Detroit Edison ‐ Madrid
Statio
nBu
sine
ss/Ind
ustry
3100 Pingree
Avenu
eMarion Township
138
Merit Energy Com
pany
Busine
ss/Ind
ustry
Pingree Ro
ad, S18,T2N
, R4E
Marion Township
139
AT&T
Busine
ss/Ind
ustry
415 N. M
ain Street
Pinckney
140
Pinckney
Mun
icipal
1594 Patterson
Lake
Road
Putnam
Tow
nship
141
Ferrellgas
Busine
ss/Ind
ustry
8999 Pinckne
y Ro
adPu
tnam
Tow
nship
142
Christia
n Oil Co
mpany
Busine
ss/Ind
ustry
N. off W
eller C
urve
Unadilla Township
143
Christia
n Oil Co
mpany
Busine
ss/Ind
ustry
N. of W
asson btw W
eller &
Bull
Unadilla Township
144
N & K Marine
Recreatio
n21660 Kaiser Road
Unadilla Township
145
Verizon
Gregory Cen
tral Office
Busine
ss/Ind
ustry
106 Main Street
Unadilla Township
146
Verizon
Wire
less
Busine
ss/Ind
ustry
18538 De
xter Trail
Unadilla Township
Source:Livingston
Cou
nty Em
ergency Managem
ent and
Plann
ing De
partmen
ts, and
Michigan State Po
lice Em
ergency Managem
ent
CRITICAL
FAC
ILITIES IN LIVINGS
TON COUNTY
Hazardou
s Sub
stan
ce Site
s ‐ Sou
thwest Livingston
158
!
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!
!!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
Pinc
kney
Iosc
o
Unad
illa
Putn
am
Mar
ion
City
G128
130
131
12
9
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
±SO
URC
ES:
Livin
gsto
n C
ount
y D
epa
rtmen
ts o
f Pla
nnin
g,
Geo
grap
hic
Info
Sys
tem
s,
Publ
ic H
ealth
& Em
erge
ncy
Ma
nage
men
t
Ma
y 20
15
CRI
TIC
AL
FAC
ILIT
IES
IN L
IVIN
GST
ON
CO
UNTY
-
HA
ZARD
OUS
SUB
STA
NC
E SI
TES
-SO
UTH
WES
T LI
VIN
GST
ON
Fac
ilit
y T
yp
e!
Ha
za
rdo
us S
ub
sta
nce
Site
Hazard Mitigation Plan, Livingston County, Michigan
159Livingston County Department of Planning/Livingston County Emergency Management
Chapter 6
TYPES OF
CRITICA
L FACILIT
IES
Brighton
Cohoctah
Conway
Deerfield
Genoa
Green Oak
Hamburg
Handy
Hartland
Howell
Iosco
Marion
Oceola
Putnam
Tyrone
Unadilla
Brighton City
Fowlerville Village
Howell City
Pinckney Village
Schools
XX
XX
XX
XChild
Care & Le
arning
XX
XSenior an
d He
alth Care
XX
XEm
ergency S
helte
rsX
XX
XX
Worship Assem
bly
XX
XX
XX
Public Go
vernmental
XX
XX
Manufactured Ho
using
XX
XX
XX
Major Em
ployers
XX
XX
XX
XIndustrial Parks/Areas
XX
XX
XRegulated Dams
XX
XX
Sewer & W
ater
Treatm
ent
XX
XX
XX
Public Works
XX
XX
Hazardous Substance
Sites
XX
XX
XX
Emergency S
ervices
XX
XX
XX
CRITICAL FA
CILIT
IES R
ISK AN
ALYSIS
Communities Most A
t‐Risk
To Damage Of Facilities
Source: Livingston County Em
ergency M
anagem
ent and
Planning D
epartm
ents, M
ichigan State Police Em
ergency M
anagem
ent, 2016
Hazard Mitigation Plan, Livingston County, MichiganChapter 6
160 Livingston County Department of Planning/Livingston County Emergency Management
Critical Facilities Risk Analysis
Facilities for vulnerable populations
• School Facilities - The school tablesand associated location map illustratethat most of Livingston County’sschool facilities are congregatedwithin or adjacent to the county’s 2cities and the Village of Fowlerville.This is particularly true in the City ofHowell which has 12 schools locatedwithin its municipal boundaries. Manyof these Howell schools also serve asemergency shelter locations, whichdoubles the risk potential of damageto these facilities. There are also fourtownships with a concentration ofschool facilities; they are: Genoa,Hartland, Brighton and HamburgTownships. Each of thesecommunities are at greater risk ofhaving school facilities damaged inthe event of a hazard.
• Child Care and Learning Facilties -In the event of a county-wideemergency, it would be a challenge toevacuate young children from areachild care facilities, because they arewidely dispersed throughoutLivingston County. The child caremap illustrates that the greatestnumber of facilities are located withinthe City of Howell, Brighton andGenoa Townships with at least 4facilities in each community.
• Senior and Health Care Facilities -Senior housing, senior centers andhealth care facilities arepredominantly located in the Village ofFowlerville, and the Cities of Howelland Brighton. Each of thesecommunities contains at least 4 ofthese facilities. Additionally the City of
Howell contains the only full servicehospital, St. Joseph Mercy LivingstonHospital; making this facilityparticularly critical.
Facilities that significantly impact thelocal or regional economy
• Major Employers - Grand RiverAvenue between the Village ofFowlerville, the City of Howell, the Cityof Brighton and Brighton Township,connects most of the county’s majorprivate employers. Seventy-fivepercent (75%) of the major employerson the associated map, are locatedon this stretch of Grand River.
• Industrial Parks/Areas - Much likethe locational pattern of majoremployers, Livingston Countyindustrial parks and areas are closelyaligned with the Grand River Avenuecorridor extending from the Village ofFowlerville through the cities of Howelland Brighton to Brighton Township.The majority of industrial parks andareas are located in the southeastquadrant communities of Green OakTownship, Genoa Township, and theCity of Brighton.
Facilities with special considerations thatif damaged, would result in high deathtolls
• High Density Housing/Manufactured Housing Parks -Manufactured housing parks tend tobe clustered around the Village ofFowlerville (3 parks), the City ofHowell (5 parks), and the City ofBrighton (4 parks). Another area ofconcentration is Green Oak Townshipwhere 4 manufactured housing parksare located.
Hazard Mitigation Plan, Livingston County, Michigan
161Livingston County Department of Planning/Livingston County Emergency Management
Chapter 6
• Regulated Dams - Regulated damsare very dispersed throughoutLivingston County. There are 4communities that each contain at least3 regulated dams: Putnam, Hamburg,Brighton and Hartland Townships.Another locational characteristic ofregulated dams is that they areconsistently located on the following 7county water courses: Hell Creek(through Putnam and UnadillaTownships), Honey Creek (thoughPutnam Township), Chilson Creek(through Hamburg Township), theHuron River (through Green OakTownship), Ore Creek (through Tyrone,Hartland, Brighton and GenoaTownships), Bogue Creek (throughCohoctah Township and the City ofHowell) and the Shiawasee River(through Howell Township).
Facilities that provide essential services
• Emergency Shelters - Emergencyshelters are very concentrated aroundthe cities of Howell (15 shelters) andBrighton (14 shelters) where many ofthe public schools and churches arebeing utilized (e.g. 11 schools, 3churches and 1 agency in the City ofHowell). Hartland Township and theVillage of Pinckney also contain alarge number of shelters due to theutilization of school district facilties asshelters.
• Worship/Assembly Facilities -Workship/Assembly Facilitiesprimarily surround the Cities of Howelland Brighton (Genoa and BrightonTownships), the Village of Pinckney(Putnam Township) and HartlandTownship. Many of these facilities alsoserve as Emergency Shelters.
Facilities containing hazardous materials
• Hazardous Substance Sites -Hazardous substance sites areprimarily located in the easternLivingston County communities of theCity of Brighton, Brighton Townshipand Hartland Township. Each of thesecommunities contain 5 facilities thathouse hazardous substances. TheCity of Howell is the only other countycommunity that also contains 5hazardous substance facilities.
Facilities that provide lifeline utilitysystems
• Sewer and Water Treatment Plants -Over half of the county’s sewer andwater treatment plants are located inthe southeast quadrant of the county,most within close proximity to the Cityof Brighton. The City of Howell and thetownships surrounding it, representanother county location with severalsewer and water treatment facilities.
Facilities that are fundamental totransportation
• Public Works - Public works facilitiesare primarily located in the Village ofFowlerville, the cities of Howell andBrighton and Brighton Township.There are two public works facilities ineach of these locations. Half of thesefacilities are municipal, and theMichigan Department of Transportationoperates the two facilities in BrightonTownship. The Livingston CountyRoad Commission operates one of thetwo facilities in both Fowlerville and theCity of Brighton.
Hazard Mitigation Plan, Livingston County, MichiganChapter 6
162 Livingston County Department of Planning/Livingston County Emergency Management
Facilities that ensure a full recovery ofthe community
• Emergency Services - Emergencyservice facilities such as police, fireand EMS are located in everyLivingston County community exceptConway, Deerfield, Tyrone, and IoscoTownships. There are fourcommunities that contain four or morefacility locations, The City of Howell,Brighton Township, Green OakTownship and Hamburg Township.
• Public Governmental Facilities -The location of local, county, state andfederal government facilities aredispersed throughout LivingstonCounty. A township, village or city hallis located in each of the twentycommunities. As the LivingstonCounty seat of government, the City ofHowell contains most of the county’sgovernment facilities (6). The Villagesof Fowlerville and Pinckney also havea high number of government facilities(3 each) since the villages house theoffices of the surrounding townships.Lastly, Howell Township is a fourthlocation with many governmentfacilities (3), primarily countygovernment facilities.
Sources:
State And Local Mitigation Planning how-to-guide: Understanding Your Risks, FederalEmergency Management Agency, Version1.0, August 2001
Michigan Department of Education, Office ofGreat Start, Website Child Care Listing
Livingston Educational Service AgencyLivingston County School Directory, 2014-2015
2003 Livingston County Data Book andCommunity Profiles, Livingston CountyDepartment of Planning
Livingston County Geographic InformationSystem Department
Livington County Senior Consortium onAging, Senior Housing Guide - 2013
Livingston County Emergency Management
Livingston County Department of PublicHealth
Livingston County Drain Commissioner
Livingston County EMS
Southeast Michigan Council of Goverments(SEMCOG)
Top Employers & Foreign Investors,Livingston County Regional Data, Ann ArborSPARK
Crain’s List: Liivngston County’s LargestEmployers, Crain’s Detroit Business,January 2013
Hazard Mitigation Plan, Livingston County, MI
163Livingston County Department of Planning/Livingston County Emergency Management
Chapter 7
Goals and objectives serve as policystatements for emergency managementdecisions in the communities in which theyare adopted. Following are the goals andobjectives which support the ideas and intentof this hazard mitigation plan.
Objectives:
• Encourage Livingston Countycommunities to integrate the goals andobjectives of the Hazard MitigationPlan, Livingston County, Michigan, intotheir master plan.
• Encourage Livingston Countycommunities to integrate hazardmitigation language throughout theirmaster plan or as a separate element(chapter) within their master plan(with use of content from the Hazard
Chapter 7: Hazard Mitigation Goals And Objectives
Goal #1: Reduce propertydamage and create disasterresistant structures byencouraging the integration ofhazard mitigationconsiderations into land useplanning and management, andland development processes.
Mitigation Plan, Livingston, Michigan).
• Encourage Livingston Countycommunities to adopt zoningordinance and master plan languagethat limits impervious surfaces in theircommunity.
• Encourage additional LivingstonCounty communities to replicate andadopt the zoning ordinance languageof our Huron River communitiesregarding stream bank preservationand buffering, in order to protect otherprominent river and stream corridorsin Livingston County.
• Encourage Livingston Countycommunities to practice flood plainmanagement practices by adoptingzoning ordinance and master planlanguage that prohibits newdevelopment in flood plain areas andclassifies current development in floodplains as nonconforming uses that willeventually be eliminated.
• Encourage Livingston Countycommunities to adopt wellheadprotection language in their zoningordinances and master plans.
• Encourage Livingston Countycommunities to adopt stormwatermanagement language consistent withthe Livingston County DrainCommissioner’s stormwaterstandards, in their zoning ordinancesand master plans.
• Encourage Livingston Countycommunities to adopt wetlandprotection ordinances for wetlandareas that are not regulated by the
GOGOGOGOGOALS:ALS:ALS:ALS:ALS:Broad conceptual statements of intentthat establish the direction for the HazardMitigation Plan.
OBJECTIVES:OBJECTIVES:OBJECTIVES:OBJECTIVES:OBJECTIVES:Measurable, detailed statements thatdescribe the tasks to be carried out inthe process of realizing goals.
Hazard Mitigation Plan, Livingston County, MIChapter 7
164 Livingston County Department of Planning/Livingston County Emergency Management
Goal #4: Minimize disaster-related injuries and loss of lifethrough public education, hazardanalysis, and early warning.
Michigan Department ofEnvironmental Quality (MDEQ).
• Encourage Livingston Countycommunities to adopt zoningordinance and master plan languagethat incorporates transportationplanning standards that maximizeroadway and driveway access andimprove emergency response timesto all inhabited or developed areas ofthe community.
Objectives:
• Encourage proper separation andbuffering between potentiallyhazardous land uses and all other landuses; particularly those land uses withspecial needs populations such asschools, nursing homes and hospitals.
• Encourage disaster-resistant publicand private utility infrastructure that isable to provide non-interrupted,reliable service during severe weatherevents, temperature extremes, andoccurrences of all hazards.
• Encourage disaster-resistantmanagement practices for public andprivate dams in Livingston County.
Objectives:
• Avoid structures on hilltop locations.Site new development away fromslopes of 12% or greater, and softsoils that are prone to soil erosion.
• Encourage open space andagricultural preservation as a meansof maintaining a buffer zone ordefensible space between structuresand natural features that arevulnerable to hazards (e.g.grasslands, woodlands, flood plains,water courses).
Objectives:
• Encourage a collaborative approachto establishing and maintainingstream guage devices in LivingstonCounty water courses that are proneto flooding.
• Research and identify the optimumreverse notification system for publicnotification of hazards in LivingstonCounty.
• Encourage the placement ofadditional public warning sirens inLivingston County communities.
• Provide Livingston Countycommunities with educationalmaterials that will increase publicawareness of, and participation inhazard mitigation programs.
Goal #2: Employ LivingstonCounty land use practices thatminimize vulnerability to allhazards.
Goal #3: Employ LivingstonCounty land use practices thatminimize disturbance to naturalfeatures and decrease thepotential for natural disasters.
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• Distribute a copy of the HazardMitigation Plan, Livingston County,Michigan, and the Livingston CountyEmergency Operation Plan to all localunits of government and emergencyservice providers in Livingston Countywith a full explanation of plancontent.
• Encourage Livingston County localunits of government to conduct an in-depth hazard analysis and lossestimation for their community basedon the methods used in the HazardMitigation Plan, Livingston County,Michigan.
• Encourage use of Livingston CountyGIS mapping of natural features (e.g.topography, wetlands), man-madefeatures (e.g. infrastructure,developments, roadways), zoning andland use, for use in comparativeanalysis that leads to good planning/hazard mitigation analysis anddecision-making.
Objectives:
• Encourage Livingston Countycommunities to participate in theNational Flood Insurance Program(NFIP).
• Encourage Livingston Countycommunities to participate inwatershed management issuesthrough local watershed councils.
• Encourage Livingston Countycommunities to participate inenvironmental health educationalefforts aimed at the proper location,installation, cleaning, monitoring andmaintenance of community wells andseptic tanks.
• Encourage Livingston Countycommunities to participate in localemergency management effortsthrough Livingston County 911 CentralDispatch/Emergency Managementand the Emergency ManagementDivision of the Michigan Departmentof State Police.
• Provide Livingston County leadership,direction, coordination, guidance, andadvocacy to hazard mitigation effortsin Michigan.
Sources:
Livingston County Comprehensive PlanSummary, Livingston County Department ofPlanning, December 2002.
Michigan Hazard Mitigation Plan,Emergency Management Division MichiganDepartment of State Police and the MichiganHazard Mitigation Coordinating Council,2000.
Michigan Hazard Mitigation CoordinatingCouncil, Report of Activities 2001,Emergency Management Division MichiganDepartment of State Police, May 2002.
Goal #5: Build partnershipsbetween public safety agenciesand organizations to enhanceand improve the safety andwell-being of all LivingstonCounty communities.
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Following are examples of many types ofmitigation strategies for natural hazards thatare currently active in Livingston County.While this is not an exhaustive list ofstrategies, it does represent how the variouslevels of government are striving towards thecommon goal of a disaster resistantLivingston County community.
State Government
Michigan Department of Transportation(MDOT)
Transportation Infrastructure -MDOT constructed a $32 million LatsonRoad Interchange that opened the firstweek of December, 2013. The entireproject included a full interchange, thewidening of Grand River Avenue andLatson roads, the rebuilding of NixonRoad (renamed to South Latson) and therelocation of Beck Road.
Major safety and operationalimprovements are currently being madeto the I-96/U.S. 23 interchange in BrightonTownship. Improvements will includeconstructing new through-lanes on I-96between the current eastbound andwestbound lanes; building three newbridges over northbound and southboundUS-23, and over Old US-23; changing theexisting lanes of I-96 to collector-distributor (CD) lanes for easier and saferlane changes for ramp traffic; andRebuilding the existing six bridges overUS-23 and Old US-23. It is anticipatedthat the project will take two years tocomplete.
Michigan State Police EmergencyManagement Division
Chapter 8: Existing Hazard Mitigation Strategies
Professional Emergency Management(PEM) Courses -This program provides a curriculumdesigned to meet the specific training andeducation needs of emergencymanagement professionals. There arefour components of the program that mustbe completed within a four year time spanin order to qualify for the Michigan PEMdesignation: registration for the PEMprogram; on-line and classroom courses;two years of experience in emergencymanagement or a related field; and apassing grade of a minimum 75% on acomprehensive exam of all requiredcoursework.
Michigan Emergency ManagementAssistance Compact (MEMAC) -This compact is designed to helpMichigan’s local political subdivisions,large and small, share vital public safetyservices and resources. MEMAC createsan organized process and structure forjurisdictions across the state to render orreceive assistance in times of majorcrisis. The compact addressesproblematic issues such as workman’scompensation insurance, expensereimbursement and liability coverage.MEMAC supplements rather thanreplaces existing local mutual aidagreements already in place to handle“routine” public safety services amongneighboring jurisdictions.
County Government
Livingston County Emergency Management
The Livingston County EmergencyManagement department is the lead agencyfor emergency management efforts in
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Livingston County. The department embracesthe five phases of emergency management:Prevention; Preparedness; Mitigation;Response and Recovery. Responsibilitiesinclude a wide range of activities including:coordination of the county’s EmergencyOperations Center (EOC); grantadministration; community education;training; field response and a host of otheractivities at the local, regional, and statelevels. Following is a description of some ofthese hazard mitigation responsibilities.
Homeland Security Grant - LivingstonCounty has been awarded funding toprovide training and equipment forresponders and emergencies. Trainingand purchases include:
• Medical Response Trailer• Air Monitors• SWAT Training• 800 MHz Radio Equipment• All Terrain Emergency Response
Vehicle• Modems for Communications• Fibler Optic Connectivity• Siren Warning System• HazMat Training
Emergency School Response -Livingston County EmergencyManagement coordinates the schedulingof school safety drills, as well as ensuresthat the drills are conducted in a safe andefficient manner. The drills consist oftornado, fire and lock down / shelter inplace. These drills are conductedthroughout the school year and apply toboth public and private schools.
Livingston County EmergencyManagement also aids schools byassisting with emergency plans,vulnerability/safety assessments, first aidadministration, emergency response
coordinantion, training and communityeducation.
Livingston County Department ofPlanning
County Planning has authored manyeducational products that relate to the issueof hazard mitigation. For instance:
Comprehensive Plan/HazardMitigation Interface - This guidebook isdesigned to enable the reader to developstrategies to integrate hazard mitigationinto the community master plan. The bookreviews principles of emergencymanagement and the practice ofcommunity planning, defining the “commonthreads” that bind the two disciplines,suggesting integrative strategies leadingto a community hazard mitigation actionplan.
Land Use Analyses - This technicalreport contains an impervious surfaceanalysis that determines the amount ofsurfaces in Livingston County that preventthe infiltration of water into the soil. This isdetermined through existing land use andforecast for the future based on localplans. The analysis explains the impactsof impervious surfaces on stormwater,flooding, streams and wetlands and howregulation may help or hinder the spreadof impervious surfaces. The findings ofthis analysis map the percent ofimpervious surfaces throughout the countybased on current land use and future landuse plans.
Livingston County’s High-QualityNatural Areas - This publicationinventories and prioritizes high qualitynatural areas throughout LivingstonCounty. The publication also presents anumber of personal behavior
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modifications and policy tools that can beused to protect the county’s natural areas.
Livingston County ComprehensivePlan Summary - The purpose of this planis to guide the coordinated, orderly, andwell-balanced development of the county.The plan is also intended to assist localunits of government in the preparation oftheir own plans and ordinances byproviding a broader perspective and clearlystating the goals and policies of the County.A Hazard Mitigation section with countygoals and policies is included in the plan.The Department recently began theprocess of developing a new LivingstonCounty Master Plan in partnership with thelocal communities. It is expected that theplan will be complete in 2016.
Municipal Risk Management Brochures- In partnership with the Michigan MunicipalRisk Management Authority (MMRMA), therisk insurer for Livingston Countygovernment, the Livingston CountyDepartment of Planning has produced avariety of risk reduction guidancedocuments including: Issues of PublicPolicy In Emergency Management,Integrating Hazard Mitigation AndComprehensive Planning, HazardMitigation Planning, and DevelopingDisaster-Resistant/SustainableCommunities. These brochures regardreducing community risk to potential naturaland man-made disasters by improvingpublic policy decisions through integrationof the emergency management functioninto the comprehensive planning process.The intent of these educational pieces is toreduce a community’s exposure to litigationand to mitigate public and private sectorlosses due to disasters.
Livingston County Drain Commissioner’sOffice
Most if not all of the services provided by theLivingston County Drain Commissioner’sOffice are related to hazard mitigation.Particularly relevant to this document are thefollowing services that they provide:
Soil Erosion Control - Constructionactivity is one of the main causes ofaccelerated erosion. As the designatedcounty enforcement agency for soilerosion control, the Livingston CountyDrain Commissioner’s Office issueseither a soil erosion control permit(grading permit) or grading waiver prior tothe start of any construction activity inLivingston County.
Storm Water Drainage - The DrainCommissioner’s Office maintainsapproximately 400 drains in LivingstonCounty. Their office must address allreports of drain flooding and any personalinjury or property damage that hasoccurred as a result of a county stormdrain system. Additionally, the DrainCommissioner’s Office performs drainmaintenance activities with their own crewor that of a local contractor, and petitionedstormwater or sanitary drain projects thatare requested by a local unit ofgovernment or by petition of a group oflandowners.
Sanitary System Operation - TheDepartment of Public Works, whichoperates out of the Drain Commissioner’soffice, runs the Livingston RegionalSanitary Sewer System, which includesapproximately 68 miles of collectionsewers and twenty eight sanitary pumpingstations. Wastewater collected by thissystem is pumped to the LindenWastewater Treatment plant operated by
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the Genessee County Division of Waterand Waste Services. In addition to thislarge collection system, ten small sanitarysystems (servicing individualneighborhoods) are operated by theLivingston County Drain Commissioner’soffice.
Lake Improvement Projects - The DrainCommissioner’s Office coordinates lakeimprovement projects such as watersampling for water temperature, nutrientsand other water chemistry measurements;lake vegetation surveys for nuisanceaquatic plant control; and lake aerationand removal of undesirable materials.
Dam Inspection - The Livingston CountyDrain Commissioner operates 9 dams asthe delegated authority of LivingstonCounty, pursuant to part 307 (Inland LakeLevels) of the Natural Resources andEnvironmental Protection Act (NREPA), asamended. Under the Provisions of theDam Safety Act, Park 315 of NREPA, theCounty is required to inspect dams everythree to five years based on the hazardclassification of the structures. The countyhas three dams with a hazardclassification of “significant”, or “high”.These are the Nichwagh Lake Dam inGreen Oak Township, the Hiland LakeDam in the unincorporated community ofHell in Putnam Township, and theThompson Lake Dam in the City of Howell.The Drain Commissioner’s officemaintains Emergency Action Plans foreach of these structures. Copies of theseplans are also kept by DrainCommissioner staff who are on call duringtimes of potential emergency responseactivity associated with flooding.
Livingston County Departmentof Public Health
The Livingston County Department of PublicHealth is highly involved in a wide variety ofemergency management activities such as:participation on the Local EmergencyPlanning Committee (LEPC); SARA Title IIIsite specific emergency response plans;consultative services during emergencyevents; daily communicable diseasesurveillance; and representation in theLivingston County Emergency OperationsCenter (EOC) in the event of an emergency.In addition, the department provides thefollowing unique emergency management-related products:
Emergency Preparedness Websitehttps://www.livgov.com/health/ep/Pages/default.aspx - The LivingstonCounty Department of Public Healthmaintains an exemplary website that localcommunities could use as a model. Thewebsite has an EmergencyPreparedness tab that addresses sixsubject areas. The Family Preparednesssection provides valuable informationabout the importance of preparing ahousehold emergency plan to keep yourfamily safe. The National TerrorismAdvisory System section of the websitecommunicates information about terroristthreats by providing timely, detailedinformation to the public, governmentagencies, first responders, airports andother transprotation hubs, and the privatesector. A Public Health Preparedness &Training section explains how LivingstonCounty’s Department of Public Healthcollaborates with local emergencypartners and engages in emergencytraining exercises. The section describesthe various preparedness initiatives of thedepartment such as the Cities ReadinessInitiative, and outlines past emergency
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training exercises explaining the partnersinvolved, and the purpose of the exercise.A section on the Livingston CountyMedical Reserve Corps describes thisgroup of volunteers that train, exerciseand respond to public healthemergencies. Lastly, two additionalsections provide links to local EmergencyPreparedness Partners and variousEmergency Preparedness Websites.
The Environmental Health Division of theDepartment of Public Health provides thefollowing services relative to hazardmitigation:
• information and maps of known orsuspected sites of environmentalsensitivity
• pest and insect control
• vector bourn disease monitoring
• public health investigations
• campground inspections
• food service licensing
• restaurant inspections
• food recall notices and advisories
• hydrogeologic investigation(determining suitability of conditionsfor on-site water supply)
• sanitary code enforcement
• indoor air quality consultation
• sanitation inspection
• regulation of on-site sewage disposal
• ground water programs
Local Government
Some of Livingston County’s twenty localunits of government have integrated hazardmitigation strategies into their local zoningordinances or comprehensive (master) plans.The strategies listed below represent asample, and are not inclusive of all LivingstonCounty local government examples. Thesestrategies represent some of the moreinnovative local initiatives that can bereplicated by other Livingston Countycommunities that do not have hazardmitigation language in their zoning or plandocuments.
Zoning Ordinances:
Natural Rivers Overlay Zone orZoning District - A Flood MitigationStrategy - Green Oak and HamburgTownships have established either aNatural River district or overlay zone. Thiszoning language reinforces the NaturalRivers Act (Part 305 of Act. No. 451 of thePublic Acts of 1994).
These river strategies aid flood hazardmitigation by:
• stabilizing the riverbank so thaterosion and other sediment does notfill the waterway and alter or impedethe course of the river water
• protecting the natural flood waterstorage capacity of the river floodplain
• preventing flood damage andassociated public relief expenditurescreated by improper construction ofstructures in the floodplain
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• keeping nutrients such as fertilizersout of the waterway so that unnaturalvegetation growth does not congestthe course of river waters
• protecting individuals from investingfunds in structures proposed forlocation on lands unsuitable fordevelopment because of high groundwater, erosion or vulnerability to flooddamage
• regulating the cutting and removal ofvegetation along the river so that thenatural vegetation continues toprovide a natural filter for storm waterand sediment runoff
Green Oak Township Natural RiverOverlay Zone:
• Green Oak Township designated(mapped) an area that overlaysexisting zoning. While the underlying,existing zoning governs permitted &special uses and most otherregulations, the overlay zone addsregulations to govern a unique featurewithin that area (the Huron River andits tributaries in this case)
• the overlay zone is an area 400 feetfrom the ordinary high water mark oneach side and parallel to the HuronRiver and its tributaries
• minimum river front lot width: 150 feet
• building setback from river: 125 feetfrom the ordinary high water mark(may be decreased to 75 feet if thereis a rise in topography from the riverbank)
• other required building setbacks: 50feet from the edge of a steep slope/
bluff, and no building on land that issubject to flooding
• other required regulations:commercial uses and structures areprohibited within the overlay zone; Nocutting or filling on the floodplain, andfilling for buildings on the upland within500 feet of the river’s edge where thegroundwater table is within 6 feet ofthe surface
• a natural vegetative strip: a naturalvegetative strip of 100 feet from theriver’s edge shall be maintained oneach parcel or lot. This naturalvegetative strip shall be horizontalfrom and perpendicular to the river’sedge. Three zones comprise this 100foot vegetative strip and each zonehas requirements regarding the typeof vegetation that is allowed
Hamburg Township Natural RiverZoning District:
• Hamburg Township established aNatural River zoning district along bothsides of the Huron River
• minimum river front lot width: 150 feet
• septic system setback: 125 feet fromthe ordinary high water mark of theHuron River
• building setback from river: 125 feetfrom the ordinary high water mark
• other required building setbacks: 100feet from the top of a bluff, and nobuilding on land that is in a floodway,wetland, or floodplain (exceptaccessory buildings/structures)
• Cutting or filling for building on the
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floodplain is prohibited
• a natural vegetative strip: A naturalvegetative strip of 100 feet horizontalfrom and perpendicular to the river’sedge. A detailed plan for cutting andremoval of river vegetation shall besubmitted to the township for reviewand approval or denial. The use ofpesticides, herbicides or fertilizers isnot allowed in the natural vegetativestrip except when utilized in accordwith the advice and supervision of aqualified specialist
Tributary Overlay Zone - A FloodMitigation Strategy
Green Oak Township Overlay Zone:Green Oak Township originally establishedan overlay zone for two creeks within thetownship but then later expanded it toseveral tributaries denoted on the GreenOak Township zoning map. The tributarystrategies aid flood hazard mitigation inthe same way that the river strategies do.
• the overlay zone is an area 125 feetfrom the ordinary high water mark oneach side of and parallel to thedesignated tributaries
• building setbacks: new buildings shallbe set back 125 feet from the watersedge
• other required regulations: The use ofpesticides, herbicides and fertilizers isprohibited within the overlay zone;septic system drainfields shall be setback at least 100 feet from the tributaryedge or outside the required naturalvegetation strip, if further.
• natural vegetative strip: a naturalvegetative strip shall be maintained on
each parcel or lot between the water’sedge and a line, each point of which isone hundred (100) feet horizontal fromand perpendicular to the water’sedge. The natural vegetation stripshall have 3 distinct zones: WaterSide Zone; Middle Zone; and OuterZone. Each zone has requiredmimimum widths and vegetativetargets.
Environmental Review Boards - A Floodand General Environmental MitigationStrategy
Hamburg Township HamburgEnvironmental Review Board (HERB)- Hamburg Township established theHamburg Environmental Review Board(HERB) for review of any land use permit,site plan, subdivision, condominium orland division application that may posesignificant impacts on the human andnatural environment. HERB reviewsspecific applications at the request of theHamburg Township Zoning Administratoror the Planning Commission.
• HERB comments on environmentalconcerns related to the project andcompliance with any Township,County, State and/or Federalenvironmental regulations
• after their review, HERB makes arecommendation to the TownshipPlanning Commission on the project’scompliance with applicableenvironmental regulations, concernswith significant environmental impactsresulting from the proposal, andsuggested mitigative measures tominimize the impacts
• any wetland determinations referred toHERB shall be reviewed for
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completeness, accuracy of thedelineation, review of regulatorydetermination, and impacts to thewetland and natural resources ofHamburg Township
• applicants are required to submit acopy of any Michigan Department ofNatural Resources (MDNR) wetlanduse permit applications. HERB mayforward a written recommendationregarding the permit application to theMDNR and HERB may request that theMDNR hold a public hearing for anywetland use permit application beingconsidered by the MDNR
• the HERB may study and documentthe environmental value ofnoncontiguous wetlands under fiveacres that are not regulated by theMDNR. The HERB will determine thewetland’s value in preserving thetownship’s natural resources frompollution, impairment or destruction.The HERB may notify the MDNR of itsfindings in writing and makerecommendations on the MDNR’sexercise of regulation over thesewetland areas
Environmental Provisions Articles - AGeneral Environmental MitigationStrategy
Some local governments in Livingston Countyhave drafted an environmental provisionsarticle for their zoning ordinance. Thesearticles contain protective regulations forresources such as floodplains, wetlands,watercourses, natural topography andvegetation.
Hamburg Township EnvironmentalProvisions, Article 9.00
• provisions regarding creation oralteration of water bodies: HamburgTownship provides several statementsof intent for providing theseprovisions, among these statementsis the following: To provide for theprotection of soils capable ofproviding necessary filtration for themaintenance of aquifer stability
• provisions regarding landscape:Hamburg Township provides severalstatements of intent for providingthese provisions, among thesestatements are the following: Reducesoil erosion and depletion; andincrease soil water retention, therebyhelping to prevent flooding
• provisions regarding open space:Hamburg Township requires theprovision of a silt fence to prevent anyconstruction-related debris fromimpacting natural areas not includedwithin the development area duringconstruction
• provisions regarding floodplain areas:Hamburg Township has delineatedfloodplain areas on the Zoning DistrictMap of Hamburg Township. Land usein floodplain areas must adhere to thestandards and regulations of theunderlying zoning district and to theadditional standards and regulationsof these floodplain provisions
Wellhead Protection Ordinances - AnInfrastructure and Public HealthMitigation Strategy
The communities that are part of the MarionHowell Oceola Genoa (MHOG) WaterAuthority have been particularly active inprotecting their drinking water sources byadopting well-head protection language as
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part of their zoning ordinance. Following is asample of regulations from Marion Township’sordinance language.
Marion Township Wellhead Protectionand Hazardous Substance OverlayZone
• zones “A” and “B” were established andmapped. Zone “A” is the wellheaddelineation area and it is equivalent tothe ten year time of travel distance(TOT) or the distance that ground waterwill travel in ten years. Zone “B” is the“secondary impact area” and it includesall areas outside the wellheaddelineation area
• in Zone “A” there are five permitteduses, one permitted use subject tospecial use approval, and 26 prohibiteduses
• in Zone “B” all uses permitted andspecially permitted in the underlyingzoning districts are allowed, providedthey meet the performance standards ofthis ordinance language
• the performance standards of thisordinance language apply to Zone “A”and Zone “B”. The standards regardissues such as: septic tanks andassociated drainfields; protection of thenatural environment; storm watermanagement; storage of hazardoussubstances; floor drains; secondarycontainment facilities; areas andfacilities for loading and unloadinghazardous substances; undergroundstorage tanks; well abandonment; siteswith contaminated soils and/orgroundwater; construction;maintenance; and site plan review anddevelopment standards for groundwaterprotection
Schedule of Zoning District Regulations -A Flooding Mitigation Strategy
Hamburg Township Schedule of Area,Height, and Bulk Regulations - In aneffort to control the amount of impervioussurfaces in Hamburg Township, andthereby reduce the potential for areaflooding, the township planningcommission has added more detailed lotcoverage regulations to the Schedule ofArea, Height, and Bulk Regulations intheir zoning ordinance.
The township defines maximum lotcoverage/total impermeable surface asthe total footprint of buildings, parking,paved and gravel storage yards,driveways, streets, roads and sidewalksdivided by the size of the site, excludingwater bodies and wetlands. Single familyor two family residential lots may have upto an additional 10 percent lot coverageafter approval of a grading and drainageplan, prepared by a registered engineeror a registered landscape architect andapproved by the Township Engineer.
According to the Southeast MichiganCouncil of Governments, 40% impervioussurface represents typical mediumdensity residential which is consistentwith many of the Hamburg zoning districtsthat allow this percentage. However, acounty-wide impervious surface ratioshould be less than10%; stream andwetland degradation begins at levels ofimperviousness as low as 10%.
Comprehensive / Master Plans:
The Village of Pinckney Master Plan,May 2015, Hazard Mitigation Appendix- When drafting the 2015 Village ofPinckney Master Plan, village planningcommissioners and their planningconsultant decided to address hazard
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mitigation in an appendix to the plan.The Hazard Mitigation appendix focuseson measures that the Village can take toprepare for and mitigate the effects ofpotential hazards. Five natural hazardsare addressed in more detail. Theyinclude: Flooding; Tornadoes, Lightning;Earthquakes and Winter Storms.
Some of the suggested mitigationstrategies for these hazards include:FEMA Flood Insurance; NOAA weatherradios; avoiding parks and open spacesduring lightning storms; earthquake ridersto homeowners insurance; and auxilliaryheat sources such as wood burningstoves.
Emergency Services Websites
Hamburg Township Fire Departmentwebsite - The Hamburg Township FireDepartment has created a veryinformative page of their websiteregarding siren notification. The siteprovides the locations of the four sirens inthe Township and addresses the mostfrequently asked questions regardingsiren notification such as: the differencebetween a Tornado Siren and an OutdoorWarning Siren; what it means when asiren is activated; when the sirens aretested; when the sirens are activiated forweather; and what you should do whenthe sirens are activated.Website address: www.hamburg.mi.us/fire/
Flood Insurance Rating
The National Flood Insurance Program(NFIP) offers flood insurance in communtiiesthat comply with minimum standards forfloodplain management. The NFIP’sCommunity Rating System (CRS) recognizes
community efforts beyond those minimumstandards by reducing flood insurancepremiums for the community’s propertyowners. Eligible community efforts must meetthe three goals of the CRS. Those goals are:1.) reduce flood damage to insurable property;2.) strengthen and support the insuranceaspects of the NFIP; and 3.) encourage acomprehensive approach to floodplainmanagement.
FEMA reports that although CRS communitiesrepresent only 5 percent of the over 22,000communities participating in the NFIP, morethan 68% of all flood insurance poolicies arewirtten in CRS communities.
The CRS uses a class rating system similar tofire insurance rating to determinine floodinsurance premium reductions for residents.CRS Classes are rated from 9 to 1. FEMAstates that most communities enter theprogram at a CRS Class 9 or Class 8 ratingwhich entitles residents in Special FloodHazard Areas (SFHA) to a 5% discount ontheir flood insurance premiums for a Class 9or a 10% discount for Class 8. Each CRSClass improvement results in a 5% greaterdiscount on flood insurance premiums forproperties in the SFHA.
Hamburg Township Flood InsuranceRating - Hamburg Township participatesin the NFIP Community Rating System. In1998, the Township sent staff to theEmergency Management Institute inEmmitsburg, Maryland where staff tooktraining courses. Township staff learnedthat in order to improve their insuranceclass rating from a Class 10 to a Class 9,the township had to score 500 or morepoints using CRS scoring methods. In theirinitial application they addressed manycommunity activities that they willundertake in order to score the 500 points
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necessary for a change in class rating.Among those activities noted, were twomandatory flood management activities:the issuance of elevation certificates andaddressing repetitive loss claims.
Hamburg Township committed tomaintaining elevation certificates for newconstruction in the floodplain, and thetownship uses FEMA’s ElevationCertificate Computer Program to trackcertificates on computer.
Hamburg Township personnel alsoresearched whether there are any NFIPpolicy holders in the Township that havemade multiple claims for the sameproperty. They found that there were a veryminimal number of repetitive lossproperties, therefore, the Township isrequired to participate in FloodplainManagement Planning by preparing,adopting, implementing and updating acomprehsnsive flood hazard mitigationplan using a standard planning process.This activity has been accomplishedthrough Hamburg Township’s 2012adoption of the Hamburg TownshipFlooding Response Action Plan (FRAP).This plan can be downloaded or printedfrom the Township website.
Due to the Township’s exemplaryparticipation in the NFIP CommunityRating System, the Township hassuccessfully improved their CRS Classrating from 10 to 9 and more recently, from9 to 8.
Sources:
2004 Hazardous Materials & EmergencyManagement Training Catalog, TheMichigan State Police EmergencyManagement Division, 2003
Livingston County, Michigan, websitewww.livgov.com
Green Oak Township Zoning Ordinance,Livingston County, Michigan, 2014
Zoning Ordinance Hamburg TownshipLivingston County, Michigan, 2009
Zoning Ordinance Marion TownshipLivingston County, Michigan.
The Village of Pinckney Master Plan,Livingston County, Michigan, 2015
Hamburg Township, Michigan websitewww.hamburg.mi.us
Michigan Hazard Mitigation Plan,Emergency Management Division, MichiganDepartment of State Police, EMD Publication106, March 2000
National Flood Insurance ProgramCommunity Rating System, FederalEmergency Management Agency Brochure,FEMA B-573, May 2015
Community Rating System, FederalEmergency Management Agency FactSheet, October 2015
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Hazard mitigation strategies serve to lessen acommunity’s vulnerability to the hardship andcosts of disasters. This chapter will identifypotential hazard mitigation strategies for thenatural hazards that are most likely to occur inLivingston County. Mitigation strategies withan “all-hazards” approach will also beidentified. Several of these mitigationstrategies will form the core of theImplementation Plan component of thishazard mitigation plan in Chapter 10.
FEMA recognizes the following six broadcategories of mitigation strategies. Thesecategories help clarify the purpose of theproposed strategies listed under eachhazard:
Six Categories of Hazard MitigationStrategies
1. Prevention. Government administrativeor regulatory actions or processes thatinfluence the way land and buildings aredeveloped and built. These actions alsoinclude public activities to reduce hazardlosses.
Examples include: planning and zoning,building codes, capital improvementprograms, open space preservation, andstorm water management regulations.
2. Property Protection. Actions that involvethe modification of existing buildings orstructures to protect them from a hazard,or removal from the hazard area.
Chapter 9: Potential Hazard Mitigation Strategies
Examples include: acquisition, elevation,relocation, structural retrofits, stormshutters, and shatter-resistant glass.
3. Public Education and Awareness.Actions to inform and educate citizens,elected officials, and property ownersabout the hazards and potential ways tomitigate them.
Examples include: outreach projects, realestate disclosure, hazard informationcenters, and school-age and adulteducation programs.
4. Natural Resource Protection. Actionsthat, in addition to minimizing hazardlosses, also preserve or restore thefunctions of natural systems.
Examples include: sediment and erosioncontrol, stream corridor restoration,watershed management, forest andvegetation management, and wetlandrestoration and preservation.
5. Emergency Services. Actions thatprotect people and property during andimmediately after a disaster or hazardevent.
Examples include: warning systems,emergency response services, andprotection of critical facilities.
6. Structural Projects. Actions that involvethe construction of structures to reducethe impact of a hazard.
Example structures include: dams, levees,floodwalls, seawalls, retaining walls, andsafe rooms.
Mitigation is... Any action of a long-term,permanent nature that reduces the actualor potential risk of loss of life or propertyfrom a hazardous event.
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All - Hazards Approach to HazardMitigation Strategies
The following hazard mitigation strategyideas are not hazard specific, and they canbe applied to many or all hazards that mayoccur in a community. The strategy ideas areorganized under FEMA’s six categories ofhazard mitigation strategies. The strategyideas are not intended to be an all-encompassing list, rather a list from whichstrategy ideas can be drawn for the hazardmitigation action plan.
Prevention
Incorporating hazard mitigationregulations into the communityzoning ordinance - incorporatingregulations such as: control ofimpervious surfaces, retention ofnatural vegetation along watercoursesand set backs from watercourses andsteep slopes.
Incorporating hazard mitigationpolicies into the communitycomprehensive or master plan -incorporating policies such as: hazardmitigation goals and objectives,development policies for hazard areassuch as floodplains.
Adoption of local hazardmitigation plans - local communitiesshould draft and adopt specific,localized hazard mitigation plansbased on the model provided by theHazard Mitigation Plan, LivingstonCounty, Michigan.
Capital improvement programs -aCapital Improvements Program (CIP)is a community’s proposed scheduleof future capital improvements listed inorder of priority during a specified
period of time. Cost estimates andthe anticipated means of financinghazard mitigation strategies shouldalso be included in the CIP.
Local environmental reviewboards - local communities cancreate environmental review boardsthat review any land use permit, siteplan, subdivision, condominium orland division application that maypose significant impacts on the humanand natural environment.
Enforcement of building codes - allcommunities in Michigan must have abuilding code that conforms to theState Construction Code. Thesecodes ensure that a building or otherstructure will be constructed in amanner that is safe for occupancy anduse. Building codes regulate healthand sanitation requirements for water,ventilation, plumbing, electricity,mechanical equipment, heating andair conditioning. However, if buildingcode provisions are not properlyenforced by a municipality, it couldmake the difference between abuilding or structure that is minimallydamaged by a hazard and one thatsuffers major damage or a total lossfrom a hazard.
Subdivision regulations -subdivision regulations can be aneffective tool in reducing exposureand vulnerability to certain hazardssuch as wildfire and flood, if mitigationfactors are incorporated into theprocess through mechanisms such aslocal planning codes. For instance, acommunity may allow a subdivision tobe placed in a heavily wooded areasusceptible to wildfire, if properengineering measures are taken
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regarding lot size and ingress andegress. These mechanisms providean adequate level of protection todeveloped home sites and theresidents occupying those home sites.
Local emergency operations plans- The Federal EmergencyManagement Agency (FEMA)recommends that each jurisdictiondevelop a comprehensive EmergencyOperations Plan (EOP) for all hazardsthat pose a significant threat to thecommunity. Although there is nostandard format for preparation of alocal EOP, FEMA recommends thatthe EOP consist of the following threecomponents: (1) the basic plan; (2)functional annexes in support of thebasic plan; and (3) hazard-specificappendixes in support of eachfunctional annex.
Emergency plans for criticalfacilities - dependent upon thespecific type of emergency, criticalfacilities can include such publicfacilities as fire stations, utility plantsand municipal buildings, as well asprivate institutions such as nursinghomes, hospitals, schools and jails.Since disasters directly involvingcritical facilities enlarge the scope ofits impact, it is important to identifysuch facilities prior to an emergency.In addition, an emergency plan needsto be prepared for each such facilityand with consideration to the specificchallenges each presents. Forexample, the limited mobility of mostnursing home patients requiresspecial evacuation procedures, whilelife-sustaining equipment needed bysome hospital patients may precludeany evacuation. Such facilities asschools and jails require that
emergency responders account foreach evacuee.
Deed restrictions - a deed restrictionor restrictive covenant placesrestrictions on the use of land andusually is binding upon subsequentowners of the property. For example,as a means of mitigating the damagecaused by flooding, a property ownermay use a deed restriction to prohibitthe use of flood-prone areas for otherthan recreational or open spacepurposes.
Mutual aid agreements - mutual aidagreements may be for reciprocalassistance or may be nonreciprocalservice contracts under which theservice is provided only underdisaster conditions. The mostcommon mutual aid agreements forreciprocal assistance are amongjurisdictions for police, fire andemergency medical care services.The most common example of anonreciprocal service contract is thatnegotiated by many communities withthe American Red Cross forestablishment of emergency sheltersand damage assessment following anoccurrence.
Tax incentives - taxing powers canprovide incentives to undertakemitigation actions. For example, localgovernments can establish“preferential” or “use value” taxes forproperties located in a flood-pronearea if the property owner agrees tomaintain a low-density use of the land.Property is then taxed on the basis ofits actual income production ratherthan its market value.
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Transfer of development rights - aTransfer of Development Rights (TDR)program is intended to use propertieslocated within a hazard area (such aswithin a floodplain) for recreational oropen space purposes bycompensating the property owners forthe loss of their right to develop theproperty into more intense land uses.Landowners may sell theirdevelopment rights to otherlandowners in “receiving” districts whomay then use these rights to build athigher densities than allowed undercurrent zoning standards.
Property Protection
Deconcentration of criticalfacilities - during such emergenciesas dam failure, infrastructure disasteror civil disorder, it is important thatcritical facilities be geographicallyspread throughout the community.Such deconcentration minimizes thepossibility of more than one criticalfacility being impacted and therebymitigates the overall impact of theemergency.
Acquisition -if structural measurescannot preclude damage caused byhazards, communities may need topurchase hazard-prone lands tominimize the negative impacts offuture hazards. Public acquisition canoccur through the outright purchase ofsuch properties or through the lessexpensive purchase of easements ordevelopment rights.
Right-of-way maintenance,landscaping and inspection -overgrown vegetation or new growthvegetation in rights-of-way can beeasily uprooted by natural hazards
such as high velocity winds, whichmay damage or completely destroymany underground utilities.Maintenance, such as brush and limbremoval should be addressed on aroutine basis. Landscapingstandards, including the planting ofappropriate vegetation along powerline rights-of-way, should beencouraged. Public utilities shouldimprove existing programs to inspectall rights-of-ways. Current rights-of-way should also be inspected as toproper size. It may be appropriate insome cases to purchase or leaseadditional rights-of-way to helpeliminate the potential damage tolines and poles from fallen limbs ortrees.
Public Education and Awareness
Dissemination of disasterinformation to community groupsand critical facilities - publicpresentations and dissemination ofwritten materials to schools, hospitals,nursing homes, other interestedcommunity groups and the generalpublic, should be a periodic hazardmitigation strategy. Often this occursin the spring during Severe WeatherAwareness Week.
Disaster-related public healthcampaigns - the public needsperiodic media campaigns tobroadcast information about the healthconcerns associated with differenthazards, and how people can protectthemselves.
Sponsor a “Helping YourNeighbors” program - thisprogram, sponsored through the localschool systems, encourages children
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and their families to check on neighborswho require special assistance duringsevere hazard conditions.
Staffing and training of responsepersonnel - a local response trainingprogram should take advantage ofprograms and courses availablethrough FEMA or the state, each ofwhich has a training officer responsiblefor coordinating the delivery of federally-funded emergency managementprograms.
Website information posted byemergency management partners -the internet has become one of themost used sources of publicinformation. All local emergencymanagement partners that maintain awebsite, should endeavor to educatethe public about hazard mitigationstrategies.
Natural Resource Protection
Encourage local communities toimplement an urban forestryprogram - many hazards such as icestorm, severe wind or tornado events,result in falling trees and brancheswhich cause power outages and clogpublic roadways with debris. Urbanforestry programs can help keep tree-related damage and impact to aminimum. This type of program shouldaddress tree maintenance in acomprehensive manner, from propertree selection, to proper placement, toproper tree trimming and long-termcare.
Emergency Services
Strengthened electrical/phoneinfrastructure - the strengthening of
above-ground infrastructure throughuse of metal rather than woodensupports can also help reduce thepotential for disruption.
Underground infrastructure -although more costly, undergroundinstallation of infrastructure can greatlymitigate the disruption of servicecaused by natural hazards. While suchutility services as sanitary sewer lines,storm sewers, water mains and naturalgas lines must be installed beneath thesurface of the ground, electric andtelephone lines have traditionally beenlocated above-ground. As new orreplacement infrastructure isscheduled for installation, the providersshould investigate the costeffectiveness, safety benefits andenvironmental impact of burying theselines.
Back-up power sources for publichealth and safety facilities -communities should consider thepurchase of generators to provide abackup power source for public healthand safety facilities such as water andsewer treatment plants.
Auxiliary power source for criticalfacilities - during an emergency, anauxiliary power source is mandatory formany facilities such as hospitals anddesirable for all inhabited structures.Auxiliary power is also essential forfacilities that serve vulnerablepopulations, such as child care centersand nursing homes. Standbygenerators and battery systems are themost common sources of auxiliarypower during a power outage.
Train weather spotters - localweather spotters should be trained to
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identify hazardous conditions and notifythe proper authorities.
Emergency broadcast systems -although the Emergency BroadcastSystem (EBS) is governed by theFederal Communications Commission,local emergency managers areresponsible for transmitting emergencyinformation to the EBS. In addition,emergency managers are responsiblefor ensuring that the information istranslated for non-English speakersand made available to those with visualand hearing disabilities.
Emergency shelters - emergencyshelters provide temporary sheltering,food, clothing, sleepingaccommodations and sanitary facilitiesduring a local emergency. Specialneeds must also be addressed insheltering plans. For instance,individuals requiring medical care mayneed to be sheltered in “medicalshelters” under the supervision of thelocal health department.
Evacuation plans/evacuationroutes - an emergency plan must beprepared in advance of an emergencyto identify those routes adequate foreffective evacuation. FEMA alsosuggests that communities work withlocal social service organizations,home health agencies andtransportation agencies to identify andassist residents who cannot evacuateon their own.
Exercise of plans - people mustbecome accustomed to emergencyoperations plans through trainingexercises designed to increase theirawareness through realisticsimulations.
Structural Projects
Better building design - althoughminimal standards for various types ofconstruction are mandated, builderscan make structures less vulnerable tocertain natural and manmade hazardsthrough the use of better design,engineering and construction materialsand careful siting of facilities.
Natural Hazards
The following hazard mitigation strategy ideasare natural hazard specific, and they do notrepeat the all-hazard mitigation strategieslisted above. The mitigative potential of eachnatural hazard is ranked according to theHazard Profile Evaluation at the beginning ofChapter 4. This ranking is followed bystrategies that are organized under FEMA’ssix categories of hazard mitigation strategies(although all six categories may not beaddressed under each hazard). The strategyideas are not intended to be an all-encompassing list, rather a list from whichstrategy ideas can be drawn for the prioritizedhazard mitigation projects.
Proposed Mitigation Strategies forSevere Winds and Tornadoes:
Mitigative Potential
The Livingston County Hazard ProfileEvaluation ranks the ease with which severewinds and tornadoes can be mitigatedagainst as Impossible.
Prevention
Encourage local ordinancesregarding the anchoring ofmanufactured homes - encouragelocal communities to adopt anordinance that requires the anchoring
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of manufactured home installationslocated outside a designatedfloodplain (this is state mandatedwithin a designated floodplain area).
Disaster insurance - many stateshave established wind damageinsurance pools that allow residents topurchase wind damage insurance tocomplement the federal floodinsurance.
Property Protection
Encourage manufactured homeowners to voluntarily anchor theirunits - mobile home structuresoutside of designated floodplains arenot required to comply with anchoringprovisions, however, owners may wishto comply if made aware of thisproperty protection measure.
Retrofit buildings with structuralbracing and metal connectors - theEmergency Management Division,Michigan Department of State Policeand the Michigan State HousingDevelopment Authority have begun asmall pilot program to protect newconstruction by installing structuralbracing and metal connectors atcritical points of connection in theframe of a structure. If this pilotprogram is successful, it may beexpanded in the future to includeretrofitting existing residential andcommercial structures.
Storm shutters - storm shutters onbuildings minimize the potential ofinjury from flying glass or debris.
Plant windbreaks - plants of varyingheights, widths, species, andcomposition, planted either
individually or in rows, have varyingdegrees of effect on reducing windvelocity.
Public Education and Awareness
Outdoor warning siren systems -warning sirens should be in place indensely populated areas where theyare most effective.
Emergency Services
Coordinate with utility companieson local restoration priorities andprocedures
Proposed Mitigation Strategies forSnowstorms, Ice and Sleet:
Mitigative Potential
The Livingston County Hazard ProfileEvaluation ranks the ease with whichsnowstorms, ice and sleet can be mitigatedagainst as Impossible.
Property Protection
Auxiliary Heat Source - Sincesevere winter storms often causepower outages, an auxiliary heatsource for individual residencesminimizes the need for evacuation toemergency shelters. Possible auxiliaryheat sources include fireplaces, woodburning stoves, etc.
Emergency Services
All-terrain emergency vehicles -following a severe winter storm, all-terrain vehicles may be necessary foremergency evacuation, emergencytransit and delivery of neededsupplies. Therefore, an emergency
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manager should be aware of availableall-terrain vehicles, snowmobiles, four-wheel-drive vehicles, utility vehiclesand other such vehicles capable oftraversing severe winter conditions.
Structural Projects
Building orientation - Since manywinter storms travel in a predictabledirection, the location of an exteriorexit downwind from the prevailingstorm path maximizes the occupants’ability to exit a structure after such anoccurrence.
Buffer spaces around buildings -As a mitigation measure, open areasdevoid of trees and structures canserve several purposes. If buildingconstruction is planned with bufferspaces surrounding it, this open areacan be used to pile snow after winterstorms.
Increased insulation/increasedroof pitch - While increased structuralinsulation can help mitigate theseverity of a winter storm, anincreased roof pitch may minimize thepotential for structural damage fromexcessive snow accumulation.
Proposed Mitigation Strategies forExtreme Cold/ Extreme Heat:
Mitigative Potential
The Livingston County Hazard ProfileEvaluation ranks the ease with which extremecold and extreme heat can be mitigatedagainst as Possible.
Property Protection
Insulate spaces around airconditioners for a tighter fit
Keep storm windows up all year -storm windows can keep the heatout of a house in the summer thesame way they keep cold out in thewinter.
Emergency Services
Designated cooling/warmingcenters - before a heat or coldemergency occurs, designatefacilities with reliable airconditioning/heating capabilities ascooling/warming centers (perhapsfacilities with back-up generators incase of power loss).
Proposed Hail/ LightningMitigation Strategies:
Mitigative Potential
The Livingston County Hazard ProfileEvaluation ranks the ease with which hailcan be mitigated against as Impossible.Lightning is not ranked in the Hazard ProfileEvaluation.
Emergency Services
Local lightning detectionsystems - a technologicallyadvanced lightning location systemcalled the National LightningDetection Network (NLDN) wasinvented by a private company inArizona. Local lightning detectionsystems are increasingly beinginstalled at outdoor recreationfacilities such as golf courses,parks, and pools. The detectiondevices monitor electrical activity inthe air and activate a warning light orhorn if favorable lightning conditionsexist. This early warning system cangive local officials the time
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necessary to clear outdoor areasbefore actual lightning strikes occur.
Proposed Flooding MitigationStrategies:
Mitigative Potential
The Livingston County Hazard ProfileEvaluation ranks the ease with which floodingcan be mitigated against as Difficult.
Prevention
Adopt, administer and enforce bestfloodplain management practices -practices that are over and above thebasic requirements of the NFIP’scommunity participation requirements.
Establish developmentrequirements for smallwatercourses - adopt requirementsnot addressed in Michigan FloodplainRegulatory Authority regulations.
Emergency plans and requirementsfor development downstream of adam - special planning requirementsfor the area downstream of a dam thatwould be flooded in the event of afailure. The greatest potential for damfailure is during a flood when waterlevels are the highest.
Participation in the Natural RiversProgram - participation andadministration of programrequirements.
Disclosure -disclosure is defined asthe revealing of facts which may berelevant to interested and involvedparties. Disclosure includes revealingthat a given piece of property or astructure is located in a flood hazardzone.
Participation in the Huron RiverWatershed Council
Property Protection
Encourage communityparticipation in the National FloodInsurance Program - forcommunities which do not participatein the National Flood InsuranceProgram (NFIP), three sanctions areimposed. First, federally-backedflood insurance is not available.Second, insurable properties areeligible for limited Federal assistancefollowing a Presidentially-declareddisaster. Third, federally regulatedlenders cannot approve mortgages forstructures without flood insurance. Forthese reasons, all communities thatqualify are strongly encouraged toparticipate in the NFIP.
Community upgrade ofCommunity Rating System (CRS)classification -to achieve a betterflood insurance rate class therebyreducing costs to residents.
Relocation of homes in floodprone areas - such as near dams, infloodplains and on peninsulasbetween water courses.
Relocation of utilities - utilitiesshould be relocated above flood levelin flood prone areas. Most wastewaterfacilities are located in low lying areasdue to the gravity-based flow systemstypical of treatment plants. Optionsinclude relocating the facility to higherground and installing pump systems tocarry the waste uphill, or flood proofingthe existing facility. The relocation ofwastewater treatment facilities shouldbe undertaken as a last resort.
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Relocation of uses that areenvironmentally hazardous out ofthe floodplain - by moving hazardsout of the floodplain, the dispersal oftoxic chemicals and agricultural wasteinto adjacent communities and riversystems is reduced significantly.
Elevation of structures - to avoid orminimize flood damage, the lowestfloor of structures should be elevated toa point at or above the base floodelevation (BFE) in floodprone areas.
Floodproofing - existing structuresand facilities can be retrofitted to makethem more floodproof thereby betterprotecting the contents of buildings.Floodproofing allows the structure toremain in its existing location whilereducing the likelihood of flood relateddamages.
Public Education and Awareness
Encourage county homeowners topurchase flood insurance - increaseawareness that flood damages are notcovered by homeowners policies.
Increase awareness of publichealth and environmental healthconcerns - technical assistanceregarding drinking water and sanitationis necessary during and after a floodemergency. Water wells must betested for contamination.
Homeowner lawn care education -community education regardingkeeping nutrients such as fertilizers outof waterways so that unnaturalvegetation growth does not congestwater course areas.
Training for private dam operators -training on the most up-to-date
practices regarding dammanagement.
Natural Resource Protection
Establishment of parks in thefloodplain - use of a floodplain asparkland is a good way to providepublic access to the naturalenvironment while eliminating usesthat add impervious surface andcontribute to the possibility of flooding.
River, lake and streammanagement - managementrequirements such as minimumsetbacks from a watercourse andretention of natural vegetation in thesetback area.
Drainage management - culverts,county drains, etc...
Erosion control during buildingprocesses
Watershed management - Awatershed is defined as the total areadrained by a given stream or river. Awatershed management plan shouldinclude a watershed analysiscomplete with statistical, schematicand graphic information that can beused to calculate potential runoff,simulate flooding conditions, analyzeproposed site plans and storm drainlayout.
Storm sewer management
Storm water management -communities should regularly inspectdrainage improvements and reviewdrainage maintenance programs.Drainage structures, including culvertsand pipes, should be upgraded asneeded. Perhaps most important is
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the need for communities to bettercoordinate proposed improvementsand existing water management planswith neighboring locales in order toimprove basin-wide storm watermanagement.
Emergency Services
Sandbags and sandbag fillingmachines
Devices that warn of dam failure
Structural Projects
River and stream bankstabilization
Dam repair or replacement
Creation of drainage systems -intended to prevent or alleviateflooding by retarding the amount ofrunoff reaching a body of waterimmediately following a heavy rain,and may consist of catch basins,detention areas, detention ponds,retention basins, storm sewers,swales, ditches, or any combinationthereof.
Retrofits of transportationinfrastructure - in areas prone toflooding, roads and bridges may needto be reinforced to withstand floodingstresses.
Separation of storm drainagesystems from sanitary sewagesystems
Proposed Mitigation Strategies forDam Failure:
Mitigative Potential
The Livingston County Hazard ProfileEvaluation ranks the ease with which damfailure can be mitigated against as Difficult.
Prevention
Emergency action plans - damsthat are over six feet in height thatcreate an impoundment with a surfacearea of more than 5 acres, arerequired to maintain an EmergencyAction Plan. This plan must beconsistent with the local emergencyoperation plan .
Emergency Services
Dam warning systems - warningsystems should be in place to alert thepublic in the event of a dam failure.
Public Education and Awareness
Public official awareness - anoutreach effort should be undertakento make public officials more aware ofthe potential dangers associated withexisting dams, particularly those thatare no longer operational.
Technical assistance to privatedam owners - private dam ownersshould be instructed about properdam maintenance and operation.
Emergency Services
Dam inspections - regularinspections that assess the structuralintegrity of dams by a regulatoryauthority such as a local DrainCommissioner’s office.
Structural Projects
Dam repair - exacerbating the
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potential risk to citizens is thedisrepair of many dams and the lackof sound plans to help guidenecessary repairs.
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Mitigative Potential
The Livingston County Hazard ProfileEvaluation ranks the ease with which wildfirescan be mitigated against as Possible.
Prevention
Fire-resistant landscapingordinance language -the spacing,height and type of landscaping can beregulated to minimize the spreading offires from one structure to another.For example, local zoning ordinancescould discourage the use of suchflammable shrubs as cedar, pine andspruce. The National Wildland/UrbanInterface Fire Program has publishedmany helpful materials on how tocreate a fire-resistant landscape.
Greenbelts - required greenbelts(open areas or areas with plantings)can surround a development, act as abuffer between land uses, or mark theedge of a developed area. Well-maintained greenbelts containing little,if any, landscaping can serve as atemporary break in the advance ofwildfire.
Burn permits - to prevent the spreadof fires intentionally set to burn debris,leaves, brush, etc., many communitiesrequire the issuance of a burn permitby the local fire department. Thepurpose of requiring such a permit isto allow the fire department to regulate
the type, size, duration, supervision,conditions and timing of such fires.During dry periods or during highwind conditions, a permit to burnmaterials may be denied.
Site plan design - some localcommunities have language in theirzoning ordinance which includes thelocal Fire Chief in the site planreview process. It is beneficial for aFire Chief to review a site plan tomake certain that the plan assists firesuppression efforts throughmeasures such as: adequatevehicular access, adequate signagefor streets, roads and buildings, andprovision of adequate emergencywater supplies.
Outdoor burning ban - whenconditions of extreme fire hazardexist, the Michigan Department ofNatural Resources can request thatthe Governor issue an outdoorburning ban to mitigate the potentialfor wildfire in all or part of the state. Aban of this nature would restrictsmoking, fireworks, and outdoorburning activities.
Property Protection
Firewise construction - firewiseconstruction involves the use ofbuilding material alternatives suchas: fire-resistent sub-roofs, slate orclay tiles, stucco or masonry exteriorwall facing, and non-flammableshutters.
Roof sprinklers -since the spreadof forest fires is accelerated byairborne embers capable of ignitinga roof surface, the installation of roof-top sprinkler systems is helpful in
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wildfire-prone areas.
Public Education and Awareness
Public education regarding theFirewise Communities WildfireProtection Program - this programis designed to educate governmentofficials and a wide variety ofprofessionals, about ways in whichcommunities can be designed andbuilt to minimize the threat fromwildfires. The Firewise CommunitiesProgram holds workshops aroundthe country and also produces anddistributes guidance documents,videos, and software packages onwildland/urban interface fire issues.
Proposed Drought MitigationStrategies
Mitigative Potential
The Livingston County Hazard ProfileEvaluation ranks the ease with whichdrought can be mitigated against asDifficult.
Natural Resource Protection
Stream gauges - in cooperationwith the U.S. Geological Survey, over600 government agencies operatestream gauges for data collection.Stream flow data is a good measureof the relative severity of drought.
Proposed Mitigation Strategies forPublic Health:
Mitigative Potential
The Livingston County Hazard ProfileEvaluation in Chapter 4 does not rank theease with which public health can be
mitigated against, however this hazard isaddressed in the appendix of this plan andthe following mitigation strategies may bebeneficial to Livingston County:
Prevention
Food service inspections - routineinspections of food service facilitieshelp protect county consumers fromserious foodborne illnesses.
Disease surveillance - developcollaborative relationships betweenthe agricultural production community,area veterinarians, and appropriatelocal and state governmentalagencies to enhance or put in placesystems for animal and humandisease surveillance.
Property Protection
Septic tank protection - properlocation, installation, cleaning,monitoring and maintenance of septictanks.
Point of Sale program - develop andimplement a county wide Point of Saleprogram that would ensure adequatewastewater and water supplyinfrastructure to the new propertyowner.
Public Education and Awareness
Septic and well education -education directed towards newresidents that have come from urbanareas and do not have priorexperience in how to properly clean,monitor and maintain a septic or wellsystem.
Sources:
Comprehensive Plan/Hazard MitigationInterface, Livingston County Department ofPlanning, Winter 1998-1999
Local Hazard Mitigation PlanningWorkbook, Emergency ManagementDivision Michigan Department of StatePolice, EMD-PUB 207, June 2001
Michigan Hazard Mitigation Plan,Emergency Management Division, MichiganDepartment of State Police, EMD Publication106, March 2000
Michigan Hazard Analysis, MichiganDepartment of State Police, EmergencyManagement Division, March 2000
State And Local Mitigation Planning how-toguide: Understanding Your Risks, FederalEmergency Management Agency, Version1.0, August 2001
FEMA Factsheets and Backgrounderinformation resources on hazards, http://www.frma.gov/hazards/
Hazard Mitigation Plan, Town of Merrimack,New Hampshire, September 2002
Availability of immunizations -make the public aware of how toreceive immunizations againstcommunicable diseases.
Communications with specialpopulations - ensure that specialpopulations within Livingston Countyhave ready access to all emergencyevent information (e.g. emergencybroadcast radio within nursinghomes...)
Emergency Services
Response plans for specialpopulations - develop responseplans to deliver emergency services tothe various special populations withinLivingston County.
Structural Projects
Communication Systems - installand/or implement communicationsystems across all health care andhuman service agencies to ensureinteroperability and redundancy.
Hazard Mitigation Strategies
The Hazard Mitigation Strategies of this planwere developed by:
1. reviewing the established goals andobjectives of this plan;
2. analyzing existing/active hazard mitigationstrategies in Livingston County;
3. determining which goals and objectives ofthis plan are not being addressed or areinadequately being addressed by existing/active hazard mitigation strategies inLivingston County;
4. examining other potential strategies thathave been identified and practiced byother sources and;
5. selecting hazard mitigation approachesfrom this list of potential strategies, thataddress the goals and objectives of theplan that were not being addressed orwere inadequately being addressed.
Chapter 10: Hazard Mitigation Strategies, Implementation Planand Plan Maintenance
The resulting list of 2017 hazard mitigationstrategies was updated by the LivingstonCounty Local Emergency PlanningCommittee (LEPC).
The following list of hazard mitigationstrategies is presented in a table format. Thehazard mitigation strategies are listed underthe headings of Goal #1 through Goal #5. Inthe column next to each strategy is thecorresponding objective(s) of the plan beingaddressed by the strategy.
The table also notes all strategies from the2007 Livingston County Hazard MitigationPlan that were completed, deleted, new orcontinued to this 2017 plan.
New or Continued HazardMitigation Strategies
Plan Goal #1 and Objective(s)Being Addressed
Goal #1: Reduce property damage andcreate disaster resistant structures byencouraging the integration of hazardmitigation considerations into land useplanning and management, and landdevelopment processes.
Objectives: Multiple objectives under thisgoal relate to adopting zoning ordinancelanguage that regulates hazard issues suchas: impervious surface, watercourses, andflood plains.
Partner with at least five local communities toincorporate hazard mitigation regulations intotheir community zoning ordinances.(CONTINUED)
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New or Continued HazardMitigation Strategies
Plan Goal #1 and Objective(s)Being Addressed
Partner with at least five local communitiesto incorporate hazard mitigation policiesinto their community master plans.(CONTINUED)
Goal #1 (see previous page)Objective: Encourage Livingston Countycommunities to integrate the goals andobjectives of the Hazard Mitigation Plan,Livingston County, Michigan, into theirmaster plan.
Objective: Encourage Livingston Countycommuntiies to integrate hazard mitigationlanguage throughout their master plan or as aseparate element (chapter) within theirmaster plan (with use of content from theHazard Mitigation Plan, Livingston County,Michigan).
Goal #1 (see previous page)Objective: Encourage additional LivingstonCounty communities to replicate and adoptthe zoning ordinance language of our HuronRiver communities regarding stream bankpreservation and buffering, in order toprotect other prominent river and streamcorridors in Livingston County.
Feature this best practice in the new 2017Livingston County Master Plan so that thiszoning technique will be more commonlyknown by Livingston County communitiesand better understood so that the practicecan be replicated. (NEW)
Goal #2: Employ Livingston County landuse practices that minimize vulnerabilityto all hazards.
Objective: Encourage disaster-resistantmanagement practices for public and privatedams in Livingston County.
Organize and provide training for privatedam operators in Livingston County;training would include up-to-date dammanagement practices. Evaluate structuralintegrity of county dams when warrantedand make recommendations forreplacement or removal. (CONTINUED)
New or Continued HazardMitigation Strategies
Plan Goal #2 and Objective(s)Being Addressed
Encourage Livingston County communitieswith repetitive flooding events to draft aflood action plan modeled after HamburgTownship’s Flood Response Action Plan tominimize losses associated with flooding.
Goal #1 (see previous page)Objective: Encourage Livingston Countycommunities to practice floodplainmanagement practices by adopting zoningordinance and master plan language thatprohibits new development in flood plainareas and classifies current development infloodplains as nonconforming uses that willeventually be elliminated.
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Plan Goal #2 and Objective(s)Being Addressed
New or Continued HazardMitigation Strategies
Plan Goal #4 and Objective(s)Being Addressed
New or Continued HazardMitigation Strategies
Goal #3: Employ Livingston County landuse practices that minimize disturbanceto natural features and decrease thepotential for natural disasters.
Objective: Avoid structures on hilltoplocation. Site new development away fromslopes of 12% or greater, and soft soils thatare prone to soil erosion.
Objective: Encourage open space andagricultural preservation as a means ofmaintaining a buffer zone or defensiblespace between structures and naturalfeatures that are vulnerable to hazards (e.g.grasslands, woodlands, flood plains, watercourses).
Facilitate the acquisition of approximately25 flood-prone properties in lowlandssurrounding Limekiln Lake in Green OakTownship. (CONTINUED)
New or Continued HazardMitigation Strategies
Plan Goal #3 and Objective(s)Being Addressed
Develop a model partnership program formaintaining stream guage devices in theHuron River, so that this model can bereplicated for establishing and maintainingstream guages in other Livingston Countywatercourses.(NEW)
Goal #4: Minimize disaster-relatedinjuries and loss of life through publiceducation, hazard analysis, and earlywarning.
Objective: Encourage a collaborativeapproach to establishing and maintainingstream guage devices in Livingston Countywater courses that are prone to flooding.
Goal #2: (See previous page)Ojective: Encourage proper separationand buffering between potentiallyhazardous land uses and all other landuses; particularly those land uses withspecial needs populations such asschools, nursing homes and hospitals.
Feature these best practices in the new2017 Livingston County Master Plan so thatthese zoning techniques will be morecommonly known by Livingston Countycommunities and better understood so thatthe practices can be replicated. (NEW)
Hazard Mitigation Plan, Livingston County, MichiganChapter 10
194 Livingston County Department of Planning/ Livingston County Emergency Management
New or Continued HazardMitigation Strategies
Plan Goal #4 and Objective(s)Being Addressed
Goal #4: Minimize disaster-relatedinjuries and loss of life through publiceducation, hazard analysis, and earlywarning.
Objective: Public awareness andparticipation in new public emergencyalerting system, so that public will be betternotified of hazards in Livingston County.
Develop and deliver a public education/awareness plan for the new publicemergency alerting system throughEverbridge and IPAWS. This awarenessplan will be delivered through publicmeetings, community events, social media,radio and local newspapers. (NEW)
Develop a summary version of the 2017Livingston County Hazard Mitigation Plan.Make summary plan and EmergencyOperation Plan available to all local units ofgovernment and emergency serviceproviders for review and host apresentation that explains the full content ofthe plans. The summary plans shallreference the full plans on the LivingstonCounty website. (CONTINUED - REVISED)
Goal #4 (see above)
Objective: Distribute a copy of the HazardMitigation Plan, Livingston County Michigan,and the Livingston County EmergencyOperation Plan to all local units ofgovernment and emergency serviceproviders in Livingston County with a fullexplanation of plan content.
Goal #4 (see above)
Objective: Encourage Livingston Countylocal units of government to conduct an in-depth hazard analysis and loss estimation fortheir community based on the methods usedin the Hazard Mitigation Plan, LivingstonCounty, Michigan.
Encourage at least five local communitiesto draft and adopt a local hazard mitigationplan; lend technicalassistance.(CONTINUED - REVISED)
Goal #4 (see above)
Objective: Distribute a copy of the HazardMitigation Plan, Livingston County Michigan,and the Livingston County EmergencyOperation Plan to all local units ofgovernment and emergency serviceproviders in Livingston County with a fullexplanation of plan content.
Begin revising Hazard Mitigation Plan,Livingston County, Michigan in2019.(CONTINUED - REVISED)
Hazard Mitigation Plan, Livingston County, Michigan
195Livingston County Department of Planning/ Livingston County Emergency Management
Chapter 10
New or Continued HazardMitigation Strategies
Plan Goal #5 and Objective(s)Being Addressed
Goal #2. This strategy is being removedbecause the Emerald Ash Borer issue is nolonger as critical in Livingston County as itwas in 2007 when the Hazard Mitigation planwas first adopted. Additionally, fundingsources are no longer abundant.
Assist Livingston County’s four cities andvillages in obtaining FEMA Emerald AshBorer funds for the removal and disposal ofdead and dying ash trees on public property.(REMOVED)
Goal #2. This strategy is complete. Analysis ofshelter locations have revealed that more thana dozen new shelters have been establishedsince the plan was adopted in 2007, and thesoutheast quadrant of Livingston County iswell served.
Facilitate the deconcentration of emergencyshelters in Livingston County; to achieve amore even distribution of these facilities,establish five additional shelters in the southeast quadrant of the county where most of thecounty’s population resides.(COMPLETED)
Continue to work on flood mitigationstrategies with the 17 local communitieswho currently participate in the NationalFlood Insurance Program, and encouragethe three non-participating localcommunities to take part in the NFIPprogram. (CONTINUED - REVISED)
Goal #5: Build partnerships betweenpublic safety agencies and organizationsto enhance and improve the safety andwell-being of all Livingston Countycommunities.
Objective: Encourage Livingston Countycommunities to participate in the NationalFlood Insurance Program (NFIP).
Goal #5 (see above)
Objective: Encourage Livingston Countycommunities to participate in localemergency management efforts throughLivingston County 911 Central Dispatch/Emergency Management and the EmergencyManagement Division of the MichiganDepartment of State Police.
Host and facilitate an EmergencyManagment coordination meeting withlong-term care facilities in LivingstonCounty. (NEW)
Completed or Removed HazardMitigation Strategies
Plan Goal Being Addressed andReason for Action
Approach all Livingston Countymunicipalities about their communityburning practices and encourage at leastfive additional communities to require thattheir residents obtain burn permits toensure more regulated and controlledburning practices. (REMOVED)
Goal #1. The Livingston County LEPCdecided to remove this strategy. Theydetermined that the strategy is effective inLivingston County’s two cities, however, it isnot effective in the sixteen townshipsbecause burning practices are very difficultto regulate.
Hazard Mitigation Plan, Livingston County, MichiganChapter 10
196 Livingston County Department of Planning/ Livingston County Emergency Management
Plan Goal Being Addressed andReason for Action
Completed or Removed HazardMitigation Strategies
Assist with the removal of invasive weedsthat contribute to the flooding of Ore Lakeand the Huron River.(REMOVED)
Assist the MDEQ/FEMA initiative to updateLivingston County floodplain maps.(COMPLETED)
Goal #5. This strategey was completed bythe Livingston County GeographicInformation Services (GIS) department.
Address land use/hazard mitigation conflictsin Howell Township surrounding theLivingston County Airport. Facilitatecooperation between County and HowellTownship officials to minimize conflicts alongthe airport boundaries.(COMPLETED)
Goal #5. Livingston County Administration,Airport and Planning departments assistedHowell Township with zoning and propertyparcel changes for land within andsurrounding the Livingston County Airport.These changes have greatly minimized thepotential for land use/hazard mitigationconflicts.
Goal #5. The Livingston County LEPCdecided to remove this strategy because itwas no longer a top priority. This strategy isbeing effectively addressed by LivingstonCounty Department of Public Health, and theDrain Commission through the LivingstonCounty septage receiving station.
Assist in the development of a county-wideseptage disposal program that providesmethods of safe and effective disposal whileminimizing septage impacts that contribute toother hazards. (REMOVED)
Goal #3. The Livingston County LEPCdecided to remove this strategy. The strategyis currently administered by HamburgTownship with much success.
Implementation Plan
The columns of the following table note thestrategy, responsible entity and partnerentities, local community partners,suggested funding and other resources, thesuggested time frame for accomplishing thestrategy, and finally, the hazard(s) that eachproject addresses, along with the FEMAcategory of mitigation that is addressed bythe strategy (FEMA’s six broad categoriesof mitigation strategy are described inChapter 9: Potential Hazard MitgationStrategies). This last column of informationhelps clarify the purpose of each prioritizedhazard mitigation strategy.
NOTE: The Mitigation Strategies noted inthis table are furthered in the followingImplementation Plan. The ImplementationPlan indicates the Livingston Countycommunity partners that will be involved ineach strategy.
Hazard Mitigation Plan, Livingston County, Michigan
197Livingston County Department of Planning/ Livingston County Emergency Management
Chapter 10
Str
ate
gy
Respo
nsib
le
Enti
ties
Co
mm
unit
y
Part
ners
Fundin
g a
nd
Oth
er
Resou
rces
Tim
e F
ram
e
Hazard
and
FE
MA
Mit
igati
on
Str
ate
gy
Part
ner
with
at le
ast fiv
e lo
cal
com
muniti
es to in
corp
ora
te h
azard
miti
gatio
n r
egula
tions in
to their
com
munity
zonin
g o
rdin
ances.
Liv
ingsto
n
County
Pla
nnin
g
Depart
ment
Genoa, G
reen
Oak,
Ham
burg
,
Marion a
nd
Putn
am
Tow
nship
s
In-k
ind L
ivin
gsto
n
County
Gove
rnm
ent
sta
ff c
osts
.
Local z
onin
g
ord
inances, and b
est
pra
ctic
es.
2017-2
019
All
- H
azard
s
Appro
ach.
Pre
ventio
n.
Part
ner
with
at le
ast fiv
e lo
cal
com
muniti
es to in
corp
ora
te h
azard
miti
gatio
n p
olic
ies in
to their
com
munity
com
pre
hensiv
e o
r m
aste
r
pla
ns.
Liv
ingsto
n
County
Pla
nnin
g
Depart
ment
Genoa, G
reen
Oak,
Ham
burg
,
Marion a
nd
Putn
am
Tow
nship
s
In-k
ind L
ivin
gsto
n
County
Gove
rnm
ent
sta
ff c
osts
.
Local c
om
pre
hensiv
e
or
maste
r pla
ns, and
best pra
ctic
es.
2017-2
019
All
- H
azard
s
Appro
ach.
Pre
ventio
n.
Inclu
de in
the n
ew
Liv
ingsto
n C
ounty
Maste
r P
lan a
best pra
ctic
e r
egard
ing
rive
r and s
tream
bank
pre
serv
atio
n,
so that Liv
ingsto
n C
ounty
com
muniti
es c
an r
eplic
ate
this
pra
ctic
e in
their lo
cal m
aste
r pla
ns
and z
onin
g o
rdin
ances.
Liv
ingsto
n
County
Pla
nnin
g
Depart
ment
Gre
en O
ak
Chart
er
Tow
nship
In-k
ind L
ivin
gsto
n
County
Gove
rnm
ent
sta
ff c
osts
. Local
best pra
ctic
es (
such
as G
reen O
ak
Chart
er
Tow
nship
's
natu
ral r
iver
and
trib
uta
ry o
verlay
zone)
2017
Flo
odin
g.
Natu
ral
Resourc
e
Pro
tectio
n.
Imp
lem
en
tati
on
Pla
n
Hazard Mitigation Plan, Livingston County, MichiganChapter 10
198 Livingston County Department of Planning/ Livingston County Emergency Management
Str
ate
gy
Respo
nsib
le
Enti
ties
Co
mm
unit
y
Part
ners
Fundin
g a
nd
Oth
er
Resou
rces
Tim
e F
ram
e
Hazard
and
FE
MA
Mit
igati
on
Str
ate
gy
Encoura
ge L
ivin
gsto
n C
ounty
com
muniti
es w
ith r
epetit
ive flo
odin
g
eve
nts
to d
raft a
flo
od a
ctio
n p
lan to
min
imiz
e lo
sses a
ssocia
ted w
ith
floodin
g. T
his
best pra
ctic
e c
an b
e
pro
mote
d thro
ugh the C
ounty
Pla
nnin
g D
epart
ment new
sle
tter
and
oth
er
meth
ods o
f com
munic
atio
n.
Liv
ingsto
n
County
Pla
nnin
g
Depart
ment, a
nd
Dra
in
Com
mis
sio
ner's
Offic
e
Ham
burg
Tow
nship
In-k
ind L
ivin
gsto
n
County
Gove
rnm
ent
sta
ff c
osts
. Local
best pra
ctic
es (
such
as H
am
burg
Tow
nship
's F
lood
Response A
ctio
n
Pla
n.
2017-2
019
Flo
odin
g.
Natu
ral
Resourc
e
Pro
tectio
n.
Org
aniz
e a
nd p
rovi
de a
tra
inin
g for
priva
te d
am
opera
tors
in L
ivin
gsto
n
County
, tr
ain
ing w
ould
invo
lve u
p-t
o-
date
dam
managem
ent pra
ctic
es.
Eva
luate
str
uctu
ral i
nte
grity
of county
dam
s a
nd w
hen w
arr
ante
d, m
ake
recom
mendatio
ns for
repla
cem
ent or
rem
ova
l.
Liv
ingsto
n
County
Dra
in
Com
mis
sio
ner's
Offic
e a
nd
Em
erg
ency
Managem
ent
All
com
muniti
es
with
dam
s:
Brighto
n,
Cohocta
h,
Deerf
ield
,
Genoa, G
reen
Oak,
Hart
land,
Ham
burg
,
How
ell,
Putn
am
,
Tyr
one a
nd
Unadill
a
Tow
nship
s, and
the C
ity o
f
How
ell.
Additi
onally
,
Marion T
ow
nship
at th
eir r
equest.
In-k
ind L
ivin
gsto
n
County
Gove
rnm
ent
sta
ff c
osts
. 2
017-2
021
Flo
odin
g / D
am
Failu
re.
Pre
ventio
n.
Imp
lem
en
tati
on
Pla
n
Hazard Mitigation Plan, Livingston County, Michigan
199Livingston County Department of Planning/ Livingston County Emergency Management
Chapter 10
Str
ate
gy
Re
sp
on
sib
le
En
titi
es
Co
mm
un
ity
Pa
rtn
ers
Fu
nd
ing
an
d
Oth
er
Re
so
urc
es
Tim
e F
ram
e
Ha
za
rd a
nd
FE
MA
Mit
iga
tio
n
Str
ate
gy
Facili
tate
the a
cquis
ition o
f
appro
xim
ate
ly 2
5 flo
od-p
rone
pro
pert
ies in
low
lands s
urr
oundin
g
Lim
eki
ln la
ke in
Gre
en O
ak
Tow
nship
.
Liv
ingsto
n
County
Dra
in
Com
mis
sio
ner's
Offic
e a
nd
Em
erg
ency
Managem
ent
Gre
en O
ak
Chart
er
Tow
nship
In-k
ind L
ivin
gsto
n
County
Gove
rnm
ent
sta
ff c
osts
, and
Hazard
Miti
gatio
n
Gra
nt P
rogra
m
(HM
GP
) fu
nds.
Past successfu
l
HM
GP
gra
nts
and the
Mic
hig
an S
tate
Polic
e
Em
erg
ency
Managem
ent
2017-2
021
Flo
odin
g.
Pro
pert
y
Pro
tectio
n.
Deve
lop a
model p
art
ners
hip
pro
gra
m
for
main
tain
ing s
tream
guage d
evi
ces
in the H
uro
n R
iver,
so that th
is m
odel
can b
e r
eplic
ate
d for
esta
blis
hin
g a
nd
main
tain
ing s
tream
guages in
oth
er
Liv
ingsto
n C
ounty
wate
rcours
es that
are
pro
ne to flo
odin
g.
Liv
ingsto
n
County
Dra
in
Com
mis
sio
ner's
Offic
e a
nd
Em
erg
ency
Managem
ent
Ham
burg
Tow
nship
, G
reen
Oak
Tow
nship
,
Liv
ingsto
n
County
Dra
in
Com
mis
sio
n,
Huro
n C
linto
n
Metr
opark
Auth
ority
In-k
ind L
ivin
gsto
n
County
sta
ff c
osts
.
Case s
cenario fro
m
recent (2
015)
part
ners
hip
to
main
tain
a c
ritic
al
Huro
n R
iver
str
eam
guage
2017-2
021
Flo
odin
g.
Pro
pert
y
Pro
tectio
n.
Imp
lem
en
tati
on
Pla
n
Hazard Mitigation Plan, Livingston County, MichiganChapter 10
200 Livingston County Department of Planning/ Livingston County Emergency Management
Str
ate
gy
Re
sp
on
sib
le
En
titi
es
Co
mm
un
ity
Pa
rtn
ers
Fu
nd
ing
an
d
Oth
er
Re
so
urc
es
Tim
e F
ram
e
Ha
za
rd a
nd
FE
MA
Mit
iga
tio
n
Str
ate
gy
All
Liv
ingsto
n C
ounty
com
muniti
es
will
be p
art
icip
ants
in the n
ew
public
em
erg
ency
ale
rtin
g s
yste
m thro
ugh
Eve
rbridge a
nd IP
AW
S. T
his
ale
rtin
g
sys
tem
will
be u
tiliz
ed for
imm
inent
life s
afe
ty e
vents
such a
s: to
rnados,
hazard
ous m
ate
rial e
vents
, activ
e
assaila
nts
, bliz
zard
warn
ings, and
escaped p
risoners
.
Liv
ingsto
n
County
EM
S a
nd
Em
erg
ency
Managem
ent
Em
erg
ency
pro
viders
in a
ll
twenty
local u
nits
of gove
rnm
ent in
Liv
ingsto
n
County
. G
enera
l
public
in a
ll
twenty
local u
nits
of gove
rnm
ent in
Liv
ingsto
n
County
.
In-k
ind L
ivin
gsto
n
County
sta
ff c
osts
.
The s
yste
m w
ill b
e
mark
ete
d a
t public
meetin
gs, th
rough
socia
l media
, ra
dio
,
and lo
cal n
ew
spaper
art
icle
s. T
here
will
als
o b
e o
pport
uniti
es
for
sig
nin
g u
p for
the
ale
rts a
t com
munity
eve
nts
such a
s the
Liv
ingsto
n C
ounty
Pre
pare
dness E
xpo.
2017-2
019
All-
Hazard
s
Appro
ach.
Public
Educatio
n
and A
ware
ness.
Deve
lop a
nd d
istr
ibute
a s
um
mary
vers
ion o
f th
e a
dopte
d 2
017
Liv
ingsto
n C
ounty
Hazard
Miti
gatio
n
Pla
n. T
he s
um
mary
pla
n s
hould
be
dis
trib
ute
d to a
ll lo
cal u
nits
of
gove
rnm
ent and e
merg
ency
serv
ice
pro
viders
, and s
hould
be
accom
panie
d b
y a p
resenta
tion that
pro
vides a
n o
verv
iew
of th
e full
conte
nt of th
e p
lan in
ord
er
to facili
tate
adoptio
n o
f th
e p
lan b
y lo
cal u
nits
of
gove
rnm
ent.
Liv
ingsto
n
County
Em
erg
ency
Managem
ent
All
twenty
local
units
of
gove
rnm
ent in
Liv
ingsto
n
County
.
In-k
ind L
ivin
gsto
n
County
sta
ff c
osts
.
2017-2
018
All-
Hazard
s
Appro
ach.
Public
Educatio
n
and A
ware
ness.
Imp
lem
en
tati
on
Pla
n
Hazard Mitigation Plan, Livingston County, Michigan
201Livingston County Department of Planning/ Livingston County Emergency Management
Chapter 10
Str
ate
gy
Re
sp
on
sib
le
En
titi
es
Co
mm
un
ity
Pa
rtn
ers
Fu
nd
ing
an
d
Oth
er
Re
so
urc
es
Tim
e F
ram
e
Ha
za
rd a
nd
FE
MA
Mit
iga
tio
n
Str
ate
gy
In c
om
plia
nce w
ith M
ichig
an A
ct 390
of 1976, assis
t ju
risdic
tions w
ith m
ore
than 1
0,0
00 r
esid
ents
deve
lop a
nd
main
tain
Em
erg
ency
Support
Pla
ns
that coin
cid
e w
ith the C
ounty
's
Em
erg
ency
Opera
tion P
lan (
EO
P).
Make
the C
ounty
EO
P a
vaila
ble
to a
ll
local u
nits
of gove
rnm
ent and
em
erg
ency
serv
ice p
rovi
ders
for
revi
ew
and h
ost a p
resenta
tion that
pro
vides a
n o
verv
iew
of th
e full
conte
nt of th
e p
lan.
Liv
ingsto
n
County
Em
erg
ency
Managem
ent
The follo
win
g
jurisdic
tions
with
in L
ivin
gsto
n
County
eith
er
have
a c
urr
ent
Em
erg
ency
Support
Pla
n o
r
are
activ
ely
work
ing o
n
deve
lopin
g o
ne
with
the
guid
ance o
f th
e
Liv
ingsto
n
County
Em
erg
ency
Managem
ent
Depart
ment;
Brighto
n C
ity a
nd
Brighto
n, G
enoa,
Gre
en O
ak,
Ham
burg
,
Hart
land, M
arion,
Oceola
and
Tyr
one
Tow
nship
s.
In-k
ind L
ivin
gsto
n
County
sta
ff c
osts
.
2018-2
019
All-
Hazard
s
Appro
ach.
Public
Educatio
n
and A
ware
ness.
Imp
lem
en
tati
on
Pla
n
Hazard Mitigation Plan, Livingston County, MichiganChapter 10
202 Livingston County Department of Planning/ Livingston County Emergency Management
Str
ate
gy
Re
sp
on
sib
le
En
titi
es
Co
mm
un
ity
Pa
rtn
ers
Fu
nd
ing
an
d
Oth
er
Re
so
urc
es
Tim
e F
ram
e
Ha
za
rd a
nd
FE
MA
Mit
iga
tio
n
Str
ate
gy
Ota
in c
om
mitm
ents
fro
m a
t le
ast fiv
e
local c
om
muniti
es for
the d
raft a
nd
adoptio
n o
f th
eir lo
cal h
azard
miti
gatio
n p
lan. T
his
pla
n s
hould
inclu
de a
hazard
analy
sis
and lo
ss
estim
atio
n for
thie
r com
munity
based
on the m
eth
ods u
sed in
the C
ounty
Hazard
Miti
gatio
n P
lan. Lend
technic
al a
ssis
tance.
Liv
ingsto
n
County
Em
erg
ency
Managem
ent and
Pla
nnin
g
Depart
ments
.
The fiv
e m
ost
popula
ted lo
cal
jurisdic
tions in
Liv
ingsto
n
County
: B
righto
n,
Genoa, G
reen
Oak,
Ham
burg
and H
art
land
Tow
nship
s, and
Marion T
ow
nship
at th
eir r
equest.
In-k
ind L
ivin
gsto
n
County
sta
ff c
osts
.
2017-2
021
All-
Hazard
s
Appro
ach.
Pre
ventio
n.
Begin
revi
sin
g the L
ivin
gsto
n C
ounty
Hazard
Miti
gatio
n P
lan to p
repare
for
the n
ew
5 y
ear
cyc
le o
f hazard
miti
gatio
n p
lannin
g b
egin
nin
g in
2022
Liv
ingsto
n
County
Em
erg
ency
Managem
ent
Em
erg
ency
pro
viders
in
Local
Em
erg
ency
Pla
nnin
g
Com
mitt
ee
In-k
ind L
ivin
gsto
n
County
sta
ff c
osts
.
2019-2
021
All-
Hazard
s
Appro
ach.
Public
Educatio
n
and A
ware
ness.
Pre
ventio
n.
Imp
lem
en
tati
on
Pla
n
Hazard Mitigation Plan, Livingston County, Michigan
203Livingston County Department of Planning/ Livingston County Emergency Management
Chapter 10
Str
ate
gy
Re
sp
on
sib
le
En
titi
es
Co
mm
un
ity
Pa
rtn
ers
Fu
nd
ing
an
d
Oth
er
Re
so
urc
es
Tim
e F
ram
e
Ha
za
rd a
nd
FE
MA
Mit
iga
tio
n
Str
ate
gy
Contin
ue to w
ork
on flo
od m
itigatio
n
str
ate
gie
s w
ith the 1
7 lo
cal
com
muniti
es w
ho c
urr
ently
part
icip
ate
in the N
atio
nal F
lood
Insura
nce P
rogra
m, and e
ncoura
ge
the thre
e n
on-p
art
icip
atin
g lo
cal
com
muniti
es to take
part
in the N
FIP
pro
gra
m.
Liv
ingsto
n
County
Em
erg
ency
Managem
ent and
Dra
in
Com
mis
sio
ner's
Offic
e.
All
jurisdic
tions in
Liv
ingsto
n
County
.
In-k
ind L
ivin
gsto
n
County
sta
ff c
osts
.
2017-2
021
Flo
odin
g.
Public
Educatio
n
and A
ware
ness.
Pro
pert
y
Pro
tectio
n.
Host and facili
tate
an E
merg
ency
Managem
ent coord
inatio
n m
eetin
g
with
long-t
erm
care
facili
ties in
Liv
ingsto
n C
ounty
.
Liv
ingsto
n
County
EM
S a
nd
Em
erg
ency
Managem
ent.
The ju
risdic
tions
in L
ivin
gsto
n
County
that have
long-t
erm
care
facili
ties: th
e 2
citi
es a
nd 2
villa
ges, as w
ell
as B
righto
n,
Genoa,
Ham
burg
,
Hart
land, H
ow
ell
and M
arion
Tow
nship
s.
In-k
ind L
ivin
gsto
n
County
sta
ff c
osts
.
2016-2
017
All-
Hazard
s
Appro
ach.
Public
Educatio
n
and A
ware
ness.
Pre
ventio
n.
Em
erg
ency
Serv
ices.
Imp
lem
en
tati
on
Pla
n
Hazard Mitigation Plan, Livingston County, MichiganChapter 10
204 Livingston County Department of Planning/ Livingston County Emergency Management
Plan Maintenance
The Livingston County Hazard MitigationPlan will be updated every five years. Therevision process with begin 2 years aheadof the completion of each five year cycle.
In order to track progress, move forward withmitigation accomplishments and update theHazard Mitigation Strategies identified inthis plan, it is recommended that LivingstonCounty’s Local Emergency PlanningCommittee (LEPC) review the strategiesannually or after a hazardous event. TheLEPC will determine whether or notstrategies have been completed or are nolonger feasible and should be removed fromthe plan. The committee’s recommendedrevisions will be reflected in the five yearupdate of the plan. The Emergency ProgramManager is reponsible for initiating thisreview.
A public hearing to review recommendedupdates to the plan and to receive publiccomments, will be held during the five yearupdate of the Livinston County HazardMitigation Plan. The County Board ofCommissioners will adopt the revised plan,as well as the appropriate boards/councilsof the twenty local units of government inLivingston County.
Sources:
Comprehensive Plan/Hazard MitigationInterface, Livingston County Department ofPlanning
Michigan Hazard Mitigation Plan,Emergency Management Division, MichiganDepartment of State Police, EMDPublication 106, March 2000
Michigan Hazard Analysis, MichiganDepartment of State Police, EmergencyManagement Division
State and Local Mitigation Planning how-togude: Understanding Your Risks, FederalEmergency Management Agency, Version1.0, August 2001
Hazard Mitigation Plan, Town of Merrimack,New Hampshire, September 2002
Local Hazard Mitigation PlanningWorkbook, Michigan Department of StatePolice, Emergency Management Division,EMD-PUB 207, June 2001
Hazard Mitigation Plan, Livingston County, Michigan
A-1Livingston County Department of Planning/Livingston County Emergency Management
Appendix
Appendix A: Livingston County Department of Public HealthJurisdictional Hazard Vulnerability Assessment
The Centers for Disease Control andPrevention’s (CDC), Public HealthEmergency Preparedness CooperativeAgreement requires a statewide assessmentof health risks and vulnerabilities. Completionof the Livingston County jurisdictionalassessment should assist in strengtheningemergency response partners, provideMichigan with a current snapshot of key risks,and help the state and locals with futureplanning and plan preparation.
The CDC’s Public Health PreparednessCapabilities establishes the requirements fora jurisdictional risk assessment. Capability 1,Function 1, Priority 2 lists the specificelements that a risk assessment mustinclude. Those elements are:
1) Definition of Risk
2) Use of Geospatial Information System orother mechanism to map locations of at-riskpopulations
3) Evidence of community involvement indetermining areas for risk assessment orhazard mitigation
4) Assessment of potential loss or disruptionof essential services such as clean water,sanitation, or the interruption of healthcareservices, public health agency infrastructure
The risk results shown on the tool will bebased on the highest degree of accuracy thatthe LHD feels they can find. Obviously, someof the hazards will have to be a best estimatebecause there is not hard, factual data tobase responses on. The point of theassessment is to determine what eachjurisdiction believes are the highest risks anddiscuss what the potential impacts on public
health could be. That is part of preparedness,not knowing exactly what to prepare forbecause events have not necessarilyoccurred. We have to make assumptionswhen preparing for hazardous events. Theresults will be as accurate as the informationyou use to complete the tool; it is notexpected that all data will be 100% accurate.
Following are hazard vulnerabilityassessment tables from the Bureau of EMS,Trama, and Preparedness, Division ofEmergency Prepardness and Response.
Hazard Mitigation Plan, Livingston County, MichiganAppendix
A-2 Livingston County Department of Planning/Livingston County Emergency Management
Likelihood Justification Justification- Other
Likelihood of future occurrence
National Planning Scenarios
Natural Disaster – Major Hurricane 1Historical DataNatural Disaster – Major Earthquake 1Historical DataBiological Disease Outbreak – Pandemic flu 1Historical DataBiological – Aerosol Anthrax 1Historical DataBiological – Plague 1Historical DataBiological – Food Contamination 1Historical DataBiological – Foreign Animal Disease 1Historical DataChemical – Toxic Industrial Chemicals 2Historical DataChemical – Chlorine Tank Explosion 1Historical DataChemical – Blister Agent 1Historical DataChemical – Nerve Agent 1Historical DataExplosives – Improvised Explosive 1Historical DataNuclear Detonation – Improvised Device 1Historical DataRadiological – Radiological Dispersal 1Historical DataCyber Attack 1Historical Data
Local Planning HazardsAirplane Crash 1Historical DataBlizzard 2Historical DataCivil Disturbance 1Historical DataComputer Failure 2Historical DataDam Failure 1Historical DataDrought 1Historical DataEarthquake 1Historical DataEpidemic 2Historical DataExtreme Cold 2Historical DataExtreme Heat 1Historical DataFlash Flooding 2Historical DataFlooding 4Historical DataFuel Shortage 1Historical DataHazmat Release/Explosion (fixed site) 2Historical DataHazmat Release/Explosion (transport) 2Historical DataIce Storm 1Historical DataLandslide 1Historical DataMajor Communications Disruption 1Historical DataMultiple House/Building Fire 1Historical DataMultiple Vehicle Highway Accident 2Historical DataMunicipal Water Contamination 1Historical DataNuclear Facility Incident (fixed site) 1Historical DataPandemic 1Historical DataPower Outage 3Historical DataSevere Thunderstorm 4Historical DataSubsidence 1Historical DataTornado 2Historical DataVIP Visit 1Historical DataWater System Failure 1Historical DataWild Fire 1Historical Data
Hazard
1 = Rare (0-1 event / 20 years)
2 = Possible (2-4 events / 20 years)
3 = Likely (5-10 events / 20 years)
4 = Almost Certain (occur annually)
Data reference for response. Please
select one: Historical Data
Other
Data reference for "Other"
response
Name of Submitting Local Public Health Department Representative:List of Participating Partners:
Hazard Mitigation Plan, Livingston County, Michigan
A-3Livingston County Department of Planning/Livingston County Emergency Management
Appendix
Resources
Approximate percentage of community wide resources in place and accessible in the
event of a hazard occurrence.
National Planning Scenarios
Natural Disaster – Major Hurricane 2
Natural Disaster – Major Earthquake 2
Biological D isease Outbreak – Pandemic flu 3Biological – Aerosol Anthrax 2
Biological – Plague 3
Biological – Food Contamination 3Biological – Foreign Animal Disease 1
Chemical – Toxic Industrial Chemicals 2
Chemical – Chlorine Tank Explosion 2Chemical – Blister Agent 1
Chemical – Nerve Agent 2
Explosives – Improvised Explosive 2Nuclear Detonation – Improvised Device 1
Radiological – Radiological D ispersal 1
Cyber Attack 1
Local Planning HazardsAirplane Crash 1
Blizzard 3Civil Disturbance 3
Computer Failure 2
Dam Failure 3Drought 3
Earthquake 2
Epidemic 3
Extreme Cold 3
Extreme Heat 3
Flash Flooding 2
Flooding 3
Fuel Shortage 2
Hazmat Release/Explosion (fixed site) 3
Hazmat Release/Explosion (transport) 3
Ice Storm 2
Landslide 3
Major Communications D isruption 2
Multiple House/Building Fire 4
Multiple Vehicle Highway Accident 3
Municipal Water Contamination 3
Nuclear Facility Incident (fixed site) 2
Pandemic 2
Power Outage 3
Severe Thunderstorm 3Subsidence 4Tornado 2VIP Visit 3Water System Failure 3Wild Fire 2
Hazard0 = Not in Place
1 = Less than partia lly in place; < 25% of needed
resources available
2 = Partially in place; 25%-50% of needed
resources available
3 = Subs tantially in place; 51%-75% of needed
resources available
4 = Fully in place; 76%-100% of needed resources
access ible
Number of
FatalitiesJustification Injuries requiring EMS transport Justification Hospitalizations Justification
Population
requiring
Immunization
JustificationPopulation requiring
Mass DecontaminationJustification
Population
requiring Mass
Prophylaxis
Justification
0 = Baseline - added
impact is negligible0 = Baseline - added impact is negligible 0 = Baseline - added impact is negligible
0 = Baseline - added
impact is negligible
0 = Baseline - added impact
is negligible
0 = Baseline - added
impact is negligible
1 = Minimal - <1% of
population
1 = Minimal - Cases are adequately handled
by agency using existing resources
1 = Minimal - Cases are adequately handled
by agency using existing resources
1 = Minimal - <1% of
population
1 = Minimal - <1% of
population
1 = Minimal - <1% of
population
2 = Moderate - 1-3%
of population
2 = Moderate - Stretches capacity of existing
resources; draws upon resources provided by
mutual aid
2 = Moderate - Stretches capacity of existing
resources; draws upon resources provided by
mutual aid
2 = Moderate - 1-3% of
population
2 = Moderate - 1-3% of
population
2 = Moderate - 1-3%
of population
3 = Severe - 4-10% of
population
3 = Severe - Needs far exceed capacity of
local authority and adjacent mutual providers
3 = Severe - Needs far exceed capacity of
local authority and adjacent mutual providers
3 = Severe - 4-10% of
population
3 = Severe - 4-10% of
population
3 = Severe - 4-10% of
population
National Planning Scenarios4 = Catastrophic -
>10% of population
4 = Catastrophic - Available resources
overwhelmed, requiring significant resources
from outside affected area for response;
recovery will be difficult, even with help of
mutual resources
4 = Catastrophic - Available resources are
overwhelmed, requiring significant resources
from outside affected area for response;
recovery will be difficult, even with help of
mutual resources
4 = Catastrophic -
>10% of population
4 = Catastrophic - >10% of
population
4 = Catastrophic -
>10% of population
Natural Disaster – Major Hurricane 0 Historical Data 0 Historical Data 0 Historical Data 0 Historical Data 0 Historical Data 0 Historical Data 0.00Natural Disaster – Major Earthquake 2 Literature 1 Previous Assumptions 1 Previous Assumptions 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0.67Biological Disease Outbreak – Pandemic flu 2 Historical Data 2 Historical Data 3 Literature 4 Plans 0 Professional Opinion 2 Plans 2.17Biological – Aerosol Anthrax 1 Scenario 4 Scenario 4 Scenario 1 Scenario 3 Scenario 4 Scenario 2.83Biological – Plague 1 Literature 2 Scenario 2 Scenario 1 Literature 0 Literature 2 Scenario 1.33Biological – Food Contamination 1 Literature 1 Scenario 1 Scenario 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0.50Biological – Foreign Animal Disease 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion 0.33Chemical – Toxic Industrial Chemicals 1 Scenario 2 Scenario 2 Scenario 0 Professional Opinion 2 Scenario 0 Professional Opinion 1.17Chemical – Chlorine Tank Explosion 1 Scenario 2 Scenario 2 Scenario 0 Professional Opinion 2 Scenario 0 Professional Opinion 1.17Chemical – Blister Agent 1 Scenario 2 Literature 3 Literature 0 Literature 2 Literature 0 Literature 1.33Chemical – Nerve Agent 2 Scenario 4 Literature 4 Literature 0 Literature 4 Literature 0 Literature 2.33Explosives – Improvised Explosive 1 Scenario 3 Scenario 3 Scenario 0 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion 0 Literature 1.33Nuclear Detonation – Improvised Device 3 Scenario 4 Scenario 4 Scenario 0 Literature 3 Literature 4 Literature 3.00Radiological – Radiological Dispersal 2 Scenario 2 Scenario 2 Scenario 0 Literature 3 Literature 4 Literature 2.17Cyber Attack 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0.00
Local Planning Hazards
Airplane Crash 1 Scenario 4 Scenario 3 Scenario 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 1.33Blizzard 0 Professional Opinion 2 Scenario 1 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0.50Civil Disturbance 0 Previous Assumptions 1 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0.33Computer Failure 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0.00Dam Failure 1 Previous Assumptions 1 Scenario 1 Scenario 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0.50Drought 0 Previous Assumptions 1 Scenario 1 Scenario 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0.33Earthquake 2 Scenario 3 Scenario 3 Scenario 0 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 1.50Epidemic 2 Historical Data 4 Historical Data 4 Historical Data 4 Previous Assumptions 0 Professional Opinion 2 Historical Data 2.67Extreme Cold 0 Historical Data 1 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0.33Extreme Heat 0 Historical Data 1 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0.33Flash Flooding 0 Historical Data 1 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0.33Flooding 0 Historical Data 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0.00Fuel Shortage 0 Historical Data 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0.00Hazmat Release/Explosion (fixed site) 1 Model 2 Scenario 2 Scenario 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0.83Hazmat Release/Explosion (transport) 1 Model 2 Scenario 2 Scenario 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0.83Ice Storm 0 Historical Data 1 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0.33Landslide 0 Historical Data 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0.00Major Communications Disruption 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0.00Multiple House/Building Fire 0 Historical Data 1 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0.33Multiple Vehicle Highway Accident 0 Historical Data 2 Historical Data 2 Historical Data 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0.67Municipal Water Contamination 1 Historical Data 2 Historical Data 2 Historical Data 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion 1.00Nuclear Facility Incident (fixed site) 0 Plans 1 Scenario 2 Scenario 0 Literature 2 Literature 2 Scenario 1.17Pandemic 2 Historical Data 3 Scenario 3 Scenario 4 Plans 0 Professional Opinion 3 Plans 2.50Power Outage 0 Historical Data 1 Historical Data 1 Historical Data 0 Historical Data 0 Historical Data 0 Historical Data 0.33Severe Thunderstorm 0 Historical Data 0 Historical Data 0 Historical Data 0 Historical Data 0 Historical Data 0 Historical Data 0.00Subsidence 0 Historical Data 0 Historical Data 0 Historical Data 0 Historical Data 0 Historical Data 0 Historical Data 0.00Tornado 1 Historical Data 4 Historical Data 4 Historical Data 1 Historical Data 0 Professional Opinion 1 Historical Data 1.83VIP Visit 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0.00Water System Failure 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0.00Wild Fire 0 Scenario 1 Scenario 1 Scenario 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0.33
Community Specific Hazards
Data reference for
response. Please
select one:
Historical Data
Previous
Assumptions
Plans
Sceanrio
Model
Exercise
Professional Opinion
Literature
Other
Hazard
Human Impact
Data reference for
response. Please
select one:
Historical Data
Previous
Assumptions
Plans
Sceanrio
Model
Exercise
Professional Opinion
Literature
Other
Data reference for
response. Please
select one:
Historical Data
Previous
Assumptions
Plans
Sceanrio
Model
Exercise
Professional Opinion
Literature
Other
Data reference for
response. Please
select one:
Historical Data
Previous
Assumptions
Plans
Sceanrio
Model
Exercise
Professional Opinion
Literature
Other
Data reference for
response. Please
select one:
Historical Data
Previous
Assumptions
Plans
Sceanrio
Model
Exercise
Professional Opinion
Literature
Other
Data reference for
response.
Please select one:
Historical Data
Previous Assumptions
Plans
Sceanrio
Model
Exercise
Professional Opinion
Literature
Other
Human
Impact Score
National Planning Scenarios
Natural Disaster – Major Hurricane
Natural Disaster – Major Earthquake
Biological Disease Outbreak – Pandemic flu
Biological – Aerosol Anthrax
Biological – Plague
Biological – Food Contamination
Biological – Foreign Animal Disease
Chemical – Toxic Industrial Chemicals
Chemical – Chlorine Tank Explosion
Chemical – Blister Agent
Chemical – Nerve Agent
Explosives – Improvised Explosive
Nuclear Detonation – Improvised Device
Radiological – Radiological Dispersal
Cyber Attack
Local Planning Hazards
Airplane Crash
Blizzard
Civil Disturbance
Computer Failure
Dam Failure
Drought
Earthquake
Epidemic
Extreme Cold
Extreme Heat
Flash Flooding
Flooding
Fuel Shortage
Hazmat Release/Explosion (fixed site)
Hazmat Release/Explosion (transport)
Ice Storm
Landslide
Major Communications Disruption
Multiple House/Building Fire
Multiple Vehicle Highway Accident
Municipal Water Contamination
Nuclear Facility Incident (fixed site)
Pandemic
Power Outage
Severe Thunderstorm
Subsidence
Tornado
VIP Visit
Water System Failure
Wild Fire
Community Specific Hazards
Hazard
Water Supply Contamination
(days in widespread boil
order)
Justification
Water Supply Availability (days
of widespread water service
disruption)
JustificationPopulation Displacement
(residents evacuated)Justification
Public Utilities (hours of
widespread electricity
disruption)
JustificationTransportation (days major
transportation corridors disrupted)Justification
0 = Baseline - no boil water order
issued or issued for <25% of
population
0 = Baseline - Water services not
disrupted or disrupted for <25% of
population
0 = Baseline - No persons
evacuated
0 = Baseline - Electric utilities not
disrupted or disrupted for <25% of the
population
0 = Baseline - No transportation corridors
disrupted
1 = Minimal - Boil water order
issued for up to one day
1 = Minimal - Water services
disrupted for up to one day
1 = Minimal - <10% of
population evacuated
1 = Minimal - Widespread (25+% of
population) disruption for up to 4 hours
1 = Minimal - At least 1 major
transportation corridor disrupted for up to
1 day
2 = Moderate - Boil water order
issued for 1 to 3 days
2 = Moderate - Water services
disrupted for 1 to 3 days
2 = Moderate - 10-25% of
population evacuated
2 = Moderate - Widespread disruption
for 4 to 24 hours
2 = Moderate - At least 1 major
transportation corridor disrupted for 1 to 3
days
3 = Severe - Boil water order in
place for 3 to 7 days
3 = Severe - Water services disrupted
for 3 to 7 days
3 = Severe - 25-50% of
population evacuated
3 = Severe - Widespread disruption for
24 to 72 hours
3 = Severe - At least 1 major
transportation corridor disrupted for 4 to 7
days
4 = Catastrophic - Boil water order
in place for more than 1 week
4 = Catastrophic - Water services
disrupted for more than 1 week
4 = Catastrophic - 50+%
evacuated
4 = Catastrophic - Widespread
disruption for more than 72 hours
4 = Catastrophic - At least 1 major
transportation corridor disrupted for 8
days or more
0 Historical Data 0 Historical Data 0 Historical Data 0 Historical Data 0 Historical Data 0.000 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion 0.400 Literature 0 Literature 0 Literature 0 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion 0.200 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion 0.400 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0.200 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0.000 Literature 0 Literature 0 Literature 0 Literature 0 Literature 0.000 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 1 Model 0 Professional Opinion 2 Model 0.600 Exercise 0 Exercise 1 Exercise 0 Exercise 2 Exercise 0.600 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion 0 Previous Assumptions 1 Professional Opinion 0.400 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 1 Previous Assumptions 0 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion 0.400 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion 2 Professional Opinion 0.804 Professional Opinion 4 Professional Opinion 4 Professional Opinion 4 Professional Opinion 4 Professional Opinion 4.000 Professional Opinion 1 Previous Assumptions 1 Professional Opinion 1 Previous Assumptions 1 Previous Assumptions 0.800 Professional Opinion 3 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 3 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 1.20
0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 3 Professional Opinion 0.800 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 3 Professional Opinion 2 Professional Opinion 1.000 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion 0.401 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 3 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 1.000 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0.201 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0.202 Professional Opinion 3 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion 3 Professional Opinion 3 Professional Opinion 2.400 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0.000 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0.000 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0.002 Professional Opinion 2 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 3 Professional Opinion 1.603 Professional Opinion 2 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 3 Professional Opinion 1.800 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0.002 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion 0.802 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion 0.800 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 4 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion 1.000 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0.000 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0.000 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion 0.400 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion 0.204 Professional Opinion 4 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 1.600 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0.200 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0.002 Professional Opinion 2 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 4 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 1.600 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 3 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion 0.800 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion 0.204 Professional Opinion 4 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion 4 Professional Opinion 2 Professional Opinion 3.000 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion 0.204 Professional Opinion 4 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 1.600 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion 3 Professional Opinion 2 Professional Opinion 1.20
Data reference for
response. Please
select one: Historical
Data Previous
Assumptions
Plans Sceanrio
Model
Exercise
Professional Opinion
Literature
Other
Data reference for
response.
Please select one:
Historical Data
Previous Assumptions
Plans
Sceanrio
Model
Exercise
Professional Opinion
Literature
Other
Community Infrastructure Impact
Data reference for
response.
Please select one:
Historical Data
Previous
Assumptions
Plans
Sceanrio
Model
Exercise
Professional Opinion
Literature
Other
Data reference for
response.
Please select one:
Historical Data
Previous
Assumptions
Plans
Sceanrio
Model
Exercise
Professional Opinion
Literature
Other
Community
Infrastructure
Impact Score
Data reference for
response.
Please select one:
Historical Data
Previous
Assumptions
Plans
Sceanrio
Model
Exercise
Professional Opinion
Literature
Other
National Planning Scenarios
Natural Disaster – Major Hurricane
Natural Disaster – Major Earthquake
Biological Disease Outbreak – Pandemic flu
Biological – Aerosol Anthrax
Biological – Plague
Biological – Food Contamination
Biological – Foreign Animal Disease
Chemical – Toxic Industrial Chemicals
Chemical – Chlorine Tank Explosion
Chemical – Blister Agent
Chemical – Nerve Agent
Explosives – Improvised Explosive
Nuclear Detonation – Improvised Device
Radiological – Radiological Dispersal
Cyber Attack
Local Planning Hazards
Airplane Crash
Blizzard
Civil Disturbance
Computer Failure
Dam Failure
Drought
Earthquake
Epidemic
Extreme Cold
Extreme Heat
Flash Flooding
Flooding
Fuel Shortage
Hazmat Release/Explosion (fixed site)
Hazmat Release/Explosion (transport)
Ice Storm
Landslide
Major Communications Disruption
Multiple House/Building Fire
Multiple Vehicle Highway Accident
Municipal Water Contamination
Nuclear Facility Incident (fixed site)
Pandemic
Power Outage
Severe Thunderstorm
Subsidence
Tornado
VIP Visit
Water System Failure
Wild Fire
Community Specific Hazards
Hazard
Basic EMS (interruption of EMS
and life support systems)Justification Available Hospital Beds Justification Morgue Beds Available Justification
Pharmacies (number of
functioning pharmacies)Justification
Long Term Care Facilities
(facilities interrupted in service,
impacted by event, evacuated,
etc.)
Justification
0 = Baseline - Negligible deviance
from pre-event norms
0 = Baseline - Negligible deviance from
pre-event norms
0 = Baseline - Negligible deviance from
pre-event norms
0 = Baseline - Negligible deviance from
pre-event norms
0 = Baseline - Negligible deviance from
pre-event norms
1 = Minimal - Disruption to services
is minimal
1 = Minimal - Disruption to services is
minimal
1 = Minimal - Disruption to services is
minimal
1 = Minimal - Disruption to services is
minimal
1 = Minimal - Disruption to services is
minimal
2 = Moderate - Level of service
reduced below pre-event norms;
response is needed from local
authorities and adjacent mutual aid
providers
2 = Moderate - Level of service
reduced below pre-event norms;
response is needed from local
authorities and adjacent mutual aid
providers
2 = Moderate - Level of service
reduced below pre-event norms;
response is needed from local
authorities and adjacent mutual aid
providers
2 = Moderate - Level of service
reduced below pre-event norms;
response is needed from local
authorities and adjacent mutual aid
providers
2 = Moderate - Level of service
reduced below pre-event norms;
response is needed from local
authorities and adjacent mutual aid
providers
3 = Severe - Level of service,
including service provided by local
authorities and adjacent mutual aid
providers, is critically reduced
3 = Severe - Level of service, including
service provided by local authorities
and adjacent mutual aid providers, is
critically reduced
3 = Severe - Level of service, including
service provided by local authorities
and adjacent mutual aid providers, is
critically reduced
3 = Severe - Level of service, including
service provided by local authorities
and adjacent mutual aid providers, is
critically reduced
3 = Severe - Level of service, including
service provided by local authorities
and adjacent mutual aid providers, is
critically reduced
4 = Catastrophic - Services are near
or at complete cessation; significant
resources from outside affected area
are required.
4 = Catastrophic - Services are near or
at complete cessation; significant
resources from outside affected area
are required.
4 = Catastrophic - Services are near or
at complete cessation; significant
resources from outside affected area
are required.
4 = Catastrophic - Services are near or
at complete cessation; significant
resources from outside affected area
are required.
4 = Catastrophic - Services are near or
at complete cessation; significant
resources from outside affected area
are required
0 Historical Data 0 Historical Data 0 Historical Data 0 Historical Data 0 Historical Data 0.001 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion 0.803 Literature 3 Literature 3 Literature 3 Professional Opinion 3 Professional Opinion 3.003 Professional Opinion 3 Previous Assumptions 3 Professional Opinion 3 Professional Opinion 1 Previous Assumptions 2.602 Professional Opinion 2 Professional Opinion 2 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion 1.602 Professional Opinion 2 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion 1.400 Literature 0 Literature 0 Literature 0 Literature 0 Literature 0.002 Professional Opinion 2 Professional Opinion 2 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 2 Professional Opinion 1.602 Exercise 3 Exercise 3 Exercise 1 Exercise 1 Professional Opinion 2.003 Professional Opinion 3 Professional Opinion 2 Professional Opinion 2 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion 2.203 Professional Opinion 3 Professional Opinion 3 Professional Opinion 2 Professional Opinion 1 Previous Assumptions 2.402 Professional Opinion 2 Professional Opinion 3 Professional Opinion 0 Previous Assumptions 1 Previous Assumptions 1.604 Professional Opinion 4 Professional Opinion 4 Professional Opinion 3 Previous Assumptions 4 Professional Opinion 3.803 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion 2 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion 1.600 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 0.00
4 Professional Opinion 4 Professional Opinion 4 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 2.601 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion 0.401 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0.201 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0.400 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0.000 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0.002 Professional Opinion 2 Professional Opinion 2 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion 2 Professional Opinion 1.801 Professional Opinion 2 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion 2 Professional Opinion 2 Professional Opinion 1.601 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion 0.601 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion 0.600 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0.000 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion 0.401 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion 0.402 Professional Opinion 2 Professional Opinion 2 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion 2 Professional Opinion 1.802 Professional Opinion 2 Professional Opinion 2 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion 2 Professional Opinion 1.801 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion 0.400 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0.001 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion 0.601 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion 2 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0.802 Professional Opinion 2 Professional Opinion 2 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 1.200 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion 0.601 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion 0.802 Professional Opinion 3 Professional Opinion 3 Professional Opinion 3 Professional Opinion 3 Professional Opinion 2.801 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion 2 Professional Opinion 1.000 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0.000 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0.003 Professional Opinion 3 Professional Opinion 3 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion 3 Professional Opinion 2.601 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0.201 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion 0.600 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0.00
Interruption of
Health Care
Services
Impact Score
Interruption of Healthcare Services
Data reference for
response.
Please select one:
Historical Data
Previous
Assumptions
Plans
Sceanrio
Model
Exercise
Professional Opinion
Literature
Other
Data reference for
response.
Please select one:
Historical Data
Previous
Assumptions
Plans
Sceanrio
Model
Exercise
Professional Opinion
Literature
Other
Data reference for
response.
Please select one:
Historical Data
Previous
Assumptions
Plans
Sceanrio
Model
Exercise
Professional Opinion
Literature
Other
Data reference for
response.
Please select one:
Historical Data
Previous
Assumptions
Plans
Sceanrio
Model
Exercise
Professional Opinion
Literature
Other
Data reference for
response.
Please select one:
Historical Data
Previous
Assumptions
Plans
Sceanrio
Model
Exercise
Professional Opinion
Literature
Other
National Planning Scenarios
Natural Disaster – Major Hurricane
Natural Disaster – Major Earthquake
Biological Disease Outbreak – Pandemic flu
Biological – Aerosol Anthrax
Biological – Plague
Biological – Food Contamination
Biological – Foreign Animal Disease
Chemical – Toxic Industrial Chemicals
Chemical – Chlorine Tank Explosion
Chemical – Blister Agent
Chemical – Nerve Agent
Explosives – Improvised Explosive
Nuclear Detonation – Improvised Device
Radiological – Radiological Dispersal
Cyber Attack
Local Planning Hazards
Airplane Crash
Blizzard
Civil Disturbance
Computer Failure
Dam Failure
Drought
Earthquake
Epidemic
Extreme Cold
Extreme Heat
Flash Flooding
Flooding
Fuel Shortage
Hazmat Release/Explosion (fixed site)
Hazmat Release/Explosion (transport)
Ice Storm
Landslide
Major Communications Disruption
Multiple House/Building Fire
Multiple Vehicle Highway Accident
Municipal Water Contamination
Nuclear Facility Incident (fixed site)
Pandemic
Power Outage
Severe Thunderstorm
Subsidence
Tornado
VIP Visit
Water System Failure
Wild Fire
Community Specific Hazards
Hazard
Personnel (staff available
immediately after the
disaster strikes)
Justification
Equipment Loss (loss in
computer/technology
equipment)
Justification
Vaccines and
Pharmaceuticals (loss in
supplies)
JustificationLaboratory Services
(labs operational)Justification
Community Services (key
partners that could
respond)
JustificationInternal Communications
(staff can be reached 24/7)Justification
Interagency
Communications (agencies
that the HD could
communicate with during
and immediately after
Justification
0 = Baseline - Negligible
deviance from pre-event norms
0 = Baseline - Negligible deviance
from pre-event norms
0 = Baseline - Negligible
deviance from pre-event norms
0 = Baseline - Negligible
deviance from pre-event norms
0 = Baseline - Negligible
deviance from pre-event norms
0 = Baseline - Negligible
deviance from pre-event norms
0 = Baseline - Negligible
deviance from pre-event norms
1 = Minimal - Disruption to
services is minimal
1 = Minimal - Disruption to
services is minimal
1 = Minimal - Disruption to
services is minimal
1 = Minimal - Disruption to
services is minimal
1 = Minimal - Disruption to
services is minimal
1 = Minimal - Disruption to
services is minimal
1 = Minimal - Disruption to
services is minimal
2 = Moderate - Level of service
reduced below pre-event norms;
response needed from local
authorities and adjacent mutual
aid providers
2 = Moderate - Level of service
reduced below pre-event norms;
response needed from local
authorities and adjacent mutual
aid providers
2 = Moderate - Level of service
reduced below pre-event norms;
response needed from local
authorities and adjacent mutual
aid providers
2 = Moderate - Level of service
reduced below pre-event norms;
response needed from local
authorities and adjacent mutual
aid providers
2 = Moderate - Level of service
reduced below pre-event norms;
response needed from local
authorities and adjacent mutual
aid providers
2 = Moderate - Level of service
reduced below pre-event norms;
response needed from local
authorities and adjacent mutual
aid providers
2 = Moderate - Level of service
reduced below pre-event norms;
response needed from local
authorities and adjacent mutual
aid providers3 = Severe - Level of service
including service provided by
local authorities and adjacent
mutual aid providers, is critically
reduced
3 = Severe - Level of service
including service provided by
local authorities and adjacent
mutual aid providers, is critically
reduced
3 = Severe - Level of service
including service provided by
local authorities and adjacent
mutual aid providers, is critically
reduced
3 = Severe - Level of service
including service provided by
local authorities and adjacent
mutual aid providers, is critically
reduced
3 = Severe - Level of service
including service provided by
local authorities and adjacent
mutual aid providers, is critically
reduced
3 = Severe - Level of service
including service provided by
local authorities and adjacent
mutual aid providers, is critically
reduced
3 = Severe - Level of service
including service provided by
local authorities and adjacent
mutual aid providers, is critically
reduced4 = Catastrophic - Services are
near or at complete cessation;
significant resources from
outside affected area are
required
4 = Catastrophic - Services are
near or at complete cessation;
significant resources from outside
affected area are required
4 = Catastrophic - Services are
near or at complete cessation;
significant resources from
outside affected area are
required.
4 = Catastrophic - Services are
near or at complete cessation;
significant resources from
outside affected area are
required.
4 = Catastrophic - Services are
near or at complete cessation;
significant resources from
outside affected area are
required.
4 = Catastrophic - Services are
near or at complete cessation;
significant resources from
outside affected area are
required.
4 = Catastrophic - Services are
near or at complete cessation;
significant resources from
outside affected area are
required.
0 Historical Data 0 Historical Data 0 Historical Data 0 Historical Data 0 Historical Data 0 Historical Data 0 Historical Data0 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion2 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 4 Professional Opinion 4 Professional Opinion 3 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion2 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 3 Previous Assumption 3 Professional Opinion 3 Previous Assumption 0 Previous Assumptions 1 Professional Opinion0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 2 Professional Opinion 2 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 2 Professional Opinion 2 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion0 Literature 0 Literature 2 Literature 2 Literature 3 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion1 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion1 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Exercise 2 Exercise 1 Exercise 1 Exercise1 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion1 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion1 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion 2 Professional Opinion 2 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion 2 Professional Opinion4 Professional Opinion 4 Previous Assumption 4 Professional Opinion 2 Professional Opinion 4 Professional Opinion 4 Professional Opinion 4 Professional Opinion2 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion 2 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion 2 Professional Opinion0 Previous Assumption 2 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 2 Professional Opinion 4 Professional Opinion
1 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 2 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion1 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion1 Professional Opinion 2 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion2 Professional Opinion 2 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion 2 Professional Opinion 2 Professional Opinion 2 Professional Opinion 2 Professional Opinion1 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion 2 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion1 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion1 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion1 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion1 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion1 Professional Opinion 2 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion 2 Professional Opinion 2 Professional Opinion0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion1 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion1 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion2 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion3 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 3 Professional Opinion 3 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion 2 Professional Opinion1 Professional Opinion 2 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion3 Professional Opinion 2 Professional Opinion 2 Professional Opinion 3 Professional Opinion 2 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion1 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion
Data reference for
response.
Please select one:
Historical Data
Previous
Assumptions
Plans
Sceanrio
Model
Exercise
Professional Opinion
Literature
Other
Data reference for
response.
Please select one:
Historical Data
Previous
Assumptions
Plans
Sceanrio
Model
Exercise
Professional Opinion
Literature
Other
Data reference for
response.
Please select one:
Historical Data
Previous
Assumptions
Plans
Sceanrio
Model
Exercise
Professional Opinion
Literature
Other
Data reference for
response.
Please select one:
Historical Data
Previous
Assumptions
Plans
Sceanrio
Model
Exercise
Professional
Opinion
Literature
Other
Data reference for
response.
Please select one:
Historical Data
Previous
Assumptions
Plans
Sceanrio
Model
Exercise
Professional
Opinion
Literature
Other
Data reference for
response.
Please select one:
Historical Data
Previous
Assumptions
Plans
Sceanrio
Model
Exercise
Professional Opinion
Literature
Other
Data reference for
response.
Please select one:
Historical Data
Previous
Assumptions
Plans
Sceanrio
Model
Exercise
Professional Opinion
Literature
Other
Impact on Public Health Agency Infrastructure
National Planning Scenarios
Natural Disaster – Major Hurricane
Natural Disaster – Major Earthquake
Biological Disease Outbreak – Pandemic flu
Biological – Aerosol Anthrax
Biological – Plague
Biological – Food Contamination
Biological – Foreign Animal Disease
Chemical – Toxic Industrial Chemicals
Chemical – Chlorine Tank Explosion
Chemical – Blister Agent
Chemical – Nerve Agent
Explosives – Improvised Explosive
Nuclear Detonation – Improvised Device
Radiological – Radiological Dispersal
Cyber Attack
Local Planning Hazards
Airplane Crash
Blizzard
Civil Disturbance
Computer Failure
Dam Failure
Drought
Earthquake
Epidemic
Extreme Cold
Extreme Heat
Flash Flooding
Flooding
Fuel Shortage
Hazmat Release/Explosion (fixed site)
Hazmat Release/Explosion (transport)
Ice Storm
Landslide
Major Communications Disruption
Multiple House/Building Fire
Multiple Vehicle Highway Accident
Municipal Water Contamination
Nuclear Facility Incident (fixed site)
Pandemic
Power Outage
Severe Thunderstorm
Subsidence
Tornado
VIP Visit
Water System Failure
Wild Fire
Community Specific Hazards
Hazard
0.000.432.141.710.710.571.000.290.710.290.291.433.711.141.14
0.430.570.291.000.000.001.860.860.140.000.000.290.290.140.140.570.001.290.000.290.140.571.711.140.000.002.000.000.140.00
Impact on Public
Health Agency
Infrastructure
Score
Hazard Mitigation Plan, Livingston County, Michigan
A-9Livingston County Department of Planning/Livingston County Emergency Management
Appendix
Raw Score HDP Score
Most Recent TAR Score 94 1
Number of Completed Work Plan
Drills and Exercises (over last year)30 1
Number of Local Health Department
Staff41 1
Do you have access to generators for
your public health facilities (Yes or
No)
yes 1
Incident Commander, Command Staff,
and Section Chiefs have all
completed required NIMS courses
(100, 200, 300, 400, 700, 800)
(Yes or No)
yes 1
Total Health Department
Preparedness Score
Preparedness
Activities completed or
items in place that would
lessen the impacts of a
hazard.
5
Likelihood Population Vulnerability Human Impact
Community
Infrastructure
Impact
Interruption of
Healthcare
Services
Impact on Public
Health Agency
Infrastructure
Community Resources
Available
Health Dept.
PreparednessRISK
Likelihood of future occurrence
Vulnerability is calculated using the social vulnerability index generated by the university of
South Carolina's Hazard and Vulnerability Institute. SoVI scores were analyzed on a scale of
1‐10.
Approximate percentage of resources in place and accessible in the event of a
hazard occurrence.
Activities completed or items in place that would lessen the impacts of a
hazard.
National Planning Scenarios
Natural Disaster – Major Hurricane 1.00 1.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.00 5.00 0.00Natural Disaster – Major Earthquake 1.00 1.00 0.67 0.40 0.80 0.43 2.00 5.00 0.33Biological Disease Outbreak – Pandemic flu 1.00 1.00 2.17 0.20 3.00 2.14 3.00 5.00 0.94Biological – Aerosol Anthrax 1.00 1.00 2.83 0.40 2.60 1.71 2.00 5.00 1.08Biological – Plague 1.00 1.00 1.33 0.20 1.60 0.71 3.00 5.00 0.48Biological – Food Contamination 1.00 1.00 0.50 0.00 1.40 0.57 3.00 5.00 0.31Biological – Foreign Animal Disease 1.00 1.00 0.33 0.00 0.00 1.00 1.00 5.00 0.22Chemical – Toxic Industrial Chemicals 2.00 1.00 1.17 0.60 1.60 0.29 2.00 5.00 1.04Chemical – Chlorine Tank Explosion 1.00 1.00 1.17 0.60 2.00 0.71 2.00 5.00 0.64Chemical – Blister Agent 1.00 1.00 1.33 0.40 2.20 0.29 1.00 5.00 0.70Chemical – Nerve Agent 1.00 1.00 2.33 0.40 2.40 0.29 2.00 5.00 0.77Explosives – Improvised Explosive 1.00 1.00 1.33 0.80 1.60 1.43 2.00 5.00 0.74Nuclear Detonation – Improvised Device 1.00 1.00 3.00 4.00 3.80 3.71 1.00 5.00 2.42Radiological – Radiological Dispersal 1.00 1.00 2.17 0.80 1.60 1.14 1.00 5.00 0.95Cyber Attack 1.00 1.00 0.00 1.20 0.00 1.14 1.00 5.00 0.39
Local Planning HazardsAirplane Crash 1.00 1.00 1.33 0.80 2.60 0.43 1.00 5.00 0.86Blizzard 2.00 1.00 0.50 1.00 0.40 0.57 3.00 5.00 0.62Civil Disturbance 1.00 1.00 0.33 0.40 0.20 0.29 3.00 5.00 0.15Computer Failure 2.00 1.00 0.00 1.00 0.40 1.00 2.00 5.00 0.69Dam Failure 1.00 1.00 0.50 0.20 0.00 0.00 3.00 5.00 0.09Drought 1.00 1.00 0.33 0.20 0.00 0.00 3.00 5.00 0.07Earthquake 1.00 1.00 1.50 2.40 1.80 1.86 2.00 5.00 1.08Epidemic 2.00 1.00 2.67 0.00 1.60 0.86 3.00 5.00 1.28Extreme Cold 2.00 1.00 0.33 0.00 0.60 0.14 3.00 5.00 0.27Extreme Heat 1.00 1.00 0.33 0.00 0.60 0.00 3.00 5.00 0.12Flash Flooding 2.00 1.00 0.33 1.60 0.00 0.00 2.00 5.00 0.55Flooding 4.00 1.00 0.00 1.80 0.40 0.29 3.00 5.00 1.24Fuel Shortage 1.00 1.00 0.00 0.00 0.40 0.29 2.00 5.00 0.10Hazmat Release/Explosion (fixed site 2.00 1.00 0.83 0.80 1.80 0.14 3.00 5.00 0.89Hazmat Release/Explosion (transport 2.00 1.00 0.83 0.80 1.80 0.14 3.00 5.00 0.89Ice Storm 1.00 1.00 0.33 1.00 0.40 0.57 2.00 5.00 0.33Landslide 1.00 1.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.00 5.00 0.00Major Communications Disruption 1.00 1.00 0.00 0.00 0.60 1.29 2.00 5.00 0.27Multiple House/Building Fire 1.00 1.00 0.33 0.40 0.80 0.00 4.00 5.00 0.17Multiple Vehicle Highway Accident 2.00 1.00 0.67 0.20 1.20 0.29 3.00 5.00 0.59Municipal Water Contamination 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.60 0.60 0.14 3.00 5.00 0.42Nuclear Facility Incident (fixed site 1.00 1.00 1.17 0.20 0.80 0.57 2.00 5.00 0.39Pandemic 1.00 1.00 2.50 0.00 2.80 1.71 2.00 5.00 1.00Power Outage 3.00 1.00 0.33 1.60 1.00 1.14 3.00 5.00 1.53Severe Thunderstorm 4.00 1.00 0.00 0.80 0.00 0.00 3.00 5.00 0.40Subsidence 1.00 1.00 0.00 0.20 0.00 0.00 4.00 5.00 0.02Tornado 2.00 1.00 1.83 3.00 2.60 2.00 2.00 5.00 2.70VIP Visit 1.00 1.00 0.00 0.20 0.20 0.00 3.00 5.00 0.05Water System Failure 1.00 1.00 0.00 1.60 0.60 0.14 3.00 5.00 0.29Wild Fire 1.00 1.00 0.33 1.20 0.00 0.00 2.00 5.00 0.22
Community Specific Hazards
Includes: personnel,
equipment loss,
laboratory services,
vaccines and
pharmaceuticals,
community services,
internal communications,
and interagency
communications.
Risk=Likelihood x ((vulnerability x
impact)/(resources + community preparedness))
Hazard
1 = Rare (0-1 event / 20 years)
2 = Possible (2-4 events / 20 years)
3 = Likely (5-10 events / 20 years)
4 = Almost Certain (occur annually)
1 = Less than partially in place; < 25% of needed resources available2 = Partially in place; 25%‐50% of needed resources available3 = Substantially in place; 51%‐75% of needed resources available4 = Fully in place; 76%‐100% of needed
0 =Low Completion5 = High Completion
1= Low vulnerability10= High Vulnerability
Includes: fatalities, injuries
requiring EMS transport,
trauma center Injuries,
population requiring
immunization, and
population requiring mass
decontamination.
Includes: water supply
contamination, water
supply availability,
population displacement,
public utilities, and
trasportation.
Includes: basic EMS,
outpatient services,
available hospital beds,
trauma units
functioning,
pharmacies, and long
term care facilities.
Relative Risk
Hazard Mitigation Plan, Livingston County, Michigan
A-11Livingston County Department of Planning/Livingston County Emergency Management
Appendix
Hazards RankNatural Disaster – Major Hurricane 44 1 TornadoNatural Disaster – Major Earthquake 29 2 Nuclear Detonation – Improvised DeBiological Disease Outbreak – Pandemic flu 11 3 Power OutageBiological – Aerosol Anthrax 7 4 EpidemicBiological – Plague 23 5 FloodingBiological – Food Contamination 30Biological – Foreign Animal Disease 34Chemical – Toxic Industrial Chemicals 8Chemical – Chlorine Tank Explosion 19Chemical – Blister Agent 17Chemical – Nerve Agent 15Explosives – Improvised Explosive 16Nuclear Detonation – Improvised Device 2Radiological – Radiological Dispersal 10Cyber Attack 27Airplane Crash 14Blizzard 20Civil Disturbance 37Computer Failure 18Dam Failure 40Drought 41Earthquake 6Epidemic 4Extreme Cold 33Extreme Heat 38Flash Flooding 22Flooding 5Fuel Shortage 39Hazmat Release/Explosion (fixed site) 12Hazmat Release/Explosion (transport) 12Ice Storm 28Landslide 44Major Communications Disruption 32Multiple House/Building Fire 36Multiple Vehicle Highway Accident 21Municipal Water Contamination 24Nuclear Facility Incident (fixed site) 26Pandemic 9Power Outage 3Severe Thunderstorm 25Subsidence 43Tornado 1VIP Visit 42Water System Failure 31Wild Fire 35
Top 5 Risks
Hazard Mitigation Plan, Livingston County, MichiganAppendix
A-12 Livingston County Department of Planning/Livingston County Emergency Management
0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
Natural D
isaster –
Major Hurricane
Natural D
isaster –
Major Ea
rthq
uake
Biological Disease Outbreak –
Pand
emic flu
Biological –Aerosol Anthrax
Biological –Plague
Biological –Food
Con
tamination
Biological –Foreign An
imal Disease
Chem
ical –Toxic Ind
ustrial Chemicals
Chem
ical –Ch
lorine
Tank Exp
losion
Ch
emical –Blister A
gent
Chem
ical –Ne
rve Agent
Explosives –Im
provised
Explosive
Nuclear D
eton
ation –Im
provised Device
Radiological –Ra
diological Dispersal
Cybe
r Attack
Airplane
Crash
Blizzard
Civil D
isturbance
Compu
ter F
ailure
Dam Failure
Drou
ght
Earthq
uake
Epidem
icExtrem
e Co
ldExtrem
e Heat
Flash Floo
ding
Floo
ding
Fuel Sho
rtage
Hazm
at Release/Explosio
n (fixed site)
Hazm
at Release/Explosio
n (transpo
rt)
Ice Storm
Land
slide
Major Com
mun
ications Disrup
tion
Multip
le Hou
se/Building Fire
Multip
le Veh
icle Highw
ay Acciden
tMun
icipal W
ater Con
tamination
Nuclear Facility Incide
nt (fixed
site)
Pand
emic
Power Outage
Severe Thu
nderstorm
Subsiden
ceTo
rnad
oVIP Visit
Water System Failure
Wild
Fire
Relativ
e Risk
RISK
Hazard Mitigation Plan, Livingston County, Michigan
A-13Livingston County Department of Planning/Livingston County Emergency Management
Appendix
Appendix B: PubPubPubPubPublic Plic Plic Plic Plic Parararararticipaticipaticipaticipaticipation Prtion Prtion Prtion Prtion Processocessocessocessocess
Hazard Mitigation Plan, Livingston County, MichiganAppendix
A-14 Livingston County Department of Planning/Livingston County Emergency Management
Hazard Mitigation Plan, Livingston County, Michigan
A-15Livingston County Department of Planning/Livingston County Emergency Management
Appendix
Hazard Mitigation Data Collection LetterSent September 9, 2014 to the Following Local Officials
Representing all 20 Local Units of Government in Livingston County
Brighton Charter Township Board of Trustees Handy Township Board of Trusteesc/o Ann Bollin, Clerk c/o Laura Eisle, ClerkBrighton Township Hall Handy Township Hall4363 Buno Road 135 N. Grand AvenueBrighton, MI 48116 P.O. Box 189
Fowlerville, MI 48836Cohoctah Board of Trusteesc/o Brenda Meek, Clerk Hartland Township Board of TrusteesCohoctah Township c/o Larry Hopkins, Clerk6950 Owosso Road Hartland Township HallFowlerville, MI 48836 2655 Clark Road
Hartland, MI 48353Conway Township Board of Trusteesc/o Cindy Dickerson, Clerk Howell Township Board of TrusteesConway Township Hall c/o Carolyn Eaton, ClerkPO Box 1157 Howell Township HallFowlervile, MI 48836 3525 Byron Road
Howell, MI 48855Deerfield Township Board of Trusteesc/o Alfred Mattioli, Clerk Iosco Board of TrusteesDeerfield Township Hall c/o Daniel Delmerico, Clerk4492 Center Road Iosco Township HallLinden, MI 48451 P.O. Box 1079
Fowlerville, MI 48836Genoa Township Board of Trusteesc/o Paulette Skolarus, Clerk Marion Township Board of TrusteesGenoa Township Hall c/o Tammy Beal, Clerk2911 Dorr Road Marion Township HallBrighton, MI 48116 2877 West Coon Lake Road
Howell, MI 48843Green Oak Charter Township Board of Trusteesc/o Michael Sedlak, Clerk Oceola Township Board of TrusteesGreen Oak Township Hall c/o Kathleen McLean, Clerk10001 Silver Lake Road Oceola Township HallBrighton, MI 48116 1577 N. Latson Road
Howell, MI 48844Hamburg Township Board of Trusteesc/o Jim Neilson, Clerk Putnam Township Board of TrusteesHamburg Township Hall c/o Sally Guyon, ClerkPO Box 157 Putnam Township HallHamburg, MI 48139 3280 West M-36
Pinckney, MI 48169
Hazard Mitigation Plan, Livingston County, MichiganAppendix
A-16 Livingston County Department of Planning/Livingston County Emergency Management
Hazard Mitigation Data Collection LetterSent September 9, 2014 to the Following Local Officials
Representing all 20 Local Units of Government in Livingston County
Tyrone Township Board of Trusteesc/o Keith Kremer, ClerkTyrone Township Hall10408 Center RoadFenton, MI 48430
Unadilla Board of Trusteesc/o Linda Topping, ClerkUnadilla Township HallP.O. Box 120Gregory, MI 48137
City of Brighton Councilc/o Dana Foster, City Manager200 N. First StreetBrighton, MI 48816
City of Howell Councilc/o Shea Charles, City Manager611 E. Grand River AvenueHowell, MI 48843
Village of Fowlerville Councilc/o Kathryn Arledge, Clerk213 S. Grand AvenueFowlerville, MI 48836
Village of Pinckney Councilc/o Amy Salowitz, Clerk220 Howell StreetPinckney, MI 48169
Hazard Mitigation Plan, Livingston County, Michigan
A-17Livingston County Department of Planning/Livingston County Emergency Management
Appendix
Community NameBrighton Township
Cohoctah Township
Conway Township
Deerfield Township
Genoa Township
Green Oak Township
Hamburg Township
Handy Township
Hartland Township
Howell Township
Iosco Township
Marion Township
Oceola Township
Putnam Township
Tyrone Township
Unadilla Township
Putnam Township responded that there are four areas in the Township that have
been identified as potential flood hazards based on historical records; two
creeks, one lake and one dam. They noted the local flood-related ordinances
they have in place and attached maps depicting recent flooding events.
Township responded. No suggested changes to Flood Risk Map
Township responded. No suggested changes to Flood Risk Map
Local Community Response to Public Participation Survey
Source: Livingston County Planning Department, January 2017
Survey Comments/Mapping ResponseTownship responded. No suggested changes to Flood Risk Map
Township responded. No suggested changes to Flood Risk Map
No response
No response
The Township responded that their community has 5 significant Flood Risk
areas. They submitted maps depicting these lake areas designated with a 1%
change of flooding by FEMA.
The Township responded that their community has two significant Flood Risk
areas. They submitted maps depicting the Lime Kiln Subdivision in Section 26
and the Ore Lake Cedarwood Subdivision in Section 18, and a Township-wide
flooding hazard risk map.The Township noted how they address flood risk
through planning and zoning and collaboration with various county entities.The
Township wishes to pursue a Hazard Mitigation Grant for the acquisition of
approximately 25 flood-prone properties in the Lime Kiln Lake area; this
project is further explained in the plan strategies and implementation of
Chapter 10 (see pages 193 and 198).
Hamburg Township responded that they have no suggested changes to the
Flood Risk Map but they did note the water features in their community and the
incidences of flooding that their community has experienced, as well as how
their Township Master Plan and Zoning Ordinance address flooding risk. The
Township also noted their participation in the National Flood Insurance Program.
Township responded. No suggested changes to Flood Risk Map
Howell Township responded that they have several man-made hazards in their
community such as pipelines and fuel at the County Airport.
The Township responded that they have no suggested changes to Flood Risk
Map. The Township asked for more detail about a lake that shows up on the
Flood Risk Map.
Marion Township responded that the Shiawassee and Red Cedar rivers have
been sources of minor flooding over the years, and two recent flooding events
have been caused by beaver dams. The Township noted their collaborative efforts
with other entities to remedy water related concerns.
Township responded. No suggested changes to Flood Risk Map
The Township responded that they have no suggested changes to the Flood Risk
Map. The Township did note that they have been having issues with damage
caused to roads and private property from several beaver colonies throughout the
community. An additional issue has been controlling the invasive species
Phragmites.
Hazard Mitigation Plan, Livingston County, MichiganAppendix
A-18 Livingston County Department of Planning/Livingston County Emergency Management
Community NameCity of Brighton
City of Howell
Village of Fowlerville
Village of Pinckney
TOTALS
Local Community Response to Public Participation Survey
Source: Livingston County Planning Department, January 2017
Survey Comments/Mapping Response
The City of Howell responded that they have flooding associated with the county
drain behind the old Red Cross building on Grand River Ave. Additionally, the
CSX train viaduct on Grand River Ave. continues to present a flooding hazard to
an inadequate MDOT pumping facility.
Village responded. No suggested changes to Flood Risk Map
A total of 18 out of 20 Livingston County local municipalities participated
in this public participation survey.
Pinckney added a small damn over Honey Creek that was donated to the
Village. They noted that the Huron River Watershed Council has suggested they
remove the dam but the Village has not yet done so. It is an unregulated dam.
The City of Brighton noted that they have problems with invasive species in their
community, but it is a difficult hazard to map.
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Appendix Hazard Mitigation Plan; Livingston County, Michigan
Appendix C: Plan Adoption Process
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Livingston County Department of Planning/Livingston County Emergency Management A-19
Hazard Mitigation Plan, Livingston County, MichiganAppendix
A-20 Livingston County Department of Planning/Livingston County Emergency Management
Iosco Township
Tyrone Township
Genoa Township
Oceola Township
Marion Township
Handy Township
Conway Township
Hartland Township
Putnam Township
Deerfield TownshipCohoctah Township
Unadilla Township
Howell Township
Brighton Township
Hamburg TownshipGreen Oak Township
City of Howell
City of Brighton
Village of Fowlerville
Village of Pinckney
Livingston County Emergency Warning Sirens
/ Sirens
Source: Livingston County GISPrepared By: Livingston County Department of Planning
March 2006
Note: Each siren serves an approximate1 mile radius and a minimum 1,500Livingston County residents
Appendix D: WWWWWarararararning System Coning System Coning System Coning System Coning System Covvvvverererereraaaaagggggeeeee
Hazard Mitigation Plan, Livingston County, Michigan
A-21Livingston County Department of Planning/Livingston County Emergency Management
Appendix
Livingston County has nine properties thatare listed in the newest official NFIP“repetitive loss” list (2016). All nine of theseproperties were not classified as “mitigated”,so all nine are considered to be at risk.
The locations of these nine at risk propertiesare as follows: Green Oak Township (2properties); Hamburg Township (5properties); City of Howell (1 property); andPutnam Township (1 property). All nineproperties are single-family residential.
Appendix E: NFIP RNFIP RNFIP RNFIP RNFIP Reeeeepetitipetitipetitipetitipetitivvvvve Loss Pre Loss Pre Loss Pre Loss Pre Loss Properoperoperoperopertiestiestiestiesties