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Hazard

Mitigation

Plan

Livingston County,

Michigan 2017

Livingston County Board of Commissioners

2017

Kate Lawrence, ChairCarol S. Griffith, Vice Chair

Gary ChildsDennis L. DolanDavid J. DomasWilliam J. Green

Bob BezotteDonald S. ParkerDoug Helzerman

Ken Hinton, County Administrator

Livingston County Hazard Mitgation Planning Team

Therese Cremonte, Emergency Manager, Emergency ManagementMichael Kinaschuk, Emergency Management

Jeff Boyd, Director, Emergency Medical ServicesKathleen J. Kline-Hudson, Director, Planning

Kenneth E. Recker, II, Chief Deputy, Drain CommisssionerRobert A. Stanford, Principal Planner, Planning

Ashley Frez, Emergency Preparedness Coordinator, Public Health

HAZARD MITIGATION PLANLIVINGSTON COUNTY, MICHIGAN

2017

Livingston County Emergency ManagementPublic Safety Complex

1911 Tooley RoadHowell, Michigan 48843

(517) 546-6220

Livingston County Emergency Medical ServicesPublic Safety Complex

1911 Tooley RoadHowell, Michigan 48843

(517) 546-6220

Livingston County Department of PlanningAdministration Building

304 E. Grand River Avenue, Suite 206Howell, Michigan 48843-2323

(517) 546-7555

Livingston County Drain Commissioner’s OfficeEast County Complex

2300 E. Grand River Avenue, Suite 105Howell, Michigan 48843

(517) 546-0040

Livingston County Department of Public HealthEast County Complex

2300 E. Grand River Avenue, Suite 102Howell, Michigan 48843

(517) 546-9850

Livingston County Website: www.livgov.comOffice hours: 8:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m.

HAZARD MITIGATION PLANLIVINGSTON COUNTY, MICHIGAN

2017

Record of Revisions

REVISION AND DATE PAGE

Natural Hazards Risk Assessment Summary, April 14, 2017........................................ 92

Hazard Mitigation PlanLivingston County, Michigan

TABLE OF CONTENTS - Page 1

PAGE

Chapter 1: Introduction To Hazard Mitigation Planning ......................................... 1Why Develop And Update A Hazard Mitigation Plan? ................................................. 1Authority For A Hazard Mitigation Plan......................................................................... 2Update Of The Plan ..................................................................................................... 2Organization Of The Plan ............................................................................................ 3Appendix To Plan ........................................................................................................ 5Integration Of Hazard Mitigation Concepts .................................................................. 5Review And Integration Of Existing Hazard Mitigation Plan, ReportsAnd Technical Information ............................................................................................ 6Public Participation Process ....................................................................................... 6

Chapter 2: A Demographic Profile of Livingston County ...................................... 8Location ...................................................................................................................... 8Population ................................................................................................................... 8Housing ...................................................................................................................... 10Livingston County Community Profile........................................................................... 12

Chapter 3: Hazard Identification ............................................................................. 14Hazard Identification .................................................................................................... 14Natural Hazards .......................................................................................................... 14

Chapter 4: Hazard Risk Assessment ...................................................................... 22Hazard Risk Assessment ............................................................................................ 22Hazard Profile Evaluation ............................................................................................ 23Hazard Risk Factors ................................................................................................... 24Risks of Severe Winds and Tornadoes ........................................................................ 24Risks of Snowstorms and Ice and Sleet ....................................................................... 31Risks of Extreme Cold and Extreme Heat .................................................................... 35Risks of Hail ................................................................................................................ 39Risks of Floods ........................................................................................................... 42Risks of Dam Failure................................................................................................... 56Risks of Wild Fires ...................................................................................................... 59Risks of Drought ......................................................................................................... 69Risks of Earthquakes .................................................................................................. 71Risks of Land Subsidence .......................................................................................... 72Risks of Lightning ........................................................................................................ 73



PAGE

Risks of Fog ............................................................................................................... 78Risks of Invasive Species ............................................................................................ 79Risks of Public Health Emergencies ............................................................................ 83Hazard Risk Assessment Summary ............................................................................. 88Natural Hazards Risk Assessment Summary ............................................................... 89

Chapter 5: Hazard Vulnerability Analysis ............................................................... 94Hazard Vulnerability Analysis ....................................................................................... 94Hazard Vulnerability Factors ........................................................................................ 94Vulnerability to Severe Winds and Tornadoes .............................................................. 94Vulnerability to Snowstorms and Ice and Sleet ............................................................. 95Vulnerability to Extreme Cold and Extreme Heat .......................................................... 96Vulnerability to Hail ...................................................................................................... 97Vulnerability to Floods ................................................................................................. 98Vulnerability to Dam Failure ......................................................................................... 99Vulnerability to Wild Fires ............................................................................................ 100Vulnerability to Drought ................................................................................................ 100Vulnerability to Earthquakes ........................................................................................ 101Vulnerability to Land Subsidence................................................................................. 101Vulnerability to Lightning .............................................................................................. 101Vulnerability to Fog ...................................................................................................... 101Vulnerability to Invasive Species .................................................................................. 102Vulnerability to Public Health Emergencies .................................................................. 102

Chapter 6: Critical Facilities ..................................................................................... 104Critical Facilities ......................................................................................................... 104Public Schools ............................................................................................................ 105Public School Academies and Private Schools ........................................................... 107Colleges and Universities............................................................................................ 108Child Care and Learning Facilities in Non-School Facilities......................................... 110Senior and Health Care Facilities ................................................................................ 113Emergency Shelters .................................................................................................... 116Worship Assembly Facilities ....................................................................................... 120Public Governmental Facilities .................................................................................... 124Licensed Manufactured Housing Parks ....................................................................... 127Major Employers ......................................................................................................... 129Industrial Parks and Areas ........................................................................................... 132Regulated Dams ......................................................................................................... 135



PAGE

Emergency Services ................................................................................................... 137Sewer and Water Treatment Plants ............................................................................. 140Public Works ............................................................................................................... 142Hazardous Substance Sites - City of Brighton ............................................................. 144Hazardous Substance Sites - City of Howell ................................................................ 146Hazardous Substance Sites - Village of Fowlerville ..................................................... 148Hazardous Substance Sites - Southeast Livingston ..................................................... 150Hazardous Substance Sites - Northeast Livingston...................................................... 153Hazardous Substance Sites - Northwest Livingston ..................................................... 155Hazardous Substance Sites - Southwest Livingston .................................................... 157Communities Most At-Risk To Damage of Facilities .................................................... 159Critical Facilities Risk Analysis .................................................................................... 160

Chapter 7: Hazard Mitigation Goals And Objectives ............................................. 163Goal #1 ....................................................................................................................... 163Goal #2 ....................................................................................................................... 164Goal #3 ....................................................................................................................... 164Goal #4 ....................................................................................................................... 164Goal #5 ....................................................................................................................... 165

Chapter 8: Existing Hazard Mitigation Strategies .................................................. 166State Government ....................................................................................................... 166County Government ..................................................................................................... 166Local Government ....................................................................................................... 170

Chapter 9: Potential Hazard Mitigation Strategies ................................................. 177Six Categories of Hazard Mitigation Strategies ........................................................... 177All - Hazards Approach to Hazard Mitigation Strategies ............................................... 178Natural Hazards .......................................................................................................... 182Proposed Mitigation Strategies for Severe Winds and Tornadoes ............................... 182Proposed Mitigation Strategies for Snowstorms, Ice and Sleet .................................... 183Proposed Mitigation Strategies for Extreme Cold/Extreme Heat .................................. 184Proposed Hail/Lightning Mitigation Strategies ............................................................. 184Proposed Flooding Mitigation Strategies .................................................................... 185Proposed Mitigation Strategies for Dam Failure .......................................................... 187Proposed Wild Fire Mitigation Strategies .................................................................... 188Proposed Drought Mitigation Strategies ...................................................................... 189Proposed Mitgation Strategies for Public Health.......................................................... 189



Chapter 10: Prioritized Hazard Mitigation Strategies, Implementation Strategyand Plan Maintenance.............................................................................................. 191Hazard Mitigation Strategies ....................................................................................... 191Implementation Plan .................................................................................................... 196Plan Maintenance ....................................................................................................... 204

AppendixAppendix A: Livingston County Department of Public Health Jurisdictional Hazard VulnerabilityAssessment ................................................................................................................ A-1Appendix B: Public Participation Process ................................................................... A-13Appendix C: Plan Adoption Process ........................................................................... A-19Appendix D: Warning System Coverage ..................................................................... A-20

Appendix E: NFIP Repetitive Loss Properties ............................................................. A-21


LIST OF MAPS AND PHOTOSPAGE

Chapter 2: A Demographic Profile of Livingston CountyLivingston County, Michigan (location map) ................................................................. 8

Chapter 4: Hazard Risk AssessmentWind Zones In The United States ................................................................................. 29Tornado Touchdown in Hartland and Tyrone Townships ................................................ 30Average Seasonal Snowfall ........................................................................................ 34Severity and Extent of Extreme Summer Heat in the United States .............................. 38Thunderstorm Days Per Year: State of Michigan Averages .......................................... 41Livingston County Floodplain and Flood Hazard Areas ................................................ 45Ore Lake Flooding in Hamburg and Green Oak Townships .......................................... 48Livingston County Lakes, Rivers and Streams ............................................................. 50Livingston County Steep Slopes .................................................................................. 52Livingston County Lakes and Drains ........................................................................... 53Livingston County Percent Impervious Surfaces .......................................................... 55Number of Wildfires, by County.................................................................................... 60Livingston County Recreation, Public and Open Space Areas-Southeast Quadrant ..... 62Livingston County’s Largest Woodland Areas.............................................................. 64Potential Subsidence Hazard ...................................................................................... 72


LIST OF MAPS AND PHOTOS - Page 5

PAGE

Chapter 6: Critical FacilitiesPublic and Private Schools, Academies, Colleges and Universities ............................. 109Childcare, Learning Facilities in Non-School Facilities ................................................ 112Senior and Health Care Facilities ................................................................................ 115Emergency Shelters .................................................................................................... 119Worship Assembly Facilities ...................................................................................... 123Public Governmental Facilities .................................................................................... 126Manufactured Housing Parks ...................................................................................... 128Major Employers ......................................................................................................... 131Industrial Parks and Areas .......................................................................................... 134Regulated Dams ........................................................................................................ 136Emergency Services ................................................................................................... 139Sewer and Water Treatment Plants ............................................................................. 141Publc Works ............................................................................................................... 143Hazardous Substance Sites - City of Brighton ............................................................. 145Hazardous Substance Sites - City of Howell ................................................................ 147Hazardous Substance Sites - Village of Fowlerville ..................................................... 149Hazardous Substance Sites - Southeast Livingston ..................................................... 152Hazardous Substance Sites - Northeast Livingston...................................................... 154Hazardous Substance Sites - Northwest Livingston ..................................................... 156Hazardous Substance Sites - Southwest Livingston .................................................... 158


LIST OF CHARTS AND TABLES - Page 6

PAGE

Chapter 2: A Demographic Profile of Livingston CountyLivingston County Population Change ......................................................................... 8Livingston County’s Most Populated Communities - 2010 Census ............................... 8Livingston County Population Forecast ........................................................................ 9Livingston County Senior and Youth Population ........................................................... 9Livingston County Housing Units ................................................................................. 10Livingston County Households ..................................................................................... 10Livingston County Housing Unit Percentages By Quadrant - 2010 Census................... 11Livingston County 2010 Population By Age ................................................................. 12Total Forecasted Households ...................................................................................... 13Highest Level of Education Population Age 25 And Over ............................................. 132010 Annual Household Income .................................................................................. 13

Chapter 4: Hazard Risk AssessmentNatural Hazards .......................................................................................................... 22Hazard Profile Evaluation ............................................................................................ 23Severe Wind Events in Livingston County, 1983-2013 ................................................. 25Tornado Touchdown Events in Livingston County, 1983-2013....................................... 27Snowstorm Events in Livingston County, 1983-2013 .................................................... 32Ice and Sleet Events in Livingston County, 1983-2013 ................................................. 34Extreme Cold Events in Livingston County, 1983-2013 ................................................ 36Extreme Heat Events in Livingston County, 1983-2013 ................................................ 36Hail Events in Livingston County, 1983-2013 ............................................................... 39Flooding Events in Livingston County, 1983-2013........................................................ 42Dam Failure Events in Livingston County, 1983-2013 .................................................. 56State of Michigan Regulated Dams In Livingston County .............................................. 58Drought Events in Livingston County, 1983-2013 ......................................................... 69Lightning Events in Livingston County, 1983-2013 ....................................................... 73Fog Events in Livingston County, 1983-2013 ............................................................... 78

Natural Hazards Risk Assessment Summary ............................................................... 89

Chapter 5: Hazard Vulnerability Analysis2014 Population and Housing Unit Estimates/ Severe Winds, Tornadoes .................... 942014 Population and Housing Unit Estimates/ Hail ...................................................... 97Population and Housing Units by Census Tract, 2010/ Floods ..................................... 98Population and Housing Units by Census Tract, 2010/ Dam Failure ............................. 992014 Population and Housing Unit Estimates/ Wildfires .............................................. 100


LIST OF CHARTS AND TABLES - Page 7

PAGE

Chapter 6: Critical FacilitiesPublic Schools ............................................................................................................ 105Public School Academies and Private Schools ........................................................... 107Colleges and Universities............................................................................................ 108Child Care and Learning Facilities in Non-School Facilities......................................... 110Senior and Health Care Facilities ................................................................................ 113Emergency Shelters .................................................................................................... 116Worship Assembly Facilities ....................................................................................... 120Public Governmental Facilities .................................................................................... 124Licensed Manufactured Housing Parks ....................................................................... 127Major Employers ......................................................................................................... 129Industrial Parks and Areas ........................................................................................... 132Regulated Dams ......................................................................................................... 135Emergency Services ................................................................................................... 137Sewer and Water Treatment Plants ............................................................................. 140Public Works ............................................................................................................... 142Hazardous Substance Sites - City of Brighton ............................................................. 144Hazardous Substance Sites - City of Howell ................................................................ 146Hazardous Substance Sites - Village of Fowlerville ..................................................... 148Hazardous Substance Sites - Southeast Livingston ..................................................... 150Hazardous Substance Sites - Northeast Livingston...................................................... 153Hazardous Substance Sites - Northwest Livingston ..................................................... 155Hazardous Substance Sites - Southwest Livingston .................................................... 157Communities Most At-Risk To Damage of Facilities .................................................... 159

Chapter 10: Prioritized Hazard Mitigation Strategies, Implementation Strategyand Plan MaintenanceNew or Continued Hazard Mitigation Strategies/Goal and Objectives Being Addressed................................................................................................................................... 191

Completed or Removed Hazard Mitigation Strategies/Goal and Objectives Being Addressed................................................................................................................................... 195

Implementation Plan .................................................................................................... 197

Hazard Mitigation Plan, Livingston County, Michigan

1Livingston County Department of Planning/Livingston County Emergency Management

Chapter 1

Chapter 1: Introduction To Hazard Mitigation Planning

Why Develop And Update A HazardMitigation Plan?

Livingston County is vulnerable to multiplehazards caused by the natural environment.The ability of a community to respondeffectively to hazards before they cause adisaster, depends largely on actions ormitigation measures taken before a disasteroccurs. Mitigative measures are actions of along-term, permanent nature that reduce theactual or potential risk of loss of life orproperty from a hazardous event.

This Hazard Mitigation Plan is a multi-jurisdictional plan that coordinates theactions of the following 20 local units ofgovernment in Livingston County:

Townships:

Brighton CohoctahConway DeerfieldGenoa Green OakHamburg HandyHartland HowellIosco MarionOceola PutnamTyrone Unadilla

Villages:

Fowlerville Pinckney

Cities:

Brighton Howell

Each of these 20 local units of governmentare continuing participants in the 2016update of the Hazard Mitigation Plan forLivingston County.

The many reasons Livingston County hasdeveloped a Hazard Mitigation Plan include:

• protection of public health and safety

• preservation of essential services

• prevention of property damage

• preservation of the local economy

• preservation of lives

• preservation and protection of thenatural environment

• provision of information to citizens,businesses, and officials forpurposes of: planning, economicdevelopment, project developmentdecisions and emergencymanagement awareness andassistance

• reduction of liability

• building partnerships and communitysupport

• effective communication regardingemergency management

• qualification for hazard mitigationproject funding

• pro-active mitigation planning efforts

This Hazard Mitigation plan is particularlyimportant from an information andcommunication perspective, so that allpersons involved in emergencymanagement functions in county governmentand local government, are directing theiractions from the same base ofunderstanding.

Hazard Mitigation Plan, Livingston County, MichiganChapter 1

2 Livingston County Department of Planning/Livingston County Emergency Management

Emergency management problems can beminimized or eliminated through thecoordinated decision-making that is a resultof hazard mitigation planning. One of thegreatest benefits of hazard mitigationplanning is that a community’s vulnerabilitycan be reduced in conjunction with theachievement of other community goals andobjectives, at little or no additional cost to thecommunity.

Authority For A Hazard MitigationPlan

The Disaster Mitigation Act of 2000 (DMA2000, Public Law 106-390) amended theRobert T. Stafford Disaster Relief andEmergency Assistance Act by repealing theprevious mitigation planning provisions(Section 409) and replacing them with a newset of requirements (Section 322). Therequirement for a State mitigation planremains a condition of receiving federaldisaster assistance. The new requirementsemphasize the need for State, Tribal, andlocal entities to closely coordinate mitigationplanning and implementation efforts. Statesthat demonstrate an increased commitmentto comprehensive mitigation planning andimplementation can increase the amount offunding available through the HazardMitigation Grant Program (HMGP). Section322 also established a new requirement forlocal (County) mitigation plans andauthorized up to 7% of HMGP funds availableto a State to be used for development ofState, Tribal and local mitigation plans.

Update Of The Plan

The 2017 Hazard Mitigation Plan,Livingston County, Michigan represents anupdate to the original 2007 plan.

A planning committee was organized by theLivingston County Emergency Manager forthe update of the 2007 plan. This committeeconsisted of the following representatives:

• Emergency Manager• 911/Central Dispatch Director• EMS Director• Planning Director• Principal Planner• Chief Deputy Drain Commissioner

Prior to updating the plan, the planningcommittee met with representatives from theMichigan State Police EmergencyManagement Division to receive instructionon the required components of a hazardmitigation plan and how the plan updateprocess should be implemented. TheHazard Mitigation Plan Review Sheets (v.October 2012) were used as the primaryinstructional tool for this learning experience.

Each member of the planning committeewas assigned various sections of the plan toupdate, and their draft of each section wasreviewed for accuracy by the planningcommittee as a whole.

Overall, the goals of the planning committeewere to:

• Review and revise the current plandocument with new information

• Streamline the plan into a moreconsise document

• focus the plan on a natural hazardsapproach

Mitigation is... Any action of a long-term,permanent nature that reduces the actualor potential risk of loss of life or propertyfrom a hazardous event.



Chapter 1

• provide new public inputopportunities in the update process

Organization Of The Plan

This plan is organized in such a manner thatthe twenty local units of government inLivingston County can use this base level ofinformation to draft a hazard mitigation planfor their own local community (township, cityor village). Information from the HazardMitigation Plan for Livingston County,Michigan, provides most of the informationneeded for a localized plan; certain portionsof the plan just need to be further refined withspecific data about the local community.Following is an explanation of the varioussteps involved in assembling this plan:

Step 1. The Hazard/VulnerabilityAnalyses Process: Hazard/vulnerabilityanalyses involve identifying all of the hazardsthat potentially threaten the county andanalyzing them to determine the degree ofthreat or vulnerability that is posed by each.Hazard/vulnerability analyses determine:

• what can occur

• how often it is likely to occur

• how bad it is likely to get

• how it is likely to affect yourcommunity

• how vulnerable your community is tothe hazard

The Hazard/vulnerability components of thisplan include:

• A community profile: Chapter 2: ADemographic Profile of LivingstonCounty introduces the LivingstonCounty community by providing

summary information anddemographics on general features ofthe community such as populationand housing data. This section wasrevised during the update process toinclude 2010 Census demographics,and to pare the content down toprimarily population and housingdemographics.

• Identification of the hazards thataffect Livingston County:Chapter 3: Hazard Identificationrecognizes and describes the knownhazards in Michigan as identified bythe Emergency ManagementDivision, Michigan Department ofState Police in their publication LocalHazard Mitigation PlanningWorkbook, plus additional hazardsthat have been identified byLivingston County’s EmergencyProgram Manager. The naturalhazards are described in terms ofwhat causes each hazard, the form orforms each hazard may take, whattriggers each hazard, and thedamage that may be associated witheach hazard.

• An estimation of the risks fromhazards: Chapter 4: Hazard RiskAssessment evaluates the kinds ofemergencies that have occurred orcould occur in Livingston County. TheLivingston County Hazard ProfileEvaluation, compiled by theLivingston County EmergencyManagement Department, is used asthe assessment tool for evaluating therisk of each hazard. Risk factors suchas historical occurrence, affectedarea, population impact, collateraldamage, and mitigative potential areamong the factors analyzed. Thischapter includes a Hazard Risk



Assessment Summary table thatassesses how a specific naturalhazard could impact each quadrantof the county. The table summarizeswhether or not the county quadranthas experienced a historicaloccurrence of the particular hazard,and summarizes the locational risksin each quadrant of the county for thatparticular hazard. Examples oflocational risks include: geographicfeatures like topography,infrastructure lifelines like utilities,essential facilities like police and firestations, and special facilities likeschools. Lastly, the table providesthe total number of recorded countyevents for each hazard.

• Assess Vulnerabilities: Chapter 5:Hazard Vulnerability Analysisdetermines the relative threat posedby the identified hazards, usingqualitative and/or quantitative ratings.Two hazard vulnerability factors areanalyzed and/or mapped; populationand economics.

Population vulnerabilities andimpacts are analyzed in terms of thegeneral population that may bevulnerable to a specific hazard, andspecial populations that may beparticularly vulnerable to specifichazards because of the closeproximity of facilities that shelterthese populations.

Economic vulnerabilities and impactsare analyzed in terms of the specificbusiness and industry facilities thatare within close proximity to thehazard-prone area(s) and maycontribute to or intensify the effects ofthe hazard.

Chapter 6: Critical Facilities aids theassessment of population andeconomic vulnerabilities byidentifying, inventorying and mappingat-risk critical facilities in LivingstonCounty.

Step 2. Define goals and objectives:Developing goals and objectives help clarifycommunity problems, issues andopportunities in hazard mitigation. Plansand actions based on clear goals andobjectives are more likely to succeed inmeeting the community’s needs. Goals arebroad conceptual statements of intent thatestablish the direction for the HazardMitigation Plan. Objectives are measurable,detailed statements that describe the tasksto be carried out in the process of realizinggoals.

• Chapter 7: Hazard Mitigation Goalsand Objectives articulates goals andobjectives for the Livingston Countycommunity. Incorporated into thesepolicy statement are the goalsadopted by the State of Michigan inthe Michigan Hazard Mitigation Plan,and the hazard mitigation goals andstrategies of the 2003 LivingstonCounty Comprehensive Plan.

Step 3. Identify and develop strategiesto mitigate hazards: Livingston County hasa variety of existing programs and plansrelated to hazard mitigation. Preparation ofthis mitigation plan offers an opportunity toeducate our community about the existingprograms and resources that are currentlybeing used to manage hazard mitigation inLivingston County. Upon review of theseexisting strategies, many other potentialstrategies are identified as possiblealternatives for the Hazard Mitigation ActionPlan that culminates this plan.



Chapter 1

• Identify existing hazard mitigationstrategies: Chapter 8: ExistingHazard Mitigation Strategiesprovides examples of the many typesof mitigation strategies that arecurrently active in Livingston County.State, county and local governmentexamples are represented.

• Identify potential hazardmitigation strategies forimplementation: Chapter 9:Potential Hazard MitigationStrategies identifies potential hazardmitigation strategies for the naturalhazards that are most likely to occurin Livingston County. Strategies areorganized under FEMA’s six broadcategories of hazard mitigationstrategies. These categories helpclarify the purpose of the proposedstrategies listed under each hazard.Several of the mitigation strategiesform the core of the action plancomponent of the hazard mitigationplan.

Step 4. Prepare a mitigation action plan.The Hazard Mitigation Plan culminates in anaction plan that is based on the county’shazard analysis, the goals and objectivesthat are articulated in the plan, the mitigationstrategies that are identified in the plan, andrecommendations and input from theLivingston County Emergency ProgramManager and others involved in countyhazard mitigation efforts.

• Select feasible mitigationstrategies: Chapter 10: PrioritizedHazard Mitigation Strategies,Implementation Strategy and PlanMaintenance explains how thehazard mitigation strategies of theplan were developed and prioritized.The prioritized strategies are

presented in a table format with thecorresponding plan goal(s) andobjective(s) that are beingaddressed by each strategy. Theimplementation strategy for the planfollows in a table that lists eachhazard mitigation strategy, the entitywho would have responsibility and/oroversight for each strategy, thefunding and other resources neededfor accomplishing each strategy, thetime frame in which each strategywould be completed, the naturalhazard that is being addressed byeach strategy, and the FEMAMitigation Strategy that is beingaddressed by each strategy. Thechapter concludes with a PlanMaintenance section that describeshow the plan will be reviewed,updated and adopted in the future.

Appendix to Plan

Concurrent with the preparation of thisHazard Mitigation Plan for LivingstonCounty, Michigan, the EmergencyPreparedness Coordinator of the LivingstonCounty Department of Public Health waspreparing a Jurisdictional HazardVulnerability Assessment. The two plansrequire many of the same elements so, asmuch as possible, we have integrated theLivingston County Public Health plan intothis county-wide Hazard Mitigation Plan andhave provided the public health plan in itsentirety in Appendix A.

Integration Of Hazard MitigationConcepts

The preparation of this Hazard MitigationPlan for Livingston County, Michigan,presents a key opportunity for integratingthe hazard mitigation concepts within theplan into:



1. Local hazard mitigation plans

2. Local master plans

Local units of government should use thisplan as a base document to integrate thecounty hazard mitigation information into amore localized and specific plan for theircommunity. Likewise, the Hazard MitigationPlan for Livingston County will evolve overtime to include the hazard mitigationstrategies of the local units of government.This cooperative effort will produce acountywide mitigation strategy that can helpmove Livingston County closer to becominga disaster-resistant community.

There are also numerous benefits tointegrating the hazard mitigation conceptsof this plan into a community’s master planprocess, including:

• it creates a new and effectiveplanning tool

• it enhances both the master plan,and the local mitigation strategy

• it reduces a community’svulnerability to disasters

• it supports effective pre- and post-disaster decision making

• it creates a new and effectiveplanning tool

• it speeds the return of the impactedcommunity to normalcy

• it provides a forum for analysis ofpotentially sensitive issues

• it enhances credibility for hazardmitigation programs and projects

The concept of integrating hazard mitigationwith comprehensive planning, is based out ofthe belief that the efforts of many disciplinesare neccessary if we are to reduce theconsequences of natural disasters.

Review and Integration of ExistingHazard Mitigation Plans, Studies,Reports and Technical Information

A state mandated function of the LivingstonCounty Department of Planning is to reviewany new master plans produced by the 20local units of government in LivingstonCounty. As each new master plan isreviewed, staff looks for the inclusion of anyhazard mitigation elements, includingstrategies that can be integrated into this2017 Livingston County Hazard MitigationPlan.

Public Participation Process

• 2014 Participation of Local Units ofGovernment

During the draft stage of the HazardMitigation planning process,Livingston County’s 20 local units ofgovernment were asked to participatein an information gathering exercise.In September 2014, the Clerk/Supervisor and/or Mayor of eachmunicipality was sent a letter ofexplanation attached to a Flood RiskMap. The letter explained that the2007 Hazard Mitigation Plan forLivingston County is currently beingupdated. It also explained that weneeded their assistance in identifyingthe locations for potential naturalhazards in their community;particularly regarding flooding. AFlood Risk map was provided andeach municipality was asked to reviewthe map and hand label the map with



Chapter 1

some additional information regardingflooding and other natural hazards.Also attached was Chapter 3 of theHazard Mitigation Plan that describesall of the natural hazards that mightoccur in Livingston County. Eachmunicipality was instructed on whenand how the information should bereturned. Participation was receivedfrom 50% of the local communities inLivingston County. Thecorrespondence and map associatedwith this data collection effort can befound in the Appendix of this plan.

• Participation of Local EmergencyPlanning Committee

During the draft stage of the HazardMitigation planning process, the LocalEmergency Planning Committee(LEPC) met on May 28, 2015 toreview the 2007 goals and objectivesof the Hazard Mitigation Plan and todevelop related strategies. Aproductive working session resulted inseveral new goals, objectives andstrategies and helped determinewhich strategies should be continuedor removed.

• 2017 Participation of Local Units ofGovernment

To further local involvement in the2017 Hazard Mitigation Plan, leadersof Livingston County local units ofgovernments were once againcontacted in January and February2017 for their input on two matters:

1.) Response to the Flood Risk Map thatwas originally sent in September 2014(if they did not respond in 2014). Thiseffort bolstered the original responserate from 50% to 90%; 18 of 20

local communities responded withinformation about how flooding issueshave impacted their community (seeAppendix for a summary ofresponses).

2.) Implementation Plan Chapter 10 -Local government leaders were askedto participate in the implementation ofthe Hazard Mitigation Plan bybecoming community partners for thestrategies of the Implementation Planthat are most relevant to the hazardmitigation risks of their community.

The responses from localcommunities are noted in the“Community Partners” column of theImplementation Plan table of Chapter10.

• 2017 Adoption of Plan byLivingston County Board ofCommissioners

A resolution to approve the HazardMitigation Plan, Livingston County,Michigan 2017 was adopted onMarch 20, 2017, by the LivingstonCounty Board of Commissioners. Theresolution of adoption is included inthe Appendix of this plan.

Sources:

Comprehensive Plan/Hazard MitigationInterface, Livingston County Department ofPlanning, Winter 1998-1999



Location

Located in Southeast Michigan, LivingstonCounty is one of seven counties that com-prise the Southeast Michigan Council ofGovernments. Livingston County’s centrallocation to several surrounding job marketssuch as Detroit, Flint and Ann Arbor,coupled with the presence of U.S. 23 and I-96 in the county, have made LivingstonCounty a popular residential community forjob commuters. For several years LivingstonCounty has been one of the fastest growningcounties in the State of Michigan.

The county provides a diverse mix of growingurbanization surrounding the county’s twocities and two villages, numerous lake-sidecommunities, historic burgs, and agriculturallands.

84 W

4 3 N

8 4 W

4 3 N

84 W

4 3 N

8 4 W

4 3 N

Livingston County, Michigan

Population

Population Growth

The 2010 U.S. Census records LivingstonCounty’s total population at 180,967.Livingston County has gained 24,016 resi-dents since the 2000 Census and 122,000

over the prior forty years since 1970 when thepopulation of the county started rapidlygrowing during the 1970 to 1980 decade.

Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census

The City of Howell remains the most popu-lated of the two Livingston County cities with9,489 residents in 2010, and by a slim mar-gin the Village of Fowlerville remains themost populated village with 2,886 residents.

According to the 2010 Census, the Townshipof Hamburg remains Livingston County’smost populated township with 21,165residents, followed by Genoa Township with19,821 residents. With 3,317 residents, theTownship of Cohoctah is shown to be theleast populated Livingston County townshipin the 2010 Census, followed closely byUnadilla Township with 3,366 residents.

Population Distribution

The southeast quadrant of Livingston Countyaccounts for 46% of the 2010 countypopulation. The communities that make up

Chapter 2: A Demographic Profile of Livingston County

C ity: How ell 9 ,489

Villag e : F ow lerville 2 ,886

T o wn sh ip : Ham burg 21,165

L iv in g sto n C o u n ty's M o st

P o p u late d C o mmu n itie s -

2010 C e n su s

1970 Percent 1980 Percent

Change Change

58,967 70.10% 100,289 15.30%

1990 Percent 2000 Percent 2010

Change Change

115,645 35.70% 156,951 15.30% 180,967

Livingston County Population Change



Chapter 2

southeast Livingston County are BrightonTownship with 17,791 residents, GenoaTownship with 19,821 residents, HamburgTownship with 21,165 residents,Green Oak Township with 17,476 residentsand the City of Brighton with 7,444 residents.These five communities are the mostpopulous in the county, and all but Green Oakand Hamburg Townships are forecast toexperience a 15% or more population growthbetween 2010 and 2040. Developmentpressures experienced in the southeastquadrant of the county, are largely attributableto the close proximity of Interstate 96 andU.S. 23.

2014 Population Estimates

Since the 2010 Census, SEMCOGestimates that Livingston County has gained5,267 new residents resulting in a December2014 estimated population of 186,224. It isalso estimated that three townships and onecity in Livingston County have gained over500 new residents since the Census. Thesecommunities include: Green Oak (1,049),Oceola (835), and Hamburg Townships (651)and the City of Howell (713). According topopulation estimates, all remainingcommunities have gained fewer than 500persons.

Population Forecasts

SEMCOG forecasts that the LivingstonCounty population will continue to grow overthe next thirty years at an approximate 4.7-6.6% change per decade. The largestpopulation gain is expected between 2020and 2030 when it is forecast that LivingstonCounty will gain 12,588 new residents.

SEMCOG projects that the Livingston Countypopulation will grow by a total of 33,356persons between 2010 and 2040 (a changeof 18.4%.)

Over the next thirty years (2010 - 2040) it isforecast that Howell, Genoa and BrightonTownships will experience the largestpopulation gains with over 3,000 newresidents, for a 2010 - 2030 percentpopulation change of 77.1% (Howell), 16.3%(Genoa) and 20.8% respectively. Conwayand Iosco Townships are the only LivingstonCounty communities expected to experiencea decline in population over the thirty yeartime period (Conway -190% and Iosco -346).

Source: SEMCOG and the U.S. Census Bureau

Child and Senior Population

The child and senior age cohorts representthe portion of our County population that ismore vulnerable to natural hazards.

Source: SEMCOG and U.S. Census Bureau

American Factfinder, 2010

2010 2020 2030

Census Forecast Forecast

180,967 192,116 204,704

2040 Numerical Percent

Forecast Change Change

Census Census

2010-2040 2010-2040

214,323 18.4% 33,356

Livingston County Population

Forecast

Age Census Census Percent

Range 2000 2010 Change

2000-2010

65 and over 13,037 21,644 66.0%

Under 18 45,125 46,237 2.5%

5 to 17 33,820 36,313 7.4%

Under 5 11,305 9,924 -0.90%

Livingston County Senior and Youth

Population



Throughout the nation the population is aging.Within the senior cohort of the populationthere are more people living to near thecenturion mark, while others exceed 100years of age. The Livingston County age 65and over cohort increased by 66% betweenthe 2000 Census and 2010 Census (6.6%average growth rate annually). LivingstonCounty’s 66% increase over the decade wasfar greater than the surrounding SoutheastMichigan counties which range from -7.3% inWayne County to 33% in Washtenaw County.SEMCOG forecasts that this growth trend willcontinue between 2010 and 2040, althoughat a somewhat reduced rate (4.9% averageannual growth).

According to SEMCOG, Livingston County’syouth population under 18 years of ageexperienced a 2.5% increase between the2000 Census and the 2010 Census. Thisslight increase is still greater than the percentchange in youth population within the othersix counties in the Southeast Michiganregion. All Southeast Michigan countiesexcept Macomb and Livingston had adecrease in youth population over the lastdecade. In the under 18 age category, theage 5 to 17 cohort experienced the largestpercent increase in population (7.4%). At theother end of the spectrum, the under age 5cohort experienced the largest percentdecrease in population over the decade(nearly 1%). However, over the next threedecades, the under age 5 population cohortis expected to see the largest percent growthwithin the under age 18 age category, with a0.6% average growth rate annually.

HousingHousingHousingHousingHousing

Households and Housing Units

Households in a community are equivalent tothe number of occupied housing units. Thetotal stock of housing units is generally

greater than the number of households due tothe supply of vacant or seasonal housingunits. For instance, in 2010 the U.S. Censusrecorded a total of 72,809 housing unitsversus 67,380 households. Althoughpopulation is an important factor to considerwhen contemplating the potential futureimpacts upon a community, it is the builtenvironment or housing units that willaccommodate this future population growthand have the most impact on future land use.Among Livingston County’s townships,Hamburg Township contains the largestnumber of housing units and householdswithin the county. Conway Townshipcontained the smallest number of housingunits and households. Among the county’scities and villages, the City of Howell had thelargest number of housing units andhouseholds, and the Village of Pinckney hadthe least number.

Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census

Household and Housing Unit Distribution

Geographically the southeast quadrant ofLivingston County, including the City ofBrighton, Brighton, Genoa, Hamburg andGreen Oak Townships contains 47.8% ofLivingston County’s housing stock (34,764housing units out of 72,809) and 47.7% or

Year Units Change

1980 33,149 -

1990 41,863 26%

2000 58,919 41%

2010 72,809 24%

Year Households Change

1980 31,344 -

1990 38,887 24%

2000 55,384 42%

2010 67,380 22%

Livingston County Housing Units

Livingston County Households



Chapter 2

nearly half of all county households (32,135households).

This is no surprise given that the southeastquadrant of Livingston County also accountsfor 46% of the 2010 Census population of180,967. The northeast quadrant was thesecond fastest growing area in LivingstonCounty. Growth in the townships of Hartland,Oceola, Deerfield and Tyrone Townshipsappeared to be expedited by the U.S. 23 andM-59 corridors that traverse these communi-ties. This quadrant contained 20.7% of thecounty’s housing stock (15,101 housing units)and 21.1% of all county households (14,220households). The northwest quadrant of thecounty, which contains the City of Howell, theVillage of Fowlerville and the townships ofHowell, Handy, Conway and Cohoctah, is thethird most residentially developed area of thecounty with 17.9% of the county’s housingstock (13,051 housing units) and 17.7% of allcounty households (11,925 households). Thesouthwest quadrant of the county contains thesmallest portion of the county’s housing stockwith 13.6% or 9,891 housing units locatedthroughout the communities of the Village ofPinckney and Iosco, Marion, Putnam, andUnadilla Townships. This quadrant also had13.5% of the county’s households or 9,098households.

Southeast 47.8%

Northeast 20.7%

Southwest 13.6%

Northwest 17.9%

Livingston County Housing

Unit Percentages By Quadrant

2010 Census

Housing Forecasts

SEMCOG projects that between the 2010Census and the year 2040, LivingstonCounty’s total households will grow by 22%or 14,843 households. SEMCOG also fore-casts that from 2010 to 2040, mostLivingston County townships, cities andvillages will experience between 10% - 20%growth in their number of households. IoscoTownship is forecast to experience the small-est growth in households (80 new householdsfor 6.3% growth) and Howell Township isforecast to experience the most growth overthe 30 year span (1,849 new households for73.1% growth).

2014 Housing Unit Estimates

Since the 2010 Census, SEMCOGestimates that Livingston County has gained1,638 new housing units resulting in aDecember 2014 total of 74,445 housingunits. According to these estimates most ofthe new housing units were constructed incentral Livingston County in the communitiesof Oceola Township (362) and MarionTownship (220) and in southeast LivingstonCounty in the community of Green OakTownship (232) and Brighton Township (210).

Livingston County Community Profile

On the proceeding pages is a LivingstonCounty Community Profile which provides a‘snapshot’ glimpse of the demographics ofLivingston County.



Population

2000 Population 156,9512010 Population 180,967

Male 90,527Female 90,440

2013 Population Estimate (July) 183,377

Livingston County 2010 Population By Age

9,9

24

12

,74

6

14

,55

6

13

,34

6

8,3

24

17

,41

9 25

,98

4 32

,70

5

13

,56

5

10

,75

4

13

,01

6

6,1

37

2,4

91

0

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

30,000

35,000

UN

DE

R 5

5 T

O 9

10

TO

14

15

TO

19

20

TO

24

25

TO

34

35

TO

44

45

TO

54

55

TO

59

60

TO

64

65

TO

74

75

TO

84

85

+

Population Forecasts

2020 Forecast 192,1162030 Forecast 204,7042040 Forecast 214,323Total Percent Change 2020 -2040 11.6%

Housing

2010 Total Households 67,3802010 Persons Per Household 2.672010 Total Family Households 50,578Family Households Occupied By:

Husband-Wife Family 62.8%Male Householder 4.1%Female Householder 8.2%

2010 Total Non-Family Households 16,802

2010 Total Housing Units 72,809Occupied By:

Owner 85.3%Renter 14.7%

Vacancy Rates:Owner 2.0%Renter 9.4%

2010 Median Housing Value $216,4002010 Median Gross Rent $860

LIVINGSTON COUNTY

Livingston County is located in southeasternMichigan and is one of seven counties in theSoutheast Michigan Council of Governments

(SEMCOG). Livingston County is traversed byI-96 and US-23 and is located mid-way betweenDetroit & Lansing, and Ann Arbor & Flint, making

it a popular destination for commuters. Thecounty is diverse in character from growingurbanization to quiet farming community life.

GovernmentLivingston County Administration Building304 East Grand River Avenue, Suite 206

Howell, MI 48843-2323(517) 546-3520

Web Site: www.livgov.com

Business HoursMonday through Friday, 8:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m.

County Board of CommissionersChair

Carol Griffith (517) 546-3520

County AdministratorBelinda M. Peters (517) 546-3669

2013 Millage Residential Residential Residential Residential Residential Rate(per $1,000 of taxable value):

Non-Principal Residency Exemption:as low as 33.7893 - as high as 57.8267

Principal Residency Exemption:as low as 15.7893 - as high as 39.8267



Chapter 2

Housing EstimatesAnd Forecasts

2013 Estimated Households (July) 69,4772013 Estimated Persons Per Household 2.622013 Estimated Housing Units 73,448

Tota

l F

ore

caste

d

Household

s

2020 73,620 2030 78,514

2040 82,223

% Change

2020-204011.7%

% Change

2010 2000-2010

Graduate/Professional Degree 10.1% 0.8%

Bachelor's Degree 21.1% 2.2%

Associate Degree 9.5% 0.7%

Some College, No Degree 25.2% -0.9%

High School Graduate 27.8% -0.6%

Did Not Graduate High School 6.4% -2.2%

Highest Level of Education

*5 Yr Amercian Community Survey

Population Age 25 And Over

Labor ForceLivingston County Labor Force Data

2013 Annual Averages

Labor Force 90,542Employment 83,189Unemployment 7,353Unemployment Rate 8.1%

Employment Forecasts

2020 Forecast 77,4682030 Forecast 83,5062040 Forecast 89,727Total Numerical Change 2020 - 2040 12,259Total Percent Change 2020 - 2040 15.8%

County Business Patterns2010

10 Largest Industries by Paid Employees:• Food Services & Drinking Places 4,403• Insurance Carriers and Related

Activities 2,754• Professional, Scientific and

Technical Services 2,650• General Merchandise Stores 2,497• Ambulatory Health Care Services 2,389• Administrative & Support 2,149• Transportation Equipment

Manufacturing 1,831• Specialty Trade Contractors 1,348• Clothing and Clothing Accessories

Stores 1,245

• Food & Beverage Stores 1,116

2010 Income And Poverty

2010 Annual Household Income

2,921

4,657

5,304

8,022

11,250

7,957

4,950

2,493

3,196

2,703

3,247

1,996

2,345

2,315

1,715

2,194

$200,000 or more

$150,000 to $199,999

$125,000 to $149,999

$100,000 to $124,999

$75,000 to $99,000

$60,000 to $74,999

$50,000 to $59,999

$45,000 to $49,999

$40,000 to $44,999

$35,000 to $39,999

$30,000 to $34,999

$25,000 to $29,999

$20,000 to $24,999

$15,000 to $19,999

$10,000 to $14,999

Less than $10,000

Median Household Income $72,129Per Capita Income $31,609Persons in Poverty 11,158Percentage of Persons in Poverty 6.2%Households in Poverty 4,009Percentage of Households in Poverty 6.0%

Sources:Livingston County Planning Department, South-east Michigan Council of Governments (SEMCOG),Livingston County Equalization, U.S. Census Bureau,Michigan Department of Technology, Management,

Budget. Prepared By: Livingston County Planning



Chapter 3: Hazard Identification

Hazard Identification

The first step in conducting a HazardVulnerability Analysis is to identify the naturaldisasters and emergencies that LivingstonCounty has the potential to experience in thefuture.

This chapter will identify and describe theknown natural hazards in Michigan asidentified by the Emergency ManagementDivision, Michigan Department of StatePolice, in their publication Local HazardMitigation Planning Workbook. Chapter 4will further analyze each of these hazards andexamine the potential for these hazards tooccur in Livingston County.

Natural Hazards

The natural hazards and emergencies thatmay occur in Livingston County include thefollowing:

• Floods• Dam Failure• Severe Winds (Windstorms)• Tornadoes• Snowstorms• Hail• Ice and Sleet Storms• Extreme Cold• Extreme Heat• Wild Fires• Drought• Land Subsidence• Earthquakes• Lightning• Fog• Invasive Species• Public Health Emergencies

Floods

The most prevalent hazard in the United

States is flooding. Floods kill an average of150 persons per year nationwide. InLivingston County, flooding may take the formof riverine flooding, flash flooding or urbanflooding.

Riverine flooding occurs when wateroverflows the bank of a river or streamresulting in partial or complete flooding of theadjacent floodplain. This type of flooding isusually triggered by prolonged, intenserainfall, snow melt, ice jams, dam failures, orany combination of these factors. Theduration of riverine flooding may continue forseveral days. Over nine million households inthe United States are located in floodplains.Most property damage occurs fromsediment-filled water that infiltrates thestructure.

In contrast, flash floods are brief in durationwith heavy flows of water on small streams ornormally dry creek beds. Flash floods arenormally the result of locally-intensethunderstorms with significant rainfall. Othercauses of flash flooding may be dam or leveefailures, the sudden release of water from thebreakup of an ice jam or intense rainfall onimpervious surfaces such as roadways.This type of flooding often carries largeamounts of debris. Flash floods are thenumber one weather-related killer in theUnited States. Nearly half of all fatalities areauto-related.

Urban flooding involves the overflow of stormsewer systems. This type of flooding isusually caused by inadequate drainagefollowing heavy rainfall or rapid snow melt.

Hazards associated with flooding include:debris flows where debris such as fallentrees act as battering rams, causingadditional destruction to structures



Chapter 3

downstream; mud slides; and damage toinfrastructure such as bridges, culverts, anddrainage pipes.

The National Flood Insurance Program(NFIP) protects property owners frompotential losses through an insurancemechanism that allows a premium to be paidby those most in need of the protection. Theprogram is administered by FEMA.

FEMA conducts engineering studies toproduce Flood Insurance Rate Maps (FIRM)that show areas subject to flooding. Usingthe information gathered in these studies,FEMA engineers and cartographersdelineate Special Flood Hazard Areas onFlood Maps. Special Flood Hazard Areasare areas subject to inundation by a 100-year, or base, flood.

The 100-year flood is the regulatory standardused by Federal agencies, and most states,to administer floodplain managementprograms. This regulatory standard is usedby the National Flood Insurance Program asthe basis for insurance requirementsnationwide.

Communities are required to adopt,administer and enforce adequate floodplainmanagement ordinances in order toparticipate in the National Flood InsuranceProgram. Participating communities mustrequire permits for all development in theSpecial Flood Hazard Areas and ensure that

the construction materials and methods thatare used will minimize future flood damage.Communities must also keep permit files thatcontain documentation to substantiate howbuildings were actually constructed. Forperforming these administrative andenforcement duties, the federal governmentreciprocates by making flood insuranceavailable to almost every building and itscontents within the participating community.

Currently 17 of our 20 Livingston Countycommunities participate in the National FloodInsurance Program. The only communitiesthat do not participate are: Brighton, Howelland Tyrone Townships.

If a community choses not to participate inthe NFIP and a Presidentially declared flooddisaster occurs, then no federal financialassistance can be provided for thepermanent repair or reconstruction ofinsurable buildings in the Special FloodHazard Areas. Flood maps are not madeavailable for non-participating communities.

Dam Failure

Dam collapse or failure results in floodingwhich often causes loss of life, propertydamage, and natural resource damage formiles downstream. Dam failure may becaused by: 1) flooding events which overtopa dam; 2) poor operation of a dam; 3) lack ofmainenance and/or repair to a dam; 4)vandalism to a dam. Dam failures can becatastrophic because they often occurunexpectedly, with no time for evacuation.Over 260 dam failures have occurred inMichigan’s history.

Severe Winds (Windstorm)

The National Weather Service classifieswinds of 58 miles per hour or greater as awindstorm. Windstorms are caused by

A 100-year flood is not a flood thatoccurs every 100 years.

A 100-year flood refers to an areaof the community with a one

percent (1%) or greater chance offlooding in any given year.



extreme differences in pressure over a smalldistance. Pressure variations may be causedby terrain. Windstorms are a fairly commonoccurrence in many parts of Michigan,particularly along the lakeshore and in centraland southern lower Michigan. The stormsoccur primarily in late winter and early springmonths when pressure gradients are extremeand soils are bare. Severe windstorms cancause damage to homes and businesses,power lines, infrastructure, trees andagricultural crops. This type of natural hazardmay require temporary sheltering ofindividuals without power for extendedperiods of time.

Tornadoes

A tornado is a violently whirling column of airextending downward to the ground from acumulonimbus cloud. Tornados developwhen cold air overrides a layer of warm air,causing the warm air to rise rapidly.Historically, tornadoes have resulted in thegreatest loss of life of any natural hazard, withthe mean national annual death toll being 111persons. Michigan averages approximately18 tornadoes per year, with most occurring inthe southern Lower Peninsula. Propertydamage from tornadoes is in the hundreds ofmillions of dollars every year.

Tornadoes are most likely to happen in the

late afternoon on hot spring days, frequentlyduring the months of April, May and June.However, tornadoes have occurred in everymonth at all times of the day or night.Tornadoes often, but not always, occur inconjunction with a severe thunderstorm thatproduces hail. Tornados are defined in termsof the Fujita Scale, which ranks them on thebasis of wind speed and damage potential,ranging from an F0 (light damage) to an F5(incredible damage). Seventy percent (70%)of all tornados that occur in the U.S. are F0and F1 category tornados.

Hazards associated with tornados includedamage from hail, destruction of homes,extensive tree damage along roadwayswhich may block access, extensive damageto electric and telephone lines ofteninterrupting service, and damaged ordestroyed radio and television towers.

Snowstorms

Snowstorms involve a period of rapid snowaccumulation often accompanied by highwinds, cold temperatures, and low visibility.Blizzards are the most dramatic and perilousof all snowstorms. A blizzard is expected toresult in the following conditions lasting for aperiod of 3 hours or longer: sustained windsor frequent gusts to 35 m.p.h. or greater, andconsiderable falling or blowing snowreducing visibility to less than 1/4 mile.Blizzards are characterized by lowtemperatures and strong winds bearingenormous amounts of snow.

Michigan communities may experience largedifferences in snowfall even when they aregeographically located close to one another.This is a result of being surrunded by theGreat Lakes. Livingston County is notlocated in a part of the state that is prone tohigh snowfall accumulation. The greatestaccumulations are in the northern and

Tornado Facts:

A tornado funnel cloud may have winds upto 300 miles per hour with

interior air pressure that is 10-20% belowthat of the surrounding atmosphere.

The typical length of a tornado path isapproximately 16 miles and the width is

generally less than one-quarter mile wide.



Chapter 3

western portions of the Upper Peninsula.The western parts of the state usually havemore snow than the eastern parts, due to thetendency for winter storms to move fromwest to east.

Hazards associated with snowstormsinclude downed trees, utility poles and lines,snow drifted and icy roads, reduced visibility,overexposure and frostbite due to extremecold, overexertion from snow removal, andisolation in homes and vehicles due to heavysnowfall. Winter storms are deceptive killersbecause most deaths result indirectly fromthe storm. Many winter related deaths resultfrom traffic accidents on icy roads, heartattacks while shoveling snow, hypothermiafrom prolonged exposure to the cold, andresidential fires from the use of wood,kerosene and alternative sources of fuel.

Hail

Hail is a natural hazard where atmosphericwater particles from thunderstorms form intorounded or irregular lumps of ice that fall tothe ground. Hail results when strongupdrafts in a storm carry water dropletsabove the freezing level, where they remainsuspended, growing larger, until the weightof the hailstone can no longer be supportedby the winds and they fall to the ground. Mosthailstones range from pea-size to golf ball-size, although baseball-size hailstones havebeen reported. Hail is generally associatedwith thunderstorms and often proceedstornadoes. Hazards associated with hailinclude dented vehicles and structures,battered agricultural crops and injuries toanimals and humans.

Ice and Sleet Storms

Ice and sleet storms differ from one anotherbased on how they make contact with the

ground and other objects. Ice storms involvea cold rain that freezes on contact with thesurface of the ground, trees, buildings,overhead wires, etc. The resulting ice cancause extensive damage, often downingelectric lines and tree limbs that impedevehicular traffic and disrupt utility provision.Michigan has had numerous damaging icestorms over the past few decades.

Sleet is identified as frozen rain drops thatare similar to hail (only smaller) that bouncewhen they make contact with the ground andother objects. Sleet does not stick to treesand wires, but sleet in sufficient depth doescause hazardous driving conditions.

Extreme Cold

Extreme cold may accompany or follow anytype of winter storm. Freezing temperaturescan cause bursting pipes, crop damage, riverice jams and subsequent flooding, frostbite(tissue damage) and hypothermia (low bodytemperature) due to overexposure.Wind chill is an associated condition that is

caused by the combined effects of wind andcold. Wind chill speeds heat loss fromexposed skin. As the wind increases, heat iscarried away from the body at an acceleratedrate, thereby driving down body temperature.Forecasters use a wind chill index as a guideto heat loss resulting from wind and cold.The threshold for potentially dangerous windchill conditions is considered to be at about-20 degrees Fahrenheit.

Extreme cold and extreme heatprimarily effect the most vulnerable

segments of our population such as theelderly, children, impoverished

individuals and people in poor health



Extreme Heat

Extreme Heat is caused by a combination ofhigh temperatures (10 degrees or moreabove normal) and high humidity. Suddenrises in temperature when bodies do nothave the chance to acclimate, and prolongedtime periods of extreme heat both cause anincrease in death rates. At certain levels,bodies cannot maintain a proper internaltemperature which may result in heatstroke.A person experiencing heatstroke mayexhibit lethargy, confusion orunconsciousness and they are at risk ofdying. Other heat-related ailments includeheat cramps affecting muscles particularly inthe legs, fainting caused by a rapid drop inblood pressure, and heat exhaustion causedby the loss of body fluid and salt.

The Heat Index (HI) is a measure of the effectof excessive heat on the human body. Adaytime heat index of 105 degreesFahrenheit or above with nighttimetemperatures at or above 80 degreesFahrenheit for two consecutive days maysignificantly impact public safety. Theseconditions generally require the issuance ofan advisory or warning by local NationalWeather Service offices.

Wild Fires

A wild fire is an uncontrolled fire spreadingthrough vegetative fuels such as grass,brushlands, or forest. Hydrological,topographical and vegetation conditionsaffect the spread of wild fires. Forests coverapproximately half of Michigan’s total landbase, making much of the state vulnerable tothis type of natural hazard. In addition, newdevelopment in the state is increasinglyencroaching on forests and grasslandsthereby increasing public risk.

Low humidity, high winds over 10 - 20 m.p.h.,

dry thunderstorms (i.e. lightning without rain)and unstable air are weather conditions thatpromote the ignition and rapid spread ofwildfires. Other contributing factors may beprolonged periods of hot, dry weather ordrought conditions, and the amount ofburnable material in an area. Humans startmore than four out of every five wildfires,through arson, the burning of debris, orcarelessness. Lightning strikes are the nextleading cause of wildfires.

Associated with wildfires are long-termenvironmental impacts, such as: scorchedand barren land, soil erosion, landslides, mudflows, and water sedimentation. Long-termhuman impacts include: loss of recreationalopportunities, structural damage toproperties, and loss of life.

Drought

A prolonged time period with no rain isknown as a drought. Drought often occursduring the summer agricultural growingseason and severely impacts cropproduction. In urban areas drought can limitthe water supply in reservoirs, which oftenleads to imposed water restrictions. It is verydifficult to predict when a drought will beginand how long it will last. The increasedpumping of groundwater and surfaceirrigation during a drought can lead to landsubsidence problems (see explanationbelow). Other impacts associated withdrought include power outages caused byhigh energy use, and an increase in wildfires.

Land Subsidence

Land subsidence is defined as depressions,

Half of Michigan’s total land base iscovered by forests, making much of the

state vulnerable to wild fires



Chapter 3

cracks, and sinkholes in the ground surface.Often land subsidence occurs over manydays to a few years, and it damagesstructures with low strain tolerances such asdams and utility infrastructure. Such groundmovements pose an immediate threat to lifeand property and may continue for severaldays, weeks, months or years until the earthstabilizes. The population is most at risk inareas where development is situated aboveactive or abandoned mines whereunderground cavities are present near thesurface, and in areas where extensiveamounts of groundwater have beenwithdrawn.

Earthquakes

An earthquake can be defined as the shakingof the earth’s surface caused by slowlyaccumulating strain in the earth’s crust thatabruptly releases energy. Most areas of theUnited States, including the State ofMichigan, are subject to earthquakes andannual occurrences number in the thousands.Most occurrences of earthquakes result inlittle or no damage. However, whenmoderate or severe earthquakes occur, theyhave the ability to cause severe and suddenloss of life, property and essential services.Within minutes an area can be heavilydamaged by ground shaking, surface faultsand ground failure. Most deaths and injuriesare caused by the collapse of buildings andother structures.

Earthquakes are measured by theirmagnitude and intensity. The RichterMagnitude Scale is used to measure theamount of energy released at the epicenter(the point on the earth’s surface directlyabove the origin of the earthquake event). Anearthquake of 5.0 is a moderate event, 6.0characterizes a strong event, 7.0 is a majorearthquake and extremely strongearthquakes have magnitudes of 8 or more.

Earthquake intensity is the measure ofdamage at a specific location. The mostcommonly used scale of intensity is called theModified Mercalli Scale, which describestwelve increasing levels of intensity.

Lightning

Lightning is the discharge of electricity fromwithin a thunderstorm. Although lightning isoften perceived as a minor natural hazard, itcauses considerable damage to structuresand frequently injures and kills people. Infact, lightning kills and injures more people inthe United States per year, on average, thantornadoes or hurricanes. According to theEmergency Management Division of theMichigan Department of State Police,Michigan ranks second in the nation in bothlightning-related deaths and lightning-relatedinjuries.

Fog

Fog forms when water vapor condenses intotiny liquid water droplets that remainsuspended in the air at or near the earth’ssurface. Many different processes can leadto the formation of fog, but the main factor issaturated air.

Fog is not necessarily a hazard by itself, butthe interaction between fog and humans canbe very dangerous; partcularly the impacts offog on transportation. Fog obscures orrestricts visibility and has played acontributing role in several multi-vehicleaccidents over the last several years. Fogcan also take the form of freezing fog causingslickness on roadways and a higherprobability of accidents. Fog is particularlyhazardarous at ariports, where attempts havebeen made to develop methods to aid fogdispersal.

One major fog event is estimated to occur in



Michigan approximately every two years.

Invasive Species

An invasive species is defined as a speciesthat is 1) non-native (alien) to the ecosystemunder consideration and 2) whoseintroduction causes or is likely to causeeconomic or environmental harm, or harm tohuman health. An invasive species can be aplant, animal or other organism such as amicrobe. Invasive species can betransported in many ways including: animals,vehicles, ships, commercial goods, produce,and clothing.

One example of an invasive species inMichigan was the wide-spread insectinfestation of the Emerald Ash Borer whosepresence was first discovered in the Summerof 2002. The Emerald Ash Borer is an exoticpest from Asia that belongs to the group ofinsects known as metallic woodboringbeetles. In Michigan, this pest is only knownto attack green, white or black ash trees; itdoes not attack mountain ash (which is not atrue ash tree). Emerald Ash Borer adults areonly present from late May to late July.Larvae of the beetle is found under the barkof the tree. It is difficult to detect theinfestation of an ash tree until the treecanopy begins to die. Usually the upper thirdof the tree canopy is the first to thin and die.This is usually followed by the death of shootsor branches below the dead portions of thetrunk. Dead or dying ash trees present asignificant danger to public safety becausethe trees are highly vulnerable to partial orcomplete collapse in the event of high winds,heavy rains, or ice and snow accumulation.

Other examples of potentially threateninginvasive species in Michigan are: AsianLong-Horned Beetles found in severalspecies of hardwood trees; Gypsy Mothsfound in tree foilage; and Sea Lampreys and

Zebra mussels found in the Great Lakes andfreshwater lakes and streams.

Public Health Emergencies

A public health emergency occurs when awidespread and/or severe epidemic, incidentof contamination, or other situation presentsa danger to the general health and welfare ofthe public. Public health emergencies cantake many forms, including: 1) diseaseepidemics; 2) large-scale incidents of food orwater contamination; 3) extended periodswithout adequate water, sewer and electricalservices; 4) harmful exposure to chemical,radiological or biological agents; or 5) large-scale infestations of disease-carrying insectsor rodents.

Sometimes public health emergencies areprimary events by themselves and othertimes they are an event secondary to anotherdisaster or emergency, such as a flood orhazmat incident. Regardless of whether theyare primary or secondary events, all publichealth emergencies have the potential toadversely impact a large population ofpeople. This type of emergency can bestatewide, regional, or localized in scope andmagnitude.

This hazard is further defined in Appendix A.

Sources:

State And Local Mitigation Planning how-toguide: Understanding Your Risks, FederalEmergency Management Agency, Version1.0, August 2001

Local Hazard Mitigation PlanningWorkbook, Emergency ManagementDivision, Michigan Department of StatePolice, EMD-PUB 207, June 2001



Chapter 3

The Professional In EmergencyManagement, Emergency ManagementInstitute, IS-513, March 1999

Michigan Hazard Analysis, MichiganDepartment of State Police, EmergencyManagement Division, March 2000

Macomb County Hazard Mitigation Plan,2005-2010

Michigan Hazard Mitigation Plan,Emergency Management and HomelandSecurity Division, Michigan Department ofState Police and The Michigan Citizen-Community Emergency ResponseCoordinating Council, MSP/EMHSD Pub.106, March 2011

Livingston County Emergency Management

FEMA Factsheets and BackgrounderInformation resources on hazards, http://www.fema.gov/hazards/

Hazard Mitigation Plan, Livingston County, MIChapter 4


Chapter 4: Hazard Risk Assessment

Hazard Risk Assessment

What Is the risk potential and resulting impactof natural hazards? Will these hazards affectevery area of the county equally or will certainareas get hit harder than others? How often iseach hazard likely to impact LivingstonCounty? All of these questions and more mustbe addressed in order to determine LivingstonCounty’s level of risk potential to varioushazards.

Hazard risk information is gathered from manysources including:

Federal Disaster Declarations, FederalEmergency Management Agency(FEMA)

The Michigan Hazard Analysis and theMichigan Hazard Mitigation Plan,Michigan Department of State Police,Emergency Management Division

The Livingston County EmergencyManagement Department andLivingston County EmergencyManagement Plan

Newspapers and other historicalrecords

Local plans such as: master plans,zoning ordinances, capital improvementplans, and flood ordinances

Maps of local features such as: floodinsurance rate maps, soil survey maps,topography maps, hazard substancesites, and dams

Local and state hazard experts, and

Hazard internet web sites such as theNOAA Storm Events Database

Livingston County Hazard ProfileEvaluation

The probability of local occurrence has beencalculated by the Livingston CountyEmergency Management Department in aHazard Profile Evaluation (see followingpage). The top 10 natural hazards wereevaluated based on historical occurrence inLivingston County or the State of Michigan,and the prevalence of local factors thatcontribute to each potential hazard. Eachprofiled hazard was evaluated based on thefollowing 11 factors: Historical Occurrence;Affected Area; Speed of Onset; PopulationImpact; Economic Effects; Duration;Predictability; Collateral Damage; Availabilityof Warnings; Mitigative Potential; andSeasonal Pattern. Based on the pointsassigned for each of the eleven factors, atotal point score was calculated for eachhazard.

According to the Livingston County HazardProfile Evaluation, among the 10 naturalhazards that were evaluated, it wasdetermined that Severe Winds andTornadoes are the natural hazards that posethe most significant risk potential inLivingston County (80 total points) and

80 8077 77

7471

59 59 59

50

4550556065707580

Severe Winds Tornado

Snow Wild Fires

Ice & Sleet Flood

Extreme Cold Extreme Heat

Hail Drought

Natural Hazards

Hazard Mitigation Plan, Livingston County, MI


Chapter 4

Hazard

Historica

l Occurrence

(frequency

of event)

Affected

Area

(size of

geograph

ic

area

impa

cted)

Spee

d of

Onset

(warning

time)

Popu

latio

n Im

pact

(num

ber o

f casualities)

Econ

omic

Effects

(mon

etary

damage

losses

incurred)

Duratio

n

(time

period

hazard is

activ

ely

present

causing

damage)

Pred

ictability

(ease with

which hazard

can be

predicted, in

term

s of time,

locatio

n,

magnitude)

Collateral

Damage

(possibility

of hazard

causing

second

ary

damage/

impa

cts)

Availability of

Warnings

(ease with

which

warning can

issued)

Mitigativ

e Po

tential

(ease with

which

hazard can

be

mitigated

against)

Season

al

Pattern

(degree to

which

hazard

occurs in

one

particular

season

)Total

Points

10Excessive

Large Area

Minim

al/N

oHigh 10+

Significant

Long

Unpred

ictable

High

Unavailable

Impo

ssible

4 Season

s

7High

Small A

rea

1 ‐ 1

1 hrs.

Med

6 ‐ 10

Med

ium

Med

ium

Somew

hat

Unpred

ictable

Good

Gene

rally Not

Available

Difficult

3 Season

s

4Med

ium

Multip

le Site

s12

‐ 24

hrs.

Low 1 ‐ 5

Low

Short

Pred

ictable

Some

Sometim

es

Available

Possible

2 Season

s

1Low

Single Site

> 24

hrs

Non

eMinim

alMinim

alHighly

Pred

ictable

No

Available

Easy

1 Season

SEVE

RE W

INDS

1010

107

101

47

110

1080

TORN

ADO

410

1010

101

410

110

1080

SNOWSTORM

S10

104

1010

44

71

107

77WILD FIRES

14

1010

107

710

74

777

ICE /SLEET

1010

44

104

410

110

774

FLOOD

47

44

1010

410

47

771

DAM FAILU

RE1

77

410

44

44

710

62EXTREM

E CO

LD10

101

44

101

71

47

59EXTREM

E HE

AT7

101

107

71

71

44

59HA

IL7

107

14

17

44

104

59DR

OUG

HT1

101

110

101

41

74

50

Hazard Profile Evaluatio

n

Source: Livingston Co

unty 911

Central Dispa

tch/Em

ergency Man

agem

ent

Note: See App

endix A for s

pecific

Pub

lic Health

hazards. Tab

le does no

t include all of th

e ha

zards that are assessed in Cha

pter 4.



Natural features risks and impacts:Natural features (e.g. soils, slopes,woodlands, etc...) that may contribute to orintensify the effects of the hazard.

Man-made risks and impacts: Man-madestructural elements (e.g. infrastructure,essential facilities, transportation routes) thatare within close proximity to the hazard-pronearea(s) and may contribute to or intensify theeffects of the hazard.

Collateral risks: A hazardous event cantrigger many associated risks. The riskscaused by this “ripple effect” must beidentified so that hazard mitigation planningcan address the probability of these risks.

Risks of Severe Winds andTornadoes

Likelihood of occurrence: According tothe Livingston County Hazard ProfileEvaluation, among the ten natural hazardsthat were evaluated, it was determined thatSevere Winds and Tornadoes are the naturalhazards that pose the most significant riskpotential in Livingston County. In theLivingston County Hazard Profile Evaluation,severe winds were given a historicaloccurrence ranking of Excessive andtornadoes were given a historical occurrenceranking of Medium.

Over the last 30 years, 33 severe wind eventshave occurred indicating that there is over a110% chance that this event could occur atleast once in any given year.

A total of 15 tornadoes have occurred duringthis same 30 year time period, indicating a50% chance that a tornado will occur annually.The time-line, locations and impacts of theseevents can be profiled as follows:

Drought is the natural hazard that poses theleast significant risk potential in LivingstonCounty (50 total points).

Hazard Risk Factors

There are several factors that affect theseverity of different types of hazards. If theserisk factors are identified, the information canbe used to formulate the strategies used tomitigate the hazards. Other factors such asweather patterns and phenomenons arebeyond human control and cannot bemitigated.

The following natural hazard sections analyzethe conditions or factors that may contributeto or intensify the effects of each hazard andthe prevalence of these conditions inLivingston County. The hazard sections areordered according to the total points thathave been assigned to the hazard in theHazard Profile Evaluation. Therefore, naturalhazards with a more probable occurrence inLivingston County are analyzed first and ingreater detail. In addition, the hazardsections include analysis of some hazardsthat are somewhat likely to occur inLivingston County, but have not beenincluded in the Livingston County HazardProfile Evaluation.

The hazard risk conditions or factors that areanalyzed and/or mapped include:

Likelihood of occurrence: The probabilityof a hazard occurring in the future basedupon past, historical occurrences of thehazard.

Locational risk: Areas of LivingstonCounty with the potential to be affected by thehazard and the potential size of the affectedarea.



Chapter 4

Year/Month Location(s) Impact(s)

1984 County-

specific*

Homes and

vehicles were

damaged,

electrical

customers lost

power

1991/March County-

specific*

Damage to homes,

businesses, farms,

and some public

facilities, power

loss, and hail in

some areas

1991/July County-

specific*

Power loss,

downed electrical

lines

1995 County-

specific*

Structural damage,

downed trees and

electrical lines, hail

and lightning

1996/March County-

specific*

Structural damage,

downed trees and

electrical lines,

power loss.

Multiple county

event.

1996/Oct. County-

specific*

Structural damage,

downed trees and

electrical lines,

power loss.

Multiple county

event.

1997/Feb. County-

specific*

Downed trees and

electrical lines,

power loss.

Multiple county

event.

1997/April County-

specific*

Structural damage,

massive amounts

of debris, downed

trees and electrical

lines

Severe Wind Events in

Livingston County, 1983-2013Year/Month Location(s) Impact(s)

1998/May County-

specific*

Structural damage,

downed trees and

electrical lines,

power loss

1998/

November

County-

specific*

Structural damage,

downed trees and

electrical lines,

power loss

1999/May County-

specific*

Hail damage,

heavy rains,

downed trees and

electrical lines

1999/July County-

specific*Downed trees and

electrical lines,

power loss,

damage to homes,

businesses,

vehicles,boats, hail

and heavy rainfall

2000 County-

specific*

Hail damage,

thunder stroms,

structural damge,

downed trees,

electrical lines,

power loss

2001 County-

specific*

Extensive

thunderstorms,

flooding, tornado

warnings, downed

trees and electical

lines, power loss

and structural

damage

2002/Feb. County-

specific*

Structural damage,

power loss,

multiple county

event


Livingston County, 1983-2013




2002/March County-

specific*

Storms, structural

damage, downed

trees and power

lines, loss of

power. Multiple

county event.

2003/May County-

specific*

Downed trees, loss

of power

2003/July County-

specific*/

Brighton

Township

Downed trees, loss

of power. Brighton

Twp. sub without

running water for

several days due to

dependence on

electricity for

operation of wells

2003/

August

County-

specific*

Downed trees,

lightening strikes,

loss of power

2003/

November

County-

specific*

Downed power

lines, loss of power

2004/April County-

specific*

Downed trees and

electrical lines,

power loss.

Multiple county

event.

2004/Oct. County-

specific*

Downed trees and

electrical lines,

power loss, and

minor structural

damage. Multiple

county event.

2005 County-

specific*

Downed trees, loss

of power, road

closures

2006 County-

specific*

Downed trees,

structural damage.

Hardest hit areas

extended along and

north of M-59

corridor. Multiple

county event.


Livingston County, 1983-2013Year/Month Location(s) Impact(s)

2007 County-

specific*

Structural damage,

downed trees and

power lines, loss of

power

2008/Jan. County-

specific*

Structural damage,

downed trees and


power. Multiple

county event.

2008/June 6 County-

specific*

Structural damage,

downed trees and

electrical lines,

power loss and

transportation

disruption

2008/June 8 County-

specific*

Structural damage,

downed trees and

electrical lines,

power loss. This

was the worst wind

event of the

decade.

2008/Dec. County-

specific*

Downed trees and

electrical lines,

power loss.

Multiple county

event.

2010 County-

specific*

Downed trees and

power lines,

structural fires

2011 County-

specific*

Downed trees and

power lines, power

outages

2013/Jan. County-

specific*

Artic frost, downed

trees and power

lines, loss of power

2013/Nov. County-

specific*

Thunderstorms,

downed trees and


power





Chapter 4

Notes: *The term “County-specific” is used tospecify that a severe wind event impacted aportion of Livingston County but our recordsdo not indicate the exact county location.

Sources: Livingston County EmergencyManagement, Michigan Hazard Analysis July2012, and National Oceanic AtmosphericAdministration (NOAA) National ClimaticData Center.

Locational risk: the available data for theoccurrence of severe wind events does notpinpoint an exact location. This is due to thenature of the hazard and its occurrence aspart of a wide-spread weather system.

What we do know about locational risk is thatsevere winds occur more frequently in thesouthern half of the Lower Peninsula than anyother area of the state; on average, 5-7 timesper year. The Michigan Hazard Analysiscompares the thirty-four counties in thesouthern Lower Peninsula of Michigan fornumber of severe wind events and days withsevere winds during the time frame ofJanuary 1996 to October 2013. This analysisreveals that Livingston County with 219severe wind events and 117 days with severewinds, has experienced a higher thanaverage number of events and days withsevere winds for the Lower Peninsula (177avg.events/110 avg. days), but a lower thanaverage number of events and days withsevere winds for the five county metro regionof Wastenaw, Wayne, Livingston, Oaklandand Macomb counties (304 avg. events/144avg. days).

.


1985

County-

specific*

Downed trees and

wires

1986 Oceola

Township

Damage to a

mobile home park,

downed trees and

wires

1988/July County-

specific*

Downed trees and

wires

1988/

August 14

Unadilla

Township

Downed trees, hurt

livestock

1990 Hartland

Township

Downed trees and

damaged

structures

1994 Hartland

Township

Campground

damage

1996 Hartland and

Tyrone

Townships

Downed trees and

wires

1997 Fowlerville

and Hartland

Townships

One house was

destroyed, downed

trees and wires in

Fowlerville area,

hail reported in

Brighton area

2000 County-

specific*

Downed trees and

wires

2001/May Hartland and

Tyrone

Townships

Damage to a golf

course, nearby

homes,

businesses and

agricultural crops

and livestock. The

tornado downed

hundreds of trees

and flipped and

damaged cars

when the tornado

crossed U.S. 23. A

local state of

emergency was

declared.

Tornado Touchdown Events in


The locational risk of tornadoes is betterdocumented, although tornadoes areinvisible until they pick up a sufficientamounty of debris which allows their patternsto be seen. The Michigan Hazard Analysisstates that tornadoes occur more frequentlyin the southern half of the Lower Peninsulathan any other area of the state. This area




2001/

October

Putnam,

Marion,

Oceola,

Tyrone and

Hartland

Townships

15 mile path

caused downed

trees and wires,

structural damage

2003/June Village of

Fowlerville,

Handy and

Conway

Townships

Downed trees and

wires, structural

damage

2003/August Fowlerville,

Conway and

Handy

Townships

Downed trees and

wires, structural

damage, hail

2007 Fowlerville

and northern

tier of county

townships to

Hartland

Township

Damage to 71

homes/buildings,

hundreds of trees

leveled, eight

homes destroyed

in Cohoctah and

Deerfield

Townships.2013 Southeast

Livingston

County

Townships

and

Cohoctah

Township

Downed trees

Tornado Touchdown Events in


Notes: *The term “County-specific” is used tospecify that a tornado event impacted aportion of Livingston County but our recordsdo not indicate the exact county location.

Sources: Livingston County EmergencyManagement, Michigan Hazard Analysis July2012, National Oceanic AtmosphericAdministration (NOAA) National ClimaticData Center, and Tornado Project Online(http://www.tornadoproject.com/)

can be referred to as Michigan’s “tornadoalley.” The Tornado Touchdown Events tablesreveal that within Livingston County there alsoappears to be a common tornado path fromthe northwest corner of the county in theFowlerville area to the northeast corner of thecounty in the Hartland area. This follows thegeneral southwest to northeast travel of mosttornadoes in Michigan.

In the Michigan Hazard Analysis, LivingstonCounty is compared to the other counties inthe southern Lower Peninsula of Michigan fornumber of tornado events and days withtornadoes during the time frame of January1996 to October 2013.

I

In this comparison, Livingston County hasexperienced a higher than average numberof tornado events and days with tornadoesfor the southern Lower Peninsula, and for thefive county Detroit metro region of Wastenaw,Wayne, Livingston, Oakland and Macombcounties.

County

Tornado

Events

Days with

Tornadoes

Washtenaw 5 5

Wayne 3 3

Livingston 8 7

Oakland 6 6

Macomb 4 3

5 County

Metro

Detroit

Region

5.2 avg. 4.8 avg.

34 Counties

in Southern

Lower

Peninsula

5.5 avg. 4.7 avg.

Tornado History for Michigan

Counties, January 1996 -

October 2013



Chapter 4

In fact, Livingston County has the highestnumber of tornado events and days withtornadoes in the five county metro region.Livingston and Tuscola counties are tied forthe sixth most occurrences of these events inthe southern Lower Peninsula during theJanuary 1996 to October 2013 time frame.

The NOAA source data for the TornadoTouchdown Events tables indicates that all ofthe tornadoes events in Livingston County thatoccurred from 1985 to 2003 were classifiedas F0, F1 or F2 intensity on the Fujita Scale.These Fujita categories and the typicaldamage associated with each category, canbe described as follows:

F0 Light: Chimneys are damaged,tree branches are broken, shallow-rooted trees are toppled.

F1 Moderate: Roof surfaces arepeeled off, windows are broken, sometree trunks are snapped, unanchoredmobile homes are overturned, attachedgarages may be destroyed.

F2 Considerable: Roof structures aredamaged, mobile homes aredestroyed, debris becomes airborne,large trees are snapped or uprooted.

The more recent tornado events recorded in2007 and 2013 were measured on theEnhanced Fujita Scale at EF0 (weak tornado)and EF2 (strong tornado). According to theNational Weather Sevice (NWS) the vastmajority of tornadoes that hav eoccurred in theUnited States since 1950were classified asweak tornados (EF0 or EF1 instensity).

Natural features risks and impacts: Thereare not many natural features that maycontribute to or intensify severe wind ortornado risk. These two natural hazards arenot caused by ground features such as

topography and soils, instead they arecaused by atmospheric conditions such aswarm and cold air fronts that generate severethunderstorms. Wind zones are one naturalfeature relative to Livingston County that isworthy of mentioning as a contributing factorto Livingston County’s risk of severe windsand tornadoes.

Wind Zones

Wind zones are based on historic informationregarding tornadoes and hurricanes. Thesouthern part of Michigan’s Lower Peninsulalies at the northeastern edge of the nation’sprimary tornado belt, which extends fromTexas and Oklahoma through Missouri,Illinois, Indiana and Ohio. The majority ofLivingston County lies within the wind zoneknown as Zone IV, the nation’s highestcategory of wind zone. FEMA recommendsthat a community calculate their severe windand tornado risk by cross referencing theirwind zone with the number of recordedtornadoes per 1,000 square miles. LivingstonCounty’s Wind Zone IV cross referenced withthe 1-5 recorded tornadoes per 1,000 squaremiles in southeast Michigan results in a HighRisk assessment according to FEMA.



Man-made risks and impacts: Much likenatural features, there are not many man-made features that may contribute to orintensify severe wind and or tornado risk.Two worth noting are as follows:

• electrical infrastructure• building construction

Electrical Infrastructure

One of the major problems associated withsevere winds and tornadoes is the loss ofelectrical power due to trees falling on powerlines. Outages of electrical power can last forseveral hours or several days at a time. Thiscan pose serious health risks for personswho depend on home health care devices

Tornado Touchdown in Hartland and Tyrone TownshipsMay 2001

Source: Hartland Area Fire Department website (hartlandareafire.com). Website by Coleman Photography

such as oxygen tanks that require electricityor simply air conditioning for better breathingor prevention of heat stroke.

Where trees and tree limbs encroach uponelectrical line rights-of-way, there is a greaterchance that downed electrical lines willintensify the risk of a severe wind or tornadoevent. Downed electrical lines and treedebris can force road closings, and causeelectrical fires and the threat of humanelectrocution.

Building Construction

Construction methods often determinewhether or not structural parts of a building willcome loose during severe winds and

31

and tornadoes and cause futher damage/riskas airborne missiles. Construction debriscan be picked up by the wind and moved withenough force to damage and even penetratewindows, doors, walls, and other parts of abuilding. Past severe wind and tornadoevents have shown that once a roof begins topeel away from the walls of a structure or thebuilding begins to shift off its foundation,major structural damage occurs.

Collateral risks: The Livingston CountyHazard Profile Evaluation ranks the CollateralDamage or possibility of severe windscausing secondary damage, as Good (thesecond highest ranking). The possibility oftornadoes causing collateral damage isranked as High (the highest ranking).Property damage is an obvious collateral riskassociated with severe wind and tornadoevents. However, there are many other risksthat can be triggered, including:

• extensive tree damage alongroadways which may block accessand cause power outages

• extensive damage to electric andtelephone lines, often interruptingservice

• damaged or destroyed radio andtelevision towers

• damage to agricultural crops

• impassable roadways

• traffic accidents

• debris dispersion such as rocks, fallentrees and other debris that can act asbattering rams to structures

Risks of Snowstorms and Ice andSleet

Likelihood of occurrence: In theLivingston County Hazard Profile Evaluation,snowstorms and ice and sleet storms weregiven a historical occurrence ranking ofExcessive. Since 1983 there have been 28major snow storm occurrences and 8 icestorms in Livingston County. This suggeststhat there is an 93% chance of a major snowstorm and a 27% chance of an ice stormoccurring annually in Livingston County. Thetime-line, locations and impacts of theseevents can be chronicled in the table on thefollowing page.

The type of Presidential Declaration for the2000 snowstorm that occurred in LivingstonCounty, was a state-wide Emergency. This isa situation where the full range of assistanceavailable with a major disaster declaration isnot required because the type of disaster isless severe. This type of PresidentialDeclaration does provide specializedassistance from Federal agencies to meet aspecific need that the Federal government isuniquely able to provide, such as temporaryhousing and mass care.

The type of Governor’s Declaration for the1985 ice storm was Disaster which meansthat the storm caused widespread or severedamage, injury, or loss of life. This type ofGovernor declaration is for the most severetypes of disasters.

Locational risk: Neither snowstorm or iceand sleet events can be mapped since theyare both dispersed events that tend to affectthe entire county. A northern United Statesclimate is our primary locational risk. Theorigin of many Michigan snow, ice and sleetstorms are Canadian and Arctic cold frontsthat move across the state from the west ornorthwest.




1987 County-wide Traffic accidents,

impassable

roadways

1996 - March County-wide Rain changed to

snow, significant

accumulation,

strong wind,

drifting, power

outages

1996 - Dec. County-wide Significant snow

accumulation

1997 - Oct. County-wide Rain changed to

snow, significant

accumulation,

downed trees and

power lines, power

outages

1997 - Dec. County-wide Heavy snow

accumulation,

vehicular accidents

1999 - Jan. County-wide Structural damage,

transportation

difficulties, traffic

accidents, and

power outages

1999 - March County-wide Structural damage,

impassable

roadways, traffic

accidents

2000* County-wide Structural damage

from roof

collapses, ice

dams and water

seepage. Fires

caused by water

seeping into

electric meter

boxes. Snow

accumulation

created

impassable

roadways.

Snowstorm Events in Livingston

County, 1983-2013


2001- Jan. County-wide Heavy snow

accumulation,

structural damage,

personal injury

2001 - April County-wide Snow

accumulation,

collapsed several

tents at home

show in Howell,

numerous vehicle

accidents in

Brighton

2002 - Jan. County-wide Freezing rain and

drizzle, high winds,

large snow

accumulation, ice

accumulation on

trees and power

lines resulting in

broken tree limbs,

uprooted trees,

damage to homes

& cars, downed

power lines and

loss of power.

Snow and ice also

caused flooded

roadways and

traffic accidents.

2002 - Feb. County-wide Traffic accidents,

power loss to

homes and

businesses, large

snow

accumulation.

2003 County-wide Heavy snow

accumulation,

traffic accidents,

personal injury

2004 - Jan. County-wide Freezing rain,

drizzle and sleet,

large snow

accumulation.

Snowstorm Events in Livingston County, 1983-2013

33


2004 - Nov. County-wide Rain turned to

snow

accumulation,

thundersnow, wind

gusts, power

outages and traffic

accidents

2004 - Dec. County-wide Snow

accumulations,

winds caused

significant blowing

and drifting of snow

2005 County-wide Significant snow

accumulation

2006 County-wide Rain to snow,

significant snow

accumulations,

winds caused

downed trees and

power outages

2007 County-wide Heavy amounts of

snow, wind gusts,

near blizzard

conditions, traffic

accidents

2008 - Jan. County-wide Heavy snowfall in a

short period of time

2008 - Feb. County-wide Heavy snowfall,

strong winds,

drifting snow

2008 - March County-wide Heavy snow

accumulation

2008 - Dec. County-wide Heavy amounts of

snow

2009 - Jan. County-wide Heavy amounts of

snow

2009 - April County-wide Late season heavy

snowfall, winds,

downed tree limbs,

power outages

Snowstorm Events in Livingston County, 1983-2013


2010 County-wide Rain to snow,

significant snow

accumulations,

blowing snow,

gusty winds, power

outages and

stranded vehicles

2011- Feb. County-wide Significant snowfall

accumulation,

gusting winds

2011 - Nov. County-wide Rain turned to

snow, snowfall

accumulation

Snowstorm Events in Livingston

County, 1983-2013

Note: *Indicates Presidential DeclarationSources: Livingston County EmergencyManagement, Michigan Hazard Analysis July2012, National Oceanic AtmosphericAdministration (NOAA) National ClimaticData Center.

The average seasonal snowfall map for theState of Michigan shows Livingston County ina snowfall zone where the average is about40 inches of snow per year with a 20 inchvariable. This amount of snowfall isconsidered moderate to heavy for the UnitedStates.The “lake effect” on snowfall is evidentfor counties along Lake Michigan and LakeSuperior shorelines, but this effect isnegligible for Livingston County.

The probability of an ice and sleet storm ispartly determined by a Lower Peninsulalocation in Michigan that averages 90 to 180days per year below freezing. This number ofaverage annual days below freezing isconsidered moderate for the United States.

Natural features risks and impacts:Natural features in Livingston County do not



Note: **Indicates Governor’s DeclarationSources: Michigan Hazard Analysis July2012, National Oceanic AtmosphericAdministration (NOAA) National ClimaticData Center.

really contribute to or intensify snow, ice orsleet storms. Michigan climate andatmospheric conditions are the primarycontributors to these types of natural hazards. Year/Month Location(s) Impact(s)

1997 County-wide Freezing rain, icy

roads, downed

trees that damaged

cars and homes,

minor flooding,

numberous auto

accidents and the

worst power

outage in history

for an ice storm

2001 County-wide Auto accidents and

minor injuries

2003 County-wide Thunderstorms,

freezing rain,

substantial tree

damage blocking

roadways and

causing structural

damage, traffic

accidents, power

outages

2006 County-wide Ice on roadways,

downed trees and

power lines, power

outages

2007 County-wide Ice accumulations

downed trees,

power poles and

lines causing

power outages, car

accidents and

property damage.

2013 County-wide Freezing rain, ice

accumulations,

downed trees and

wires, power

outages

Ice and Sleet Events in Livingston County, 1983-2013



Chapter 4

Man-made risks and impacts: There arenot many man-made features that maycontribute to or intensify snowstorm and iceand sleet risk. Two worth noting are asfollows:

• electrical infrastructure• transportation infrastructure

Electrical Infrastructure

Much like the electrical infrastructureproblems associated with severe winds andtornadoes, snowstorms and ice and sleet cancause the loss of electrical power due totrees falling on power lines. Outages ofelectrical power can last for several hours orseveral days at a time. This can poseserious health risks for persons who areisolated in their homes because of theseevents and cannot obtain the home healthservices or medicines that they depend upon.

The weight of ice upon tree limbs andelectrical lines particularly intensifies the riskof interruption in electricity provision.Where trees and tree limbs encroach uponelectrical line rights-of-way, there is a greaterchance that ice or snow can snap the treelimbs and down electrical lines. Downedelectrical lines and tree debris can force roadclosings, and cause electrical fires and thethreat of human electrocution.

Transportation Infrastructure

When the cold rain of an ice storm freezes oncontact with transportation infrastructure suchas roadways and bridges, drivers are atgreat risk of not being able to control theirvehicle. Skidding on ice causes many trafficaccidents and may put drivers in periloussituations on bridges. Heavy snows withreduced visibility have nearly the same effect.

Collateral risks: The Livingston CountyHazard Profile Evaluation ranks the CollateralDamage or possibility of snowstorms causingsecondary damage, as Good (the secondhighest ranking). The possibility of ice andsleet causing collateral damage is ranked asHigh (the highest ranking). Property damageis an obvious collateral vulnerabilityassociated with snow, ice and sleet events,however, there are many other risks that canbe triggered, including the following:

• extensive tree damage alongroadways which may block access andcause power outages

• extensive damage to electric andtelephone lines, often interruptingservice

• impassable roadways

• traffic accidents

• residential fires due to the use ofalternative fuel sources such as woodand kerosene

• health risks from hypothermia, heartattacks from shoveling heavy snow,and persons stranded in vehicles

Risks of Extreme Cold and ExtremeHeat

Likelihood of occurrence: In the UnitedStates, human deaths from extreme coldrelated weather far outnumber deaths fromheat related weather. However, both hazardsare alike in that they primarily affect vulnerablesegments of the population such as theelderly, children, impoverished individuals,and people in poor health. In the LivingstonCounty Hazard Profile Evaluation, extremecold is given a historical occurrence rankingof Excessive. Extreme heat is given a



historical occurrence ranking of High. Eventsassociated with extremely cold temperaturedays have been recorded in the MichiganHazard Analysis and by the National ClimaticData Center. Seven (7) extreme cold eventshave occurred in Livingston County in the lastthirty years, demonstrating a 23% chance ofthis hazard occurring in any given year. Theseincidents are chronicled in the table below:

The Michigan Hazard Analysis and theNational Climatic Data Center have alsorecorded the occurrence of nine (9) incidentsof extremely hot temperature over the lastthirty years, resulting in a 30% chance of thishazard occurring each year. These incidentsare chronicled as follows:


1996 County-wide Approximately one

week in duration,

hypothermia

1997 County-wide The coldest

weather of the

winter occurred in

this 3 day period,

hypothermia

1999 County-wide Exposure, frostbite,

pipes froze and

burst

2000 County-wide Burst water pipes,

transportation

issues

2003 County-wide Three week

duration, frozen

water pipes and

water mains,

frostbite and

exposure

2007 County-wide Four day duration,

gusty winds, cold

related illnesses,

frostbite, frozen

water pipes and

water mains,

damage to

vehicles, property

damage by flooding

2009 County-wide Very low wind chill

values

Extreme Cold Events in Livingston County, 1983-2013 Year/Month Location(s) Impact(s)

1988 County-wide A drought/heat

wave in theCentral

and Eastern U.S.

greatly impacted

Michigan. Michigan

experienced 39

days with 90

degree or better

heat. Impacts

included

agricultural losses

and related

economic losses.

1995 County-wide A July 11-27 heat

wave experienced

throughout the

Central and

Eastern U.S., heat

related illnesses

and fatalities,

livestock loss

1999 County-wide A July heat wave

struck the Midwest

and East Coast,

temperatures were

above 90 degrees

for much of the

month and

humidity levels

were oppressively

high, heat-related

illnesses

Extreme Heat Events in Livingston County, 1983-2013



Chapter 4

Sources: Michigan Hazard Analysis July2012, National Oceanic Atmospheric

Administration (NOAA) National ClimaticData Center.

Locational risk: Neither extreme cold norheat events can be mapped since they areboth dispersed events that tend to effect theentire county.

Extremely cold temperatures pose a threatthroughout Michigan regardless of communitylocation or size. A northern United Statesclimate is our primary locational vulnerability.To a certain extent, the Great Lakes helptemper extremely cold temperatures duringMichigan’s winter months. However,prolonged periods of extreme cold are notuncommon during the months of January andFebruary. Michigan has 90 to 180+ days peryear below freezing. This number of averageannual days below freezing is consideredmoderate for the United States.

Extreme heat conditions are generally causedby a combination of very high temperaturesand exceptionally humid conditions. Althoughthese conditions can be experienced in anyU.S. location, humidity is frequentlyexperienced in Michigan due to thesurrounding Great Lakes. These conditionsare also experienced more acutely in urbanareas because the concentration of structuresin a city contributes to overall heat.

Long-term weather forecasts can notaccurately predict prolonged periods ofextreme heat. National heat figures putMichigan in the upper half of the heat indexscale, indicating a greater than averagevulnerability for prolonged periods of extremeheat. The heat index is a measure of how hotit really feels when relative humidity is addedto actual air temperature. A heat index of 105-110 is indicated for Livingston County.

Natural features risks and impacts:Natural features do not significantly contribute


2001

June-August

County-wide Extreme heat and

humidity in the

Midwest and

Central Plains,

heat stress index

readings well

above 100

degrees, cooling

centers were

opened, heat

advisories

2006

May-August

County-wide Heat index

averaged between

105 and 110

detrees, cooling

centers were

opened, heat

related illnesses

2010 County-wide A five day heat

wave,

temperatures in the

90's, heat related

illnesses

2011 County-wide Heat indices above

100 degrees for a 5

day period in mid-

July.

2012 County-wide A ten day heat

wave in late June -

early July with heat

indices between

100-110 degrees,

heat related

illnesses

2013 County-wide A 6 day heat wave

with heat indices in

the 90's, heat

related illnesses

Extreme Heat Events in Livingston County, 1983-2013



to or intensify the risk of extreme cold or heat.

Man-made risks and impacts: There arenot many man-made features that maycontribute to or intensify the risk of extremecold or heat. Following are a few man-madefeatures that have some impact:

• urban development

• special population housing that doesnot provide adequate heating orcooling

• housing codes

Urban Development

Concentrated development in a city centertraps heat and contributes additional warmthto a naturally occurring heat wave. Ifatmospheric conditions are stagnant,pollutants in urban areas may also betrapped, thus adding contaminated air toexcessively hot temperatures. Extreme heattends to lead to high energy usage of fansand air conditioners. A high urban demandfor electricity often leads to “brown outs” orpower outages which further aggravate heatproblems. Each of these impacts moreprofoundly affect people who have lessnatural ability to internally cool themselves,such as those with health concerns, theelderly and children. Often public “coolingcenters” are opened in urban settings so thatpersons can get relief from extreme heat bygetting hydrated with fluids in a coolerenvironment.

Special Population Housing that does notProvide Adequate Heating or Cooling

During times of extreme cold or heat, therehave been instances throughout the UnitedStates where nursing homes and otherspecial population housing environments

have not provided the necessary heating orcooling for their special needs tenants. Inthese instances, human lives have been lost.Over half of the deaths that occur nation-widedue to cold exposure, are persons 60 years ofage or older. Elderly persons have a moredifficult time perceiving cold than youngerpersons. Therefore, they tend to set theirthermostats too low and hypothermia may setin. Additionally, high energy costs for anelderly person on a fixed income maydiscourage him or her from setting thethermostat high enough to maintain adequatewarmth.

Housing Codes

Local communities should have adequatehousing codes that require dwellings to havefurnaces capable of maintaining sufficientroom temperature for the winter conditionsthat will normally be expected.

Collateral risks: The Livingston CountyHazard Profile Evaluation ranks the CollateralDamage, or possibility of extreme cold orheat causing secondary damage, as Good.Collateral vulnerabilities associated withextreme cold or heat include the following:

• hypothermia or frostbite due tooverexposure

Severity and Extent of Extreme Summer Heat in the United States

Source: U.S. Department of Commerce; Multi-Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment, 1997, FEMA




1999 Fowlerville Severe

thunderstorms,

hailstones of 1

inch, damage

producing winds

2000 -

March

Unadilla

Township

Thunderstorms,

strong cold front,

hailstones of .75

diameter

2000 - May Cohoctah

and Hartland

Townships

Hailstones of 1",

thunderstorms,

lighting, significant

rain, flooding

2000 - July

14

Hartland Hailstones of 1.75

inches, severe

thunderstorms,

structural damage

2000 - July

28

Fowlerville Thunderstorms,

rain, flooding,

hailstones of .75"

2000 -

August

Cohoctah

Township,

Howell

Hailstones of .75",

severe

thunderstorms,

wind gusts, flash

flooding

2001 - May Fowlerville Hailstones of .75",

severe

thunderstorms,

wind gusts

2001 - July Hartland Hailstones of .75",

thunderstorms

2002 Brighton Hailstones of .75",

thunderstorms

2003 - June Unadilla

Township,

Brighton

Hailstones of 1",

thunderstorms,

damaging winds

2003 - Aug. Howell Hailstones of .75",

thunderstorms,

damaging winds

Hail Events in Livingston County, 1983-2013


2004 - May Hamburg

Township

Hailstones of .75",

thunderstorms

2004 - June

14

Cohoctah

Township

Hailstones of .88",

wind damage

2004 - June

19

Pinckney

area, Iosco

Township

Hailstones of .75 -

1", damaging

winds

2006 Brighton Hailstones of .75",

thunderstorms

2007 Fowlerville Damaged crops,

homes and

vehicles,

hailstones of .75",

thunderstorms,

winds, downed

trees

2008 Brighton,

Pinckney

Hailstones of .88",

thunderstorm

winds

2010 Brighton Hailstones of 1.5",

thunderstorms,

focused at Brighton

Hyne Airport and

along M-59 corridor

2011 - May Fowlerville Hailstones of .88",

thunderstorms

2011 - Aug. Green Oak

Township,

Brighton

Hailstones of .75",

thunderstorms

2012 -

March

Howell,

Pinckney

Severe

thunderstorms,

hailstones of .75 -

1", tornadoes

observed

2012 - July 3 Brighton Hailstones of .75 -

.88",

thunderstorms

Hail Events in Livingston County, 1983-2013



Chapter 4

Sources: Michigan Hazard Analysis July2012, National Oceanic AtmosphericAdministration (NOAA) National ClimaticData Center.

Locational risk: Hail is often produced bythunderstorms and it often proceedstornadoes. Because Livingston County isvulnerable to both thunderstorms andtornadoes, the county is also vulnerable tohail. Generally, the southern half ofMichigan’s Lower Peninsula more frequentlyexperiences the severe thunderstorms thatproduce hail.

Since 1967 the National Weather Servicehas been recording hail activity in Michigan.Their findings have revealed thatapproximately 50% of the severethunderstorms that produce hail haveoccurred during the months of June and July,and nearly 80% have occurred during theprime agricultural season of May thoughAugust.

The National Weather Service alsomeasures the potential thunderstorm threat inMichigan by the number of “thunderstormdays”, which is defined as the days in whichthunderstorms are observed. LivingstonCounty, like most of the Lower Peninsula, issubject to 30 - 40 thunderstorm days peryear.


2013 - July

27

Brighton,

Cohoctah,

Deerfield,

Howell

Hailstones of .75 -

1", thunderstorms

2013 Howell area Hailstones of 1",

thunderstorms

Hail Events in Livingston

County, 1983-2013

IRON

DELTA

LUCE

KENT

MARQUETTE

ALGER CHIPPEWA

GOGEBIC

HURON

SANILAC

BAY

BARAGA

LAKE

ONTONAGON

IONIA

OAKLAND

MACKINAC

IOSCO

HOUGHTON

ALLEGAN

TUSCOLA

SAGINAW

CLARE

LAPEER

EATONBARRY

MENOMINEE

ALCONA

NEWAYGO

SCHOOLCRAFT

ST. CLAIR

ALPENA

GENESEE

MASON

DICKINSON

OSCODA

INGHAM

OTTAWA

OCEANA

ANTRIMOTSEGO

EMMET

CLINTON

CHEBOYGAN

GRATIOT

OGEMAW

OSCEOLA

MONTCALM

ISABELLAMECOSTA

WEXFORD

MIDLAND

MANISTEE

GLADWIN

MACOMB

KALKASKA

MISSAUKEE

PRESQUE ISLE

CRAWFORDBENZIE

LIVINGSTON

MUSKEGON

ARENAC

ROSCOMMON

SHIAWASSEE

LEELANAU

CHARLEVOIX

KEWEENAW

GRANDTRAVERSE

MONTMORENCY

VAN BUREN KALAMAZOO CALHOUN JACKS ON WASHTENAWWAYNE

MONROELENAWEEHILLSDALEBRANCHST. JOSEPHCASSBERRIEN

Thunderstorm Days Per Year20-30 Days per Year30-40 Days per Year40-60 Days per Year

Thunderstorm Days Per Year:State of Michigan Averages

Produced by:Michigan State Police

Emergency Management Division12 January 2002

Natural features risks and impacts:Natural features do not contribute to orintensity the risk of a hail storm. This naturalhazard is not made worse by specific groundfeatures such as topography and soils. Hailis created when atmospheric water particlesfrom thunderstorms form into rounded orirregular lumps of ice that fall to the ground.

Man-made risks and impacts: There arenot many man-made features that maycontribute to or intensify the risk of hail. Oneworth noting is agricultural in nature:

Agricultural Crops

Extensive crop damage can occur if theplants are battered by hail. Depending onthe magnitude of crop damage, the local andeven national supply of particular foodproducts can be affected, and this maycreate marketplace inflation of the limitedsupply.



• damage to agricultural livestock• damage to agricultural crops

Risks of Floods

Likelihood of occurrence: In theLivingston County Hazard Profile Evaluation,floods were given a historical occurrenceranking of Medium. Since 1983 there havebeen sixteen (16) major flooding incidents.Which suggests that there is a 53.3% chancethat flooding will occur in any given year inLivingston County. The time-line, locationsand impacts of these events can be profiledas follows:

Collateral risks: The Livingston CountyHazard Profile Evaluation ranks the CollateralDamage or possibility of hail causingsecondary damage, as Some. Propertydamage to homes and vehicles is an obviouscollateral vulnerability associated with hail.Less obvious risks include:


1986 Random

County

Locations

Property Damage

1989 Green Oak

Township

Approximately 25

year-round cottage

homes on Limekiln

Lake experienced

flooding due to their

location on

lowlands around

the lake

1990 Green Oak,

Hamburg

and Putnam

Townships

Property Damage

1996 Hartland

Township

Water washed

over Bullards Dam

on Bullard lake due

to heavy rains

Flooding Events in Livingston County, 1983-2013


2000 Hamburg

and Green

Oak

Townships

The Huron River

exceeded flood

stage June 28-

July 8. People living

in hundreds of

homes on the

pennisulas

between Ore Lake

and the Huron

River experienced

some minor

flooding in their

yards.

2001- Feb. Hamburg

Township

The Huron River

exceeded flood

stage for

approximately 24

hours due to rain

and snowmelt,

basement and road

flooding occurred

2001 - May

through June

Hamburg

Township

The Huron River

exceed flood stage

for 26 days

causing property

flooding and

damage

2001 - Oct. Hamburg

Township

Huron River

exceeded flood

stage for one

week, property

flooding and

damage

2002 Hamburg

Township

May 13-31 the

Huron River

exceeded flood

stage, property

flooding and

damage




Chapter 4


2008 County-wide Remnants of

Hurricane Gustav

(9/4) and Ike (9/14)

passed through

County, causing

property flooding

and minor flood

damage to homes

2009 Howell Severe

thunderstorms

caused flash

flooding. Half a foot

of standing water

on primary

roadways, power

loss


Notes: ** Indicates Governor’s Declaration.Sources: Livingston County EmergencyManagement, Michigan Hazard Analysis July2012, and National Oceanic AtmosphericAdministration (NOAA) National ClimaticData Center.

The type of Governor’s Declaration for the2004 flooding was State of Disaster whichdirects state agencies to maximize theirefforts to assist the affected jurisdictions andto utilize all resources at their availabilitypursuant to the Michigan EmergencyManagement Plan. A Presidentialdeclaration of Major Disaster was laterdeclared for this 2004 flooding incident.

Locational risk: Livingston County istopographically elevated compared to thesurrounding counties in Michigan, with theexception of southwestern Oakland County.This results in the County sitting on ahydrological divide. Floodwaters fromLivingston County discharge to LakeMichigan (via the Red Cedar River and


2004

May 14 -

June 8

Hamburg

and Green

Oak

Townships

Huron River

exceeded flood

stage, property

flooding and

damage

2004**

May 23-24

Hamburg

and Green

Oak

Townships

Heavy rainfall

worsened the flood

stage of the Huron

River,

approximately 120

homes sustained

minor to major

damage; there

were 25

evacuations

2004

June 11-21

Hamburg

and Green

Oak

Townships

The Huron River

once again

exceeded flood

stage, property

flooding and

damage

2005 Hamburg

Township

For a six day

period of time in

January, the Huron

River exceeded

flood stage

2006 8 Western

Livingston

County

Townships

3-8 inches of rain

over a four hour

period

overwhelmed the

drainage system,

causing property

flooding and minor

flood damage to

homes




Looking Glass River systems), Lake Huron(via the Shiawassee River and North OreCreek Systems) and Lake Erie (via theHuron River and its several tributary creeks).Perhaps due to the elevated topography andrelatively mild rainfall patterns, historicalagricultural drainage systems were lessaggressive than in surrounding communities.Therfore, structural flooding risk in the countyis often more associated with agressivebuilding practices next to wetlands anddrainageways, rather than with large scaleflooding events typically associated withFEMA-mapped floodplains.

In 2008 the Michigan Department ofEnvironomental Quality, in cooperation withthe Federal Emergency ManagementAgency, completed a map modernizationproject for Livingston County. The new mapscreated as a result of this map modernizationproject overlaid the historical FEMA maps onaerial photography, and added new maps forseveral tributary streams that were previouslyunavailable. While these maps were adramatic improvement over the old mapspublished in 1986, two key points should benoted when evaluating flood risk aspresented by these maps:

• The MDEQ has stated that mappingefforts in the Huron River watershedutilized existing data where availablefrom the 1986 FEMA study, which wasnot updated. For Hamburg and GreenOak Townships, this means that the2008 aerial maps do not account forsubstantial development that hasoccurred in the headwaters ofSouthwestern Oakland County fromthe mid-1980’s to date. USGS datafor the Huron River at HamburgStream Gage have exhibitedincreased occurrence of peak flowsover the last decade spanning 2003 to2013. NOAA has also publishedrecent reports that have noted an

increase in rainfall intensities andstorm severity compared to earlierstorm intensities, which lead us torecommend updating the 1986hydrological analysis.

• Mapping efforts along the Red CedarRiver through Handy, Iosco, andConway Townships included areaswhere the Livingston County DrianCommissioner (LCDC) operatesseveral tributary drainage systemsfeeding the Red Cedar River. Theextent of flooding along the RedCedar River as presented by themaps in this portion of the Countydoes not corroborate well with thehistorical observations of LCDC staff,who have indicated the FEMA mapsoutside of the Village of Fowlervilletend to under-report flooding based onobservations from several events from1975 to date. When discussions withtechnical staff of FEMA ensured ,LCDC staff were informed a one footdatum shift associated with the USGSgage for the Red Cedar River nearWilliamston lowered the floodplainone foot. LCDC staff could notcorroborate this datum shift withUSGS staff.

With the concerns noted above, areas ofknown large-scale flood risk are depicted inthe following Livingston County Floodplainand Flood Hazard Areas map and can be

described as follows:

Northwest Quadrant:

• The Red Cedar River drains all ofHandy Township, and substantialportions of Conway, Howell, Iosco,and Marion Townships. Prior to mapmodernization in 2008, publishedFEMA maps were only available for

45

Iosco Genoa

Handy

Marion

Tyrone

OceolaHowell

Conway

Putnam

Hartland

Unadilla

Deerfield

Brighton

Cohoctah

Hamburg Green Oak

City of Howell

City of Brighton

Fowlerville

Pinckney

Livingston CountyFloodplain and Flood Hazard Areas

®0 2.5 5 7.5 101.25

Miles

Source: FEMA Digital Q3 Flood DataPrepared By: Livingston County Department of Planning Hazard Mitigation Planning in Livingston County

Floodplain

Non-Floodplain

Highways

7 Flood Hazard Areas



this system in the Village of Fowlerville.The river serves as the ultimate outletfor several large tributary streams, andit’s relatively shallow depth, comparedto the elevations it operated at asrecently as 50 years ago, limit the flowcapacity of tributary streams.

• Sprague Creek, the South Branch of theShiawassee River and Bogue Creekthat traverse Cohoctah and HowellTownships and the City of Howell.

Northeast Quadrant:

• North Ore Creek from the Genessee/Livingston County line extendingthrough the Lobdell/Bennett/Hoisington/Stearns chain of lakes in northernDeerfield and Tyrone Townships, thensouthward surrounding the ParshallvillePond to a point south of the pond wherethe creek splits in a east/west fashion.The flood hazard areas follow thebranches of the creek where the westbranch terminates in section 7 ofHartland Township and the flood hazarddesignation follows the east branchsouth of the burg of Hartland where itagain splits and terminates surroundingBullard and Handy lakes. Developmentpressure, including the availability ofsanitary sewer service along the M-59/US-23 corridor, has served to increaseurbanization in this area, thusincreasing the need for surfacedrainage service, and the risksassociated with a large scale floodingevent.

• Cranberry Creek and the lakes it joinsin Deerfield Township.

• Runyan and Sullivan Lakes in TyroneTownship and Denton Creek thatconnects them.

Southeast Quadrant:

• The Huron River extending from KentLake in northeast Green OakTownship (Section 1) southwestthrough Island Lake State Park tolarge flood hazard areas surroundingOre Lake and the Huron MeadowMetropark Pond in eastern HamburgTownship to areas surrounding a chainof 12 lakes that include: Oneida,Zukey, Sunset, Strawberry, LakeShangri- La, Bass, Gallagher, Long,Whiteford, Mohican, Tamarack andBase Line Lakes. The Huron Riverconnects to Strawberry Lake and thenon the west side of the lake it splitsinto Gallagher and Long lakes andcontinues westward from Gallagher toWhiteford Lake to Base Line Lake atthe Livingston/Washtenaw county linein Section 31 of Hamburg Township.This flood risk has been altered overtime by:

i. the conversion of historically seasonalhomes along the chair of lakes toyear-round residences as LivingstonCounty has increased population, and

ii. Development patterns in southwesternOakland County increasing runoff intothe Huron River System

The dam operator for the John Flook(Portage/Baseline Lake) Dam justsouth of the County Line on the HuronRiver reports that during spring andfall flood events with the gates fullyopen, there is no appreciable effecton water levels upstream. This is dueto the relatively large tributary to thisstructure (over 400 square miles) andthe relatively large storage area ofwater on the chain of lakes.



Chapter 4

• Davis Creek westward from theLivingston/Oakland county line inSection 13 of Green Oak Township,extending southwest to terminate intoTen Mile Lake which connects to achain of 5 additional lakes including:Nichwagh, Limekiln, Sandy Bottom,Fish and Silver Lakes. The creek thencontinues northwest from SandyBottom Lake to the Huron River justnorth of Silver Lake Road and east ofU.S. 23.

• The South Branch of the Huron Riverextending from the Huron River as itconnects to Strawberry Lake inSection 27 of Hamburg Township,southeast to Whitmore Lake inSection 32 of Green Oak Township.

• Brighton, Fonda, Island, Briggs andWildwing Lakes surrounding the Cityof Brighton and the Mill Pond withinthe City.

Northwest Quadrant:

• The perimeters of the Village ofFowlerville - flood hazards associatedwith the Red Cedar River.

Southwest Quadrant:

• Honey Creek from its juncture withPortage Creek just southeast of theVillage of Pinckney, southeast toPortage Lake which straddles thePutnam/Hamburg township line.

• Flood hazard areas connectingWoodburn/Patterson Lake at theUnadilla/Putnam Township linesoutheasterly to Half Moon Lake, toopen water areas southwest of theburg of Hell. The operator of theHiland Dam in the burg of Hell reports

a typical water level increase four timesthe precipitation amount for Woodburn/Patterson lakes, and that fully openingthe Hiland Dam during high flowperiods has little or no influence in thewater elevations at Half Moon andWoodburn/Patterson lakes. County andTownship officials were involved in anemergency response activity tosandbag homes surroundingWoodburn and Patterson Lakes in2007. It should be noted that HilandLake has not experienced flooding inthese events. However, flooding hasbeen reported on the Portage Creekoutlet downstream of the Hiland LakeDam. This has generally been reportedfrom Patterson Lake Roaddownstream to Portage Lake inSection 36 of Putnam Township.

When the historical occurrences of flooding inLivingston County are cross referenced withthe MDEQ/FEMA map modernization project,several vulnerable areas of Livingston Countyare identified. These locational risk areasinclude:

√ the Village of Fowlerville and the RedCedar River near the village

√ North Ore Creek at Parshallville and atBullard Lake

√ Limekiln Lake

√ the Huron River through Green Oakand Hamburg Townships

√ the area surrounding Ore Lake

√ Portage Creek at the settlement of Hellto Portage Lake in Putnam Township



Ore Lake Flooding in Hamburg and Green Oak Townships - May 2004

49

Natural features risks and impacts: Thenatural features in Livingston County that maycontribute to or intensify flood risk include:

• floodplains• rivers• lakes• streams• steep slopes• soil capabilities

Floodplains

According to hazard and floodplain data,flooding of floodplain areas due to overflowfrom adjacent rivers, lakes and streams, islikely to occur in 19 of 20 Livingston Countycommunities.

Currently 17 of our 20 Livingston Countycommunities participate in the National FloodInsurance Program (NFIP). The onlycommunities that do not participate are:Brighton, Howell and Tyrone Townships.

Rivers

There are three major rivers that flow throughLivingston County. Each of these rivers maybe vulnerable to riverine flooding triggered byintense rainfall, snow melt or other factorswhich cause an increase in the normal watervolume carried by the river. These LivingstonCounty rivers include: the Huron River whichflows through Green Oak and HamburgTownships in the southeastern portion of thecounty; the South Branch of the ShiawaseeRiver which flows through Cohoctah, Howelland Marion Townships in the central portionof the county; and the Red Cedar River andits branches which primarily flows throughHandy and Iosco Townships in the westernportion of the county. County rivers aredepicted in the Livingston County Lakes,Rivers and Streams map on the adjacentpage.

Lakes

Lakes are affected by large volumes of runoffmoving downstream through rivers andstreams to deposit in a lake. Hundreds oflakes are present in Livingston County, andover 50 lakes are greater than 60 acres insize. The greatest concentration of lakes inthe county occurs in the southeast quadrantand includes large lakes such as Chemung,East & West Crooked Lake, Brighton,Woodland, Fonda, Island, Briggs, Rush,Bass, Strawberry, Zukey, Winans, Ore,Whitmore, Silver and Nichwagh Lakes.Hamburg Township in southeast LivingstonCounty contains substantially more lakes thanany other Livingston County community. Seethe Livingston County Lakes, Rivers andStreams map and the Lakes and Drains mapon the following pages.

Streams

Streams in Livingston County may also bevulnerable to riverine flooding or flash floods.Major streams in Livingston County include:Cranberry Creek, Ore Creek, Denton Creekand Bogue Creek in northeast LivingstonCounty; Ore Creek, Woodruff Creek, MannCreek, Hay Creek, Chilson Creek, Spring MillCreek and Davis Creek in southeastLivingston County; Livermore Creek, HoneyCreek and Portage Creek in southwestLivingston County; and Sprague Creek andBogue Creek in northwest Livingston County.

Steep Slopes

Steep slopes contribute to flood vulnerabilityby accelerating surface water run-off intonearby floodplains, rivers, streams and lakes.Rapid surface run-off is particularly a riskwhen:

• slopes are of 18% grade or more

50

Lobdell Lake

Portage Lake

Ore Lake

Whitmore Lake

Lake Shannon

Lake Chemung

Woodland Lake

Bennet Lake

Bass Lake

Long Lake

Thompson Lake

Strawberry Lake

Silver Lake

Rush Lake

Runyan Lake

East Crooked Lake

Zukey Lake

Island Lake

Brighton Lake

Lake Walden

Winans Lake

Base Line Lake

West Crooked Lake

Patterson Lake

Cedar Lake

Hi-land Lakes

Coon Lake

Tyrone Lake

Nichwagh Lake

Marl Lake

Fonda Lake

School Lake

Hoisingston Lake

Hamburg Lake

Indian Lakes

Round Lake

Briggs Lake

Ryan Lake

Whitewood Lakes

Louis Lake

Pardee Lake

Bentley Lake

Earl Lake

Pleasant Lake

Sloan Lake

Maxfield Lake

Beach Lake

Handy Lake

Wildwing Lake

Woodburn Lake

Triangle Lake

Mill Pond

Williamsville Lake

Walker Lake

Chilson Impoundment

Fish Lake

Bishop Lake

Round Lake

Gill Lake

Lake Urban

Appleton Lake

Euler Lake

Whalen Lake

Oneida Lake

Gallagher Lake

Half Moon LakeJoslin Lake

Lime Lake

Bullard Lake

Bitten Lake

Crooked Lake

Cordley Lake

Watson Lake

Buck Lake

Neff Lake

Sandy Bottom Lake

Indian Lakes

Hidden Lake

Fausett Lake

Kent Lake

Maltby Lake

Barris Lake

Duck Lake

Parshallville Pond

Sheets Lake

Putnam Lake

Clark Lake

Frog Lake

Half Moon Lake

Lake Serene

Baetcke Lake

Stearns Lake

Blaine Lake

Lyon Lake

Woodruff Lake

Noble Lake

Sharp LakeLong Lake

Patterson Lake

Chenango Lake

Mud Lake

Bruin Lake

Osborn Lake

Ackerman Lake

Sullivan Lake

Kuhn Lake

Dibrova Lake

Lady Jane Lake

Reed Lake

Lamoreaux Lake

Long Lake

Mud Lake

Sabine Lake

Mill Pond

Cook Lake

Worden Lake

Denton Lake

McConachie Lake

Monahan Lake

Root Lake

Mud Lake

Lake Cohoctah

Gale Lake

Lamb Lake

Edgewood Lake

Grass Lake

Mohican Lake

Tamarack LakeLawton Lake

Sunset Lake

Cranberry Lake

Grand Beach Lake

Wolf Lake

McIntyre Lake

Big Barber Lake

Gosling Lake

Logan Lakes

Haynor Lake

Goodfellow Lake

Horseshoe Lake

Crooked Lake

Divine Lake

Mott Lake

Grubb Lake

Church Lake

Beaver Lake

Mud Lake

Treasure Lake

Caroga Lake

Fowlerville WWTP

Logan Lakes

Cunningham Lake

Rider Lake

Chase Lake

Schuler Lake

Howell Township WWTP

Little Barber Lake

School Lot Lake

Bennet Lake

Pearson Lake

Wasson Lake

Alans MHP Treatment Ponds

Hidden Lake WWTP

Hur

on

Riv

er

C & C Union

North O

re C

reek

East Cedar R

iver

Davis C

reek

Wo

odru

ff C

ree

kM

ann

Cre

ek

Colbu

rn &

Kee

der

Gard

ner C

ounty

Livingston CountyLakes, Rivers and Streams

®0 2 4 6 81

MilesSource: Livingston County GISPrepared By: Livingston County Department of Planning Hazard Mitigation Planning in Livingston CountyJune 2004

Lake

Rivers and Streams

51

• a steep slope contains developmentwith impervious surfaces that redirectwater and cause it to accumulate

• development has altered the naturalvegetation on a steep slope that mightnaturally have captured some of thesurface water run-off

The Livingston County Steep Slopes map onthe following page illustrates that the heaviestconcentration of steep slopes is present inthe southeast quadrant of Livingston County.Additional areas where steep slopes areconcentrated include: Tyrone Township, thewestern portion of Oceola Township and thesouthwest quadrant of Putnam Township.

Soil Capabilities

Some soils absorb surface water runoff moreeffectively than others. Soils with higher clayor muck content tend to pond water and theprincipal management concern is adequatedrainage. If development occurs on landsurrounding these types of soil, theimpervious surfaces of the development canfurther contribute to the retention of water tothe point where flooding is possible.Therefore any plans for development shouldinclude drainage management practicessuch as providing an adequate balance ofopen spaces within a development area sothat rainwater runoff can be absorbed byopen soils or providing structural projects tochannel water away from people andproperty (such as culverts).

Steep slopes consisting of certain soil typesmay also be prone to soil erosion concernscaused by rapid surface water runoff. Soilseroded by water runoff can cause silt buildupand reduce the capacity of a river or streamto carry flood waters (see correspondingmap on adjacent page).

Erosion can be controlled by managementpractices that reduce the rate and volume ofsurface water runoff and increase the rate ofwater absorption by the soil. Providingnatural vegetation on steep slopes andcontour cultivation such as terracing, are twosuch management practices.

Man-made risks and impacts: The man-made features in Livingston County that maycontribute to or intensify flood risk include:

• drains• storm sewer systems• impervious surfaces• dams

Drains

As a community, Livingston County has along history as an agrarian community andmuch of the western portion is still farmedtoday. There are numerous wetlands, lakes,and three major watersheds, all of which havecontributed to the extensive network ofdrains throughout Livingston County. Themajority of drains are located in the westernhalf of the county where agricultural soils aredrained for a large network of agriculturalfields. See the following page for adepiction of Livingston County Lakes andDrains.

Storm Sewer Systems

Storm sewers, which are usually found alongdowntown streets and in fairly denseneighborhoods, can move large volumes ofrainwater rapidly over long distances. Stormsewers are particularly vulnerable if they arecombined with sanitary sewer systems.Separation of the two systems is preferredsince the inundation of flood waters cancause water and sewage to back up in thesystem and flood basements. Particularlyvulnerable are Livingston County’s two

52

Livingston CountySteep Slopes

Areas of 18% Slope or Greater

®0 2.5 5 7.5 101.25

MilesSource: Livingston County U.S.D.A. Soil SurveyPrepared By: Livingston County Department of Planning Hazard Mitigation Planning in Livingston County

53

Lobdell Lake

Portage Lake

Ore Lake

Whitmore Lake

Lake Shannon

Lake Chemung

Woodland Lake

Bennet Lake

Bass Lake

Long Lake

Thompson Lake

Strawberry Lake

Silver Lake

Rush Lake

Runyan Lake

East Crooked Lake

Zukey Lake

Island Lake

Brighton Lake

Lake Walden

Winans Lake

Base Line Lake

West Crooked Lake

Patterson Lake

Cedar Lake

Hi-land Lakes

Coon Lake

Tyrone Lake

Nichwagh Lake

Marl Lake

Fonda Lake

School Lake

Hoisingston Lake

Hamburg Lake

Indian Lakes

Round Lake

Briggs Lake

Ryan Lake

Whitewood Lakes

Louis Lake

Pardee Lake

Bentley Lake

Earl Lake

Pleasant Lake

Sloan Lake

Maxfield Lake

Beach Lake

Handy Lake

Wildwing Lake

Woodburn Lake

Triangle Lake

Mill Pond

Williamsville Lake

Walker Lake

Chilson Impoundment

Fish Lake

Bishop Lake

Round Lake

Gill Lake

Lake Urban

Appleton Lake

Euler Lake

Whalen Lake

Oneida Lake

Gallagher Lake

Half Moon LakeJoslin Lake

Lime Lake

Bullard Lake

Bitten Lake

Crooked Lake

Cordley Lake

Watson Lake

Buck Lake

Neff Lake

Sandy Bottom Lake

Indian Lakes

Hidden Lake

Fausett Lake

Kent Lake

Maltby Lake

Barris Lake

Duck Lake

Parshallville Pond

Sheets Lake

Putnam Lake

Clark Lake

Frog Lake

Half Moon Lake

Lake Serene

Baetcke Lake

Stearns Lake

Blaine Lake

Lyon Lake

Woodruff Lake

Noble Lake

Sharp LakeLong Lake

Patterson Lake

Chenango Lake

Mud Lake

Osborn Lake

Ackerman Lake

Sullivan Lake

Kuhn Lake

Dibrova Lake

Lady Jane Lake

Reed Lake

Lamoreaux Lake

Long Lake

Mud Lake

Sabine Lake

Mill Pond

Cook Lake

Worden Lake

Denton Lake

McConachie Lake

Monahan Lake

Root Lake

Mud Lake

Lake Cohoctah

Gale Lake

Lamb Lake

Edgewood Lake

Grass Lake

Mohican Lake

Tamarack LakeLawton Lake

Sunset Lake

Cranberry Lake

Grand Beach Lake

Wolf Lake

McIntyre Lake

Big Barber Lake

Gosling Lake

Logan Lakes

Haynor Lake

Goodfellow Lake

Horseshoe Lake

Crooked Lake

Divine Lake

Mott Lake

Grubb Lake

Church Lake

Beaver Lake

Mud Lake

Treasure Lake

Caroga Lake

Fowlerville WWTP

Logan Lakes

Cunningham Lake

Rider Lake

Chase Lake

Schuler Lake

Howell Township WWTP

Little Barber Lake

School Lot Lake

Bennet Lake

Pearson Lake

Wasson Lake

Alans MHP Treatment Ponds

Hidden Lake WWTP

Mari

on

No.

2Living

ston N

o. 3

Con

way N

o. 1

5

An

de

r so

n D

r ai n

Cedar R

iver Im

pro

vem

ent

Portage Creek Drain

Livi

ngst

on

No.

7

Bush Drain

Conw

ay

No. 1

Ho

we

ll N

o.

1

Bro

wnin

g D

rain

Iosc

o 3

5-3

Iosc

o D

rain

No

. 3

Carter Drain

Iosc

o D

rain

No

. 2

L & S

No.5

Tyrone 27-4

Howell No. 2

Iosc

o 3

6-2

Con

way 2

5-2

Marion No. 3

Oceola Drain No. 1G

en

oa

No. 1

Howell 3-1

Bri

gh

ton

1-1

Ha

ndy

33- 1

Co

nw

ay N

o. 3

Howell No. 4

How

ell &

Oceo

la D

rain

Hibbard DrainG

en

oa

24

- 1

Conway 8-1

Handy 7 & 13

Deerfield 13-3

Oce

ola

10-3

Con

way N

o. 1

8

Con

way

No. 1

6

Genoa & Oceola Drain

Han

dy N

o. 1

4

Unadilla 10-5

Handy No. 19

Oceola 1-1

Marion 1-1

C &

L N

o. 1

Hartland 16-2

Genoa 6-1

Livingston No. 5

Han

dy 4

-3

Woodin D

rain

Con

way N

o.

20

Oce

ola

No.

3

Marion

20-1

Iosc

o 2

6-7

Oce

ola

6-1

Con

way 1

1- 4

Handy No. 4

Pu

tna

m 4

-2

Handy 7-2

Lime Lake D

rain

Tyro

ne

35-1

Tyrone 24-3

Conway 3-2

Livin

gsto

n N

o. 2

Dee

rfie

ld 2

2- 1

Gen

oa 7

-3

Howell County Drain

Unadilla 19-1

Unadilla 7-3

Iosco 31-4

Con

way 6

-2

Genoa 2-1

Con

way

7-1

Marion N

o. 5

Iosco 1-1

Con

way 1

5- 6

Iosc

o N

o. 8

Hart

land

22

-8

Cohoctah 34-1

Con

wa

y 2

1-2

Howell No. 3

Iosco 14-3

Livingston CountyLakes and Drains

®0 2.5 5 7.5 101.25

Miles

Source: Livingston County GISPrepared By: Livingston County Department of Planning Hazard Mitigation Planning in Livingston CountyJune 2004

Lake

Drain

Note: Both public and private drainsare shown.



cities which provide storm sewers.

Impervious Surfaces

Roadways, parking lots, rooftops and otherhard surfaces that do not absorb water, arecalled impervious surfaces. Impervioussurfaces redirect stormwater and cause it toaccumulate into much greater volumes thanwould normally flow over the land. Thenegative impacts of impervious surfaces arecompounded when this man-made vulnerabilityis adjacent to a natural feature that is alsovulnerable (e.g. a river, a stream, etc.)

Based on the current state of development inLivingston County, the areas with the largestamount of impervious surfaces are the county’stwo cities and two villages. Other areas with ahigh level of impervious surfaces (more than26%) include:

• the I-96 corridor

• the U.S. 23 corridor

• the General Motor proving grounds inBrighton Township

• an industrial park off Silver Lake Roadin Green Oak Township

• scattered sites in Genoa and HowellTownships along Grand River Avenue

• most of the area surrounding LakeChemung in Genoa Township

• state correctional facilities along M-36in Green Oak Township

See the Livingston County Percent ImperviousSurfaces map on the following page for anillustrated view.

Dams

Livingston County contains a total of 14 damsites that are regulated under the MichiganDam Safety Act. Three of these dams areclassified as Category 1 High Hazard Damsand 11 are classified as Category 2Significant Hazard Dams. Each of these damsites are illustrated on the following page onthe map titled Dam Sites Regulated UnderMichigan Dam Safety Act, and they are furtherdecribed in the following Risks of Dam Failuresection.

Category 1 and Category 2 Dams havewritten emergency operation plans for theirparticular site. These plans are contained inthe Livingston County EmergencyManagement Plan.

Collateral risks: The Livingston CountyHazard Profile Evaluation ranks the CollateralDamage or possibility of flooding causingsecondary damage, as High (the highestranking). Property damage is an obviouscollateral vulnerability associated with floodingevents, however, there are many other risksthat can be triggered by floods including thefollowing:

• contamination of drinking water - ifflood waters cover well heads, the wellwater is considered contaminated andis no longer safe for humanconsumption.

• wastewater treatment plant overflows

• grinder pump/septic overflows

• storm sewer overflows

• broken sewer lines causing watersupply pollution

55

LIVINGSTON COUNTY PERCENT IMPERVIOUS SURFACESBased on 1995 Land Use

.Sources: SEMCOG, MIRIS 1995 land use data

Prepared By: Livingston County Department of Planning,

Hazard Mitigation Planning in Livingston County

2 0 2 41 Miles

84 W

43 N

84 W

43 N

Livingston County, MichiganLivingston County, Michigan

Legend

0 - 10%

11 - 25%

26 - 88%

Water



• infrastructure damage to bridges,culverts, drainage pipes, dams, roads,etc.

• downed power lines

• broken gas lines

• fires

• dispersion of hazardous materials

• interruption of communications and ortransportation systems

• stream bank failure

• silt dispersion that may reduce thecapacity of the river or stream to carrywater

occurrence ranking of Low.

Livingston County Emergency Managementhas recorded four dam failures since 1975;only one of which occurred during the lastthirty years in the 1983-2013 time period thatwe are analyzing in this plan. The time-line,locations and impacts of these events are asfollows:

• debris dispersion such as rocks, fallentrees and other debris that can becarried downstream to act asbattering rams to structures

• outbreak of disease

• widespread animal death

Risks of Dam Failure

Likelihood of occurrence: Dam failurescan be catastrophic because they often occurunexpectedly with no time for evacuation. Theimpacts of a dam failure can be felt milesdownstream from a dam. A dam failure canresult in loss of life and extensive propertyand natural resource damage. Floodingevents can cause water to overtop a dam ordam failure may be a result of poor damoperation, lack of maintenance/repair, orvandalism.

In the Livingston County Hazard ProfileEvaluation, Dam Failure is given a historical


1975* Hartland

Township -

settlement of

Parshallville

Flooding caused

the unregulated

Parshallville Dam

to fail, thereby

causing nearby

Lake Shannon to

drain. The dam and

associated road

had to be re-built.

1981 Hartland

Township -

settlement of

Parshallville

Water wahed over

the unregulated

Parshallville Dam

causing bank

failure.

1982 Putnam

Township -

settlement of

Hell

Hiland Lake Dam in

Hell failed. A

nearby trailer park

of about 20 units

was flooded.

1996 Hartland

Township -

Bullard Lake

Dam

Water washed

over Bullards Dam

due to heavy rains,

resulting in a dam

that is in fragile

condition and an

embankment prone

to failure.

Dam Failure Events in Livingston County

Notes: *Indicates Presidential Declaration.

57

According to the Michigan Department ofEnvironmental Quality (MDEQ), there havebeen 287 dam failures documented inMichigan since 1888.The Michigan HazardAnalysis states “Although dams vary widely intheir significance and environmental contextthroughout Michigan, the historical recordshows a frequency of about 2.3 failures peryear, on average.”

Locational Risk: Dams in Michigan areregulated by Part 307, Inland Lake Levels,and Part 315, Dam Safety, of The NaturalResources and Environmental Protection Act,1994 PA 451, as amended. Part 315requires that dam owners prepare, and keepcurrent, an Emergency Action Plan (EAP) forall High and Significant Hazard dams (asrated through the Michgan Dam SafetyProgram). An EAP is a plan that establishesprocedures for notification of the MDEQ,public off-site authorities, and otheragencies, of the emergency actions to betaken prior to and following an impending oractual failure of a dam.

Hazard potential is based upon the potentialloss of life, property damage andenvironmental damage in an areadownstream of a dam; it is not based uponthe structural condition of the dam. A dam thatis rated “High Hazard” is one where loss oflife is likely if the dam fails. A dam that israted “Significant Hazard” is one wherepossible loss of human life and likelysignificant property or environmentaldestruction would occur if the dam failed.

Livingston County has 10 dam sites thatrequire an EAP under the Michigan DamSafety Act. Three of these dams areclassified as “High Hazard” Dams, and 7 areclassified as “Significant Hazard” Dams. Anadditional 14 dams are “Low Hazard” dams.

The following map and table of State of

Michigan Regulated Dams in LivingstonCounty shows us that the 3 High Hazarddams are located in Brighton, Green Oakand Putnam Townships. Failure of any ofthese 3 dams has the potential to causeserious flood damage to inhabited homes,agricultural buildings, campgrounds,recreational facilities, industrial orcommercial buildings, public utilities, mainhighways or Class I carrier railroads.Environmental degradation from floodingcould also be extensive and there is thepotential for loss of human life. The 7Significant Hazard dams in Livingston Countyare located in the communities of Green Oak,Hamburg, Genoa, Unadilla, Cohoctah andthe City of Howell. Failure of these dams maycause flood damage limited to isolatedinhabited homes, agricultural buildings,structures, secondary highways, short linerailroads or public utilities. Much like HighHazard dams, these dams may result inflooding that causes significant environmentaldegradation and loss of human life.

Overall, the southern portion of LivingstonCounty from Woodland Lake in BrightonTownship to the southern County line,represents the area with the greatestlocational risk for Dam Failure. This areacontains eight of the ten higher risk dams inLivingston County and all three of the damsrated “High Hazard.”

Natural features risks and impacts: Thenatural features (e.g. soils, slopes,woodlands, etc...) that may contribute to orintensify the effects of a dam failure include:

• significant precipitation

• dead vegetation along waterways thatcan be swept away, causing damagelike a battering ram



Dam Name Location River/Stream Location

Hazard

Level

Nighwagh Lake Dam Green Oak Twp. - Section 26 Tributary to Huron River High

Hiland Lake Dam Putnam Township - Section 32 Hell Creek High

Woodland Lake Dam Brighton Township - Section 19 South Ore Creek High

Kent Lake Dam Green Oak Township - Section

1

Huron River Significant

Pettysville Mill Dam Hamburg Twp. - Section 16 Chilson Creek Significant

Lower Chilson Pond Dam Hamburg Township - Section 4 Chilson Creek Significant

Brighton Lake Dam Genoa Township - Section 36 South Ore Creek Significant

Unadilla Mill Dam Unadilla Township - Section 35 Hell Creek Significant

Oak Grove Millpond Dam CohoctahTwp. - Section 36 Bogue Creek Significant

Thompson Lake Dam City of Howell Tributary to Bogue Creek Significant

Moraine Lake Dam Brighton Township - Section 22 Mann Creek Low

Shannon Lake Dam Tyrone Township - Section 19 North Branch Ore Creek Low

Marsh Unit Flooding #4 Putnam Township - Section 16 Tributary to Honey Creek Low

Parshallville Dam Hartland Township - Section 6 North Ore Creek Low

Hidden Lake Dam Cohoctah Township - Section

24

Tributary to South Branch

Shiawassee River

Low

Gregory State Game

Area Dam #3

Putnam Township - Section 10 Tributary to Honey Creek Low

Faussett Dam Deerfield Twp. - Section 33 Yellow River Low

General Motors Dam Brighton Township - Section 12 Mann Creek Low

Long Lake Control

Structure

Hartland Township - Section 33 South Ore Creek Low

Bullard Lake Dam Hartland Township - Section 23 Ore Creek Low

Gregory State Game

Area Dam #2

Putnam Township - Section 16 Tributary to Honey Creek Low

Serene Lake Dam Howell Township - Section 24 Tributary to South Branch

Shiawassee River

Low

Tyrone Dam Tyrone Township - Section 34 Tributary to North Ore

Creek

Low

Caroga Lake Level

Control Structure

Hamburg Township - Section 9 Chilson Creek Low

State of Michigan Regulated Dams In Livingston County

Source: National Inventory of Dams, U.S. Army Corp of Engineers.



Chapter 4

Man-made risks and impacts: The man-made features that may contribute to, orintensify the risk of dam failure include:

• lack of an Emergency Action Plan(EAP) for the dam and exercise of thisplan

• dam ownership that is varied andincludes ownership by individuals,private firms, states and municipalities

• indequate dam construction,operation, maintenance or repair

• vandalism

• no warning system for the impactedpopulation

• lack of evacuation due to unexpecteddam failures

• new development in potentialinundation zones downstream fromdam

• aging dam infrastructure

Collateral risks: The Livingston CountyHazard Profile Evaluation ranks the collateraldamage or possibility of dam failure causingsecondary damage, as Some. Other risksthat can be triggered by dam failures includethe following:

• human injury or death

• lifestock death

• property losses

• flooding

• loss of power generated by dam

Risks of Wild Fires

Likelihood of occurrence: In theLivingston County Hazard Profile Evaluation,wild fire is given a historical occurrenceranking of Low, however, the cumulativedamage and effects of wild fires in LivingstonCounty yields a high number of total points inthe evaluation, making wildfires the fourthmost prevalent natural hazard.

According to the Michigan Department ofNatural Resources (MDNR), there have been79 wildfires in Livingston County between1981 and 2010. This number of occurrencesover a 29 year period indicates that wildfiresare likely to occur at least three times peryear in Livingston County (precisely 3.7times). This is a low occurrence whencompared to Michigan’s northern LowerPennisula and Upper Pennisula countieswhere forests cover vast areas of land andwild fires can number in the hundreds to nearone thousand. However, the 79 occurrencesis high when compared to the counties thatsurround Livingston County. The surroundingsix counties have experienced wildfires withinan occurrence range of 1 wildfire in GeneseeCounty to 54 wildfires in Oakland County.Shiawassee County is the only surroundingcounty that has experienced more wildfiresthan Livingston County with 80 that haveoccurred between 1981 and 2010. Withinthe seven county Southeast Michigan Councilof Governments (SEMCOG), LivingstonCounty has experienced the second highestnumber of wildfires. St. Clair County hasexperienced more with 110 recordedwildfires.

MDNR records indicate that the 79 wildfiresthat have occurred in Livingston County, haveburned 651 acres of land between 1981 and2010. This is more than any other county thatsurrounds Livingston County, and it is thesecond highest number of acres burned per



county in the SEMCOG region (second only toSt. Clair County where 1,643 acres of landwere burned).

Drought and lightning strikes are two naturalphenomenons that may contribute to wildfirerisk. Therefore, the risk of these two eventsoccurring is linked to the risk of wildfireoccurrence. However, contrary to popularbelief, neither drought nor lightning strikes arethe primary cause of wildfires. Ninety-threepercent (93%) of wildfires are caused byhuman activity. According to the MichiganHazard Analysis, outdoor debris burning is theleading cause of wildfires in Michigan.

Locational risk: Although the wildfires thathave occurred in Livingston County arespecific in location, a record of theselocations has not been kept by emergencymanagement or fire officials. In addition, theMichigan Department of Natural Resourcesfire force does not suppress many of thewildfires in southern Michigan, thereforeMDNR statistics fail to show a major

presence of wildfires.

2010 Census figures place LivingstonCounty’s total population at 180,967. Thisreflects a gain of 24,016 residents since2000, and 80,678 over the last thirty years.The 2010 Census population is a 80.5%increase since 1980, a 56.5% increase since1990 and a 15.3% change from the 2000Census population figure.

Additionally, Livingston County has long beenconsidered a natural playground for peopleliving in the nearby urban areas of MetroDetroit. Livingston County has approximately20,000 acres of parks and recreation areaswhich comprise roughly 5% of all land areawithin the county. Most of this acreage iswithin State parks, recreation and gameareas (83%) or regional Metroparks (10%).

Since most Michigan wildfires occur close towhere people live and recreate, these twovulnerability factors, an abundance of parksand recreation land and Livingston County’shigh rate of population growth, are thelocational features that make LivingstonCounty most vulnerable to wildfires.

In terms of population, the southeast quadrantof Livingston County accounts forapproximately 46% of the 2010 Censuscounty population. The communities thatmake up southeast Livingston County areBrighton Township, Genoa Township,Hamburg Township, Green Oak Townshipand the City of Brighton with a total southeastquadrant population of 83,697. The fourtownships in the southeast quadrant are themost populous in the county.

The second most populated area of thecounty is the northeast quadrant with apopulation of 40,799 (23% of the countypopulation), and the third and fourth mostpopulated areas of the county are the



Chapter 4

northwest quadrant with a population of30,060 (17% of county) and the southwestquadrant with a population of 25,411 (14% ofcounty).

An inventory of the State parks, County parks,recreation and game areas and Metroparklands, which constitute approximately 98% ofthe park and recreation acreage in LivingstonCounty, reveals the following quadrant byquadrant breakdown:

Southeast Quadrant:

11,206 acres consisting of:

• Island Lake State Recreation Area -4,000 acres of land in Green OakTownship.

• Brighton State Recreation Area -4,947 acres of land in Hamburg andGenoa Townships.

• Kensington Metropark - 522 acres inBrighton Township (the remainder ofthe park is in Oakland County).

• Huron Meadows Metropark - 1,539acres in Hamburg Township.

• Fillmore County Park - 198 acres inGenoa Township.

Northeast Quadrant:

1,194 acres consisting of:

• Oak Grove State Game Area - 894acresin Deerfield Township (roughlyhalf of the game area is in DeerfieldTownship and half is in CohoctahTownship in the northwest quadrant ofthe county).

• Lutz County Park - 300 acres locatedin Section 5 of Deerfield Townshipwest of Latson Road and south ofLovejoy Road (northern county line).

Northwest Quadrant:

894 acres consisting of:

• Oak Grove State Game Area - inCohoctah Township (roughly half of thegame area is in Cohoctah Townshipand half is in Deerfield Township in thenortheast quadrant of the county).

Southwest Quadrant:

6,557 acres and 12.7 linear miles consistingof:

• Gregory State Game Area andUnadilla Wildlife Area - 3,312 acres inUnadilla Township.

• Pinckney State Recreation Area(including Hell Creek Ranch) - 3,245acres in Putnam and UnadillaTownships.

• Lakeland Trail State Park - 12.7 milesin Unadilla and Putnam Townshipsand the Village of Pinckney.

Located on the following page, the mapentitled Livingston County Recreation, Public,and Open Space Areas Southeast Quadrant,depicts where most of these park andrecreational lands are situated.

Each Metropark receives an extensivenumber of visitors ranging from over190,000 annual visitors at Huron MeadowsMetropark to over 2 million annual visitors atKensington Metropark. The State Parks arealso heavily attended with an annualattendance of over 200,000 at Brighton State



Chapter 4

Park, over 700,000 at Pinckney StateRecreation Area and over 1 million annualvisitors at Island Lake State Park. Thenumber of annual visitors to the LakelandTrail and the various game areas throughoutthe county is unknown.

Another significant factor to consider whenassessing the locational risk of wildfires, iswhere the fuel sources for a potential wildfireexist in Livingston County. The location oflarge stands of woodland present thegreatest risk for fueling a wildfire. The mapentitled Livingston County’s LargestWoodland Areas found on the following page,illustrates where the largest stands of treespresently exist in the county. The woodlandsthat are depicted are broad leaved foresttrees such as Central Hardwoods like Oak,and Aspen and White Birch Associatedtrees. Also depicted are coniferous foresttrees such as pine, other upland conifers, andChristmas tree plantations. The stands oftrees were examined on a section by sectionbasis throughout the county. Most sectionsare one square mile in size or 640 acres.The woodlands that are depicted are thosethat comprise approximately 30 - 65% of thesection or approximately 190 to 414 acres ofthe 640 acre section. This analysis revealedthe following large stands of trees:

Southeast Quadrant:

• A swath of woodland in the northeastpart of Green Oak Township extendingup to the southeast corner of BrightonTownship. This woodland area isassociated with the Island LakeRecreation Area and the KensingtonMetropark.

• Expanses of woodland near thenortheast and northwest corners ofHamburg Township. These woodlandareas are associated with the Huron

Meadows Metropark and the BrightonState Recreation Area.

• A woodland area on the north side ofLake Chemung in Genoa Township.Golf course land in this areacontributes to the woodlandpreservation.

• Scattered smaller areas of woodlandsuch as: an area northeast ofNichwagh Lake in Green OakTownship, an area south of Silver LakeRoad and east of Fieldcrest Road inGreen Oak Township (owned by amission society), an area south of OreLake and the Huron River straddlingthe Green Oak and Hamburg Townshipline, and an area northeast of BaseLine Lake in Hamburg Township.

Northeast Quadrant:

• A large expanse of woodland on thewest side of Deerfield Townshipassociated with the Oak Grove StateGame Area and large farm properties.

• Woodlands east of Runyan Lake inTyrone Township.

• Scattered smaller areas of woodlandsuch as: two woodland areas in thesoutheast corner of Tyrone Township, awoodland area south of HoisingtonLake in Tyrone Township, a woodlandin the northeast corner of TyroneTownship, a woodland just west ofTyrone Lake in Hartland Township,woodland areas surrounding the burgof Hartland in Hartland Township, andwoodland areas north and east ofThompson Lake in Oceola Township.

64

Livingston County'sLargest Woodland Areas

Note: The woodlands that are depicted compriseapproximately 30-65% of the section in which they are locatedor approximately 190 to 414 acres of the 640 acre section.

Source: MIRIS Land Cover Data, 2000

Prepared By: Livingston County Department of Planning,Hazard Mitigation in Livingston County, August 2004

®0 2 4 6 81

Miles

Freeways

Rivers

Lakes

Sections

Woodlands

DenseWoodlands



Chapter 4

Northwest Quadrant:

• An expanse of woodland along theeastern tier of sections in CohoctahTownship. This woodland isassociated with the Oak Grove StateGame Area and large agriculturalproperties.

• A woodland area at the north centralboundary of Cohoctah Township.

• A woodland area at the south centralboundary of Cohoctah Township.

• A swath of woodland on either side ofthe Shiawassee River in the northcentral part of Howell Township.

Southwest Quadrant:

• Woodlands along the Red Cedar Riverin the north central portion of MarionTownship, inclusive of State ofMichigan land.

• Woodlands near the southeast cornerof Marion Township that are associatedwith the Brighton Recreation Area.

• Woodlands in northeast PutnamTownship that includes land area withinthe Gregory State Game Area and landarea owned by the Girl Scouts.

• A woodland area immediately north ofthe Village of Pinckney in PutnamTownship.

• A large expanse of woodland at thesouthwest corner of Putnam Townshipand the southeast corner of UnadillaTownship. These woodlands areassociated with the Pinckney StateRecreation Area and land owned bythe University of Michigan.

• Woodlands near the northeast cornerof Unadilla Township and the southeastcorner of Iosco Township that areassociated with the Gregory StateGame Area and large agriculturalproperties.

• Scattered woodlands associated withlarge agricultural properties in Unadillaand Iosco Townships.

In summary, when the high population growthareas of the county are cross referenced withthe location of state parks, recreation andgame areas, Metropark lands, and largestands of woodlands, we can start to identifysome county locations that are particularlyvulnerable to wild fire risk.

Based on resident population andrecreational risk factors, the locations withinthe county that are most at risk from wildfiresare:

√ Hamburg Township (particularly thenorthern half) and,

√ Green Oak Township (particularly thenorthern half).

These two areas are where most of the Stateand Metropark land is located and are alsowithin the quadrant of the county that is mostheavily populated (Hamburg Township is themost populated community in the county andGreen Oak Township is the fourth mostpopulated community in the county accordingto the 2010 Census).

Other areas at a greater risk of wildfirebecause of extensive park land and humanactivity due to resident population include:

√ Genoa Township√ Brighton Township√ Deerfield Township



√ Putnam Township

Areas at a greater risk of wildfire due to largestands of woodland include all LivingstonCounty communities except the two cities ofBrighton and Howell, the two villages ofPinckney and Fowlerville, and the townshipsof Handy and Conway.

This expands the total list of communities thatare locationally at risk of wildfire to thefollowing 14 municipalities:

√ Cohoctah Township√ Deerfield Township√ Tyrone Township√ Hartland Township√ Oceola Township√ Howell Township√ Iosco Township√ Marion Township√ Genoa Township√ Brighton Township√ Green Oak Township√ Hamburg Township√ Putnam Township√ Unadilla Township

Natural features risks and impacts: Thenatural features in Livingston County that maycontribute to or intensify wildfire risk include:

• woodlands• vegetative cover• topography• hydrology• wildland/urban interface areas• state and Metropark park lands

Woodlands

Where there are expanses of woodland, thereis a greater vulnerability to wildfire becausetimber is a potential fuel source for fire. InLivingston County there are not the largestands of trees that you find in less developed

parts of Northern Michigan, but there arepockets of forested land scattered throughthe county. Many of these larger woodlandareas are associated with the State Parksand Metroparks that were discussedpreviously.

Vegetative Cover

Vegetation on both natural and man-madelandscapes can fuel a wildfire. The NationalWildland/Urban Interface Fire Program haspublished many helpful materials on how tocreate a firewise landscape. In a firewiselandscape, four planting zones arerecommended. Zone 1 is closest to thestructure and Zones 2-4 are progressivelyfurther away from the structure. The use oflow lying vegetation is recommended so thatif the vegetation burns it does not as easilyignite the surrounding tree canopy. The useof low flammability and drought tolerant plantmaterials is also suggested and it isrecommended that trees and other plantingson a landscape be well-spaced. Zone 4 is anatural area farthest from the structure. In thiszone it is recommended that nativevegetation be retained with periodic pruningand thinning by the homeowner.

The MDNR is currently conducting a detailedstatewide assessment to determinecommuniities’ risks from wildfire, usingGeographic Information System (GIS)technology. The assessment will identifyareas of greatest concern for wildfires basedon existing and projected land uses andpopulation concentrations, as well astopography, hydrology, soils, vegetative coverand other natural features. The assessmentwill provide state agencies, localgovernments, builders, developers, andprivate citizens with information needed tomake “Firewise” land use and developmentdecisions and to facilitate the creation ofcommunity wilfire protection plans.



Chapter 4

Topography

Topography influences the wind patternswhich can fuel a wildfire and cause it tospread. Even minor slopes cause fire tospread more rapidly. Wildfires on steeptopography cause many long-termenvironmental impacts. Scorched andbarren land on slopes may lead to soilerosion, landslides, mud flows, andsedimentation of nearby water resources.

Hydrology

In a high growth area such as LivingstonCounty where suburban residential patternsare changing the rural landscape, there areoften development battles regarding wellsand the water that is being drawn fromaquifers. The availability of well water iscritical to the rural homeowner in terms ofwatering/irrigating their landscape tosuppress the risk of wildfire. A naturallyoccurring drought compounds this risk andincreases the need for irrigation. In a rurallandscape, the lack of readily available waterfrom pressurized underground pipespresents further concerns for irrigation andfire suppression.

Wildland/urban Interface Areas

Increased suburban-style development in andaround forested areas in Livingston Countyhas increased the potential for loss of life andproperty from wildfires. Wooded slopes thatprovide scenic vistas are popular for homeplacement. Where wildland and urbanresidential development abut one anotherthere is an increased risk of a wildfire beingignited by a structural fire or a structure beingignited by a wildfire.

State and Metropark Park Lands

Park lands contribute to the vulnerability of

natural features because of the extensivevolume of woodland and other vegetation thatis preserved in the parks. The contiguousacres of park land greatly benefit thepreservation of habitat, but the abundance ofnatural timber and vegetative cover acts as apotential fuel source for wildfire, and thenatural devastation from a park land firewould be far greater than wildfires in otherportions of Livingston County.

Man-made risks and impacts: The man-made features in Livingston County that maycontribute to or intensify wildfire risk include:

• construction in wildland/urbaninterface areas

• recreation lands

• outdoor burning ordinances and yarddebris

• site plan design of developments

• seasonal homes

• on-call firefighters

• prevalence of domestic wells

Construction in Wildland/Urban InterfaceAreas

A high rate of development in LivingstonCounty is increasing the number of homesbeing built contiguous to or within woodlands.These woodland homes increase the risk ofwildfires. Fires that start as structural firescan spread to the woodland and woodlandfires can spread to the structures. Decks,fences, porches and outbuildings connectedto houses act as fuel bridges and increasethe risk of igniting woodlands. Flammableconstruction materials such as wood roofshingles can also contribute to fires in



wildland/urban interface areas. Educationalefforts aimed at firewise construction suggestthe use of building material alternatives suchas: a fire-resistant sub-roof, slate or clay tiles,stucco or masonry exterior wall facing, andnon-flammable shutters.

Recreation Lands

Wildfires occur not only where people live,but also where people play. Therefore,recreation lands are vulnerable to humanactivities that may fuel a fire, such ascampfires, cooking with camp stoves andsmoking while recreating. Long-termimpacts include: loss of recreationalopportunities, loss of significant naturalfeatures and animal habitat, structuraldamage to public facilities on recreationallands and nearby non-recreational structuresand loss of human and animal life.

Outdoor Burning Ordinances and YardDebris

If municipal ordinances do not restrict openburning and the disposal of yard debris, bothof these factors can fuel or contribute to theintensity of a wildfire. The Michigan SolidWaste Management Act (264 P.A. 1990prohibits the burning of leaves and grassclippings in municipalities over 7,500 inpopulation, unless a municipality has anordinance expressly allowing such burningactivities. According to the Michigan StatePolice Emergency Management Division,when properly applied and enforced, this lawhelps prevent some wildfires since roughlyone-quarter of all wildfires are started bysmall residential waste fires that get out ofcontrol.

Site Plan Design of Developments

Local fire departments often sporadicallyreview proposed developments for fire

protection needs. This may be due to lack oftime or fire department personnel, or the firedepartments advice is simply not sought bythe local community. To solicit professionalfirefighting advice, some local communitieshave language in their zoning ordinanceswhich includes the local Fire Chief in thereview process.

Residential developments are particularlyvulnerable to wildfire when site design doesnot assist fire suppression with measuressuch as: adequate vehicular access,adequate signage for streets, roads andbuildings, and provision of adequateemergency water supplies. Development isalso vulnerable to wildfire when the sitedesign does not provide fire breaks.Firewise site design includes “thinningzones” or “fuel modification strips” wheredevelopment is separated from forestedareas by a zone or strip where flammablevegetation has been removed, modified orreplaced with drought-tolerant, fire-resistantplants. The placement of streets, parks, golfcourses and other noncombustible uses canalso achieve fuel modification. Most fuelmodifications will have a cost impact ondevelopment. Therefore it is much less costlyto include this in the first stages of site plandesign rather than as a design afterthought.

Seasonal Homes

An influx of residents using seasonal homesduring the warm dry Michigan summermonths increases the risk for wildfires due tothe increase in human activity around andwithin vulnerable natural features.Historically, Livingston County has beenconsidered a recreational playground forpersons living in surrounding urbanenvironments such as Metropolitan Detroitand Flint. The abundant lakes in LivingstonCounty made it an attractive location for thedevelopment of cottage dwellings. Over the



Michigan).


There have been three (3) occurrences ofdrought in Livingston County over the last 30years, suggesting a 10% chance of thishazard occurring in any given year.

Locational risk: Drought events cannot bemapped since they are dispersed events thattend to affect the entire county.

Drought is a normal part of the climate ofMichigan. It is caused by a natural reductionin rainfall over an extended period of time,usually a season or more in length. It isdifficult to determine the beginning or end ofa drought.

Natural features risks and impacts:There are few natural features that contributeto or intensify the risk of a drought. Particularsoils are one natural vulnerability, and theimpacts of this vulnerability are as follows:

Soils Prone to Moisture Loss

Soils with a higher sand content tend to drainwater quickly and dry easily. Moistureconservation is a management concern ofthese soil types and the soils could becomemore vulnerable if exposed to droughtconditions. In a dry state, soils are moreprone to cause erosion, particularly onslopes. Erosion of soils can in turn dump soilsediment into nearby water bodies therebylessening its overall water quality. Soilparticles muddy the water, reduce the sunlightthat plants and animals in the water need toproduce oxygen, reduce the water areawhere animal eggs would be laid and

hatched, increase the erosive forces of thewater on stream and river banks, and addphosphorus and trace metals to the water.

Soils that lose a significant amount of theirmoisture through drought, may also be proneto land subsidence in the form ofdepressions, cracks, and sinkholes in theground surface. If land subsidence occursover a prolonged period, it may damagestructures with low strain tolerance such asdams and utility infrastructure.

Man-made risks and impacts: Followingare a couple of man-made features that maycontribute to or intensify the risk of drought:

• irrigation of agricultural crops• water supply demands

Irrigation of Agricultural Crops

The human and animal food supply that isprovided by agricultural crops may bedestroyed by the lack of water that isassociated with drought. This may affect thefood supply for a season or for severalgrowing seasons. If crop failure is prolonged,food shortages may be inevitable.

Water Supply Demands

With drought there is an increased demandfor water supply. The usage of waterincreases for human consumption, health &sanitation, agricultural irrigation, the wateringof landscapes, and recreation (pools, etc.).With a higher water demand and little or noreplenishment of water supplies, watershortages may occur. Many communitiesmay temporarily restrict municipal waterusage. Domestic wells may becomedepleted or contain dangerously low waterlevels which could pose health problems.

Collateral risks: The Livingston County



Chapter 4

Hazard Profile Evaluation ranks the CollateralDamage or possibility of drought causingsecondary damage, as Some. Collateralrisks associated with drought include thefollowing:

• water shortages

• damage to agricultural crops

• decline of water quality in lakes,streams, and other bodies of water

• malnourishment of wildlife andlivestock

• increase in wildfires

• decline in tourism in areas dependenton water-related activities

• decline in land values

• reduced tax value

• increases in insect infestations, plantdisease, and wind erosion

• health-related problems such asdiminished sewage flows andincreased pollutant concentrations

• food shortages

Risks of Earthquakes

Likelihood of occurrence: In theLivingston County Hazard Profile Evaluation,a historical occurrence ranking forearthquakes is not included, since Michiganhas not had a major earthquake to date andthere is a very low probability of a future eventaffecting the State of Michigan in a significantway. Several mildly damaging earthquakeshave been felt in Michigan since thelate1700’s, although damage has been

limited to cracked plaster, broken dishes,damaged chimneys and broken windows.

Locational risk: The New Madrid SeismicZone centered around St. Louis, Missouri,contains the fault line that presents thegreatest locational risk of earthquakesimpacting Michigan. Scientists predict that amajor earthquake may occur within this zonesometime within the next few decades. If thiswere to occur, parts of Michigan couldreceive minor damage. Portions of southernMichigan are located within the lowestintensity area (Intensity VI) surrounding theNew Madrid Seismic Zone. LivingstonCounty is not one of the Michigan countiesincluded in this low intensity area.

Natural features risks and impacts: Faultlines are the naturally occurring feature whereearthquakes tend to strike. Michigan doescontain fault lines in the bedrock of the statebut these fault lines are considered stable.Therefore, Livingston County (and Michigan)does not contain any natural features thatcontribute to or intensify the risk of anearthquake.

Man-made risks and impacts: TheMichigan Hazard Analysis states that naturalgas and petroleum pipelines present thegreatest man-made vulnerability toearthquakes.

Damage to Pipelines

Damage to Livingston County gas andpetroleum pipelines could cause fuelshortages and/or the disruption of service tocounty households, businesses andindustries. Four major pipelines arepresently located in Livingston County. Theyare: Michcon Gas Pipeline; PanhandleEastern Pipeline; Consumers Power GasLine; and Enbridge Pipeline. The lines criss-cross the county in both east/west and north/



south directions. Three of the pipelinestransport gas and one transports oil.

Collateral risks: There is the possibility thatan earthquake could cause the followingsecondary damage or collateral risks:

• disruption of communications systems

• disruption of electric power lines, gas,sewer and water mains

• contaminated water supplies

• damage to roads and othertransportation systems

• food and other resource shortages

• fires

• hazardous material spills

Risks of Land Subsidence

Likelihood of occurrence: The historicaloccurrence of land subsidence in LivingstonCounty has not been ranked in the LivingstonCounty Hazard Profile Evaluation due to theinfrequent occurrence of this hazardousevent. The Michigan Hazard Analysis citesthat major incidents that lead to catastrophicdamage are rare in Michigan, however,smaller incidents occur with regularity in oldmining areas. Generally, land subsidenceposes a greater risk to property than tohuman life.

Locational risk: Land subsidence in theform of depressions, cracks and sinkholestends to occur in areas where development islocated above active or abandoned mineswhere underground cavities are present nearthe surface, and in areas where considerableground water has been withdrawn from theearth.

Gravel extraction is the most common form ofmining in Livingston County and it does notinvolve underground mining activity; allactivity is at the surface of the land. Staterecords of abandoned underground minesare often sketchy and are sometimesnonexistent. Therefore, underground minesmay have existed in Livingston County anddevelopment may now be located over theseold mines.

The Michigan State Police EmergencyManagement Division has mapped PotentialSubsidence Hazards in Michigan, and as themap below indicates, much of the westernboundary of Livingston County is locatedwithin the Michigan Coal Basin whereunderground and surface coal mining wasprevalent from 1897 to 1952.

Natural features risks and impacts:There are few natural features that contributeto or intensify the risk of land subsidence.Particular soils are one natural vulnerability,and the impacts of this vulnerability are asfollows:

Potential Subsidence Hazard



Chapter 4

Soils

When soils rich in organic carbon aredrained for agriculture or other purposes, itmay cause land subsidence to occur.

Collapsing Cavities

Rock types such as limestone, gypsum, orsalt are susceptible to dissolution in waterand the formation of cavities. The collapsingcavities may develop over a period of hoursand cause extensive damage.

Man-made risks and impacts: Followingare a couple of man-made features that maycontribute to or intensify the risk of LandSubsidence:

Underground Mines

The Michigan Hazard Analysis states thatunderground mines present the greatestman-made vulnerability to land subsidence inMichigan.When land subsidence of anunderground mine occurs, the ground surfacecollapses into the underground mined area oran improperly stabilized mine openingcollapses. Many times, the only way that thepresence of an abandoned mine isdiscovered is after subsidence has actuallyoccurred and caused damage to structures.Mine subsidence can take years to manifest.

Groundwater Pumping

Groundwater in the pore spaces of an aquifersupports some of the wieght of the overlyingmaterials. When large amounts of water arepumped out of the ground, the subsoilcompacts and the surface of the ground maysubside.

Collateral risks: Other than the obviouscollateral risks that land subsidence causesto homes and non-residential buildings, thefollowing secondary damages could alsooccur:

• damage to underground utilityinfrastructure

• damage to roadways, bridges, damsand other types of publicinfrastructure

• changes to the landscape, wildlifehabitat and natural ecosystem

Risks of Lightning

Likelihood of occurrence: The historicaloccurrence of lightning has not been rankedas a separate natural hazard in the LivingstonCounty Hazard Profile Evaluation. It hashowever, been recognized as an impact ofSevere Winds and Tornadoes in the analysis.Since 1983 there have been twelve (12)significant Lightning incidents, whichsuggests that there is a 40% chance thatLightning strikes will occur in any given yearin Livingston County.

According to the Michigan Hazard Analysis,approximately 100,000 thunderstorms occureach year in the United States and eachstorm generates lighting. It is not uncommonfor a thunderstorm to produce hundreds oreven thousands of lightning strikes.


1998 - June Hartland

Township

A lightning strike

damaged electrical

equipment at the

wastewater

treatment plant

Lightning Events in Livingston

County




1998 -

August

Genoa

Township

Thunderstorm

produced lightning

struck a store

northwest of

Brighton. The

resulting fire

destroyed the

building (1.5 million

in damage).

2001 - April Brighton Lightning struck the

chimney of a

Brighton home,

damaging

moldings, drywall,

and carpeting. A

computer in the

home also

received electrical

damage.

2001 -

October

Green Oak

Township

A 42 year old man

was struck by

lightning while

standing near his

front door. The

man sustained only

minor injuries.

2002 - early

April

Brighton A bolt of lightning

struck a detached

garage setting it

ablaze. The garage

suffered some

sizable damage.

2002 - late

April

Howell Lightning struck the

cap off the top of a

well and followed

the well-line into

the basement of a

nearby home. The

bolt blew out a hole

in the basement

wall.

Lightning Events in Livingston County


2002 - May Fowlerville A mobile home

was struck by

lightning, setting it

on fire.The trailer

sustained

moderate damage.

The residence was

unoccupied and up

for sale when it

was struck so

there were no

injuries.

2003 - April Brighton Wide spread

thunderstorms

producing lightning,

severe winds and

hail. Lightning

struck an electrical

pole at the rear of a

house and set a

portion of the

garage on fire.

2005 - June Howell The Howell Fire

Department

reported that a car

was struck by

lightening as it

traveled on M-59

around 620 p.m.

causing damage to

the vehicle.

2006 -

October 2

Hartland A condominium

caught fire after

being struck by

lightning. Damages

were roughly

estimated at $50K.

Non one was

injured and

attached condos

were not damaged.




Chapter 4


The general public tends to view lightningoccurrences as a minor emergencymanagement threat, when in fact lightningdamages many structures and kills and injuresmore people in the U.S.per year, on average,than tornadoes or hurricanes. Lightningdeaths and injuries could be avoided if peoplehad more respect for the threats that lightningpresents to their safety.

Locational risk: Nationally, Michigan is oneof the states with the highest number oflightning deaths and injuries. This is probablydue in part to Michigan’s orientation as a state

with considerable outdoor recreationopportunities. Livingston County very muchfits this recreation profile with its many lakes,golf courses and extensive acres of park andgame land.

According to National Weather Servicerecords through the mid-2000s, Michigan hasincurred 711 lightning injuries and 101lightning deaths, for a total of 810 lightningcasualties. Casualties are equivalent toinjuries plus deaths.

National statistics on lightning strikes areavailable for the period from 1959 to 1995.These statistics reveal that the State ofMichigan ranks 2nd nationally in lightninginjuries (behind Florida), 12th nationally inlightning deaths and 2nd nationally in lightningcasualties (again, behind Florida).

In terms of specified locations, most deathsand injuries occur on open fields andrecreation areas such as ball fields andsecondly, under trees. Water areas withactivities such as fishing and boating, golfcourses, heavy equipment and machinery,and at a telephone, are other commonlocations for death and/or injury from lightningstrikes. Many other lightning deaths andinjuries occur at unspecified locations. Mostlightning incidents involve one individual. It isfar less common for an incident to involve agroup of persons. Victims are much morelikely to be male (84%) and lightning strikesmost commonly occur in the afternoonbetween 2:00 p.m. and 6:00 p.m.

Livingston County has approximately 20,000acres of parks and recreation areas whichcomprise roughly 5% of all land area withinthe county. Most of this acreage is withinState parks, recreation and game areas(83%) or regional Metroparks (10%). Whilemuch of this land has been left in a natural,


2006 -

October

Fowlerville A home caught fire

after being struck

by lightning. The

blaze resulted in

extensive damage,

destroying two

second-story

rooms and the

roof. Property

damages were

estimated at

$150K. No one

was injured.

2010 - June Fowlerville A vacant home

caught fire after a

lightning strike. The

fire was contained

in the attic, but the

roof was

destroyed.




passive state, there are also areas withinthese recreational resources whereorganized, active recreation such as boatingand golf takes place. Due to the recreationaluse of this land, these locations are morevulnerable to lightening hazards. Thelocations of this park, recreation and gameland is inventoried under the Wild Firessection of this chapter (see the LivingstonCounty Recreation, Public, and Open SpaceAreas Southeast Quadrant map under WildFires). Additionally, there are numerousoutdoor recreation sites owned bymunicipalities, the school districts and privateand commercial operators.

The approximately 1,339 acres of municipalpark land in Livingston County is primarilylocated in the Cities of Brighton and Howell,the Village of Fowlerville and HartlandTownship. The outdoor recreation facilitiesthat are owned by the school districts areprimarily located in the Cities of Brighton andHowell, the Villages of Fowlerville andPinckney, and Hartland and PutnamTownships. The outdoor recreation facilitiesthat are privately owned and operated arescattered throughout Livingston County. Golfcourses are concentrated in the eastern halfof Livingston County and this type of outdoorrecreation is one of the most vulnerable tolightning incidents.

The analysis of recreational land under theWild Fires section notes six townships thatcontain the most acres of recreational landfound in State parks, recreation and gameareas or regional Metroparks and aretherefore most vulnerable to wild fires. Thesesix townships are: Hamburg, Green Oak,Genoa, Brighton, Deerfield and PutnamTownships. The vast recreational land inthese communities also makes themvulnerable to lightning hazards. Adding in thesix communities that house the majority of

school recreational facilities, we arrive at alist of 11 Livingston County communities thatare most locationally vulnerable to lightninghazards. These eleven communities are alsoinclusive of the majority of county golfcourses, woodlands, and lakes which presentnaturla feature vulnerabilities. the vulnerablecommunities are as follows:

√ Hamburg Township√ Green Oak Township√ Genoa Township√ Brighton Township√ Deerfield Township√ Putnam Township

√ Hartland Township√ City of Howell√ City of Brighton√ Village of Fowlerville

Natural features risks and impacts:Since lightning is a random andunpredictable hazardous event, it is difficult todetermine whether any natural features inLivingston County would contribute to orintensity the risk of lightning. Following arethe two natural freatures that most likely couldintensity the risk of lightning:

• trees• lakes

Trees

Trees present a natural feature vulnerability inthat humans are frequently injured by lightningwhile under the canopy of a tree. Additionally,when woodlands are struck by lightning thereis a chance of the wood catching fire andstarting a larger scale wild fire. In LivingstonCounty there are not the large stands of treesfound in less developed parts of NorthernMichigan, but there are pockets of forestedland scattered through the county. Many ofthese larger woodland areas are associated



Chapter 4

with the State Parks and Metroparks thatwere discussed previously. The previoussection on Vulnerability to Wild Fires,inventories and illustrates where the largeststands of trees presently exist in LivingstonCounty.

Lakes

Hundreds of lakes are present in LivingstonCounty including over 50 lakes that aregreater than 60 acres in size. The greatestconcentration of lakes in the county occurs inthe southeast quadrant. The previous sectionon Vulnerability to Floods contains a listing ofthe largest lakes in Livingston County and amap of lakes county-wide. Lakes mightintensify the risks of lightning by carrying thecharge of a strike upon the water. Michiganswimmers and boaters have been injured orkilled by this type of incident.

Man-made risks and impacts: There arenot many man-made features that maycontribute to or intensify the risk of lightning.Following are a few man-made vulnerabilitiesthat have some impact:

• outdoor recreational facilities• electrical utility equipment• construction sites

Outdoor Recreational Facilities

As previously discussed, it is primarily wherehumans recreate out of doors that lightningstrikes injure or kill people. Although there isno absolute way to prevent lighting strikes orprotect humans and structures from theeffects of a lightning strike, local lightningdetection systems are increasingly beinginstalled at golf courses, parks, pools, sportsfields and other outdoor recreation spaces.These devices monitor electrical activity inthe atmosphere and activate a warning light

or horn when conditions are favorable forlightning.

Electrical Utility Equipment

Lightning damage to computers, phone linesand communication systems, are estimatedto amount to nearly 5% of all paid insuranceclaims, with residential claims aloneexceeding $1 billion.

Lightning strikes are the single largest causeof electrical outages. Estimated damages toelectrical utility equipment and lost revenuefrom lightning strikes totals as much $1 billionper year in the U.S.

Construction Sites

Wherever there is a concentration of heavyequipment there is a greater chance of alighting strike causing property damage orhuman casualties. According to the U.S.Bureau of Labor Statistics, construction is the6th largest industry in Livingston County,employing 2,450 persons or 5.7% of theemployed civilian population 16 years of ageand older (43,199). While construction hasdeclined in the County during the recentrecesssion, Livingston County remains adesired locale in Southeast Michigan and thenumber of construction sites is increasingthereby increasing the risk of constructionsite lightning strikes.

Collateral risks: Property damage is anobvious collateral risk associated withlightning strikes. There are many other risksthat can be triggered by lightning including:

• damage to aircraft• damage to electric utility equipment• power outages• wildfires• structure fires



Likelihood of occurrence: The historicaloccurrence of fog has not been ranked as anatural hazard in the Livingston CountyHazard Profile Evaluation due to the fact thatfog by itself is not a natural hazard withdestructive forces. It is only when fog andhumans interact that a hazardous situationmay occur. It must be noted, however, thatfreezing fog is a hazard for which the NationalWeather service does issue specialstatements. Freezing fog can makeroadways slick and hazardous leading toserious transporation issues.

Risks of Fog


1995 -

January

county-wide A dense fog

blanketed much of

Lower Michigan

from the evening of

January 11th - the

morning of January

13th. Numerous

traffic accidents

resulted in 4

fatalities. School

openings were

delayed and airline

flights were

cancelled, delayed

or diverted.

2000 -

October

county-wide Dense fog

throughout metro

Detroit for two day

period. The fog

caused significant

problems for

morning

commuters, school

openings, and

flights at Detroit

Metropolitan

Airport.

Fog Events in Livingston County


2005 -

January

county-wide Heavy fog caused

up to 200 cars to

collide on the I-96

espressway,

primarily between

Okemos and

Webberville, but

also extending

westward to

Fowlerville. Two

people were killed

and 37 were

injured. It was the

worst crash in mid-

Michigan in recent

years and it shut

down both lanes of

Interstate 96.

2009 -

January

county-wide Freezing fog

reduced visibility

and froze upon the

roadways making

conditions slick.

Fog Events in Livingston County


Since 1983 there have been four (4)significant Fog incidents, which suggests thatthere is a 13% chance that Fog will occur inany given year in Livingston County.

Locational risk: According to the MichiganHazard Analysis, one major fog event isestimated to occur in Michiganapproximately every two years. Fogparticularly impacts the transportationnetwork therefore, Livingston County



Chapter 4

experiences some locational risks due toInterstate 96, and U.S. 23 and M-59highways that traverse the county andtransport many computers to and from thecounty. In recent years the presence of Fogon I-96 has played a part in several multi-vehicle accidents; some with deadlyconsequences.

Natural features risks and impacts: It isdifficult to determine whether any naturalfeatures in Livingston County wouldcontribute to or intensity the risk of Fog. Low-lying and wetland areas often trap fog morethan upland areas. These low and wet areascan cause localized fog that is particularlydangerous if an unsuspecting driver on aroadway encounters the Fog unexpectantlyand their visibility is impaired.

Man-made risks and impacts: There arenot many man-made features that maycontribute to or intensify the risk of Fog.Following are a few man-made vulnerabilitiesthat have some impact:

• vehicular transportation• airport transportation facilities• industrial smoke and pollution

Vehicular Transportation

Property damage to vehicles can besignificant, although real property andstructures are usually not impacted. Human-error such as high speed and following othervehicles too closely in limited visibilityconditions is usually the cause of Fog-relatedvehicular accidents.

Airport Transportation Facilities

Fog is particularly hazardous at airports,where various methods such as heating orspraying salt particles, and de-icing havebeen attempted to disperse fog and freezingfog.

Industrial Smoke and Pollution

Industrial pollution can cause a dense haze ortype of fog know as smog. Over time,Michigan has become less industrialized asa state which has improved the air qualitycoupled with the positive effects of the CleanAir Act and other legislation and regulatorymeasures.

Collateral risks: The collateral risksassociated with Fog events include:

• damage to vehicles• damage to aircraft• potential impact on respiratory health

Risks of Invasive Species

Likelihood of occurrence: The historicaloccurrence of Invasive Species has not beenranked as a natural hazard in the LivingstonCounty Hazard Profile Evaluation. It is verydifficult to predict when a non-native speciesmay be introduced into our ecosystem.Invasive species can be insects, plants, andspecies such as organisms and animals. Atleast 200 well-known, high-impact invasivespecies presently occurr in the United States.

Locational Risk: It is primarily humanaction that introduces the invasive species toa location. The invasive species can betranported in many ways such as modes oftransportation (train, ship, vehicles, etc.) or ona person’s clothing. Transportationefficiencies make it possible for a species totravel quickly around the globe.

Some of the more prevalent invasive speciesin Livingston County include:

Invasive Insects- Emerald Ash Borer

The Emerald Ash Borer (EAB) is an exoticbeetle that was discovered near Detroit in2002. The beetle is responsible for the death



or damage of approximately 50 million ashtrees in Michigan, surrounding states andCanada.

With the exception of a few Upper Pennisulacounties, all counties in Michigan are nowEmerald Ash Borer quarantinedcounties in order to prevent and control thespread of EAB. Livingston County and allother lower penninsula counties areprohibited from moving hardwood firewoodnorth across the Mackinac Bridge.Additionally hardwood firewood and otherarticles regulated by the quarantine cannotbe moved from anywhere in Michigan to theBeaver Island Archipelago, Big and LittleCharity Islands, North and South ManitouIslands and Isle Royale. Individuals orbusinesses found violating the State ofMichigan EAB quarantine are subject to finesranging from $1,000 to $250,000 and jailtime of up to five years.

Other examples of invasive insects and theirhosts, include:

• Balsam Woolly Adelgid - Fir trees• Hemlock Woolly Adelgid - Eastern

Hemlock trees• Asian Long-Horned Beetle - Several

species of hardwood trees found inMichigan.

• Japanese Cedar Long-HornedBeetles - Nest in white cedar, easternred cedar, and cypress trees.

• Gypsy Moth - Tree foilage• Khapra Beetle - Grains and other dry

food storage areas.

Invasive Plant Species - Phragmites

There are many invasive plant species thatdo major damage to Michigan’s naturalareas by attacking and eliminating nativeplant species that provide valuable habitat interms of shelter, food, spawning and nurseryopportunities. The invasive plant species

have no natural predators, so they expandrapidly throughout areas of SoutheastMichigan. Examples of invasive plantsinclude: Autumn Olive, Black Locust,Common Buckthorn, Glossy Buckthorn,Japanese Barberry, Japanese Knotweed,Oriental Bittersweet, Purple Loosestrife,Swallow-Wort and Phragmites.

The Green Infrastructure Vision for SoutheastMichigan notes that Phragmites Australis(Common reed) is a highly invasive plantspecies that has been growing in SoutheastMichigan for about 20 years. This invasiveplant species can be found in varying densitythroughout the region in road ditches,wetlands, inland lakes and their channels;along rivers, streams and county drains;aswell as along the shores, channels, islands,and wetlands of the Great Lakes.

Large stands of Phragmites have replacedhigh quality communities of native plants overtens of thousands of acres of Michiganwetlands and coastal areas. The rapidexpansion of Phragmites has resulted inmany adverse hazard mitigation impactsincluding:

• Phragmites’ impenetrable root masschokes off water bodies, restrictingaccess and water flow, oftencontributing to localized flooding.

• Phragmites threatens public safety asa fire hazard.

• Phragmites is a visual hazard topublic safety, due to diminished sightlines along waterways, trails, and roadintersections.

Other Invasive Species

Organisms such as invasive microbes mayinfect plants impacting their health or foodproduction. Some examples of invasivemicrobes, their hosts and symptoms, include:

• Dutch Elm Disease - Elm trees. Trees



Chapter 4

infected by elm bark beetles first showwilting, curling and yellowing leaves onone or more barnches in the upperportion of the tree, as a fungus fromthe beetles progressively affects thetree’s health.

• Plum Pox Virus - Peach, plum,nectarine, apricot, almond and cherrytrees. Discolored viral rings on leavesand fruit result in smaller deformedfruit and reduced fruit production.

• Thousand Canker Disease of Walnut -Black walnut and other walnutspecies. Infected walnut trees showwilting, curling, and yellowing of leaveson one or more branches in theirupper portions, as a fungus from thewalnut twig beetles progressivelyaffects the tree’s health.

Invasive water species such as the ZebraMussel have been invading Michigan waterbodies since the mid 1980’s. Acquatic formsof invasive species eat the food supply whichis vital to the existing ecosystem, therebydisturbing the natural balance of the habitat.The Zebra mussel attaches to water intakepipes and screens used for drinking waterand industrial plants.These pests not onlycause environmental problems, they alsocause economic impacts. Asian Carp andSea Lampreys are other examples ofacquatic invasive species. Both of theseanimals prey on native fish causing a declinein fish population.

Invasive terrestrial animal species such asferal swine also pose a threat in Michigan.Feral swine are considered an agressivepublic nuisance as the pigs have been knownto chase and attack humans. They may alsobecome infected with diseases that can betransmitted to humans, domestic livestock orwildlife.

Lastly, animal diseases have the potential toimpact Livingston County by causingmortality in livestock, wildlife, and companionanimals. Some examples of animaldiseases, their hosts and symptoms, include:

• Foot and Mouth Disease - Thisinfectious virus spreads on surfacesand in the air, and impacts livestocksuch as cattle, swine, sheep, goats,deer and other cloven-hoof ruminantanimals. The presence of this animaldisease has not existed since 1929however, it continues to be of greatconcern because of its highlycontagious nature and widespreadimpacts.

• Chronic Wasting Disease - Deer andelk are affected by this brain disease.This disease has only been detectedat one enclosed deer breeding facilityin Michigan however, the diseaseremains a major concern due to thelarge wild population of deer inMichigan.

Natural features risks and impacts: Thepresence of ash trees in Livingston Countywould be the natural feature that would mostsignificantly contribute to or intensify the riskof the Emerald Ash Borer. It is estimated thatthere are 700 million ash trees in the State ofMichigan.

The largest concentration of ash trees andother hardwood trees in Livingston Countythat could be at risk to insect and microbeinfestation would be in the larger woodlandareas of the State Parks and Metroparks.These parks are primarily located inHamburg and Green Oak Townships insoutheast Livingston County. However,almost all Livingston County communitieshave large stands of woodlands that are not



necessarily associated with parkland. Theprevious section on Vulnerability to WildFires, inventories and illustrates where thelargest stands of trees presently exist inLivingston County.

Trees that have been infested by EAB orother invasive species, are either dead ordying with the tree in a dry, brittle anddeteriorating condition. Therefore, theseinfested trees are a significant public safetyrisk since the trees are highly vulnerable topartial or complete collapse in the event ofhigh winds, heavy rains, ice or snowaccumulation. The dead or dying trees alsopose a fire hazard.

The natural water feature in Livingston Countythat has proven to significantly contribute toor intensify the risk of invasive species is theHuron River. The river traverses the highlypopulated townships of Green Oak andHamburg in Livingston County, and theimpacts of this watershed reach far beyondLivingston County boundaries. In the lastseveral years invasive plants such asphragmites have been harvested annuallyfrom the river in order to keep the watercourse flowing in an unrestricted fashion tolessen the risk of seasonal flooding.

Man-made risks and impacts: The man-made features that may contribute to orintensify the risk of invasive species thatharm trees, are features that could beimpacted by tree debris. Following are a fewman-made vulnerabilities that have someimpact:

Electrical Utility Equipment

Tree debris can cause significant electricaloutages by falling on wires or other electricalutility equipment.

Transportation Infrastructure

Fallen tree debris can wreak havoc onroadways by creating obstacles thatmotorists must avoid, which could lead totraffic accidents.

Outdoor Recreational Facilities

The outdoor recreational areas where peopleplay typically have a higher concentration ofnatural features like woodlands and aretherefore vulnerable to the destruction oftrees. Downed trees and tree limbs couldforce the closure of recreational amenitiessuch as trailways due to public health, safetyand welfare concerns.

Collateral risks: Property damage is anobvious collateral risk associated with treesinfested by EAB or another invasive species.There are many other collateral risks that canbe triggered by dry, brittle and collapsing treedebris such as:

• loss of recreational opportunities

• damage to electric utility equipment

• power outages or disruption ofelectrical or telephone service

• wildfires

• structure fires

• extensive tree damage alongroadways may block access or causetraffic accidents



Chapter 4

Risks of Public Health

Emergencies (see Appendix A for in

depth analysis)

Likelihood of occurrence: The historicaloccurrence of Public Health Emergencieshas not been ranked as a natural hazard inthe Livingston County Hazard ProfileEvaluation. A common characteristic of publichealth emergencies is that they impact, orhave the potential to impact, a largepopulation of people. A public healthemergency may be a primary event such asa disease epidemic or a large-scale incidentof food or water contamination, or a publichealth emergency may be a secondary eventto another disaster or emergency. Forinstance, extended periods without adequateelectricity, water and sewer/septic servicesmay be the public health impact of aninfrastructure emergency, or harmfulexposure to chemical, radiological orbiological agents, may be the public health

impact of terrorism.

Local occurrences of Public Health incidentshave taken many forms including:

• high E. coli content in area lakesforcing temporary closure ofswimming areas

• waterbourne outbreaks from publicswimming, either beach or pool

• boil-water advisories for consumers ofarea water plants that have hadtemporary operating problems suchas a drop in or lack of adequatesystem pressure

• high nitrates in homeowner wells

• West Nile threats from mosquitoes

• hepatitis and meningitis outbreaks inschools

• foodbourne pathogeniccontaminations (such as a 1998-1999listeriosis outbreak from production ofhot dogs and deli meats in a Michiganmeat plant)

• Vaccine preventable diseaseoutbreaks, including influenzaoutbreaks in schools, daycares, short-term/long-term care facilities

• potential lung cancer risk due toelevated Radon gas levels

• groundwater contamination due tomay potential scenarios

• elevated arsenic in groundwaterleading to health affects

• elevated barium in groundwaterleading to health affects

• Norwalk-like illnesses in short-term/long-term care facilities

• Healthcare associated infections inhealth-care settings

Other public health emergencies thathave occurred in Michigan include:

• PCB contamination of cattle

• botulism bacterium

• frozen water and sewer infrastructure,resulting in line breaks

Locational risk: In Livingston County theprimary locational risks for public health

emergencies include:



• long-term care facilities

• restaurants

• schools

• swimming areas

• public water, sewer and electricityfacilities

• individual wells and septic systems

• landfills

• food processing plants

• farms

Restaurants

Foodborne Pathogenic Contamination canbe transmitted through any food serviceestablishment, with restaurants and schoolsbeing typical locations because they servelarge numbers of people. A 1977 Botulismoutbreak occurred in nearby Oakland Countydue to the use of improperly canned peppersin an area restaurant. Michigan schoolsexperienced a Hepatitis A outbreak due totainted frozen strawberries that weredistributed through the national school lunchprogram.

Restaurants in Livingston County areprimarily located in the two cities of Brightonand Howell, the two villages of Fowlervilleand Pinckney, the Grand River corridorbetween the City of Howell and the City ofBrighton, and U.S. 23 and I-96 highwayinterchanges.

The Livingston County Department of PublicHealth (LCDPH) conducts surpriseinspections of local restaurants looking forviolations of the Michigan Health Code. The

state reporting forms cover multiplerestaurant sanitation issues such as trashreceptacles, utensils, cloths for washingtables, food preparation areas, and even thecondition of food storage containers in pantryareas. These inspections may result in anon-critical violation that must typically beresolved within 180 days, or a criticalviolation which requires immediate attention.The results of these inspections are publicinformation. Information about healthinspection violations may be obtained for anyLivingston County restaurant through asearch engine available on the LCDPHwebsite. Additionally, the Livingston CountyHealth Department licenses and inspectstemporary food establishments that operatefor a period of no more than 14 consecutivedays in conjunction with a single event orcelebration.

Schools

The congregation of children in schools hasmade these locations vulnerable to severaldifferent types of public health emergenciesincluding hepatitis A outbreaks throughschool hot lunches, E. coli contamination ofswimming pools, and spread ofcommunicable diseases such as influenzaand meningitis.

Schools in Livingston County arepredominately concentrated within oradjacent to the county’s two cities and twovillages. See Chapter 6: Critical Facilities fora full inventory and map of school locations.

Swimming areas

Particularly during summer months, it iscommon for Detroit area TV stations to carrya story about certain area beaches that areclosed due to high E. coli levels. The causeof high E. coli in swimming areas may be dueto animal feces (such as seagulls) orimproper chlorine levels in pools that do not



Chapter 4

kill the E. coli bacteria. Most of the publicswimming pools in Livingston County arelocated in the public high schools rather thanprivate recreational facilities like the YMCA.The location of county schools is discussedin the subsection above.

Although there are an abundance of lakes inLivingston County with public access areas,two of the State Parks and one of theMetroparks contain the Livingston Countyswimming beaches that are most likely toreceive the greatest concentration of visitors.Kensington Metropark is located in BrightonTownship and it contains both MartindaleBeach and the Splash ‘N’ Blast childrenswater park. Kensington Metroparkconsistently receives over 2.5 million annualvisitors.

The state park and metropark beaches aremonitored by the LCDPH EnvironmentalHealth Division, because there is thepossibility for E. coli and other types of publichealth emergencies due to the highconcentration of park visitors.

Public water and sewer facilities

Public water and sewer facilities are prone topublic health emergencies such as broken orfrozen lines that cause a loss in service, or adrop in system pressure that requires boil-water advisories due to potential watercontamination.

The previous Risks of Infrastructure sectiondiscusses public water and sewer facilities indetail. There are 10 public water facilitieslocated in seven Livingston Countycommunities and one or more public sewerfacilities located in seven Livingston Countycommunities. The locations of these facilitiesare mapped in Chapter 6: Critical Facilities.

Individual wells and septic systems

A large number of Livingston Countyresidents live in county areas that are notserved by public sewer and/or water. Thecontamination of individual wells and thefailure of individual septic systems presentsthe potential for numerous public healthemergencies. The LCDPH EnvironmentalHealth Division notes that particularly aroundthe City of Howell and northeast of the Villageof Fowlerville, water wells may containmethane gas. Water may appear milky andeffervescent. Methane levels can build to anexplosive level if water is used in small,unvented or poorly vented areas such as alaundry room, shower well pit or pump house.There are a couple of different ways tomitigate methane in a well water supply andLCDPH can suggest a gas removal system.

Coliform bacteria, high nitrates and arsenicin individual water wells are other commonpublic health risks. Coliform bacteria is atype of bacteria associated with animalwastes, sewage and surface water. Nitratesare a naturally occurring form of nitrogenfound in soil and groundwater. In sufficientconcentrations, nitrates in drinking water canbe toxic to infants and young animals.Elevated nitrates in groundwater and wellsmay be associated with excessive fertilizers,sewage disposal systems, barnyard runoff,municipal wastewater and sludge, andindustrial wastes. High nitrates may also beassociated with poorly constructed orimproperly placed water wells. Arsenic isalso naturally occurring. Through erosion andweathering of rock it is sometimes found inwell water. Exposure to arsenic at high levelsposes serious health effects because it is a

known human carcinogen.

According to the LCDPH, approximately 65percent of all homes in Livingston Countyutilize on-site septic treatment systems forwastewater disposal. Approximately 1,000



new septic tanks are installed each year. thisis predicted to increase septage volumesfrom 12 milion to 16 million gallons by 2020.

Locationally, these systems are dispersedthroughout the county. Individual septicsystems may fail due to inadequate design,inappropriate installation, neglectfuloperation or exhausted life expectancy.Septic system failures are sources ofincreased nitrogen, phosphorus, organicmatter, and bacterial and viral pathogens andthey can contaminate surface waters andshallow drinking water supplies. In LivingstonCounty there has been a large in-migration ofnew residents from the Metro Detroit area.Many former city dwellers that have lived withmunicipal water and sewer service havepurchased rural land parcels in LivingstonCounty that have individual water wells andseptic systems. Many have no knowledge ofhow to maintain septic tanks and drainfields,so the likelihood of failure of these systems

may be increased.

Not to long ago, most septage removed from

residential septic tanks by waste haulers was

disposed of, untreated, upon the land at

permitted sites across the County. In 2007 inresponse to new State legislation, theLivingston County Board of Commissioners

banned the application of septage on all

properties in Livingston County in order to

protect citizens from potential contamination

risks to surface and ground water. Septage

processing and storage facilities were

developed at various sites within the County

to comply with the new regulations, including

a Livingston County municipal collection site

called Livingston Regional Sanitary System

located in Hartland Township. The Livingston

County Drain Commissioner also manages

and operates ten small community sanitary

sewer systems.

Landfills

There are no active dumps/landfills inLivingston County and there are 18 knownclosed dump/landfill sites. The Public HealthDepartment states that there is littleinformation available about these sites, andanyone interested in purchasing ordeveloping the surrounding land shouldcontact LCDPH for further informationregarding any special restrictions and/orrequirements associated with the land.Restrictions often regard the drilling of newwells, due to potential contamination from thedump/landfill.

The LCDPH has mapped these locations inthe Environmental Awareness Handbookmentioned previously. The number of dumpsor landfills and the communities in which theyare located is as follows:

• Brighton Township - 1• Cohoctah Township -1• Conway Township - 1• Genoa Township - 1• Green Oak Township - 4• Hamburg Township - 2• Handy Township - 2• Hartland Township - 2• Howell Township - 1• Iosco Township - 1• Marion Township - 2• Oceola Township - 2• Putnam Township - 1• Tyrone Township - 2• Unadilla Township - 1• Village of Fowlerville - 2• Village of Pinckney - 1

Farms and Food Processing Plants

According to the 2012 Census of Agriculture,the number of farms in Livingston County hasdecreased since the 2007 Census ofAgriculture from 795 to 734 (2012). The

number of acres of land involved in farming

T



Chapter 4

also decreased between 2007 and 2012.The 2012 Census of Agriculture recorded86,141 acres in farms in Livingston County.The Census defines a farm as any place fromwhich $1,000 or more of agricultural productswere produced and sold or normally wouldhave been sold during the census year.Although the Census does not reveal thelocation of these farms, land use statisticsreveal that the majority of farm land is locatedin the western half of the county. TheSoutheast Michigan Council of Governments(SEMCOG) 2008 statistics on land use/landcover by acre, reveal that the townships ofConway, Cohoctah, Deerfield, Handy andIosco each contain over 10,000 acres of landthat is cultivated, grassland, and shrub, whichincludes agriculture and farm residences.

Farms and agricultural land pose specialpublic health concerns. The use ofpesticides and fertilizers on cultivated landand the generation of animal waste on farmshas the potential to pollute area ground watersupplies. This may result in area wells withhigh nitrates that could be toxic to infants andyoung animals, or wells that arecontaminated with Coliform bacteria which isassociated with animal wastes.

Another public health concern is the use ofantibiotics as an additive to livestock feed orwater. The antibiotics are used to convertfood into meat more quickly and efficiently, orto avert infection in animals that are kept inconfined conditions. Scientists have proventhat antibiotic use inevitably leads toantibiotic resistance in humans, yet thisagricultural practice continues and many feelthat the problem constitutes a global publichealth crisis.

The storage, distribution and/or processingof food products in the county couldpotentially result in foodborne pathogenic

contaminations like that of the 1998-1999

listeriosis outbreak from the production of hotdogs and deli meats in a Michigan meatplant. There are a handful of facilities thatstore, distribute or process food products inLivingston County including:

• Gordon Foods Distribution Center inGreen Oak Township

• Specialty Food Services (adistributor) in Green Oak Township

In addition, the F.E. Lott Elevator in CohoctahTownship is the only grain elevator inLivingston County that is still operating as atraditional business for the drying and storingof grain.

Natural features risks and impacts: Thenatural features that may contribute to orintensify the effects of a public healthemergency include the following:

• environmental contamination carriedby water, absorbed by plants orcirculated in some other fashion

• ground water contamination

• pollution of natural features such aslakes, watercourses and groundwater

Man-made risks and impacts: The man-made features in Livingston County that maycontribute to or intensify the risk of publichealth emergencies include:

• weakened immune systems in theyoung, pregnant and elderlypopulations

• limited or low supply of serums thatcounteract the effects of disease orcontamination

• improper processing of foods



• a health department’s unorganized orslow response to a public healthemergency

• high consumption of restaurant foodsand processed foods

• facilities that congregate people,increasing the number of peopleexposed to potential public healththreats

• food safety procedures that are notstringently enforced

• a very mobile population that consistslargely of persons who commute towork

• global travel that spreads disease

• a dependence on municipal water andsewer systems

• scrap tire piles (West Nile threat)

• the raising of livestock - animal fecesmay contaminate nearby watersources

Collateral risks: The Livingston CountyHazard Profile Evaluation ranks the CollateralDamage, or possibility of public healthemergencies causing secondary damage, asNo. However minimal the probability is ofexperiencing collateral risks, there is a smallrisk of the following:

• temporary closure of restaurants,schools, parks and businesses

• injury or death to humans or animals

• compromised human immune

systems

• temporary closure of infrastructure

facilities that supply sewer and water

services

Hazard Risk Assessment Summary

Following is a summary table that provides asnapshot of how specific natural hazardscould impact each quadrant of the county. Aspecific hazard is listed in the left handcolumn and a heading for each countyquadrant is located at the top of the table.Under each county quadrant heading is: 1.) alisting of the Historical Occurrences of theparticular hazard (by community location),and 2.) the Locational Risks of the particularhazard, for instance: the specific parks orrivers that could be impacted. Lastly, thereare two right hand columns that provide theTotal Recorded County Events of theparicular hazard and the Probability of AnnualEvent for each specific hazard (in terms ofpercentage chance of annual occurrence).

This summary table provides information in aconsistent format for each hazard, therebyallowing the reader to compare potentialhazard impacts. This table also illustrateshow location risks in communities/quadrants,could impact neighboring communities/quadrants (e.g. the Oak Grove Millpond Damthat is located in the southeast corner ofCohoctah Township/Northwest Quadrantcould fail and cause flooding in neighboringDeerfield and Oceola Townships in the Northeast quadrant).

Public Health Emergencies, Earthquakes,Land Subsidence and Invasive Species arenot included in the summary table. Thesehazards are not included in the table becausethere are no recorded county events for thehazards due to the rarity of the hazard, or theinability to be able to record occurrences ofthe hazard.



Chapter 4

Southeast Southwest Northeast Northwest

8 27%

Snow Storms

Historical Occurrences: None determined Locational Risks: County‐wide




Ice and Sleet





15Tornado

Historical Occurrences: Entire quadrant 2013 Locational Risks: County‐wide

28 93%

Historical Occurrences: Unadilla August 1988; Putnam

and Marion Townships, October 2001 Locational Risks: County‐wide

Historical Occurrences: Fowlerville 1997; quadrant‐wide in June 2003, August 2003, and 2007; and Cohoctah 2013. Locational Risks: County‐wide

Historical Occurrences: Oceola Township 1986; Hartland Township 1990, 1994, 1997; Hartland and Tyrone Townships 1996, 1997 and October 2001; quadrant‐wide 2007 Locational Risks: County‐wide

50%

NATURAL HAZARDS RISK ASSESSMENT SUMMARY

Areas Of Livingston County Likely To Be Impacted By Natural Hazards (Historic Occurrences and Locational Risks 1983 ‐ 2013)

Type Of Natural Hazard

Probability Of Annual Event

Severe Winds

110%

Historical Occurrences: Brighton Township July 2003 Locational Risks: County‐wide

Historical Occurrences: Howell, Oceola and Hartland Townships, City of Howell 2006 Locational Risks: County‐wide



Total Recorded County Events

33




9Extreme Heat


41 137%




30%

Hail

Historical Occurrences: City of Brighton 1997, September 1998, 2002, June 2003, 2006, 2008, 2010, July 2012 and July 2013; Hamburg May 2004; Green Oak Township and Brighton August 2011 Locational Risks: County‐wide

Historical Occurrences: Unadilla Township September 1994, March 2000 and June 2003; Pinckney area June 2004, 2008, and March 2012; Iosco Township June 2004 Locational Risks: County‐wide

Historical Occurrences: quadrant‐wide May 1994; Hartland May 1998, May 2000, July 2000, July 2001; and Deerfield July 2013 Locational Risks: County‐wide

Historical Occurrences: Cohoctah Township June 1994, May and August 2000, June 2004 and July 2013; Fowlerville 1995, 1999, July 2000, May 2001, 2007, and May 2001; City of Howell September 1998, August 2003, March 2012, and 2013; Locational Risks: County‐wide





Extreme Cold

23%






7



Chapter 4


3%





Flooding 53%

Historical Occurrences: Green Oak Township, 1989, 1990, 2000, May 2004 (2 occurrences), June 2004; Hamburg Township 1990, 2000, February 2001, May‐June 2001, October 2001, 2002, May 2004 (2 occurences), June 2004 and 2005 Locational Risks: Huron River, Limekiln Lake, and Ore Lake

Historical Occurrences: Putnam

Township 1990; quadrant‐wide 2006 Locational Risks: Lakes, rivers, creeks, dams, drainage systems

Historical Occurrences: Hartland Township 1996 Locational Risks: Lakes, rivers, creeks, dams, drainage systems

Historical Occurrences: Quadrant‐wide 2006; Howell area 2009 Locational Risks: Lakes, rivers, creeks, dams, drainage systems


16

1Dam

Failure

Historical Occurrences: None determined Locational Risks: 9 regulated dams in this quadrant of the county


Historical Occurrences: Hartland Township 1996 Locational Risks: Bullard Lake Dam; 6 regulated dams in this quadrant of the county





12 40%

Fog



Historical Occurrences: I‐96 Fowlerville area January 2005 Locational Risks: County‐wide


4 13%

Lightning

Historical Occurrences: Genoa Township 1998; Brighton Township April 2001, April 2002 and April 2003; Green Oak Township October 2001 Locational Risks: County‐wide


Historical Occurrences: Fowlerville May 2002, October 2006, and June 2010; Howell April 2002, June 2005 Locational Risks: County‐wide

Historical Occurrences: Hartland June 1998 and October 2006 Locational Risks: County‐wide






3Drought


79 272%




10%

Wild Fires

Historical Occurrences: None determined Locational Risks: County‐wide park and recreation areas, densely populated areas, large stands of woodland






Chapter 4

Sources:

Southeast Michigan Council of Governments,Creating a Future Impervious SurfacesCoverage for Southeast Michigan, June1999


Environmental Systems Research Institute,Inc., Hazard Information and AwarenessMapping, http://www.esri.com/hazards

FEMA website (for instance, MitigationDivision), http://www.fema.org

State of Michigan website, http://michigan.gov

Michigan State University Extension website,http://www.msue.msu.edu

Taking Shelter From The Storm: Building ASafe Room Inside Your House, FederalEmergency Management Agency

Michigan Climatology Atlas, Michigan StatePolice Emergency Management Division,November 2000

Parks & Recreation In Livingston County,Michigan, Livingston County Department ofPlanning, 2012

2003 Livingston County Data Book andCommunity Profiles, Livingston CountyDepartment of Planning

Fire Protection In The Wildland/Urban

Interface: Everyone’s Responsibility,National Wildland/Urban Interface FireProtection Program

National Oceanic and AtmosphericAdministration’s National Climatic DataCenter, http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents

Department of Natural Resources, WaterManagement, http://www.michigan.gov/dnr

Livingston County Press & Argus, variousarticles on internet, http://www.hometownlife.com

FEMA Factsheets and BackgrounderInformation Resources on Hazards, http://www.fema.gov/hazards/

Firewise website, www.firewise.org

Livingston County High Quality NaturalAreas, Livingston County Department ofPlanning, 2003

Ottawa County Natural Hazards Analysis,June 2000


Livingston County Geographic InformationSystems Department, GIS Maps



Hazard Vulnerability Analysis

A Hazard Vulnerability Analysis determinesthe relative threat posed by the identifiedhazards, using qualitative and/or quantitativeratings. This information enables planners todecide which hazards merit special attentionin planning and other emergencymanagement efforts.

Hazard Vulnerability Factors

The hazard vulnerability conditions or factorsthat are analyzed and/or mapped in thischapter include:

• Population vulnerabilities andimpacts - The general population thatmay be vulnerable to a specific hazardand special populations that may beparticularly vulnerable to specifichazards because of the close proximityof facilities that shelter thesepopulations. Population vulnerabilitiesand impacts for each hazard areranked in the Hazard Profile Evaluationin the following manner: High (10+casualties), Medium (6 - 10casualties), Low (1 - 5 casualties) andNone.

• Economic vulnerabilities andimpacts - Specific business andindustry facilities that are within closeproximity to the hazard-prone area(s)and may contribute to or intensify theeffects of the hazard (includinghazardous materials storage facilities).Economic vulnerabilities and impactsfor each hazard are ranked in theHazard Profile Evaluation in thefollowing manner: Significant (10points), Medium (7 points), Low (4points), and Minimal (1 point).

Chapter 5: Hazard Vulnerability Analysis

Vulnerability to Severe Winds andTornadoes

Population vulnerabilities and impacts:The Livingston County Hazard ProfileEvaluation ranks the Population Impact ofsevere winds as Medium with 6 - 10casualties as a possible result of this type ofhazard, and ranks tornadoes as High withmore than 10 casualties as a possible resultof this type of hazard.

The Natural Hazards Risk Assessment of thisplan identifies Brighton Township as the onlyknown location of severe winds, and severalLivingston County communities that appearto be more vulnerable to tornado activitybased upon historical occurrences. Thepopulation and housing unit demographics ofthe four communities with three or moresevere wind/historical tornado occurrencesare as follows:

This data indicates that among these fourcommunities a future event occurring inHartland or Tyrone Townships (or acombination thereof since they are adjacentcommunities) would probably have thegreatest impact on Livingston Countypopulation and property damage to housingunits. A severe wind or tornado eventoccurring in Conway Township wouldprobably not have as great of an impactbecause of the township’s lower population

Commmunity Housing Est. Population Est.

Hartland 5,486 14,719

Tyrone 3,853 10,171

Fowlerville 1,312 2,894

Conway 1,273 3,536

Livingston County December 2014 Population

and Housing Units Estimates

Source: SEMCOG Population and Housing Estimates,

December 2014



Chapter 5

and housing unit totals, and because the ruraldevelopment pattern of this community wouldlimit impact.

While a future severe wind event or tornadooccurrence would probably not impact anentire township community, we can notprecisely pinpoint the exact locations of pastoccurrences. Therefore, an entire townshipserves as the most specific point ofreference. In reality, the entire LivingstonCounty community consisting of an estimated2014 population of 186,224 and 74,445housing units is vulnerable to severe windsand tornadoes.

Special populations in the four communitiescited as most vulnerable, include:

• persons living in manufacturedhousing parks - located in Tyrone,Hartland and Fowlerville.

• school-aged children in schoolfacilities - particularly concentratedareas of school facilities located nearthe Hartland settlement and the Villageof Fowlerville.

• senior citizens - the senior centers inthe settlement of Hartland and theVillage of Fowlerville, as well as thesenior housing facilities in these twocommunities.

• children in child care centers - locatedin Tyrone, Hartland and the Village ofFowlerville.

Each of these special population facilitiesand/or communities is mapped in Chapter 6:Critical Facilities.

Economic vulnerabilities and impacts:The Livingston County Hazard ProfileEvaluation ranks the Economic Effects or

possible monetary losses incurred as a resultof severe winds and tornadoes as Significant(the highest ranking). Specific business andindustry facilities that are within closeproximity to the hazard-prone area(s) and maycontribute to or intensify the effects of severewinds or tornados, include:

• major employer facilities - located inTyrone and Hartland Townships andthe Village of Fowlerville.

• industrial park facilities - located inHartland and Tyrone Townships and theVillage of Fowlerville.

• hazardous substance sites - located inall four cited communities.

Each of these business and industry facilitiesis mapped in Chapter 6: Critical Facilities.

Vulnerability to Snowstorms andIce and Sleet

Population vulnerabilities and impacts:The Livingston County Hazard ProfileEvaluation ranks the Population Impact ofsnowstorms as High with more than 10casualties as a possible result of this type ofhazard, and ranks ice and sleet as Low with 1to 5 casualties as a possible result of this typeof hazard.

The Natural Hazards Risk Assessment of thisplan identifies that these two natural hazardsoccur as a county-wide event rather thanseparate hazardous occurrences in differentcounty locations. Therefore, the entireLivingston County community consisting of apopulation of 186,224 and 74,445 housingunits is vulnerable to snowstorms and ice andsleet.

Special populations in the county that may beparticularly vulnerable to these hazards,



include:

• senior citizens in senior housingfacilities and senior centers - locatedprimarily in the two cities and twovillages.

• patients in hospital and health carefacilities - located in the Cities ofHowell and Brighton, Genoa andBrighton Townships.

• school-aged children in school facilities(many of which also serve asemergency shelters).

• children in child care facilities.

• emergency shelters in churches andschools located primarily within the twocities and two villages.

Most of these special population facilities aremapped in Chapter 6: Critical Facilities.

Economic vulnerabilities and impacts:The Livingston County Hazard ProfileEvaluation ranks the Economic Effects orpossible monetary losses incurred as a resultof snowstorms and ice and sleet asSignificant (the highest ranking). Specificbusiness and industry facilities that are withinclose proximity to the hazard-prone area(s)and may contribute to or intensify the effects ofsnowstorms or ice and sleet storms, include:

• shopping plazas and malls - vulnerableto heavy snow accumulations on largeroof expanses- located primarily inHowell, Genoa and Green OakTownships and the cities of Howell andBrighton.

• major employers and industrial parks -a large concentration of employees ismore vulnerable to damage or

temporary closure of an employmentfacility, and heavy volumes ofemployee traffic in and out of a facilitymay contribute to transportationmishaps on area roadways.

Major employers (including some majorshopping centers) and industrial parks aremapped in Chapter 6: Critical Facilities.

Vulnerability to Extreme Cold andExtreme Heat

Population vulnerabilities and impacts:The Livingston County Hazard ProfileEvaluation ranks the Population Impact ofextreme cold as Low with 1-5 humancasualties expected as a possible result ofthis type of hazard. The Population Impact ofextreme heat is ranked High with ten or morehuman casualties expected as a possibleresult. Even though nation-wide statisticsreveal that more human deaths stem fromextreme cold than extreme heat, it is moredifficult to link death to extreme cold becausethe cold seems to exacerbate an existing,serious medical condition such as heartdisease or pneumonia which causes theactual death.

Both of these natural hazards occur asdispersed events that affect the whole county,rather than as separate hazardousoccurrences in different county locations.Therefore, the entire Livingston Countycommunity consisting of a population of186,224 and 74,445 housing units isvulnerable to extreme cold and extreme heat.

Special populations in the county that may beparticularly vulnerable to these hazards,include:

• senior citizens in senior housingfacilities and senior centers (whichmay also serve as public warming orcooling centers) - located primarily in



Chapter 5

the two cities and two villages.

• patients in hospital and health carefacilities - located in the Cities ofHowell and Brighton, Genoa andBrighton Townships.

• school-aged children in schoolfacilities (many of which also serve asemergency shelters).

• children in child care facilities.

These special population facilities aremapped in Chapter 6: Critical Facilities.

Economic vulnerabilities and impacts:The Livingston County Hazard ProfileEvaluation ranks the Economic Effects orpossible monetary losses incurred as a resultof extreme cold as Low. The EconomicEffects or possible monetary losses incurredas a result of extreme heat is ranked asMedium.

Specific business and industry facilities thatmay contribute to or intensify the effects ofextreme cold or extreme heat include:

• hazardous substance sites - thesebusiness facilities are dispersedthroughout the county. Due to theinherent volatility of hazardoussubstances, an extreme change intemperature may cause instability inhazardous substances that are storedor used at a facility. This can lead tofires and explosions.

• agri-business - agriculture and theraising of livestock are businesses thatare particularly vulnerable to extremefluctuations in temperature. Crops maybe lost due to drought brought on byextreme heat, or livestock may perishdue to extreme cold. The western halfof the county contains the vast majority

of agricultural businesses inLivingston County.

Hazardous substance sites are mapped inChapter 6: Critical Facilities.

Vulnerability to Hail

Population vulnerabilities and impacts:The Livingston County Hazard ProfileEvaluation ranks the Population Impact of hailas None with no human casualties expectedas a possible result of this type of hazard.

Several occurrences of hail in LivingstonCounty have impacted specific locations,such as the villages of Fowlerville andPinckney, the cities of Howell and Brightonand the townships of Cohoctah, Unadilla andHartland, have been recorded by the NOAAas sustaining more damage due to hail. Thepopulation and housing unit demographics ofthe seven communities with three or morehail occurrences are as follows:

Although fatalities are not anticipated from ahail occurrence, this data indicates thatamong these seven communities a futureevent occurring in Hartland or the cities ofHowell and Brighton would probably have thegreatest impact on Livingston Countypopulation and property damage to housingunits. A hail event occurring in Unadilla or


Pinckney 927 2,408

Unadilla 1,493 3,519

Hartland 5,486 14,719

Cohoctah 1,297 3,367

Fowlerville 1,312 2,894

City of Howell 4,574 10,202

City of Brighton 3,976 7,684




December 2014



Cohoctah Townships would probably nothave as great of an impact because of thetownship’s smaller population base and rural,dispersed development pattern.

Economic vulnerabilities and impacts:The Livingston County Hazard ProfileEvaluation ranks the Economic Effects orpossible monetary losses incurred as a resultof hail as Low.

Specific business and industry facilities thatmay contribute to or intensify the effects ofhail include:

• agri-business - agriculture is abusiness that is particularly vulnerableto hail battering and damaging crops.Livestock on farms may alsoexperience injury from hail. Thewestern half of the county contains thevast majority of agriculturalbusinesses in Livingston County.

Vulnerability to Floods

Population vulnerabilities and impacts:The Livingston County Hazard ProfileEvaluation ranks the Population Impact offlooding as Low with 1 - 5 casualties as apossible result of this type of hazard.

The Natural Hazards Risk Assessment of thisplan identifies that Hamburg and Green OakTownships have experienced more historicaloccurances of flooding than any otherLivingston County community. Eachcommunity has experienced 5-10occurrences of flooding in the last 30 years.

As adjacent communities this means that acombined population of 40,341 orapproximately 22% of County residents arevulnerable to this natural hazard. HamburgTownship is the most populated community inthe county, while Green Oak Township is thethird most populated community in Livingston

County. Although it is likely that a floodingoccurrence in either of these two communitieswould not impact the entire population andhousing of the municipality. Therefore, thepotential population vulnerabilities andimpacts on these two communities can befurther analyzed by examining the CensusTracts that most closely align with the floodhazard areas that have historicallyexperienced flooding along the Huron River.The primary data limitation with this form ofanalysis is that the census figures are datedbecause they come from the 2010 Census.

In addition to the population living in floodhazard areas (noted in the table above), thereare other special populations that areparticularly vulnerable to flooding including:

• persons living in regulatedmanufactured housing parks

• persons living in other mobile homeenvironments, such as the plattedmobile home housing.

• persons residing near regulated dams

Economic vulnerabilities and impacts:

Commmunity Housing Population

Green Oak

Township -

Census Tracts

7442, 7446,

7447, 7448 5,085 12,765

Hamburg

Township -

Census Tracts

7433, 7436,

7437, 7438,

7439 6,619 15,592

Livingston County Population and

Housing by Census Tract, 2010

Source: Data Driven Detroit, Census Summary File 1

Profile, August 2011



Chapter 5

The Livingston County Hazard ProfileEvaluation ranks the Economic Effects orpossible monetary losses incurred as a resultof flooding as Significant (the highest ranking).

Specific business and industry facilities thatmay contribute to or intensify the effects offlooding include:

• sewer and water treatment plants -these facilities are primarily clusteredaround Livingston County’s 2 cities and2 villages. If storm sewers arecombined with water and/or sewersystems the inundation of flood watersin the storm sewers can cause waterand sewage to back up in the systemand flood facilities or render their waterand sewer service inoperative.

• well and septic systems - any businessand industry facilities that rely on well orseptic service may experienceoperational problems that force closureof the facility. If flood waters cover wellheads, the well water is consideredcontaminated and is no longer safe forhuman consumption. If grinder pumpsin septic systems are inundated withflood waters, the septic may overflow.

Sewer and water treatment plants are mappedin Chapter 6: Critical Facilities.

By way of example, the public damage/economic impacts in Hamburg Townshipincurred as a result of the May 2004 flooding ofOre Lake and the Huron River, are estimatedat $345,000.

Vulnerability to Dam Failure

Population vulnerabilities and impacts:The Livingston County Hazard ProfileEvaluation ranks the Population Impact of damfailure as Low with one to five human

casualties expected as a possible result ofthis type of hazard.

The 10 dam sites in Livingston County thatare classified as “High Hazard” and“Significant Hazard” are contained within thefollowing county census tracts. These censustracts identify a more specific subset of thecounty population, 33,501 residents, that aremost vulnerable to dam failures.

Economic vulnerabilities and impacts:The Livingston County Hazard ProfileEvaluation ranks the Economic Effects orpossible monetary losses incurred as a resultof dam failure as Significant.

There are not specific business and industryfacilities that may contribute to or intensity theeffects of Dam Failure.

Commmunity Housing Population

Green Oak

Census Tracts

7442 and 7447 2,937 6,383Hamburg Census

Tracts 7434 and

7436 2,517 6,677Putnam Census

Tract 7336 1,293 2,638Unadilla Census

Tract 7321 1,484 3,366Brighton Census

Tract 7405 957 2,194Genoa Census

Tract 7429 1,384 3,822City of Howell

Census Tract

7250 2,687 5,104

Cohoctah Census

Tract 7211 1,295 3,317TOTALS 14,554 33,501

Livingston County Population and Housing

Units by Census Tract, 2010

Source: Data Driven Detroit, Census Summary File 1

Profile, August 2011



Vulnerability to Wild Fires

Population vulnerabilities and impacts:The Livingston County Hazard ProfileEvaluation ranks the Population Impact ofwildfires as High with more than tencasualties as a possible result of this type ofhazard.

The Natural Hazards Risk Assessment of thisplan explains that the Michigan Departmentof Natural Resources (MDNR) recordswildfire data for each county in the state,however, the exact location of each wildfireincident in the county is not recorded byMDNR, emergency management or fireofficials. While the entire Livingston Countycommunity consisting of an estimated 2014population of 186,224 and 74,445 housingunits must be considered vulnerable towildfires, there are 6 Livingston Countycommunities that are particularly vulnerableto wildfires because of their over 1,000 acresof park and recreation land where humanactivity increases the threat of wildfires. Thepopulation and housing unit demographics ofthe six communities are as follows:

A hazardous event occurring in the southeastquadrant of the county in Green Oak,Hamburg, Genoa or Brighton Townshipswould probably have the greatest impact onLivingston County population and propertydamage to housing units. There are not

special populations that may be particularlyvulnerable to wild fires.

Economic vulnerabilities and impacts:The Livingston County Hazard ProfileEvaluation ranks the Economic Effects orpossible monetary losses incurred as a resultof wildfires as Significant (the highestranking). There are not specific businessand industry facilities that may contribute toor intensify the effects of wildfires.

Vulnerability to Drought

Population vulnerabilities and impacts:The Livingston County Hazard ProfileEvaluation ranks the Population Impact ofdrought as None with no human casualtiesexpected as a possible result of this type ofhazard.

Occurrences of drought in Livingston Countyhave impacted the whole county rather thanprecise locations within the county.Therefore, the entire Livingston Countycommunity consisting of a population of186,224 and 74,445 housing units isvulnerable to drought. There are not specialpopulations that are particularly vulnerable todrought.

Economic vulnerabilities and impacts:The Livingston County Hazard ProfileEvaluation ranks the Economic Effects orpossible monetary losses incurred as a resultof drought as Significant.

Specific business and industry facilities thatmay contribute to or intensify the effects ofdrought include:

• agri-business - crops may bedestroyed due to the lack of water thatis associated with drought. Thewestern half of the county contains thevast majority of agriculturalbusinesses in Livingston County.


Green Oak 7,240 18,525

Hamburg 8,791 21,816

Genoa 8,481 20,164

Brighton 3,976 7,684

Putnam 2,495 6,171

Deerfield 1,655 4,254




December 2014



Chapter 5

Vulnerability to Earthquakes

Population vulnerabilities and impacts:The Livingston County Hazard ProfileEvaluation does not rank the PopulationImpact of earthquakes.

Although portions of southern Michigan areincluded in the lowest intensity areasurrounding the New Madrid Seismic Zone(St. Louis, Missouri, area), Livingston Countyis not one of the Michigan counties included inthis area.

Economic vulnerabilities and impacts:The Livingston County Hazard ProfileEvaluation does not rank the EconomicEffects or possible monetary losses incurredas a result of earthquakes, due to the lowprobability of this hazard occurring.

Vulnerability to Land Subsidence

Population vulnerabilities and impacts:The Livingston County Hazard ProfileEvaluation does not rank the PopulationImpact of land subsidence. However, theMichigan Hazard Analysis states that this typeof hazardous event generally affects very fewpeople unlike other natural hazards that mayimpact a large number of people.

Economic vulnerabilities and impacts:The Livingston County Hazard ProfileEvaluation does not rank the EconomicEffects of Land Subsidence. If landsubsidence were to occur in the county, itwould likely impact infrastructure such asroads, bridges and underground utilitiesrather than affect specific business andindustry facilities.

Vulnerability to Lightning

Population vulnerabilities and impacts:The Livingston County Hazard Profile

Evaluation does not rank the PopulationImpact of lightning.

National statistics on lightning strikes revealthat Michigan is one of the top ranking statesfor lightning injuries and deaths.Unfortunately, the locations of these lightningstrikes are not specified. Therefore, theentire county population must be consideredvulnerable.

Economic vulnerabilities and impacts:The Livingston County Hazard ProfileEvaluation does not rank the EconomicEffects of lightning.

Most injuries and deaths due to lightningstrikes, occur on open fields and under trees.Livingston County park and recreation areascontain the majority of these hazard-pronefeatures and may contribute to or intensify theeffects of lightning. There are 11 LivingstonCounty communities that contain most of thecounty’s recreational land or schoolrecreational facilities. These communitiesare: Hamburg, Green Oak, Genoa, Brighton,Deerfield, Putnam, and Hartland Townships,the cities of Howell and Brighton and thevillages of Pinckney and Fowlerville. Thesecommunities are rather dispersed except forthe five communities that form the southeastquadrant of the county.

Vulnerability to Fog

Population vulnerabilities and impacts:The Livingston County Hazard ProfileEvaluation does not rank the PopulationImpact of Fog, due to the fact that Fog byitself is not a natural hazard with destructiveforces. For the most part, it is only when fogand humans interact on transportationcorridors that the population may bevulnerable to fog; this is particularly true onour high speed I-96 Interstate and US-23Highway networks. Since most of the county



population periodically travels on thesetransportation cooridors, the entire countypopulation must be considered vulnerable.

Economic vulnerabilities and impacts:The Livingston County Hazard ProfileEvaluation does not rank the EconomicEffects of Fog. If a fog hazard were to occurin Livingston County, it would most likelyimpact personal vehicles and publicinfrastructure such as roads, bridges andutilities, rather than impact specific businessand industry facilties.

Vulnerability to Invasive Species

Population vulnerabilities and impacts:The Livingston County Hazard ProfileEvaluation does not rank the PopulationImpact of Invasive Species.The entirepopulation is vulnerable to invasive speciesbecause the hazard primarily impacts ourenvironment. The detruction that invasivespecies have on our woodlands and waterfeatures ultimately impact humans bydiminishing the postive cleansing featuresthat nature offers and diminishing our foodsupply. Additionally our population isvulnerable to invasive species compoundingthe risks of related hazards such as flooding.

Economic vulnerabilities and impacts:The Livingston County Hazard ProfileEvaluation does not rank the EconomicEffects of Invasive Species.

Much like the economic vulnerabilities andimpacts of lightning, Livingston County parkand recreation areas contain the majority ofthese hazard-prone features and maycontribute to or intensify the effects ofInvasive Species. There are 11 LivingstonCounty communities that contain most of thecounty’s recreational land or schoolrecreational facilities (see listing undereconomic vulnerability and impacts of

lightning on previous page).

Vulnerability to Public HealthEmergencies

Population vulnerabilities and impacts:The Livingston County Hazard ProfileEvaluation does not rank the PopulationImpact of public health emergencies. Asdescribed in the risk assessment chapter ofthis plan, the primary locational risks inLivingston County for public healthemergencies are restaurants, schools, long-term care facilities, swimming areas, publicwater, sewer and electrical facilities,individual wells and septic systems, landfills,food processing plants and farms. When allof these locations are examined, every localcommunity in Livingston County contains atleast one of these locations that are at risk.Therefore, the entire Livingston Countypopulation of 186,224 is vulnerable to publichealth emergencies. In addition, theweakened immune systems of the young,pregnant or elderly are more vulnerable topublic health emergencies.

Economic vulnerabilities and impacts:The Livingston County Hazard ProfileEvaluation does not rank the EconomicEffects of Public Health Emergencies. Thereare many exceptional and far-reachinghazardous events that could occur as primaryor secondary public health emergenciesresulting in high economic impacts. Forexample, a pandemic flu or a large outbreakof Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome(SARS) could result in large percentages ofemployees taking sick leave or mandatedquarantine action, removing workers fromtheir place of employment and thus impactingproductivity within the economy. Additionally,any hazardous event that would havesecondary public health implications such aslarge scale radiological events, wouldsignificantly disrupt or halt the normal



Chapter 5

business activities of an impactedcommunity. Such is the complex nature ofpublic health vulnerabilities; it is difficult toseparate individual hazards that result inmass fatality and/or mortality from generalpublic health emergencies.

Specific business and industry facilities thatare within close proximity to the hazard-pronearea(s) and may contribute to or intensify theeffects of the hazard include:

• restaurants - local food serviceestablishments can spread foodbornepathogenic contamination fromimproperly prepared food or foodsthat were already tainted before theywere served. These situations mayresult in critical health violations thatcould force the temporary or fullclosure of a restaurant.

• food processing plants anddistribution centers - there are at leastthree such establishments inLivingston County. Any foodbornecontamination caused by thepractices of one of these facilitiescould result in a wide spread pubichealth emergency and economichardship for the food facility.

• farms - the 2012 Census of Agriculturerecorded 734 farms in LivingstonCounty which are primarily located inthe western portion of the county. Thepresence of pesticides, fertilizers,animal feed and animal wastes onfarms can potentially contribute to apublic health emergency.

Sources:


FEMA website (for instance, MitigationDivision), http://www.fema.org

State of Michigan website, http://www.michigan.gov

2003 Livingston County Data Book andCommunity Profiles, Livingston CountyDepartment of Planning, 2003

FEMA Facts Sheets and Backgrounderinformation resources on hazards, http://www.fema.gov/hazards

State And Local Mitigation Planning how-to-guide: Understanding Your Risks, FederalEmergency Management Agency, Version1.0, August 2001

Livingston County Department of EmergencyManagement, records

Southeast Michigan Council of Governments,Population and Household Estimates forSoutheast Michigan, December 2014

Livingston County Geographic InformationSystem Department, G.I.S. maps

Livingston County Press & Argus, variousarticles on internet, http://www.hometownlife.com

104

Critical FacilitiesCritical FacilitiesCritical FacilitiesCritical FacilitiesCritical Facilities

The next step in risk assessment is toidentify, inventory and map critical facilities inLivingston County. Critical facilities wereidentified by focusing on the following veryurgent and important types of facilities:

• Facilities for vulnerablepopulations - facilities that housepopulations that are particularly at riskto hazardous incidents. Examples ofvulnerable populations include:school-aged children in schoolfacilities, and senior citizens housedin nursing homes. These populationsmay require special responseassistance or special medical careafter a disaster.

• Facilities that significantly impactthe local or regional economy - thefacilities of major employers couldaffect the local or regional economy ifsignificantly disrupted, putting manyresidents out of work and/or out offinancial resources.

• Facilities with specialconsiderations that if damaged,would result in high death tolls -facilities such as high density housingdevelopments, large scalecommercial developments such asmalls, and infrastructure such asdams.

• Facilities that provide essentialservices - facilities that are essentialfor the health and welfare of the wholepopulation. The vulnerability of thesefacilities is based on the service theyprovide rather than simply theirphysical aspects. Essential facilities

include hospitals and other medicalfacilities, and evacuation shelters.

• Facilities containing hazardousmaterials - facilities housinghazardous materials such ascorrosives and explosives that couldcontribute to or intensify the risk ofcertain hazards.

• Facilities that provide lifeline utilitysystems - the facilities of public andprivate utility systems that provideessential life support services such aselectric power, heating, airconditioning, water, and sewagedisposal. If these facilities weredamaged, it would seriouslyjeopardize the health, safety andwelfare of the general public.

• Facilities that ensure a fullrecovery of the community -facilities that provide servicesessential to the recovery of acommunity following a hazardousevent, such as government functionslike fire and police stations andemergency operation centers.

Following are inventory tables andassociated maps that identify at-risk, criticalfacilities in Livingston County:

Chapter 6: Critical Facilities

105

MAP

#CR

ITICAL FA

CILITY

TYPE

OF

FACILITY

ADD

RESS

COMMUNITY

SCHO

OL

DISTRICT

1Brighton

High Scho

olHigh

Schoo

l7878 Brig

hton

Road

Brighton

Brighton

2Th

e Bridge

Alte

rnative High

Schoo

lHigh

Schoo

l125 S. Chu

rch Street

Brighton

Brighton

3Scranton

Middle Scho

olMiddle Scho

ol8415 M

altby Ro

adGree

n Oak Tow

nship

Brighton

4Maltby Interm

ediate

Middle Scho

ol4740 Bau

er Road

Geno

a To

wnship

Brighton

5Ha

wkins Elemen

tary

Elem

entary Schoo

l8900 Le

e Ro

adGree

n Oak Tow

nship

Brighton

6Hilto

n Elem

entary

Elem

entary Schoo

l9600 Hilton

Roa

dBrighton

Tow

nship

Brighton

7Ho

rnun

g Elem

entary

Elem

entary Schoo

l4680 Bau

er Road

Geno

a To

wnship

Brighton

8Sp

encer E

lemen

tary

Elem

entary Schoo

l10639 Sp

encer R

oad

Brighton

Tow

nship

Brighton

9Brighton

Com

.Edu

catio

n/He

adstart

Commun

ity Edu

catio

n850 Sp

encer R

oad

Brighton

Brighton

10Fo

wlerville High

Schoo

lHigh

Schoo

l700 N. G

rand

Ave

.Fo

wlerville

Fowlerville

11Fo

wlerville Junior High Scho

olMiddle Scho

ol7677 Sha

rpe Ro

adFo

wlerville

Fowlerville

12Natalie Kreeg

er Elemen

tary Schoo

lElem

entary Schoo

l430 N. H

ibba

rd Stree

tFo

wlerville

Fowlerville

13HT

Smith

Elemen

tary Schoo

lElem

entary Schoo

l440 N. H

ibba

rd Stree

t Fo

wlerville

Fowlerville

14Mun

n Early

Childho

od Cen

ter

Commun

ity Edu

catio

n450 N. H

ibba

rd Stree

tFo

wlerville

Fowlerville

15Fo

wlerville Co

mmun

ity Edu

catio

nCo

mmun

ity Edu

catio

n7677 Sha

rpe Ro

adFo

wlerville

Fowlerville

16Brum

mer Elemen

tary

Elem

entary Schoo

l9919 Rushton

Roa

dGree

n Oak Tow

nship

South Lyon

17Ha

rtland

High Scho

olHigh

Schoo

l10635 Du

nham

Roa

dHa

rtland

Tow

nship

Hartland

18Ha

rtland

Alt. High Scho

ol/Com

. Ed.

Commun

ity Edu

catio

n9525 Highlan

d Ro

adHa

rtland

Tow

nship

Hartland

19Ha

rtland

Middle Scho

ol at O

re Creek

Middle Scho

ol3250 N. H

artla

nd Road

Hartland

Tow

nship

Hartland

20Ha

rtland

Farms Intermed

iate

Middle Scho

ol581 Taylor Roa

dBrighton

Tow

nship

Hartland

21Cree

kside Elem

entary Schoo

lElem

entary Schoo

l3480 East Stree

tHa

rtland

Tow

nship

Hartland

22Ro

und Elem

entary Schoo

lElem

entary Schoo

l11550 Hibn

er Roa

dHa

rtland

Tow

nship

Hartland

23Villa

ge Elemen

tary Schoo

lElem

entary Schoo

l10632 Hibn

er Roa

dHa

rtland

Tow

nship

Hartland

24Lake

s Elemen

tary Schoo

l Elem

entary Schoo

l687 Taylor Roa

dBrighton

Tow

nship

Hartland

Source:

Living

ston

Cou

nty Plan

ning

Dep

artm

ent a

nd GIS Dep

artm

ent, LESA

Living

ston

Cou

nty Scho

ol Dire

ctory 2014‐2015, Ju

ne 2015

CRITICAL FA

CILITIES IN

LIVINGSTON COUNTY

Public Schoo

ls

106

MAP

#CR

ITICAL

FAC

ILITY

TYPE

OF

FACILITY

ADDR

ESS

COMMUNITY

SCHO

OL

DISTRICT

25Ho

well H

igh Scho

ol

High

Schoo

l12000 W. G

rand

River Ave.H

owell

Howell

26Ho

well H

igh Scho

ol ‐ Freshman

High

Schoo

l1400 W

. Grand

River Ave.

Howell

Howell

27Highland

er W

ay Middle Scho

olMiddle Scho

ol511 N. H

ighlande

r Way

Howell

Howell

28Parker Middle Scho

olMiddle Scho

ol400 Wrig

ht Road

Marion Township

Howell

29Ch

allenger Elemen

tary Schoo

lElem

entary Schoo

l1066 W

. Grand

River Ave.

Howell

Howell

30Three Fires E

lemen

tary Schoo

lElem

entary Schoo

l4125 Crooked

Lake

Road

Geno

a Township

Howell

31Northwest Elemen

tary Schoo

lElem

entary Schoo

l1233 Bow

er Stree

tHo

well

Howell

32Southe

ast Elemen

tary Schoo

lElem

entary Schoo

l861 E. Sibley Street

Howell

Howell

33Southw

est Elemen

tary Schoo

lElem

entary Schoo

l915 Ga

y Street

Howell

Howell

34Vo

yager Elemen

tary Schoo

lElem

entary Schoo

l1450 Byron

Road

Howell

Howell

35Hu

tchings E

lemen

tary Schoo

lElem

entary Schoo

l3503 Bigelow

Road

Oceola Township

Howell

36Livingston

Edu

catio

nal Service Agency

Commun

ity Edu

catio

n1425 W

. Grand

River Ave.

Howell

All Cou

nty Scho

ols

37Pinckney

High Scho

olHigh

Schoo

l10255 De

xter‐Pinckne

yPu

tnam

Tow

nship

Pinckney

38Navigator Middle Scho

olMiddle Scho

ol2150 E. M

‐36

Hambu

rg Tow

nship

Pinckney

39Pathfin

der M

iddle Scho

olMiddle Scho

ol2100 E. M

‐36

Hambu

rg Tow

nship

Pinckney

40Co

untry Elem

entary

Elem

entary Schoo

l2939 E. M

‐36

Hambu

rg Tow

nship

Pinckney

41Ha

mbu

rg Elemen

tary

Elem

entary Schoo

l10564 Learning

Lane

Hambu

rg Tow

nship

Pinckney

42Lakeland

Elemen

tary

Elem

entary Schoo

l9501 Pettys D

rive

Hambu

rg Tow

nship

Pinckney

43Pinckney

Elemen

tary

Elem

entary Schoo

l935 W. M

‐36

Pinckney

Pinckney

44Farle

y Hill Elem

entary

Elem

entary Schoo

l8110 Farley Ro

adPu

tnam

Tow

nship

Pinckney

45Pinckney

Com

mun

ity Edu

catio

nCo

mmun

ity Edu

catio

n2130 E. M

‐36

Hambu

rg Tow

nship

Pinckney

46Ho

welett Elemen

tary Schoo

lCo

mmun

ity Edu

catio

n125 Web

b Street

Unadilla Township

LESA

Source:

Livingston

Cou

nty Planning

Dep

artm

ent and

GIS Dep

artm

ent, LESA

Livingston

Cou

nty Scho

ol Dire

ctory 2014‐2015, Ju

ne 2015

CRITICAL

FAC

ILITIES IN LIVINGS

TON COUNTY

Public Schoo

ls

107

MAP

#CR

ITICAL

FAC

ILITY

TYPE

OF FA

CILITY

ADDR

ESS

COMMUNITY

47Ch

aryl Stockwell A

cade

my ‐Secon

dary

Academ

y1032 Karl G

reim

elBrighton

48Ch

aryl Stockwell A

cade

my ‐High Scho

olAcadem

y1032 Karl G

reim

elBrighton

49Flextech High Scho

olAcadem

y7707 Con

ference Drive

Brighton

Tow

nship

50Ch

aryl Stockwell A

cade

my ‐Elemen

tary

Academ

y9758 Highland Ro

adHa

rtland

Tow

nship

51Ke

nsington

Woo

ds Schoo

lAcadem

y9501 Pettys R

oad

Hambu

rg Tow

nship

52St. Patrick Scho

olPrivate Scho

ol1001 Charle

s Orndo

rf Dr.

Brighton

53Brighton

Mon

tessori Schoo

lPrivate Scho

ol5291 Ethel Stree

tBrighton

Tow

nship

54Co

rnerston

e Ch

ristia

n Scho

olPrivate Scho

ol9455 Hilton

Road

Brighton

Tow

nship

55Shep

herd of the

Lakes Luthe

ran

Private Scho

ol2101 Sou

th Hacker R

oad

Brighton

Tow

nship

56St. M

ary Magdalen

Private Scho

ol2201 Old U.S. 23

Brighton

Tow

nship

57Ho

ly Spirit Catho

lic Schoo

lPrivate Scho

ol9565 Musch Road

Gree

n Oak Tow

nship

58Fowlerville Ch

ristia

n Scho

olPrivate Scho

ol9430 W

. Grand

River Ave.

Hand

y Township

59Maple Tree Mon

tessori A

cade

my

Private Scho

ol2944 S. O

ld U.S. 23

Brighton

Tow

nship

60Our Savior Evangelical Lu

theran

Schoo

lPrivate Scho

ol13667 W. H

ighland Ro

adHa

rtland

Tow

nship

61St. Josep

h Scho

olPrivate Scho

ol425 E. W

ashington Street

Howell

62Hidd

en Springs Christia

n Scho

olPrivate Scho

ol5860 La

tson

Road

Oceola Township

63Livingston

Christia

n Scho

olPrivate Scho

ol550 E. Ham

burg Stree

tPinckney

64Light o

f the

World Acade

my

Private Scho

ol1740 E. M

‐36

Putnam

Tow

nship

65St. M

ary Scho

olPrivate Scho

ol10601 De

xter‐Pinckne

y Rd

.Putnam Tow

nship

Source:

Livingston

Cou

nty Planning

Dep

artm

ent and

GIS Dep

artm

ent, LESA

Livingston

Cou

nty Scho

ol Dire

ctory 2014‐2015, Ju

ne 2015

CRITICAL

FAC

ILITIES IN LIVINGS

TON COUNTY

Public Schoo

l Acade

mies a

nd Priv

ate Scho

ols

108

MAP

#CR

ITICAL

FAC

ILITY

TYPE

OF FA

CILITY

ADDR

ESS

COMMUNITY

66Cleary University

Colle

ge or U

niversity

3750 Cleary Dr.

Geno

a Township

67Eastern Michigan Un

iversity

Colle

ge or U

niversity

2250 Gen

oa Business P

ark Dr.

Geno

a Township

68Ferris State University

Colle

ge or U

niversity

1240 Packard Dr.

Howell Tow

nship

69Lansing Co

mmun

ity College

Colle

ge or U

niversity

402 Wrig

ht Road

Marion Township

70Mott C

ommun

ity College

Colle

ge or U

niversity

1240 Packard Dr.

Howell Tow

nship

71Livingston

MTEC

Colle

ge or U

niversity

1240 Packard Dr.

Howell Tow

nship

72Washten

aw Com

mun

ity College

Colle

ge or U

niversity

7878 Brig

hton

Road

Brighton

Source:

Livingston

Cou

nty Planning

Dep

artm

ent and

GIS Dep

artm

ent, LESA

Livingston

Cou

nty Scho

ol Dire

ctory 2014‐2015, Ju

ne 2015

CRITICAL

FAC

ILITIES IN LIVINGS

TON COUNTY

Colleges a

nd Universities

109

!

!

!

! !!

!

!

!!

!! !

!

!!!

!!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

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!!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!

!

!

!

!

!!

!

!

!

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!!

!!

!

!

!

!

!!

!

!

15

6

7 4

9

3

8

12

201

7

2422

27

3626

31 32

34

69

40

44

37

38

23

33

53

54

55

52

65

61

35

39

21

18

71

59

48

50

62

63

57

16

2

47

66 3

028

51

49

64

60

15

11

41

42

43

56

58

67

68

70

72

14

29

25

46

45

19

13

10

47,

±SO

URC

ES:

Livin

gsto

n C

ount

y D

epar

tmen

ts o

f Pla

nnin

g,

Geo

grap

hic

Info

Sys

tem

s,

Publ

ic H

ealth

& Em

erge

ncy

Man

agem

ent

May

201

5

CRI

TIC

AL

FAC

ILIT

IES

IN L

IVIN

GST

ON

CO

UNTY

-

PUBL

IC A

ND

PRI

VA

TE S

CHO

OLS

, AC

AD

EMIE

S,

CO

LLEG

ES A

ND

UNIV

ERSI

TIES

Ty

pe

_o

f_S

ch

oo

l

!E

lem

en

tary

Sch

oo

l

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idd

le S

cho

ol

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igh

Sch

oo

l

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om

mun

ity

Ed

uca

tio

n

!A

ca

de

my

!P

riva

te S

ch

oo

l

!C

olle

ge

or

Un

ive

rsity

110

MAP

#CR

ITICAL

FAC

ILITY

TYPE

OF

FACILITY

ADDR

ESS

COMMUNITY

1First Steps Prescho

olCh

ild Care & Le

arning

400 E. Grand

River

Brighton

2Brighton

Mon

tessori Schoo

lCh

ild Care & Le

arning

5291 Ethel Stree

tBrighton

Tow

nship

3Creativ

e Kids Le

arning

Cen

ter

Child

Care & Le

arning

801 Ch

estnut Stree

tBrighton

4Ro

sebroo

ke Child Develop

men

tCh

ild Care & Le

arning

7600 Nem

co W

ayBrighton

5LO

L Daycare

Child

Care & Le

arning

5051 Pleasant V

alley Dr.

Brighton

Tow

nship

6Maple Tree Mon

tessori A

cade

my

Child

Care & Le

arning

2944 S. O

ld U.S. 23

Brighton

Tow

nship

7Tedd

y Be

ar's Playho

use

Child

Care & Le

arning

10068 Spen

cer R

oad

Brighton

Tow

nship

8Co

rnerston

e Ch

ristia

n Scho

olCh

ild Care & Le

arning

9455 Hilton

Road

Brighton

Tow

nship

9He

artstrings Le

arning

Cen

ter

Child

Care & Le

arning

201 S. 2nd

Stree

tFowlerville

10The Learning

Tree

Child

Care & Le

arning

1183 Parkw

ay Driv

eGe

noa Township

11Brighton

Co‐Op Preschoo

lCh

ild Care & Le

arning

4440 Brig

hton

Road

Geno

a Township

12IXL Learning Ce

nter

Child

Care & Le

arning

5424 E. G

rand

River Ave.

Geno

a Township

13Scho

ol Bell Child Care

Child

Care & Le

arning

7172 E. G

rand

River Ave.

Geno

a Township

14Stacy's E

arly Childho

od Cen

ter

Child

Care & Le

arning

5885 M

‐36

Hambu

rg15

Alph

abet Sou

p Ch

ildren's C

enter

Child

Care & Le

arning

8048 Cou

ntry Corne

r Dr.

Hand

y Township

16New

Creations Prescho

olCh

ild Care & Le

arning

9300 W

. Grand

River Ave.

Hand

y Township

17Co

untry Mou

se Childcare

Child

Care & Le

arning

7739 Clyde

Road

Oceola Township

18Our Savior Evangelical Lu

theran

Prescho

olCh

ild Care & Le

arning

13667 Highland

Road

Hartland

Tow

nship

19The Learning

Ladd

erCh

ild Care & Le

arning

1025 Yorkshire Driv

eHo

well

20St. Josep

h Preschoo

l & La

tch Ke

yCh

ild Care & Le

arning

317 Fowler Stree

tHo

well

21Grace Lutheran

Early Le

arning

Cen

ter

Child

Care & Le

arning

312 Prospe

ct Stree

tHo

well

22First P

resbyterian Ch

ildrens Care Ce

nter

Child

Care & Le

arning

323 W. G

rand

River Ave.

Howell

23Ho

well Recreation Preschoo

lCh

ild Care & Le

arning

925 W. G

rand

River Ave.

Howell

CRITICAL

FAC

ILITIES IN LIVINGS

TON COUNTY

Child

Care an

d Learning

Facilitie

s in Non

‐Schoo

l Facilitie

s

Sources: Livingston

Cou

nty Planning

Dep

artm

ent, Livingston

Cou

nty De

partmen

t of P

ublic Health

, Great Start to

Quality Re

ferral List, Jun

e 2015

111

MAP

#CR

ITICAL

FAC

ILITY

TYPE

OF

FACILITY

ADDR

ESS

COMMUNITY

24He

art o

f the

She

pherd Ch

ild Dev. Cen

ter

Child

Care & Le

arning

228 N. Burkhart R

oad

Howell Tow

nship

25Ho

well Early Le

arning

Cen

ter

Child

Care & Le

arning

1800 N. Burkhart R

oad

Howell Tow

nship

26Little Cou

ntry Kids D

ay Care

Child

Care & Le

arning

3076 W

. Coo

n Lake

Road

Marion Township

27Crossroads Le

arning

Cen

ter

Child

Care & Le

arning

144 Schroe

der P

ark

Marion Township

28Follo

w th

e Ch

ild Mon

tessori Schoo

lCh

ild Care & Le

arning

985 N. Latson

Oceola Township

29Rainbo

w Child Care Ce

nter

Child

Care & Le

arning

1840 La

tson

Road

Oceola Township

30Giggle Gang Da

ycare & Prescho

olCh

ild Care & Le

arning

5202 E. H

ighland Ro

adOceola Township

31A Place to Grow

Child

Care & Le

arning

910 Da

rwin Road

Putnam

Tow

nship

32For K

ids S

ake Early

Learning

Child

Care & Le

arning

10300 Pinckney

Road

Putnam

Tow

nship

CRITICAL

FAC

ILITIES IN LIVINGS

TON COUNTY

Child

Care an

d Learning Facilitie

s in Non

‐Schoo

l Facilitie

s

Sources: Livingston

Cou

nty Planning

Dep

artm

ent, Livingston

Cou

nty De

partmen

t of P

ublic Health

, Great Start to

Quality Re

ferral List, Jun

e 2015

112

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!

!!!

!

!

!!!

!

!

12

34

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

2425

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

Fow

lerv

ille

Pinc

kne

y

Tyro

neD

eerfi

eld

Coh

octa

hC

onw

ay

Har

tland

Iosc

o

Una

dilla

Ham

burg

Han

dy

Putn

am

Gre

enO

ak

Brig

hton

City

Oce

ola

How

ell

Ma

rion

Ho

we

llC

ity

Ge

noa

Brig

hton

±SO

URC

ES:

Livin

gst

on

Cou

nty

Dep

artm

ents

of P

lann

ing,

G

eog

rap

hic

Info

Sys

tem

s,

Publ

ic H

ealth

& Em

erg

ency

Man

ag

eme

nt

May

201

5

CRI

TIC

AL

FAC

ILIT

IES

IN L

IVIN

GST

ON

CO

UNTY

-

CH

ILD

CA

RE, L

EARN

ING

FA

CIL

ITIE

S IN

NO

N-S

CH

OO

L FA

CIL

ITIE

S

113

MAP

#CR

ITICAL

FAC

ILITY

TYPE

OF

FACILITY

ADDR

ESS

COMMUNITY

1Brighton

Sen

ior C

enter

Senior Cen

ter

850 Spen

cer R

oad

Brighton

2Em

eritu

s at B

righton

Senior Hou

sing

833 E. Grand

River Ave.

Brighton

3Oak Tree Village

Senior Hou

sing

7800 Nem

co W

ayBrighton

4Inde

pend

ence Village of Brig

hton

Valley

Senior Hou

sing

7700 Nem

co W

ayBrighton

5Mill Pon

d Manor Apartmen

tsSenior Hou

sing

614 N. 2nd

Stree

tBrighton

6Caretel Inn

s of B

righton

Nursing/Reh

ab1014 E. G

rand

River Ave.

Brighton

7Un

iversity of M

ichigan Brighton

Health

Cen

terNursing/Reh

ab8001 Challis R

oad

Brighton

8St. Joh

n Providen

ce Health

System Brig

hton

Center For Recovery

Health Care/Ho

spita

l12851 Grand River R

oad

Brighton

Tow

nship

9Meado

w Glen Ap

artm

ents

Senior Hou

sing

470 N. G

rand

Fowlerville

10Glen

woo

d Ap

artm

ents

Senior Hou

sing

797 Ha

zelnut Stree

tFowlerville

11Ro

lling

Meado

ws S

enior A

partmen

tsSenior Hou

sing

360 N. A

nn Stree

tFowlerville

12Fowlerville Senior Cen

ter

Senior Cen

ter

203 N. Collin

s Stree

tFowlerville

13Ashley

Cou

rtNursing/Reh

ab7400 Challis R

oad

Brighton

14Sanctuary at W

oodland

Senior Hou

sing

7533 Grand

River Ave.

Geno

a Township

15Wellbrid

ge of B

righton

Nursing/Reh

ab2200 Dorr R

oad

Geno

a Township

CRITICAL

FAC

ILITIES IN LIVINGS

TON COUNTY

Senior and

Health

Care Facilities

Sources: Livingston

Cou

nty Planning

Dep

artm

ent, Livingston

Cou

nty De

partmen

t of P

ublic Health

, Sen

ior H

ousing

Guide

2013, Ju

ne 2015

114

MAP

#CR

ITICAL

FAC

ILITY

TYPE

OF

FACILITY

ADDR

ESS

COMMUNITY

16St. Josep

h Mercy Brig

hton

& Cancer C

enter

Health Care/Ho

spita

l7575 E. G

rand

River Avenu

eGe

noa Township

17Ha

mbu

rg Tow

nship Senior Cen

ter

Senior Cen

ter

10407 Merrill Road

Hambu

rg Tow

nship

18Ha

rtland

Tow

nship Senior Cen

ter

Senior Cen

ter

9525 Highland Ro

adHa

rtland

Tow

nship

19Village

Manor Retire

men

tSenior Hou

sing

9501 E. H

ighland Ro

adHa

rtland

Tow

nship

20Co

untry Glen

Senior Hou

sing

600 Warbler W

ayHo

well

21Sunn

y Kn

oll A

partmen

tsSenior Hou

sing

1333 W

. Grand

River Ave.

Howell

22Oakhaven Manor

Senior Hou

sing

1320 Asheb

ury Lane

Howell

23Ho

well Sen

ior C

enter

Senior Cen

ter

925 W. G

rand

River Ave.

Howell

24The Willow

s at H

owell

Senior Hou

sing

1500 Byron

Road

Howell

25Vista Sprin

gsSenior Hou

sing

605 Pe

re Marqu

ette Stree

tHo

well

26Ho

well Care Ce

nter

Nursing/Reh

ab3003 W

. Grand

River Ave.

Howell Tow

nship

27Med

ilodge of How

ell

Nursing/Reh

ab1333 W

. Grand

River Ave.

Howell

28Sunn

y Kn

oll A

partmen

tsSenior Hou

sing

1333 W

. Grand

River Ave.

Howell

29St. Josep

h Mercy Livingston

Hospital

Health Care/Ho

spita

l620 Byron Ro

adHo

well

30Pinckney

Sen

ior C

enter

Senior Cen

ter

131 S. How

ell Stree

tPinckney

CRITICAL

FAC

ILITIES IN LIVINGS

TON COUNTY

Senior and

Health

Care Facilities

Sources: Livingston

Cou

nty Planning

Dep

artm

ent, Livingston

Cou

nty De

partmen

t of P

ublic Health

, Sen

ior H

ousing

Guide

2013, Ju

ne 2015

115

!

!!

!

!

!

!

! !! !

!!!

!

!

!

!!

!

!!

!!!

!!!

!

!

1

34

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

1314

15

2

16

17

18

19

20

21

23

22

25

26

27

28

29

30

24

Fow

lerv

ille

Pinc

kney

Tyro

neDe

erfie

ldC

ohoc

tah

Con

way

Hartl

and

Iosc

o

Unad

illa

Ham

burg

Hand

y

Putn

amG

reen

Oak

Brig

hton

City

Oce

ola

How

ell

Mar

ion

How

ell

City

Gen

oaBr

ight

on

±SO

URC

ES:

Livin

gsto

n C

ount

y De

partm

ents

of P

lann

ing,

G

eogr

aphi

c In

fo S

yste

ms,

Pu

blic

Hea

lth

& Emer

genc

y M

anag

emen

t

May

201

5

CRI

TIC

AL

FAC

ILIT

IES

IN L

IVIN

GST

ON

CO

UNTY

-

SEN

IOR

AN

D H

EALT

HCA

RE F

AC

ILIT

IES

Ty

pe

of

Fa

cilit

y

!S

en

ior

Ce

nte

r

!S

en

ior

Ho

us

ing

!N

urs

ing

/ R

eh

ab

!H

ea

lth

ca

re /

Ho

sp

ita

l

116

MAP

#CR

ITICAL

FAC

ILITY

TYPE

OF

FACILITY

ADDR

ESS

COMMUNITY/

SCHO

OL DIST.

1Scranton

Middle Scho

olScho

ol8415 Maltby Ro

adBrighton

Schoo

l District

2Lord of Life

Lutheran

Chu

rch

Church

5051 Pleasant V

alley

Brighton

Tow

nship

3Miller Early Childho

odScho

ol850 Spen

cer R

oad

Brighton

Schoo

l District

4Brighton

High Scho

olScho

ol7878 Brig

hton

Road

Brighton

Schoo

l District

5Ha

wkins Elemen

tary Schoo

lScho

ol8900 Le

e Ro

adBrighton

Schoo

l District

6Hilto

n Elem

entary Schoo

lScho

ol9600 Hilton

Brighton

Schoo

l District

7Spen

cer Elemen

tary Schoo

lScho

ol10639 Spen

cer R

oad

Brighton

Schoo

l District

8Ho

rnun

g Elem

entary Schoo

lScho

ol4680 Bauer Road

Brighton

Schoo

l District

9Brighton

Christia

n Ch

urch

Church

4309 Bun

o Ro

adBrighton

Tow

nship

10Shep

ard of th

e Lakes Luthe

ran

Church

2101 S. H

acker R

oad

Brighton

Tow

nship

11First U

nited Metho

dist Chu

rch

Church

400 E. Grand

River

Brighton

12St. Paul's Episcop

al Chu

rch

Church

200 West St. Paul Stree

tBrighton

13Maltby Middle Scho

olScho

ol4740 Bauer Road

Brighton

Schoo

l District

14St. M

ary Magdalen Catholic

Church

2201 Old US‐23

Brighton

Tow

nship

15St. A

ugustin

e Catholic Chu

rch

Church

6481 Faussett

Deerfie

ld Tow

nship

16Kree

ger Elemen

tary Schoo

lScho

ol430 N. H

ibbard Stree

tFowlerville Scho

ol District

17Fowlerville Junior High Scho

olScho

ol7677 Sharpe Ro

adFowlerville Scho

ol District

18Fowlerville High

Schoo

lScho

ol700 North Grand

River

Fowlerville Scho

ol District

19St. Joh

n's Luthe

ran

Church

132 S Be

njam

in Stree

tFowlerville

20Gregory Co

mmun

ity Chu

rch

Church

126 Ch

urch Stree

t Un

adilla Township

CRITICAL

FAC

ILITIES IN LIVINGS

TON COUNTY

Emergency Shelters

Sources: Livingston

Cou

nty De

partmen

t of P

ublic Health

and

Livingston

Cou

nty Ch

apter o

f the

American

Red

Cross, M

ay 2015

117

MAP

#CR

ITICAL

FAC

ILITY

TYPE

OF

FACILITY

ADDR

ESS

COMMUNITY/

SCHO

OL DIST.

21St. Paul Luthe

ran Ch

urch

Church

7701 East M

‐36

Hambu

rg Tow

nship

22Ore Creek

Middle Scho

olScho

ol3250 Hartla

nd Road

Hartland

Schoo

l District

23Cree

kside Elem

entary Schoo

lScho

ol3480 East Stree

tHa

rtland

Schoo

l District

24Ha

rtland

High Scho

olScho

ol10635 Du

nham

Road

Hartland

Schoo

l District

25Lakes E

lemen

tary Schoo

lScho

ol687 Taylor Road

Hartland

Schoo

l District

26Farm

s Intermed

iate Schoo

lScho

ol581 Taylor Road

Hartland

Schoo

l District

27Ro

und Elem

entary Schoo

lScho

ol11550 Hibn

er Road

Hartland

Schoo

l District

28Village

Elemen

tary Schoo

lScho

ol10632 Hibn

er Road

Hartland

Schoo

l District

29Ha

rtland

Edu

c. Sup

port Service

Scho

ol9525 Highland Ro

adHa

rtland

Schoo

l District

30Northwest Elemen

tary

Scho

ol1233 Bow

er Stree

tHo

well Schoo

l District

31Southw

est Elemen

atry

Scho

ol915 Ga

y Street

Howell Schoo

l District

32Ho

well A

ssem

bly of God

Church

1130 W

. Highland

Howell Tow

nship

33Ho

well H

igh Scho

olScho

ol1200 W

. Grand

River

Howell Schoo

l District

34Highland

er W

ay Middle Scho

olScho

ol511 N. H

ighlande

r Way

Howell Schoo

l District

35Three Fires M

iddle Scho

olScho

ol4125 Crooked

Lake

Rd.

Howell Schoo

l District

36Hu

tchings E

lemen

tary

Scho

ol3503 Bigelow

Road

Howell Schoo

l District

37Vo

yager Elemen

tary

Scho

ol1450 Byron

Road

Howell Schoo

l District

38Southe

ast Elemen

tary

Scho

ol861 Sibley

Stree

tHo

well Schoo

l District

39St. Josep

h Catholic Chu

rch

Church

440 E. W

ashington St.

Howell

40Ch

allenger Elemen

tary

Scho

ol1066 W

. Grand

River

Howell Schoo

l District

Sources: Livingston

Cou

nty De

partmen

t of P

ublic Health

and

Livingston

Cou

nty Ch

apter o

f the

American

Red

Cross, M

ay 2015

CRITICAL

FAC

ILITIES IN LIVINGS

TON COUNTY

Emergency Shelters

118

MAP

#CR

ITICAL

FAC

ILITY

TYPE

OF

FACILITY

ADDR

ESS

COMMUNITY/

SCHO

OL DIST.

41First U

nited Metho

dist Chu

rch

Church

1230 Bow

er Stree

tHo

well

42Parker High Scho

olScho

ol400 Wrig

ht Road

Howell Schoo

l District

43Ho

well H

igh Scho

ol ‐ Freshman

Scho

ol1400 W

. Grand

River

Howell Schoo

l District

44Am

erican

Red

Cross ‐ Livingston

Agen

cy1372 W

. Grand

River

Howell

45St. Joh

n Catholic Chu

rch

Church

2099 N. H

acker R

oad

Oceola Township

46Farle

y Hill Elem

entary

Scho

ol8110 Farley Ro

adPinckney

Schoo

l District

47Co

untry Elem

entary

Scho

ol2939 East M

‐36

Pinckney

Schoo

l District

48Pathfin

der M

iddle Scho

olScho

ol2130 East M

‐36

Pinckney

Schoo

l District

49Navigator Middle Scho

olScho

ol2150 East M

‐36

Pinckney

Schoo

l District

50Pinckney

High Scho

olScho

ol10255 De

xter Pinckne

yPinckney

Schoo

l District

51Shalom

Lutheran

Chu

rch

Church

1740 East M

‐36

Putnam

Tow

nship

Sources: Livingston

Cou

nty De

partmen

t of P

ublic Health

and

Livingston

Cou

nty Ch

apter o

f the

American

Red

Cross, M

ay 2015

CRITICAL

FAC

ILITIES IN LIVINGS

TON COUNTY

Emergency Shelters

119

!

!!

!

!

!

!!

!

!

!!!

!

!

! !

!!

!!! ! !

!!

!

!

!

!!

!

!

!

!

!!

!!

! !

!

!!

!

!!

!

!

!

!

1

2

4

5

6

79

10

12

14

15

16 19

20

21

25

26

27

28

29

34

35

36

38

39

41

42

44

45

47

48

51

17

46

49

50

3

8

11

13

22

23

24

30

31

32

33

37

40

43

18

Fow

lerv

ille

Pin

ckn

ey

Tyro

ne

De

erfi

eld

Co

ho

cta

hC

on

wa

y

Ha

rtla

nd

Iosc

o

Una

dill

aH

am

bu

rg

Ha

nd

y

Putn

am

Gre

en

Oa

k

Brig

hto

nC

ity

Oc

eo

laH

ow

ell

Ma

rion

Ho

we

llC

ity

Ge

no

aBr

ight

on

±SO

URC

ES:

Livi

ngst

on

Co

unty

D

ep

art

men

ts o

f Pla

nnin

g,

Ge

og

rap

hic

Info

Sys

tem

s,

Pub

lic H

ea

lth

& Eme

rgen

cy

Ma

nag

em

ent

Ma

y 20

15

CRI

TIC

AL

FAC

ILIT

IES

IN L

IVIN

GST

ON

CO

UN

TY -

EM

ERG

ENC

Y S

HEL

TERS

Fa

cilit

y T

yp

e!

Ch

urc

h

!S

ch

oo

l

!A

ge

ncy

120

MAP

#CR

ITICAL

FAC

ILITY

ADDR

ESS

COMMUNITY

1First P

resbyterian Ch

urch of B

righton

300 East Grand

River

Brighton

2First U

nited Metho

dist Chu

rch of Brig

hton

400 East Grand

River

Brighton

3GraceP

ointe Ch

urch

228 S. 4th Stree

tBrighton

4Pathway Com

mun

ity Chu

rch

850 Spen

cer R

oad

Brighton

5St. G

eorge Lutheran

Chu

rch

803 W. M

ain Street

Brighton

6St. Patrick Catholic Chu

rch

711 Rickett R

oad

Brighton

7St. Paul's Episocal at the

Millpo

nd200 W. St. Paul

Brighton

8242 Co

mmun

ity Chu

rch

7526 Grand

River Avenu

eGe

noa Township

9Brighton

Christia

n Ch

urch

4309 Bun

o Ro

adBrighton

Tow

nship

10Floo

d Ga

te Ren

ewal Fellowship

1623 Old U.S. 23

Brighton

Tow

nship

11Lord of Life

Lutheran

Chu

rch

5051 Pleasant V

alley Ro

adBrighton

Tow

nship

12Co

rnerston

e Evangelical Presbyterian

9455 Hilton

Road

Brighton

Tow

nship

13Shep

herd of the

Lakes Luthe

ran Ch

urch

2101 Sou

th Hacker R

oad

Brighton

Tow

nship

14St. M

ary Magdalen Catholic Chu

rch

2201 Sou

th Old U.S. 23

Brighton

Tow

nship

15Oak Grove

United Metho

dist Chu

rch

6686 Oak Grove

Coho

ctah

Tow

nship

16Co

nway Free Metho

dist Chu

rch

6995 N. Fow

lerville Ro

adCo

nway Tow

nship

17St. A

gnes Catho

lic Chu

rch

855 E. Grand

River Avenu

eFowlerville

18First U

nited Metho

dist Chu

rch of Fow

lerville

201 S. 2nd

Stree

tFowlerville

19St. Joh

n Lutheran

Chu

rch

132 S. Ben

jamin

Fowlerville

20Ch

ilson

Hills C

hurch

4440 Brig

hton

Road

Geno

a Township

Source:

Livingston

Cou

nty Planning

Dep

artm

ent, June

2015

CRITICAL

FAC

ILITIES IN LIVINGS

TON COUNTY

Worship Assem

bly Facilities

121

MAP

#CR

ITICAL

FAC

ILITY

ADDR

ESS

COMMUNITY

21Brighton

Chu

rch of th

e Nazaren

e7669 Brig

hton

Road

Geno

a Township

22St. Joh

n the Baptist C

atho

lic Chu

rch

2099 N. H

acker R

oad

Hartland

Tow

nship

23NorthRidge Ch

urch

7555 Brig

hton

Road

Geno

a Township

24Co

mmun

ity Bible Chu

rch

7372 Grand

River Avenu

eGe

noa Township

25Brighton

Assem

bly of God

7770 W

hitm

ore Lake

Road

Gree

n Oak Tow

nship

26First B

aptist C

hurch of Brig

hton

6235 Rickett Road

Gree

n Oak Tow

nship

27St. Paul Luthe

ran Ch

urch

7701 E. M

36

Hambu

rg Tow

nship

28St. Steph

en's Episcopal Chu

rch

10585 Ha

mbu

rg Road

Hambu

rg Tow

nship

29Fowlerville Ch

urch of the

Nazaren

e8040 Cou

ntry Corne

r Driv

eHa

ndy Township

30Fowlerville Un

ited Brethren

in Christ

9300 W

. Grand

River Road

Hand

y Township

31Ore Creek

Com

mun

ity Chu

rch

3375 Fen

ton Ro

adHa

rtland

Tow

nship

32Ve

nture Ch

urch

10171 Be

rgin Road

Hartland

Tow

nship

33Ha

rtland

Chu

rch of th

e Nazaren

e3619 Avon Street

Hartland

Tow

nship

34First U

nited Metho

dist Chu

rch

10300 Maple Avenu

eHa

rtland

Tow

nship

35Ce

nterpo

inte Chu

rch

214 E. Brooks S

tree

tHo

well

36First B

aptist C

hurch Ho

well

210 Ch

urch Stree

tHo

well

37Ch

rist C

hurch of Livingston

Cou

nty

521 W. W

ashington

Howell

38First P

resbyterian Ch

urch of H

owell

323 W. G

rand

River

Howell

39First U

nited Metho

dist Chu

rch of How

ell

1230 Bow

er Stree

tHo

well

40St. Joh

n's E

piscop

al Chu

rch

504 Prospe

ct Stree

tHo

well

41St. Josep

h Catholic Chu

rch

440 E. W

ashington Street

Howell

Source:

Livingston

Cou

nty Planning

Dep

artm

ent, June

2015

CRITICAL

FAC

ILITIES IN LIVINGS

TON COUNTY

Worship Assem

bly Facilities

122

MAP

#CR

ITICAL

FAC

ILITY

ADDR

ESS

COMMUNITY

42The Ro

ad Com

mun

ity Chu

rch

214 Broo

ks Stree

tHo

well

43The Salvation Army

503 Lake

Stree

tHo

well

44Grace Lutheran

Chu

rch

312 Prospe

ct Stree

tHo

well

45Marr C

ommun

ity Bible Chu

rch

4494 N. Burkhart R

oad

Howell Tow

nship

46Sonrise Ch

urch

1130 W

est H

ighland Ro

adHo

well Tow

nship

47He

art o

f the

She

pherd Lutheran

Chu

rch

228 N. Burkhart R

oad

Howell Tow

nship

48Trinity

United Metho

dist Chu

rch

8201 Iosco Ro

adIosco Township

49Crosssroads A

postolic Chu

rch

144 Schroe

der P

ark Drive

Marion Township

50Crosssroads C

hurch of God

3940 Pinckne

y Ro

adMarion Township

51Life Christia

n Ch

urch

5202 E. H

ighland Ro

adOceola Township

52Hidd

en Springs Chu

rch

5860 N. Latson Ro

adOceola Township

53Ha

rdy Un

ited Metho

dist Chu

rch

6510 E. H

ighland Ro

adOceola Township

54Pe

oples C

hurch of Pinckne

y500 W. M

ain

Pinckney

55Co

mmun

ity Con

gregational Chu

rch

125 E. Unadilla

Stree

tPinckney

56Arise Un

ited Metho

dist Chu

rch

11211 De

xter‐Pinckne

y Ro

adPu

tnam

Tow

nship

57Shalom

Lutheran

Chu

rch

1740 East M

‐36

Putnam

Tow

nship

58St. M

ary Catholic Chu

rch

10601 De

xter Pinckne

y Ro

adPu

tnam

Tow

nship

59Trinity

Lutheran

Chu

rch

5758 W

. M‐36

Putnam

Tow

nship

60Tyrone

Coven

ant P

resbyterian Ch

urch

10235 White La

ke Road

Tyrone

Tow

nship

Source:

Livingston

Cou

nty Planning

Dep

artm

ent, June

2015

CRITICAL

FAC

ILITIES IN LIVINGS

TON COUNTY

Worship Assem

bly Facilities

123

! !!

!!

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!!

!!

!!!

!!! !

!

!

!

!!

!

!!

!! !

!!!!!

!

! !!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!!

!

!

!

!

!

Fow

lerv

ille

Pinc

kney

Tyro

neD

eerfi

eld

Co

hoct

ah

Co

nwa

y

Ha

rtla

nd

Iosc

o

Una

dill

aH

am

bur

g

Ha

ndy

Putn

am

Gre

en

Oa

k

Brig

hton

City

Oce

ola

Ho

we

ll

Ma

rion

Ho

we

llC

ity

Gen

oaBr

ight

on

6

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

3334

39

42

43

44

45

46

47

48

49

50

51

52

53

54

55

56

57

58

59

60

1

23

4

5

7

3536

37

38

40

41

±SO

URC

ES:

Livi

ngst

on

Cou

nty

De

pa

rtmen

ts o

f Pla

nnin

g,

Ge

og

rap

hic

Info

Sys

tem

s,

Pub

lic H

ea

lth

& Eme

rge

ncy

Ma

nag

em

ent

Ma

y 20

15

CRI

TIC

AL

FAC

ILIT

IES

IN L

IVIN

GST

ON

CO

UNTY

-

WO

RSH

IP A

SSEM

BLY

FAC

ILIT

IES

!

Wors

hip

A

ssem

bly

F

acili

tie

s

124

MAP

#CR

ITICAL

FAC

ILITY

TYPE

OF

FACILITY

ADDR

ESS

COMMUNITY

1Brighton

Charter Tow

nship Ha

llGo

vernmen

t Hall

4363 Bun

o Ro

adBrighton

Tow

nship

2Brighton

City

Hall

Governmen

t Hall

200 N. 1st Stree

tBrighton

3Brighton

Post O

ffice

Post Office

100 Ch

arles O

rndo

rf Driv

eBrighton

4Co

hoctah

Tow

nship Ha

llGo

vernmen

t Hall

10518 An

tcliff R

oad

Coho

ctah

Tow

nship

5Co

hoctah

Post O

ffice

Post Office

1477 W

. Coh

octah Ro

adCo

hoctah

Tow

nship

6Co

nway Tow

nship Ha

llGo

vernmen

t Hall

8015 N. Fow

lerville Ro

adCo

nway Tow

nship

7De

erfie

ld Tow

nship Ha

llGo

vernmen

t Hall

4494 Cen

ter R

oad

Deerfie

ld Tow

nship

8Ha

ndy Township Ha

llGo

vernmen

t Hall

135 N. G

rand

Avenu

eFowlerville

9Fowlerville Village

Hall

Governmen

t Hall

213 S. Grand

Avenu

eFowlerville

10Fowlerville Po

st Office

Post Office

7030 E. G

rand

River Avenu

eFowlerville

11Ge

noa Ch

arter Tow

nship Ha

llGo

vernmen

t Hall

2911 Dorr R

oad

Geno

a Township

12Gree

n Oak Tow

nship Ha

llGo

vernmen

t Hall

10001 Silver La

ke Road

Gree

n Oak Tow

nship

13Woo

dland Ce

nter Correctional Facility

Correctio

ns9036 E. M

‐36

Gree

n Oak Tow

nship

14W.J. Maxey

Boys T

raining Scho

olCo

rrectio

ns8701 E. M

‐36

Gree

n Oak Tow

nship

15Gregory Po

st Office

Post Office

114 E. M

‐36

Gregory/Un

adilla Township

16Ha

mbu

rg Tow

nship Ha

llGo

vernmen

t Hall

10405 Merrill Road

Hambu

rg Tow

nship

17Ha

rtland

Tow

nship Ha

llGo

vernmen

t Hall

2655 Clark Road

Hartland

Tow

nship

18Ha

rtland

Post O

ffice

Post Office

10246 Crou

se Road

Hartland

Tow

nship

19Ho

well Tow

nship Ha

llGo

vernmen

t Hall

3525 Byron

Road

Howell Tow

nship

20Livingston

Cou

nty Airport

Transportatio

n3399 Cou

nty Airport D

r.Ho

well Tow

nship

21Livingston

Cou

nty Pu

blic Safety Co

mplex

Coun

ty Offices

1911 Too

ley Ro

adHo

well Tow

nship

Source:

Livingston

Cou

nty Planning

Dep

artm

ent, May 2015

CRITICAL

FAC

ILITIES IN LIVINGS

TON COUNTY

Public Governm

ental Facilitie

s

125

MAP

#CR

ITICAL

FAC

ILITY

TYPE

OF

FACILITY

ADDR

ESS

COMMUNITY

22Ho

well City

Hall

Governmen

t Hall

611 E. Grand

River Avenu

eHo

well

23Ho

well Post O

ffice

Post Office

325 S. Michigan Av

enue

Howell

24Livingston

Cou

nty Ad

ministration

Coun

ty Offices

304 E. Grand

River Avenu

eHo

well

25Livingston

Cou

nty Co

urthou

seCo

unty Offices

200 E. Grand

River Avenu

eHo

well

26Livingston

Cou

nty East Com

plex

Co

unty Offices

2300 E. G

rand

River Avenu

eGe

noa Township

27Livingston

Cou

nty West C

omplex

Coun

ty Offices

210 S. Highlande

r Way

Howell

28Livingston

Essen

tial Trans. Service (LETS)

Transportatio

n3950 W

. Grand

River Avenu

eHo

well Tow

nship

29Livingston

Cou

nty Jail

Correctio

ns150 S. Highlande

r Way

Howell

30Iosco Township Ha

llGo

vernmen

t Hall

2050 Bradley

Road

Iosco Township

31Lakeland

Post O

ffice

Post Office

9680 Kress Road

Lakeland

‐Ham

burg Tow

nship

32Marion Township Ha

llGo

vernmen

t Hall

2877 W

. Coo

n Lake

Road

Marion Township

33Oceola Township Ha

llGo

vernmen

t Hall

1577 La

tson

Road

Oceola Township

34Pinckney

Village Ha

llGo

vernmen

t Hall

220 S. How

ell Stree

tPinckney

35Pinckney

Post O

ffice

Post Office

1325 E. M

‐36

Pinckney

36Pu

tnam

Tow

nship Ha

llGo

vernmen

t Hall

3280 W

. M‐36

Putnam

Tow

nship

37Tyrone

Tow

nship Ha

llGo

vernmen

t Hall

10408 Ce

nter Road

Oceola Township

38Un

adilla Township Ha

llGo

vernmen

t Hall

126 Web

b Street

Unadilla Township

Source:

Livingston

Cou

nty Planning

Dep

artm

ent, May 2015

CRITICAL

FAC

ILITIES IN LIVINGS

TON COUNTY

Public Governm

ental Facilitie

s

126

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!!

!!!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!

!

!

!

!!

Fow

lerv

ille

Pinc

kney

Tyro

neDe

erfie

ldC

ohoc

tah

Con

way

Hartl

and

Iosc

o

Unad

illa

Ham

burg

Hand

y

Putn

amG

reen

Oak

Brig

hton

City

Oce

ola

How

ell

Mar

ion

How

ell

City

Gen

oaBr

ight

on 12

3

4

6

89

11

12

13

14

15

17

5

16

19

20

21

22

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

33

34

35

36

38

18

10

7

23

37

±SO

URC

ES:

Livin

gsto

n C

ount

y De

partm

ents

of P

lann

ing,

G

eogr

aphi

c In

fo S

yste

ms,

Pu

blic

Hea

lth

& Emer

genc

y M

anag

emen

t

May

201

5

CRI

TICA

L FA

CIL

ITIES

IN L

IVIN

GST

ON

CO

UNTY

- PU

BLIC

GO

VERN

MEN

TAL

FAC

ILITI

ES

Fa

cil

ity T

yp

e!

Corr

ect

ion

s

!C

ou

nty

Offic

es

!G

overn

me

nt H

all

!P

ost

Offic

e

!T

ransport

ation

127

MAP

#CR

ITICAL

FAC

ILITY

ADDR

ESS

COMMUNITY

SITES

1Brighton

Traile

r Cou

rt612 Flint R

d.Brighton

City

92

Woo

dland Lake

Mob

ile Park

8005 W

Grand

River Ave.

Brighton

Tow

nship

653

North Bay Harbo

r Club

11659 He

ron Bay Dr.

Deerfie

ld Tow

nship

944

Cedar R

iver Estates

400 Ce

dar R

iver Dr.

Fowlerville

119

5Grandshire Estates

851 Willow

St.

Fowlerville

151

6Brighton

Village

7500 Grand

River Ave.

Geno

a Township

196

7Sylvan

Glen Mob

ile Hom

e Estates

6600 E Grand

River Ave.

Geno

a Township

482

8Silver La

ke Mob

ile Park

10987 Silver La

ke Rd.

Gree

n Oak Tow

nship

279

Starlight Mob

ile Hom

e Park

7175 Bisho

p Rd

.Gree

n Oak Tow

nship

4810

University Mob

ile Estates II

11870 He

idelbe

rg La

neGree

n Oak Tow

nship

5511

Woo

dland Ridge

12250 Woo

dland Ridge Circle

Gree

n Oak Tow

nship

433

12Co

ventry W

oods

7243 She

ldon

Rd.

Hambu

rg Tow

nship

195

13Ha

mbu

rg Hills E

states

7005 She

ldon

Rd.

Hambu

rg Tow

nship

152

14Alan's Mob

ile Hom

e Park

3575 Nicho

lson

Rd.

Hand

y Township

199

15Ha

rtland

Meado

ws

13643 West H

ighland Rd

.Ha

rtland

Tow

nship

617

16Ho

well Estates

515 Mason

Rd.

Howell City

458

17Bu

rkhart Ridge

1011 River Line

Dr.

Howell Tow

nship

306

18Fairlaw

n Meado

ws

1701 Fairla

wn Rd

.Ho

well Tow

nship

4819

Fairlane Estates M

obile

Park

2195 E Grand

River Ave.

Oceola Township

6020

Cide

r Mill Crossings

9900 Tow

n Square Blvd.

Tyrone

Tow

nship

262

21Tyrone

Woo

ds8378 Hogan

Rd.

Tyrone

Tow

nship

293

Sources:

Livingston

Cou

nty Planning

Dep

artm

ent and

the Southe

ast M

ichigan Co

uncil of G

overnm

ents (SEM

GOG), M

ay 2015

CRITICAL

FAC

ILITIES IN LIVINGS

TON COUNTY

Licensed

Man

ufactured Ho

using Parks

128

Fow

lerv

ille

Pinc

kney

Tyro

neD

eerfi

eld

Coh

octa

hC

onw

ay

Hartl

and

Iosc

o

Unad

illa

Ham

burg

Hand

y

Putn

amG

reen

Oak

Brig

hton

City

Oce

ola

How

ell

Mar

ion

How

ell

City

Gen

oaBr

ight

on

! !

!

!

!

!

!!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

4

5

19

7

9

10

12

16

18

2

3 6

13

14

1

15

21

11

20

8

17

±SO

URC

ES:

Livin

gsto

n C

ount

y De

partm

ents

of P

lann

ing,

G

eogr

aphi

c In

fo S

yste

ms,

Pu

blic

Hea

lth

& Emer

genc

y M

anag

emen

t

May

201

5

CRI

TICA

L FA

CIL

ITIE

S IN

LIV

ING

STO

N C

OUN

TY -

MA

NUF

AC

TURE

D HO

USIN

G P

ARK

S

!M

an

ufa

ctu

red

Ho

usin

g P

ark

s

129

MAP

#CR

ITICAL

FAC

ILITY

TYPE

OF FA

CILITY

ADDR

ESS

COMMUNITY

1Meijer Inc.

Grocery/Re

tail

8650 W

. Grand

River Avenu

eBrighton

2Toyoda

Gosei Co., Ltd.

Manufacturin

g/Wareh

ousing

740 Ad

vance St.

Brighton

3Eberspaecher North America

Manufacturin

g/Wareh

ousing

2075 Charle

s H. O

rndo

rf Dr.

Brighton

4Target

Gene

ral Retail

8043 Challis R

oad

Brighton

5Co

rrigan

Oil Co

.Manufacturin

g/Wareh

ousing

775 N. 2nd

St.

Brighton

6Brighton

Area Scho

ols

Education

125 S. Chu

rch St.

Brighton

7St. Joh

n Providen

ce Health

System Brig

hton

Center For Recovery

Health Care/Ho

spita

l12851 Grand River R

oad

Brighton

Tow

nship

8Ge

neral M

otors

Manufacturin

g/Wareh

ousing

Hickory Ridge, GM Road

Brighton

Tow

nship

9Go

rdon

Foo

d Service

Manufacturin

g/Wareh

ousing

7770 Ken

sington Co

urt

Gree

n Oak Tow

nship

10BW

I Group

Manufacturin

g/Wareh

ousing

12501 W. G

rand

River Avenu

eBrighton

Tow

nship

11Asahi Kasei Plastics N

orth America

Manufacturin

g/Wareh

ousing

900 E. Van

Riper Road

Fowlerville

12TRW Autom

otive ‐ Fowlerville

Manufacturin

g/Wareh

ousing

500 E. Van

Riper Road

Fowlerville

13Wal‐M

art

Grocery/Re

tail

970 Ge

hringer D

rive

Fowlerville

14St. Josep

h Mercy Brig

hton

‐Trin

ity Health

Health Care/Ho

spita

l7575 E. G

rand

River Avenu

eGe

noa Township

15Wal‐M

art

Grocery/Re

tail

3850 E. G

rand

River Avenu

eGe

noa Township

16CR

WManufacturin

g/Wareh

ousing

5775 Brig

hton

Pines Cou

rtGe

noa Township

17Meijer Inc.

Grocery/Re

tail

3883 E. G

rand

River Avenu

eGe

noa Township

18Brighton

NC Machine

Group

Manufacturin

g/Wareh

ousing

7300 W

hitm

ore Lake

Road

Gree

n Oak Tow

nship

19Excelda Manufacturin

gManufacturin

g/Wareh

ousing

12785 Em

erson Dr.

Gree

n Oak Tow

nship

20Aspe

n Techno

logies, Inc.

Manufacturin

g/Wareh

ousing

7963 Lo

chlin

Dr.

Gree

n Oak Tow

nship

21Flexible Metal

Manufacturin

g/Wareh

ousing

7495 E. M

‐36

Hambu

rg Tow

nship

22Target

Gene

ral Retail

10025 E. Highland Ro

adHa

rtland

Tow

nship

Note: Employers o

f 100 or m

ore em

ployee

s, list may not be all inclusive

CRITICAL

FAC

ILITIES IN LIVINGS

TON COUNTY

Major Employers

Sources: Livingston

Cou

nty Planning

Dep

artm

ent, SPAR

K and Crain's D

etroit Bu

sine

ss, Jun

e 2015

130

MAP

#CR

ITICAL

FAC

ILITY

TYPE

OF FA

CILITY

ADDR

ESS

COMMUNITY

23Meijer Inc.

Grocery/Re

tail

2160 Hartla

nd Road

Hartland

Tow

nship

24Wal‐M

art

Grocery/Re

tail

10400 Highland

Road

Hartland

Tow

nship

25Ha

rtland

Con

solid

ated

Schoo

lsEducation

9525 E. H

ighland Ro

adHa

rtland

Tow

nship

26Ve

ntra Fow

lerville, LLC

Manufacturin

g/Wareh

ousing

8887 W

. Grand

River Avenu

eHa

ndy Township

27Livingston

Cou

nty

Governmen

t304 E. Grand

River Avenu

eHo

well

28Citizen

s Insurance Co‐Am

erica

Insurance

808 N. H

ighlande

r Way

Howell

29Ch

em‐Trend

Inc.

Manufacturin

g/Wareh

ousing

1445 McPhe

rson

Park Dr.

Howell

30Tri‐S

tate Hospital Sup

ply

Health Care/Ho

spita

l301 Catrell St.

Howell

31Med

ilodge of How

ell

Health Care/Ho

spita

l1333 W

. Grand

River Avenu

eHo

well

32Pe

psi

Manufacturin

g/Wareh

ousing

755 McPhe

rson

Park Dr.

Howell

33St. Josep

h Mercy Livingston

Hospital ‐ Trin

ity

Health

Health Care/Ho

spita

l620 Byron Ro

adHo

well

34TG

Fluid Systems

Manufacturin

g/Wareh

ousing

1055 Packard Driv

eHo

well

35Thai Sum

mit Am

erica Co

rporation

Manufacturin

g/Wareh

ousing

1480 McPhe

rson

Park Dr.

Howell

36Ho

well Pub

lic Schoo

l District

Education

411 N. H

ighlande

r Way

Howell

37Livingston

Edu

catio

nal Service Cen

ter

Education

1425 W

. Grand

River Avenu

eHo

well

38Tribar Manufacturin

gManufacturin

g/Wareh

ousing

2211 Grand

Com

merce Dr.

Howell Tow

nship

39Tanger Outlet C

enter

Gene

ral Retail

1475 N. Burkhart R

oad

Howell Tow

nship

40Carcou

stics U

SA, Inc.

Manufacturin

g/Wareh

ousing

1400 Durant D

r.Ho

well Tow

nship

41Ch

assix

Manufacturin

g/Wareh

ousing

2280 W

. Grand

River Avenu

eHo

well

42Magna

Exteriors and

Interio

rs, U

SA, Inc.

Manufacturin

g/Wareh

ousing

3707 W

. Grand

River Avenu

eHo

well Tow

nship

43TRW Autom

otive ‐ Fenton

Manufacturin

g/Wareh

ousing

9475 Cen

ter R

oad

Tyrone

Tow

nship

44Pinckney

Com

mun

ity Schoo

lsEducation

2130 E. M

‐36

Hambu

rg Tow

nship

Note: Employers o

f 100 or m

ore em

ployee

s, list may not be all inclusive

CRITICAL

FAC

ILITIES IN LIVINGS

TON COUNTY

Major Employers

Sources: Livingston

Cou

nty Planning

Dep

artm

ent, SPAR

K and Crain's D

etroit Bu

sine

ss, Jun

e 2015

131

! !!!

!!

!

!

!

!

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!!

!

!

!! !

!

!

!

!

!!

!

!!!

!

! !

!

!!

!

!

!

!

123

4

5

67

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19 2

0

21

23

24

25

26

30

32

36

41

42

43

44

22

27

28

29

31

33

34

35

37

38 39

40

Fow

lerv

ille

Pinc

kney

Tyro

neD

eerfi

eld

Coh

octa

hC

onw

ay

Har

tland

Iosc

o

Unad

illa

Ham

burg

Ha

ndy

Putn

am

Gre

enO

ak

Brig

hton

City

Oce

ola

How

ell

Ma

rion

How

ell

City

Gen

oaBr

ight

on

±SO

URC

ES:

Livi

ngst

on

Cou

nty

Dep

artm

ents

of P

lann

ing

, G

eog

rap

hic

Info

Sys

tem

s,

Pub

lic H

ealth

& Em

erge

ncy

Man

ag

eme

nt

Ma

y 20

15

CRI

TIC

AL

FAC

ILIT

IES

IN L

IVIN

GST

ON

CO

UNTY

-

MA

JOR

EMPL

OYE

RS

TY

PE

_O

F_

FA

CIL

ITY

!G

roce

ry/R

eta

il

!M

an

ufa

ctu

rin

g/W

are

hou

sin

g

!G

ene

ral R

eta

il

!E

ducation

!H

ealthca

re/H

osp

ita

l

!G

ove

rnm

ent

!In

sura

nce

132

MAP

#CR

ITICAL

FAC

ILITY

TYPE

OF

FACILITY

LOCA

TION

COMMUNITY

1Ad

vance Street Indu

stria

l Area

Indu

stria

l Area

Advance Street, off of 2nd

Stree

tBrighton

2Ap

pian

Way Indu

stria

l Park

Indu

stria

l Park

S. side

of G

rand

River near W

hitm

ore Lake

Rd.

Brighton

3Ch

allis Road Co

rridor

Indu

stria

l Area

Challis Rd. betwee

n Grand River &

rail lin

eBrighton

4Rickett R

oad Indu

stria

l Area

Indu

stria

l Area

E. side

of R

ickett Road bo

unde

d by

rail lin

eBrighton

5Summit Street Indu

stria

l Area

Indu

stria

l Area

Summit Street, off of R

ickett Road

Brighton

6Pleasant Valley Partne

rsIndu

stria

l Area

E. side

of P

leasant V

alley ne

ar I‐96

Brighton

Tow

nship

7Brighton

Indu

stria

l Park

Indu

stria

l Park

On Ford Cou

rt next to Brighton

Hospital

Brighton

Tow

nship

8Va

n Ripe

r Road Indu

stria

l District

Indu

stria

l Area

On Va

n Ripe

r east o

f Grand

Ave.

Fowlerville

9National Park Indu

stria

l District

Indu

stria

l Area

S. side

of G

rand

River on National Park Dr.

Fowlerville

10Ga

rden

Lane

Indu

stria

l Park

Indu

stria

l Park

W. side of Grand

Ave. on Ga

rden

Lane

Fowlerville

11Brighton

Pines Indu

stria

l Park

Indu

stria

l Park

On Do

rr Road just north of I‐96

Geno

a Township

12Euler R

oad /Pless Driv

e Indu

stria

l Area

Indu

stria

l Area

N. of G

rand

River Ave. in Section 13

Geno

a Township

13Ge

ntech

Indu

stria

l Area

Grand Oaks D

r. south of Grand

River Ave.

Geno

a Township

14Grand Oaks Ind

ustrial Park

Indu

stria

l Park

Grand Oaks D

r. south of Grand

River Ave.

Geno

a Township

15Grand Oaks Ind

ustrial Park West

Indu

stria

l Park

Victory Dr. sou

th of G

rand

River Ave.

Geno

a Township

16Parkway Indu

stria

l Driv

eIndu

stria

l Area

S. side

of G

rand

River Ave. near I‐96 Ch

emun

gGe

noa Township

17Sterlin

g Drive Indu

stria

l Driv

eIndu

stria

l Area

W. side of Dorr R

oad just north of I‐96

Geno

a Township

Sources:

Livingston

Cou

nty Planning

Dep

artm

ent, and GIS De

partmen

t, June

2015

CRITICAL

FAC

ILITIES IN LIVINGS

TON COUNTY

Indu

stria

l Parks and

Areas

133

MAP

#CR

ITICAL

FAC

ILITY

TYPE

OF

FACILITY

LOCA

TION

COMMUNITY

18Co

lonial Acres Indu

stria

l Park

Indu

stria

l Park

10 mile

/Rushton

area

Gree

n Oak Tow

nship

19Gree

n Oak Indu

stria

l Park

Indu

stria

l Park

10 mile

/Rushton

area ne

xt to

Colon

ial A

cres

Gree

n Oak Tow

nship

20Ke

nsington

Pines Indu

stria

l Park

Indu

stria

l Park

E. side

of K

ensington Rd

. on Lochlin

Dr.

Gree

n Oak Tow

nship

21Lemen

Road Indu

stria

l Park

Indu

stria

l Park

Lemen

Rd., S. of M

‐36

Gree

n Oak Tow

nship

22Ke

nsington

Indu

stria

l Park

Indu

stria

l Park

Emerson Dr. on W. side of Ken

sington Rd

.Gree

n Oak Tow

nship

23Zand

er Indu

stria

l Park

Indu

stria

l Park

N. of M

‐36 on

Plaza Dr.

Gree

n Oak Tow

nship

24Trou

t Lake Indu

stria

l Park

Indu

stria

l Park

W. side of Ken

sington Rd

., N. of Silver La

keGree

n Oak Tow

nship

25Lowry Techn

ical Park

Indu

stria

l Park

S. of M

altby Rd

., E. site of W

hitm

ore Lake

Rd.

Gree

n Oak Tow

nship

26Ha

mbu

rg Indu

stria

l Driv

eIndu

stria

l Area

N. of M

‐36, E. of H

ambu

rg se

ttlemen

tHa

mbu

rg Tow

nship

27Ha

rtland

Indu

stria

l Park

Indu

stria

l Park

W. of U

.S. 23, S. of M

‐59 and N. of B

ergin

Hartland

Tow

nship

28McPhe

rson

Indu

stria

l Park

Indu

stria

l Park

S. of G

rand

River Ave. on McPhe

rson

Dr.

Howell

29Trans W

est Ind

ustrial Cen

ter

Indu

stria

l Park

E. side

of M

‐59, N. of I‐96 ne

ar outlet m

all

Howell Tow

nship

30R2k De

velopm

ent

Indu

stria

l Park

E. side

of B

urkhart along

Hydraulic Dr.

Howell Tow

nship

31Bu

rkhart/Grand

River Indu

stria

l Area

Indu

stria

l Area

S. of G

rand

River Ave., W. of M

‐59

Howell Tow

nship

Sources:

Livingston

Cou

nty Planning

Dep

artm

ent, and GIS De

partmen

t, June

2015

CRITICAL

FAC

ILITIES IN LIVINGS

TON COUNTY

Indu

stria

l Parks and

Areas

134

Fow

lerv

ille

Pinc

kney

Tyro

neDe

erfie

ldC

ohoc

tah

Con

way

Hartl

and

Iosc

o

Unad

illa

Ham

bur

g

Hand

y

Putn

amG

reen

Oak

Brig

hton

City

Oce

ola

How

ell

Mar

ion

How

ell

City

Gen

oaBr

ight

on

!

!

!

!!!

!!

!! !!

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!

!

!

!

!

1

2

3

6

45

1112

13

14

15

16

18

19

7

8

27

20

21

25

28

29

26

22

30

9

10

17

23

24

31

±SO

URC

ES:

Livin

gsto

n C

ount

y D

epar

tmen

ts o

f Pla

nnin

g,

Geo

grap

hic

Info

Sys

tem

s,

Publ

ic H

ealth

& Em

erge

ncy

Man

agem

ent

May

201

5

CRI

TIC

AL

FAC

ILITI

ES IN

LIV

ING

STO

N C

OUN

TY -

IND

USTR

IAL

PARK

S A

ND

ARE

AS

Typ

e o

f In

du

str

ial

Sp

ac

e

!In

du

str

ial A

rea

!In

du

str

ial P

ark

135

MAP

#CR

ITICAL

FAC

ILITY

HAZA

RD

LEVE

LLO

CATION

COMMUNITY

1Woo

dland Lake

Dam

High

South Ore Creek

‐ Sectio

n 19

Brighton

Tow

nship

2Moraine

Lake

Dam

Low

Mann Cree

k ‐ Section 22

Brighton

Tow

nship

3Ge

neral M

otors D

amLow

Mann Cree

k ‐ Section 12

Brighton

Tow

nship

4Oak Grove

Millpo

nd Dam

Significant

Bogue Cree

k ‐ Section 36

Coho

ctah

Tow

nship

5Hidd

en La

ke Dam

Low

Tributary to S. Branch Shiawassee River

Coho

ctah

Tow

nship

6Faussett Dam

Low

Yello

w River ‐ Sectio

n 33

Deerfie

ld Tow

nship

7Brighton

Lake

Dam

Significant

South Ore Creek

‐ Sectio

n 36

Geno

a Township

8Nighw

agh Lake

Dam

High

Tributary to Huron

River ‐ Sectio

n 26

Gree

n Oak Tow

nship

9Ke

nt La

ke Dam

Significant

Huron River ‐ Sectio

n 1

Gree

n Oak Tow

nship

10Parshallville Da

mLow

North Ore Creek

‐ Sectio

n 6

Hartland

Tow

nship

11Long

Lake

Con

trol Structure

Low

South Ore Creek

‐ Sectio

n 33

Hartland

Tow

nship

12Bu

llard La

ke Dam

Low

Ore Creek

‐ Sectio

n 23

Hartland

Tow

nship

13Pe

ttysville

Mill Dam

Significant

Chilson

Creek

‐ Sectio

n 16

Hambu

rg Tow

nship

14Lower Chilson

Pon

d Da

mSignificant

Chilson

Creek

‐ Sectio

n 4

Hambu

rg Tow

nship

15Caroga La

ke Le

vel Con

trol Structure

Low

Chilson

Creek

‐ Sectio

n 9

Hambu

rg Tow

nship

16Serene

Lake

Dam

Low

Tributary to S. Branch Shiawassee River

Howell Tow

nship

17Thom

pson

Lake

Dam

Significant

Tributary to Bogue

Creek

‐ Sectio

n 25

City of H

owell

18Marsh Unit Flood

ing #4

Low

Tributary to Hon

ey Creek

‐ Sectio

n 16

Putnam

Tow

nship

19Gregory State Ga

me Area

Dam

#2

Low

Tributary to Hon

ey Creek

‐ Sectio

n 16

Putnam

Tow

nship

20Gregory State Ga

me Area

Dam

#3

Low

Tributary to Hon

ey Creek

‐ Sectio

n 10

Putnam

Tow

nship

21Hiland

Lake

Dam

High

Hell Cree

k ‐ Section 32

Putnam

Tow

nship

22Shanno

n Lake

Dam

Low

North Branch Ore Creek

‐ Sectio

n 19

Tyrone

Tow

nship

23Tyrone

Dam

Low

Tributary to North Ore Creek

‐ Sectio

n 34

Tyrone

Tow

nship

24Un

adilla Mill Dam

Significant

Hell Cree

k ‐ Section 35

Unadilla

Sources:

CRITICAL

FAC

ILITIES IN LIVINGS

TON COUNTY

Regulated Da

ms

National Inven

tory of D

ams, U.S. A

rmy Co

rp of Enginee

rs

136

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!!

!

!

!

!

12

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

Fow

lerv

ille

Pinc

kney

Tyro

neD

eerfi

eld

Coh

octa

hC

onw

ay

Hartl

and

Iosc

o

Unad

illa

Ham

burg

Hand

y

Putn

amG

reen

Oak

Brig

hton

City

Oce

ola

How

ell

Mar

ion

How

ell

City

Gen

oaBr

ight

on

±SO

URC

ES:

Livin

gsto

n C

ount

y D

epar

tmen

ts o

f Pla

nnin

g,

Geo

grap

hic

Info

Sys

tem

s,

Publ

ic H

ealth

& Em

erge

ncy

Man

agem

ent

May

201

5

CRI

TIC

AL

FAC

ILIT

IES

IN L

IVIN

GST

ON

CO

UNTY

-

REG

ULA

TED

DA

MS

Haza

rd L

evel

!Low

!S

ignific

an

t

!H

igh

137

MAP

#CR

ITICAL

FAC

ILITY

TYPE

OF

FACILITY

ADDR

ESS

COMMUNITY

1Brighton

Police De

partmen

tPo

lice/Sheriff Statio

n440 S. Third Stree

tBrighton

2Brighton

Area Fire Dep

artm

ent ‐ Statio

n 31

Fire Statio

n615 W. G

rand

River Ave.

Brighton

3Brighton

Area Fire Dep

artm

ent ‐ Statio

n 32

Fire Statio

n1580 S. O

ld U.S. 23

Brighton

Tow

nship

4Brighton

Area Fire Dep

artm

ent ‐ Statio

n 33

Fire Statio

n9939 W

ebbe

r Stree

tBrighton

Tow

nship

5Brighton

Tow

nship EM

SEM

S5360 S. O

ld U.S. 23

Brighton

Tow

nship

6Michigan State Po

lice Po

stPo

lice/Sheriff Statio

n4337 Bun

o Ro

adBrighton

Tow

nship

7Ho

well A

rea Fire Dep

artm

ent ‐ Statio

n 24

Fire Statio

n7304 Oak Grove

Road

Coho

ctah

Tow

nship

8Fowlerville Fire Dep

artm

ent ‐ Statio

n 41

Fire Statio

n200 N. G

rand

Avenu

eFowlerville

9Fowlerville Po

lice De

partmen

tPo

lice/Sheriff Statio

n213 S. Grand

Avenu

eFowlerville

10Ha

mbu

rg Tow

nship EM

SEM

S3706 E. M

‐36

Hambu

rg Tow

nship

11Ha

mbu

rg Tow

nship Fire Dep

artm

ent ‐ Statio

n 11

Fire Statio

n3666 E. M

‐36

Hambu

rg Tow

nship

12Ha

mbu

rg Tow

nship Fire Dep

artm

ent ‐ Statio

n 12

Fire Statio

n10100 Ve

terans Mem

orial D

r.Ha

mbu

rg Tow

nship

13Ha

mbu

rg Tow

nship Po

lice De

partmen

tPo

lice/Sheriff Statio

n10409 Merrill Road

Hambu

rg Tow

nship

14Fowlerville Fire Dep

artm

ent ‐ Statio

n 42

Fire Statio

n810 Fowlerville Ro

adHa

ndy Township

15Ha

rtland

Tow

nship EM

SEM

S5995 N. O

ld U.S. 23

Hartland

Tow

nship

16Ha

rtland

Tow

nship Fire Dep

artm

ent ‐ Statio

n 61

Fire Statio

n3205 Hartla

nd Road

Hartland

Tow

nship

17Ha

rtland

Tow

nship Fire Dep

artm

ent ‐ Statio

n 62

Fire Statio

n5965 N. O

ld U.S. 23

Hartland

Tow

nship

18Livingston

Cou

nty 911 Ce

ntral D

ispatch

911 Ce

ntral D

ispatch

300 S. Highlande

r Way

Howell

19Ho

well A

rea Fire Dep

artm

ent ‐ Statio

n 20

Fire Statio

n1211 W

. Grand

River Ave.

Howell

20Ho

well Police De

partmen

tPo

lice/Sheriff Statio

n611 E. Grand

River Ave.

Howell

21Livingston

Cou

nty Sheriff Dep

artm

ent

Police/Sheriff Statio

n150 S. Highlande

r Way

Howell

22Livingston

Cou

nty Pu

blic Safety Co

mplex

EMS

1911 Too

ley Ro

adHo

well Tow

nship

Source:

Livingston

Cou

nty EM

S and Livingston

Cou

nty Planning

Dep

artm

ent, Septem

ber 2015

CRITICAL

FAC

ILITIES IN LIVINGS

TON COUNTY

Emergency Services

138

MAP

#CR

ITICAL

FAC

ILITY

TYPE

OF

FACILITY

ADDR

ESS

COMMUNITY

23Ge

noa Township EM

SEM

S3577 Grand

Oaks D

r.Ge

noa Township

24Brighton

Area Fire Dep

artm

ent ‐ Statio

n 34

Fire Statio

n2755 Dorr R

oad

Geno

a Township

25Brighton

Area Fire Dep

artm

ent ‐ Statio

n 35

Fire Statio

n1315 Chilson

Road

Geno

a Township

26Gree

n Oak Tow

nship Fire Dep

t ‐ Statio

n 81

Fire Statio

n9384 W

hitm

ore Lake

Road

Gree

n Oak Tow

nship

27Gree

n Oak Tow

nship Fire Dep

t ‐ Statio

n 82

Fire Statio

n11411 E. Grand

River Ave.

Gree

n Oak Tow

nship

28Gree

n Oak Tow

nship Fire Dep

t ‐ Statio

n 83

Fire Statio

n9863 Rushton

Road

Gree

n Oak Tow

nship

29Gree

n Oak Tow

nship Po

lice De

partmen

tPo

lice/Sheriff Statio

n8965 Fieldcrest R

oad

Gree

n Oak Tow

nship

30Ho

well A

rea Fire Dep

artm

ent ‐ Statio

n 23

Fire Statio

n2877 W

. Coo

n Lake

Road

Marion Township

31Ho

well A

rea Fire Dep

artm

ent ‐ Statio

n 22

Fire Statio

n1579 La

tson

Road

Oceola Township

32Pinckney

Police De

partmen

tPo

lice/Sheriff Statio

n220 S. How

ell

Pinckney

33Pu

tnam

Tow

nship Fire Dep

artm

ent ‐ Statio

n 51

Fire Statio

n3250 W

. M‐36

Putnam

Tow

nship

34Un

adilla Township Fire Dep

artm

ent ‐ Statio

n 71

Fire Statio

n122 Main Street

Unadilla Township

35Un

adilla Township Po

lice De

partmen

tPo

lice/Sheriff Statio

n126 Web

b Street

Unadilla Township

Source:

Livingston

Cou

nty EM

S and Livingston

Cou

nty Planning

Dep

artm

ent, Septem

ber 2015

CRITICAL

FAC

ILITIES IN LIVINGS

TON COUNTY

Emergency Services

140

MAP

#CR

ITICAL

FAC

ILITY

TYPE

OF

FACILITY

ADDR

ESS

COMMUNITY

1City of B

righton

Sew

er Plant

Sewer Treatmen

t Plant

6570 Ham

burg Road

Hambu

rg Tow

nship

2Brighton

Tow

nship Sewer Plant

Sewer Treatmen

t Plant

5901 Pleasant V

alley Ro

adBrighton

Tow

nship

3Village

of Fow

lerville Sewer Plant

Sewer Treatmen

t Plant

8610 W

. Grand

River

Fowlerville

4Village

of P

inckne

y Sewer Plant

Sewer Treatmen

t Plant

1595 Patterson

Lake

Road

Putnam

Tow

nship

5Ha

mbu

rg Tow

nship Sewer Plant

Sewer Treatmen

t Plant

6400 E. M

‐36

Hambu

rg Tow

nship

6City of H

owell Sew

er Plant

Sewer Treatmen

t Plant

1191 Pinckne

y Ro

adHo

well

7Ho

well Tow

nship Sewer Plant

Sewer Treatmen

t Plant

1222 Packard Driv

eHo

well Tow

nship

8Oceola/Ge

noa Township Sewer Plant

Sewer Treatmen

t Plant

890 Ch

ilson

Road

Geno

a Township

9Ha

rtland

Tow

nship Sewer Plant

Sewer Treatmen

t Plant

McCartney

Lane

Hartland

Tow

nship

10Northfie

ld Tow

nship Sewer Plant

Sewer Treatmen

t Plant

11150 Lemen

Road

Gree

n Oak Tow

nship

11Lake

Edgew

ood Sewer Plant

Sewer Treatmen

t Plant

7817 Ben

dix Ro

adGe

noa Township

12Oak Pointe Sewer Plant

Sewer Treatmen

t Plant

4971 Brig

hton

Road

Geno

a Township

13Hidd

en La

ke Sew

er Plant

Sewer Treatmen

t Plant

8227 Stone

y Cree

k Dr.

Gree

n Oak Tow

nship

14City of B

righton

Water Plant 1

Water Treatmen

t Plant

300 Pierce Road

Brighton

15City of B

righton

Water Plant 2

Water Treatmen

t Plant

7377 Challis R

oad

Brighton

16City of H

owell W

ater Plant

Water Treatmen

t Plant

150 Marion Street

Howell

17Village

of Fow

lerville Water Plant

Water Treatmen

t Plant

8610 W

. Grand

River

Fowlerville

18Village

of P

inckne

y Water Plant

Water Treatmen

t Plant

424 Mann Street

Pinckney

19Lake

Edgew

ood Water Plant

Water Treatmen

t Plant

7817 Ben

dix Ro

adGe

noa Township

20Ge

noa Township Oak Pointe Water Plant

Water Treatmen

t Plant

4981 Brig

hton

Road

Geno

a Township

21MHO

G Water Plant

Water Treatmen

t Plant

4288 Norton Ro

adMarion Township

22FIB Lake

Joine Water Autho

rity Plant

Water Treatmen

t Plant

11510 East Grand

River

Gree

n Oak Tow

nship

23Livingston

Com

mun

ity W

ater Autho

rity PlantWater Treatmen

t Plant

9220 Rickett Road

Gree

n Oak Tow

nship

Sources:

CRITICAL

FAC

ILITIES IN LIVINGS

TON COUNTY

Sewer and

Water Treatmen

t Plants

Livingston

Cou

nty De

partmen

t of P

lann

ing Pe

rson

al Con

tacts w

ith Twen

ty Lo

cal U

nits of G

overnm

ent, and Livingston

Cou

nty GIS De

pt.

141

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

Fow

lerv

ille

Pinc

kney

Tyro

neDe

erfie

ldC

ohoc

tah

Con

way

Hartl

and

Iosc

o

Unad

illaHa

mbu

rg

Hand

y

Putn

amG

reen

Oak

Brig

hton

City

Oce

ola

How

ell

Mar

ion

How

ell

City

Gen

oaBr

ight

on

1

2

3

4

5

6

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

7

±SO

URC

ES:

Livin

gsto

n C

ount

y De

partm

ents

of P

lann

ing,

G

eogr

aphi

c In

fo S

yste

ms,

Pu

blic

Hea

lth

& Emer

genc

y M

anag

emen

t

May

201

5

CRI

TICA

L FA

CIL

ITIES

IN L

IVIN

GST

ON

CO

UNTY

- SE

WER

AN

D W

ATE

R TR

EATM

ENT P

LAN

TS

Ty

pe

of

Fac

ilit

y!

Se

we

r T

rea

tme

nt

!W

ate

r T

rea

tme

nt

142

MAP

#CR

ITICAL

FAC

ILITY

TYPE

OF

FACILITY

ADDR

ESS

COMMUNITY

1Ha

mbu

rg Tow

nship De

partmen

t of P

ublic W

orks

Public W

orks

10675 Merrill Road

Hambu

rg Tow

nship

2Brighton

Transpo

rtation Service Ce

nter

Public W

orks

10321 E. Grand

River Ave.

Brighton

Tow

nship

3MDO

T Mainten

ance Yard

Public W

orks

10102 E. Grand

River Ave.

Brighton

Tow

nship

4Livingston

Cou

nty Ro

ad Com

mission

Out Garage

Public W

orks

738 Rickett R

oad

Brighton

5City of B

righton

Dep

artm

ent o

f Pub

lic W

orks

Public W

orks

420 S. Third Stree

tBrighton

6Livingston

Cou

nty Ro

ad Com

mission

Yard

Public W

orks

918 Faussett Road

Tyrone

Tow

nship

7Livingston

Cou

nty Ro

ad Com

mission

Public W

orks

3535 Grand

Oaks D

rive

Geno

a Township

8City of H

owell Pub

lic W

orks Yard

Public W

orks

150 Marion Street

Howell

9City of H

owell Pub

lic W

orks Yard‐ Cem

etery

Public W

orks

Madison

Stree

tHo

well

10Fowlerville De

partmen

t of P

ublic W

orks

Public W

orks

8610 W

. Grand

River

Fowlerville

11Livingston

Cou

nty Ro

ad Com

mission

Out Garage

Public W

orks

212 Ga

rden

Lane

Fowlerville

12Pinckney

Dep

artm

ent o

f Pub

lic W

orks

Public W

orks

455 S. How

ell Stree

tPinckney

13Livingston

Cou

nty Drain Co

mmission

Garage

Public W

orks

918 North Stree

tHo

well

Sources:

CRITICAL

FAC

ILITIES IN LIVINGS

TON COUNTY

Public W

orks

Livingston

Cou

nty GIS and Planning

Dep

artm

ents, Sep

tembe

r 2015

143

!

!!

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

Fow

lerv

ille

Pinc

kney

Tyro

neDe

erfie

ldC

ohoc

tah

Con

way

Hartl

and

Iosc

o

Unad

illa

Ham

burg

Hand

y

Putn

amG

reen

Oak

Brig

hton

City

Oce

ola

How

ell

Mar

ion

How

ell

City

Gen

oaBr

ight

on

1

23

45

6

78

9

10

11

12

13

±SO

URC

ES:

Livin

gsto

n C

ount

y De

partm

ents

of P

lann

ing,

G

eogr

aphi

c In

fo S

yste

ms,

Pu

blic

Hea

lth

& Emer

genc

y M

anag

emen

t

May

201

5

CRI

TIC

AL

FAC

ILIT

IES

IN L

IVIN

GST

ON

CO

UNTY

-

PUBL

IC W

ORK

S

Ty

pe

of

Fac

ilit

y!

Pu

blic

Wo

rks

144

MAP

#CR

ITICAL

FAC

ILITY

TYPE

OF

FACILITY

ADDR

ESS

COMMUNITY

1Am

erican

Com

poun

ding

Spe

cialities

Busine

ss/Ind

ustry

9984 Borde

rline

Driv

eBrighton

2Atreum

Bu

sine

ss/Ind

ustry

100 Brighton

Interio

r Driv

eBrighton

3Co

rrigan

Oil Co

mpany

‐ BP Station

Busine

ss/Ind

ustry

8340 W

est G

rand

River Ave.Brighton

4Co

rrigan

Oil Co

mpany

‐ Brig

hton

BP

Busine

ss/Ind

ustry

204 West G

rand

River Ave.

Brighton

5Co

rrigan

Oil Co

mpany

‐ Brig

hton

Bulk Plant

Busine

ss/Ind

ustry

775 N. Secon

d Street

Brighton

6Co

rrigan

Oil Co

mpany

‐ Sun

oco Station

Busine

ss/Ind

ustry

602 Grand River

Brighton

7City of B

righton

Mun

icipal

420 S. 3rd Stree

tBrighton

8City of B

righton

Mun

icipal

6570 Ham

burg Road

Brighton

9City of B

righton

Mun

icipal

7377 Challis R

oad

Brighton

10Du

nnage Engine

ering Inc.

Busine

ss/Ind

ustry

721 Ad

vance Street

Brighton

11Eberspaecher North America

Busine

ss/Ind

ustry

2035 Orndo

rf Road

Brighton

12March Coatin

gsBu

sine

ss/Ind

ustry

160 Summit Street

Brighton

13Meijer ‐ gas station

Busine

ss/Ind

ustry

8660 W

. Grand

River Ave.

Brighton

14Mt. Brighton

Recreatio

n310 Franklin Stree

tBrighton

15Ho

me De

pot

Busine

ss/Ind

ustry

8053 Challis R

oad

Brighton

Source:

Livingston

Cou

nty Em

ergency Managem

ent and

Plann

ing De

partmen

ts, and

Michigan State Po

lice Em

ergency Managem

ent

CRITICAL

FAC

ILITIES IN LIVINGS

TON COUNTY

Hazardou

s Sub

stan

ce Site

s ‐ City

of B

righton



Chapter 6

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

Brig

hton

City

Br 1

23

5

6

7

8

9 10

11

12

13

14

15

±SO

URC

ES:

Livin

gsto

n C

ount

y D

epar

tmen

ts o

f Pla

nnin

g,

Geo

grap

hic

Info

Sys

tem

s,

Publ

ic H

ealth

& Em

erge

ncy

Man

agem

ent

May

201

5

CRI

TIC

AL

FAC

ILIT

IES

IN L

IVIN

GST

ON

CO

UNTY

-

HA

ZARD

OUS

SUB

STA

NC

E SI

TES

- C

ITY

OF

BRIG

HTO

N

Fa

cilit

y T

yp

e!

Ha

zard

ou

s S

ubsta

nce S

ite

146

MAP

#CR

ITICAL

FAC

ILITY

TYPE

OF

FACILITY

ADDR

ESS

COMMUNITY

16Go

odyear Com

mercial Tire

& Service Cen

ter

Busine

ss/Ind

ustry

147 Morgan Drive

Howell

17AT

&T

Busine

ss/Ind

ustry

1071 East G

rand

River Ave.

Howell

18Alph

a Techno

logy Corpo

ratio

nBu

sine

ss/Ind

ustry

251 Mason

Road

Howell

19AT

&T

Busine

ss/Ind

ustry

421 East Grand

River Ave.

Howell

20Ce

nturion Med

ical Produ

cts

Busine

ss/Ind

ustry

301 Catrell D

rive

Howell

21Ch

em‐Trend

Limite

d Partne

rship

Busine

ss/Ind

ustry

1445 W

. McPhe

rson

Park Dr.Ho

well

22Diam

ond Ch

rome Plating

Busine

ss/Ind

ustry

604 S. Michigan Av

enue

Howell

23Diversified

Machine

Inc.

Busine

ss/Ind

ustry

2280 W

. Grand

River Ave.

Howell

24Livingston

Cou

nty

Mun

icipal

152 S. Highlande

r Way

Howell

25Ve

rizon

Wire

less

Busine

ss/Ind

ustry

152 S. Highlande

r Way

Howell

26International Paper

Busine

ss/Ind

ustry

1450 McPhe

rson

Park Dr.

Howell

27Ke

y Plastics

Busine

ss/Ind

ustry

1450 McPhe

rson

Park Dr.

Howell

28Ke

y Plastics

Busine

ss/Ind

ustry

1301 McPhe

rson

Park Dr.

Howell

29Pe

psi H

owell

Busine

ss/Ind

ustry

755 S. McPhe

rson

Park Dr.

Howell

30City of H

owell

Mun

icipal

1191 S. M

ichigan Av

enue

Howell

31City of H

owell

Mun

icipal

150 Marion Street

Howell

32Spee

dway LLC

Busine

ss/Ind

ustry

1195 S. M

ichigan Av

enue

Howell

33VC

F Film

s, Inc.

Busine

ss/Ind

ustry

1100 Sutton Av

enue

Howell

Source:

Livingston

Cou

nty Em

ergency Managem

ent and

Plann

ing De

partmen

ts, and

Michigan State Po

lice Em

ergency Managem

ent

CRITICAL

FAC

ILITIES IN LIVINGS

TON COUNTY

Hazardou

s Sub

stan

ce Site

s ‐ City

of H

owell

147

!

!

!!

!

! !!

!!!!

!

!

!

!!

!

Brig

Oce

ola

How

ell

Mar

ion

How

ell

City

Gen

oa

20

23

24 2

5 27

28

29

31

32

19

17 16

18

21

22

26

30

33

±SO

URC

ES:

Livin

gsto

n C

ount

y D

epar

tmen

ts o

f Pla

nnin

g,

Geo

grap

hic

Info

Sys

tem

s,

Publ

ic H

ealth

& Em

erge

ncy

Man

agem

ent

May

201

5

CRI

TIC

AL

FAC

ILIT

IES

IN L

IVIN

GST

ON

CO

UNTY

-

HAZA

RDO

US S

UBST

AN

CE

SITE

S -

CITY

OF

HOW

ELL

FA

CIL

TY

_T

YP

E!

Ha

zard

ou

s S

ub

sta

nta

ce

Site

148

MAP

#CR

ITICAL

FAC

ILITY

TYPE

OF

FACILITY

ADDR

ESS

COMMUNITY

34Ve

rizon

Wire

less

Busine

ss/Ind

ustry

706 E. Van

Riper Road

Fowlerville

35Sprin

g Arbo

r Coatin

gs, LLC

Busine

ss/Ind

ustry

895 Ga

rden

Lane

Fowlerville

36Fowlerville Farm

Services, LLS

Agriculture

320 Ga

rden

Lane

Fowlerville

37Village

of Fow

lerville

Mun

icipal

441 North Grand

Ave.

Fowlerville

38Excelda Manufacturin

gBu

sine

ss/Ind

ustry

900 Ga

rden

Lane

Fowlerville

39JCIM

, LLC

Busine

ss/Ind

ustry

705 E. Van

Riper Road

Fowlerville

40Ke

lsey

‐Hayes Com

pany

Busine

ss/Ind

ustry

500 E. Van

Riper Road

Fowlerville

41Am

erican

Com

poun

ding

Spe

cialities

Busine

ss/Ind

ustry

200 Ve

terans Driv

eFowlerville

42Asahi Kasei Plastice North America Inc.

Busine

ss/Ind

ustry

900 E. Van

Riper Road

Fowlerville

43AT

&T

Busine

ss/Ind

ustry

318 Co

llins Stree

tFowlerville

44Bu

ddys Mini M

art #38

Busine

ss/Ind

ustry

203 West G

rand

River Ave.

Fowlerville

45May and

Scofie

ld LLC

Busine

ss/Ind

ustry

445 E. Van

Riper Road

Fowlerville

Source:

Livingston

Cou

nty Em

ergency Managem

ent and

Plann

ing De

partmen

ts, and

Michigan State Po

lice Em

ergency Managem

ent

CRITICAL

FAC

ILITIES IN LIVINGS

TON COUNTY

Hazardou

s Sub

stan

ce Site

s ‐ Village of Fow

lerville

149

!

!!

!

!

!!

!

!

!

!

!

Fow

lerv

ille

d34

36

37

38

39

40

41

42

43

44

45

±SO

URC

ES:

Livin

gsto

n C

ount

y D

epa

rtmen

ts o

f Pla

nnin

g,

Geo

gra

phi

c In

fo S

yste

ms,

Pu

blic

Hea

lth

& Emer

genc

y M

anag

emen

t

Ma

y 20

15

CRI

TIC

AL

FAC

ILIT

IES

IN L

IVIN

GST

ON

CO

UNTY

-

HAZA

RDO

US S

UBST

AN

CE

SITE

S -V

ILLA

GE

OF

FOW

LERV

ILLE

Fa

cil

ity

Ty

pe

!H

aza

rdou

s S

ubsta

nta

ce

Site

150

MAP #

CRITICAL FA

CILITY

TYPE

OF

FACILITY

ADDRES

SCO

MMUNITY

46Mos

bach

er Ene

rgy Co

mpa

nyBu

sine

ss/Ind

ustry

1746

Corlett Roa

dBrighton

Tow

nship

47AT&

TBu

sine

ss/Ind

ustry

1001

9 Hyn

e Ro

adBrighton

Tow

nship

48AT&

TBu

sine

ss/Ind

ustry

900 Highs

lope

Ct.

Brighton

Tow

nship

49Merit Ene

rgy Co

mpa

nyBu

sine

ss/Ind

ustry

1371

Pleasan

t Valley Drive

Brighton

Tow

nship

50Whiting

Oil & Gas Corpo

ration

Busine

ss/Ind

ustry

Plea

sant Valley Drive

Brighton

Tow

nshp

51Co

r‐Met, Inc

.Bu

sine

ss/Ind

ustry

1250

0 Grand

River Roa

dBrighton

Tow

nship

52Ed

ward C. Lev

yBu

sine

ss/Ind

ustry

1301

7 Bu

no Roa

dBrighton

Tow

nship

53Merit Ene

rgy Co

mpa

nyBu

sine

ss/Ind

ustry

1248

9 Iowe Dr.

Brighton

Tow

nship

54Su

perior M

aterials ‐ Brigh

ton Co

ncrete

Busine

ss/Ind

ustry

1014

7 Ea

st Grand

River Ave

.Brighton

Tow

nship

55Amerigas Propa

neBu

sine

ss/Ind

ustry

2400

Dorr R

oad

Gen

oa Tow

nship

56AT&

TBu

sine

ss/Ind

ustry

1391

Grand

Oak

s Drive

Gen

oa Tow

nship

57Co

mcast

Busine

ss/Ind

ustry

6168

East G

rand

River Ave

.Gen

oa Tow

nship

58Ch

em‐Trend

Lim

ited

Partnersh

ipBu

sine

ss/Ind

ustry

3205

East G

rand

River Ave

.Gen

oa Tow

nship

59Brighton

Wes

tBu

sine

ss/Ind

ustry

2047

Euler Roa

dGen

oa Tow

nship

60Pa

nhan

dle Ea

ster Pipe Line

Com

pany

Busine

ss/Ind

ustry

3990

Crook

ed Lak

e Ro

adGen

oa Tow

nship

61DTE

Electric Co

mpa

nyBu

sine

ss/Ind

ustry

1095

Law

son Drive

Gen

oa Tow

nship

62Gen

oa Cha

rter Tow

nship

Mun

icipal

900 Ch

ilson

Roa

dGen

oa Tow

nship

63Grostic Farm

Agriculture

65 S. K

ellogg

Gen

oa Tow

nship

64En

vironm

ental C

onsu

lting & Tec

hnolog

y Inc.

Busine

ss/Ind

ustry

2450

Bec

k Ro

adGen

oa Tow

nship

65Ba

ttery So

lution

s LLC

Busine

ss/Ind

ustry

5900

Brigh

ton Pine

s Co

urt

Gen

oa Tow

nship

66Lo

wes

Hom

e Ce

nters LLC

Busine

ss/Ind

ustry

1100

S. Latso

n Ro

adGen

oa Tow

nship

67Michiga

n Ro

d Prod

ucts

Busine

ss/Ind

ustry

1326

Grand

Oak

s Drive

Gen

oa Tow

nship

68Re

gal R

ecyclin

g Inc.

Busine

ss/Ind

ustry

645 Lu

cy Roa

dGen

oa Tow

nship

69Su

perior M

aterials

Busine

ss/Ind

ustry

3655

Grand

Oak

s Drive

Gen

oa Tow

nship

70Hom

e Dep

otBu

sine

ss/Ind

ustry

3330

East G

rand

River Ave

.Gen

oa Tow

nship

71Gen

oa Tow

nship

Mun

icipal

5025

Club Drive

Gen

oa Tow

nship

Source

: Living

ston

Cou

nty Em

erge

ncy Man

agem

ent a

nd Plann

ing Dep

artm

ents, a

nd M

ichiga

n State Po

lice Em

erge

ncy Man

agem

ent

CRITICAL FA

CILITIES

IN LIVINGST

ON COUNTY

Hazardo

us Sub

stan

ce Sites ‐ Sou

thea

st Livingston

151

MAP #

CRITICAL FA

CILITY

TYPE

OF

FACILITY

ADD

RESS

COMMUNITY

72NES Equ

ipmen

t Services C

orpo

ratio

nBu

sine

ss/Ind

ustry

7109 Dan

McG

uire Dr.

Gree

n Oak Tow

nship

73Ge

neral C

hemical Corpo

ratio

nBu

sine

ss/Ind

ustry

12336 Em

erson Drive

Gree

n Oak Tow

nship

74Excelda Man

ufacturin

gBu

sine

ss/Ind

ustry

12839 Em

erson Drive

Gree

n Oak Tow

nship

75Excelda Man

ufacturin

gBu

sine

ss/Ind

ustry

12785 Em

erson Drive

Gree

n Oak Tow

nship

76Hu

ron Clinton Metropa

rks

Recrea

tion

8765 Ham

mel Driv

eGree

n Oak Tow

nship

77Island

Lake

State Park

Recrea

tion

11763 E. Grand

River Ave

.Gree

n Oak Tow

nship

78Ajax M

aterials Corpo

ratio

nBu

sine

ss/Ind

ustry

7392 Ken

sing

ton Ro

adGree

n Oak Tow

nship

79Be

hler‐You

ngBu

sine

ss/Ind

ustry

7734 Lo

chlin

Driv

eGree

n Oak Tow

nship

80Am

erigas Propa

neBu

sine

ss/Ind

ustry

10747 Hi‐Tech Driv

eGree

n Oak Tow

nship

81Ch

arter C

ommun

ications

Busine

ss/Ind

ustry

8505 East M

‐36

Gree

n Oak Tow

nship

823E Com

pany

‐ Costco

Busine

ss/Ind

ustry

6700 W

hitm

ore Lake

Roa

dGree

n Oak Tow

nship

83Su

burban

Propa

neBu

sine

ss/Ind

ustry

11879 East Grand

River Ave

.Gree

n Oak Tow

nship

84Go

rdon

Foo

d Se

rvice

Busine

ss/Ind

ustry

7770 Ken

sing

ton Co

urt

Gree

n Oak Tow

nship

85AT

&T

Busine

ss/Ind

ustry

10524 Hi‐Tech Driv

eGree

n Oak Tow

nship

86Micro Gau

geBu

sine

ss/Ind

ustry

7350 Ken

sing

ton Ro

adGree

n Oak Tow

nship

87Northfie

ld Tow

nship

Mun

icipal

11500 Lemen

Roa

dGree

n Oak Tow

nship

88Waste M

anagem

ent o

f Michigan

Busine

ss/Ind

ustry

11655 Ve

nture Drive

Gree

n Oak Tow

nship

89Co

rrigan

Oil Co

mpa

nyBu

sine

ss/Ind

ustry

11721 Ve

nture Drive

Gree

n Oak Tow

nship

90Michigan Pa

ving

Busine

ss/Ind

ustry

11620 Whitm

ore Lake

Roa

dGree

n Oak Tow

nship

91Wym

an‐Gordo

n Co

mpa

nyBu

sine

ss/Ind

ustry

7250 W

hitm

ore Lake

Roa

dGree

n Oak Tow

nship

92To

rch Su

rface Te

chno

logies

Busine

ss/Ind

ustry

10781 Plaza

Gree

n Oak Tow

nship

93Tran

star Autob

ody Te

chno

logies

Busine

ss/Ind

ustry

2040 Heiserm

an Drive

Gree

n Oak Tow

nship

94Un

ilock Brig

hton

Busine

ss/Ind

ustry

12591 Em

erson Drive

Gree

n Oak Tow

nship

95TR

W Autom

otive

Busine

ss/Ind

ustry

7300 W

hitm

ore Lake

Roa

dGree

n Oak Tow

nship

96AT

&T

Busine

ss/Ind

ustry

9325 Ham

burg Roa

dHa

mbu

rg Tow

nship

97Strata Env

ironm

ental

Busine

ss/Ind

ustry

2130 East M

‐36

Hambu

rg Tow

nship

98Flex

ible M

etal In

c.Bu

sine

ss/Ind

ustry

7495 East M

‐36

Hambu

rg Tow

nship

Source:

Living

ston

Cou

nty Em

erge

ncy Man

agem

ent a

nd Plann

ing De

partmen

ts, and

Michigan State Po

lice Em

erge

ncy Man

agem

ent

CRITICAL FA

CILITIES

IN LIVINGSTON COUNTY

Hazardo

us Sub

stan

ce Site

s ‐ Sou

thea

st Livingston

152

!

!!

!

!! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!

!

!

!

!!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!!

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!! !!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

Ham

burg

mG

reen

Oak

Brig

hton

City

Gen

oaBr

ight

on

72

46

47

48

49

50

51

52

53

54

55

56

57

58

59

60

61

62

63

64

65

66

67

68

69

70

71

74

75

76

77

79

80

81

82

83

84

85

86

878

889

90

95

92

93

94

91

96

97

98

73

78

±SO

URC

ES:

Livin

gsto

n C

ount

y D

epar

tmen

ts o

f Pla

nnin

g,

Geo

grap

hic

Info

Sys

tem

s,

Publ

ic H

ealth

& Em

erge

ncy

Man

agem

ent

May

201

5

CRI

TIC

AL

FAC

ILIT

IES

IN L

IVIN

GST

ON

CO

UNTY

-

HA

ZARD

OUS

SUB

STA

NC

E SI

TES

- SO

UTH

EAST

LIV

ING

STO

N

Fac

ilit

y T

yp

e!

Haza

rdo

us S

ub

sta

nce

Site

153

MAP

#CR

ITICAL

FAC

ILITY

TYPE

OF

FACILITY

ADDR

ESS

COMMUNITY

99Plastech Enginee

red Prod

ucts, Inc.

Busine

ss/Ind

ustry

1502 Old US 23

Hartland

Tow

nship

100

Enbridge

Ene

rgy

Busine

ss/Ind

ustry

9185 Parshallville Ro

adHa

rtland

Tow

nship

101

Merit Energy Com

pany

Busine

ss/Ind

ustry

13750 Lone

Tree Ro

adHa

rtland

Tow

nship

102

Hartland

Sand & Gravel

Busine

ss/Ind

ustry

1380 Pleasant V

alley Ro

adHa

rtland

Tow

nship

103

Unk.

Busine

ss/Ind

ustry

878 Old US 23

Hartland

Tow

nship

104

Michigan Be

ll Facility

Busine

ss/Ind

ustry

10625 Highland

Road

Hartland

Tow

nship

105

Unk.

Agriculture

9295 Parshallville Ro

adHa

rtland

Tow

nship

106

Warne

r Farm

Agriculture

5970 Old US 23

Hartland

Tow

nship

107

Spee

dway LLC

Busine

ss/Ind

ustry

10070 E. Highland Ro

adHa

rtland

Tow

nship

108

Unk.

Busine

ss/Ind

ustry

5716 E. H

ighland Ro

adOceola Township

109

Kelsey

‐Hayes Com

pany

Busine

ss/Ind

ustry

9475 Cen

ter R

oad

Tyrone

Tow

nship

110

Schm

uck Farm

Agriculture

11177 Foley Ro

adTyrone

Tow

nship

111

Subu

rban

Propane

Busine

ss/Ind

ustry

7119 Old US 23

Tyrone

Tow

nship

Source:

Livingston

Cou

nty Em

ergency Managem

ent and

Plann

ing De

partmen

ts, and

Michigan State Po

lice Em

ergency Managem

ent

CRITICAL

FAC

ILITIES IN LIVINGS

TON COUNTY

Hazardou

s Sub

stan

ce Site

s ‐ Northeast Livingston

154

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!

!!

!

!

!

Tyro

neDe

erfie

ldah

Hartl

and

Oce

ola

l9

9

10

0

101

10

2

10

3

104

10

51

06

10

7

108

10

9

110

111

±SO

URC

ES:

Livin

gsto

n C

ount

y De

partm

ents

of P

lann

ing,

G

eogr

aphi

c In

fo S

yste

ms,

Publ

ic H

ealth

& Em

erge

ncy

Man

agem

ent

May

201

5

CRI

TICAL

FAC

ILITIE

S IN

LIVI

NGST

ON

CO

UNTY

- HA

ZARD

OUS

SUB

STAN

CE

SITE

S -N

ORT

HEAS

T LIV

ING

STO

N

Facilit

y T

yp

e!

Hazard

ou

s S

ub

sta

nce

Site

155

MAP

#CR

ITICAL

FAC

ILITY

TYPE

OF

FACILITY

ADDR

ESS

COMMUNITY

112

Lott Elevator Inc.

Agriculture

1495 Coh

octah Ro

adCo

hoctah

Tow

nship

113

Ventra Fow

lerville LLC

Busine

ss/Ind

ustry

8887 W

est G

rand

River Ave.Ha

ndy Township

114

Subu

rban

Propane

Busine

ss/Ind

ustry

10140 W. G

rand

River Ave.

Hand

y Township

115

DTE Electric Com

pany

‐ Colfax Station

Busine

ss/Ind

ustry

4025 Gregory Road

Hand

y Township

116

Thyssenkrupp

‐ Bud

d System

sBu

sine

ss/Ind

ustry

175 National Park Drive

Hand

y Township

117

Tetra Tech, Inc.

Busine

ss/Ind

ustry

1415 Durant D

rive

Howell Tow

nship

118

Tetra Tech, Inc.

Busine

ss/Ind

ustry

1055 Packard Driv

eHo

well Tow

nship

119

Rooto Co

rporation

Busine

ss/Ind

ustry

3505 W

. Grand

River Ave.

Howell Tow

nship

120

Parker Propane

Busine

ss/Ind

ustry

3985 Tow

er Driv

eHo

well Tow

nship

121

DMI A

utom

otive

Busine

ss/Ind

ustry

1200 Durant D

rive

Howell Tow

nship

122

John

Dee

re La

ndscapes

Busine

ss/Ind

ustry

3813 Tractor Driv

eHo

well Tow

nship

123

Hometow

n New

spapers

Busine

ss/Ind

ustry

1551 Burkhart R

oad

Howell Tow

nship

124

Howell Tow

nship

Mun

icipal

1222 Packard Driv

eHo

well Tow

nship

125

Ferrellgas

Busine

ss/Ind

ustry

645 East Highland Ro

adHo

well Tow

nship

126

Atreum

‐How

ell

Busine

ss/Ind

ustry

3705 W

est G

rand

River Ave.Ho

well Tow

nship

127

Pinckney

Molde

d Plastics

Busine

ss/Ind

ustry

3970 Parsons Road

Howell Tow

nship

Source:

Livingston

Cou

nty Em

ergency Managem

ent and

Plann

ing De

partmen

ts, and

Michigan State Po

lice Em

ergency Managem

ent

CRITICAL

FAC

ILITIES IN LIVINGS

TON COUNTY

Hazardou

s Sub

stan

ce Site

s ‐ Northwest Livingston

156

!

!!

!!

!!

!!

!!!

!

!

!

!

Fow

lerv

ille

Deer

fi eC

ohoc

tah

Con

way

Hand

y

Oce

oHo

wel

l

How

ell

City

112

113

114

115

116

12

0

12

5

12

6

12

7

117

118

119 12

1

12

2

12

3

12

4

±SO

URC

ES:

Livin

gsto

n C

ount

y De

partm

ents

of P

lann

ing,

G

eogr

aphi

c In

fo S

yste

ms,

Pu

blic

Hea

lth

& Emer

genc

y M

anag

emen

t

May

201

5

CRI

TIC

AL

FAC

ILIT

IES

IN L

IVIN

GST

ON

CO

UNTY

-

HAZA

RDO

US S

UBST

AN

CE

SITE

S -N

ORT

HW

EST

LIV

ING

STO

N

Fac

ilit

y T

yp

e!

Ha

za

rdo

us S

ub

sta

nce

Site

157

MAP

#CR

ITICAL

FAC

ILITY

TYPE

OF

FACILITY

ADDR

ESS

COMMUNITY

128

Christia

n Oil Co

.Bu

sine

ss/Ind

ustry

S. side

of C

oon Lake

btw

Kane &

Bradley Ro

ads

Iosco Township

129

Savoy Energy L.P.

Busine

ss/Ind

ustry

Robe

rts R

oad SE/SW Sec 28 T2N‐

R4E

Iosco Township

130

Christia

n Oil Co

mpany

Busine

ss/Ind

ustry

N. of Iosco betwee

n Ellio

t & Bull

Run Ro

ads

Iosco Township

131

Christia

n Oil Co

mpany

Busine

ss/Ind

ustry

N. side of Coo

n Lake

btw

Bull Run

and Du

tche

r Roads

Iosco Township

132

Christia

n Oil Co

mpany

Busine

ss/Ind

ustry

On Lamoreaux

btw

Bradley

& Bull

Run Ro

ads

Iosco Township

133

Christia

n Oil Co

mpany

Busine

ss/Ind

ustry

S. side

of Iosco Road 1/8 mile

west

of Elliot

Iosco Township

134

Christia

n Oil Co

mpany

Busine

ss/Ind

ustry

W. side of Bradley

btw

Lamoreau &

Coon

Lake

Road

Iosco Township

135

Environm

ental Con

sulting

& Techn

ology

Busine

ss/Ind

ustry

3024 Pingree

Road

Marion Township

136

MHO

GMun

icipal

4288 Norton Ro

adMarion Township

137

Detroit Edison ‐ Madrid

Statio

nBu

sine

ss/Ind

ustry

3100 Pingree

Avenu

eMarion Township

138

Merit Energy Com

pany

Busine

ss/Ind

ustry

Pingree Ro

ad, S18,T2N

, R4E

Marion Township

139

AT&T

Busine

ss/Ind

ustry

415 N. M

ain Street

Pinckney

140

Pinckney

Mun

icipal

1594 Patterson

Lake

Road

Putnam

Tow

nship

141

Ferrellgas

Busine

ss/Ind

ustry

8999 Pinckne

y Ro

adPu

tnam

Tow

nship

142

Christia

n Oil Co

mpany

Busine

ss/Ind

ustry

N. off W

eller C

urve

Unadilla Township

143

Christia

n Oil Co

mpany

Busine

ss/Ind

ustry

N. of W

asson btw W

eller &

Bull

Unadilla Township

144

N & K Marine

Recreatio

n21660 Kaiser Road

Unadilla Township

145

Verizon

Gregory Cen

tral Office

Busine

ss/Ind

ustry

106 Main Street

Unadilla Township

146

Verizon

Wire

less

Busine

ss/Ind

ustry

18538 De

xter Trail

Unadilla Township

Source:Livingston

Cou

nty Em

ergency Managem

ent and

Plann

ing De

partmen

ts, and

Michigan State Po

lice Em

ergency Managem

ent

CRITICAL

FAC

ILITIES IN LIVINGS

TON COUNTY

Hazardou

s Sub

stan

ce Site

s ‐ Sou

thwest Livingston

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ion

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130

131

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132

133

134

135

136

137

138

139

140

141

142

143

144

145

146

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ES:

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ount

y D

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rtmen

ts o

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ealth

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erge

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y 20

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us S

ub

sta

nce

Site



Chapter 6

TYPES OF

CRITICA

L FACILIT

IES

Brighton

Cohoctah

Conway

Deerfield

Genoa

Green Oak

Hamburg

Handy

Hartland

Howell

Iosco

Marion

Oceola

Putnam

Tyrone

Unadilla

Brighton City

Fowlerville Village

Howell City

Pinckney Village

Schools

XX

XX

XX

XChild

Care & Le

arning

XX

XSenior an

d He

alth Care

XX

XEm

ergency S

helte

rsX

XX

XX

Worship Assem

bly

XX

XX

XX

Public Go

vernmental

XX

XX

Manufactured Ho

using

XX

XX

XX

Major Em

ployers

XX

XX

XX

XIndustrial Parks/Areas

XX

XX

XRegulated Dams

XX

XX

Sewer & W

ater

Treatm

ent

XX

XX

XX

Public Works

XX

XX

Hazardous Substance

Sites

XX

XX

XX

Emergency S

ervices

XX

XX

XX

CRITICAL FA

CILIT

IES R

ISK AN

ALYSIS

Communities Most A

t‐Risk

To Damage Of Facilities

Source: Livingston County Em

ergency M

anagem

ent and

Planning D

epartm

ents, M

ichigan State Police Em

ergency M

anagem

ent, 2016



Critical Facilities Risk Analysis

Facilities for vulnerable populations

• School Facilities - The school tablesand associated location map illustratethat most of Livingston County’sschool facilities are congregatedwithin or adjacent to the county’s 2cities and the Village of Fowlerville.This is particularly true in the City ofHowell which has 12 schools locatedwithin its municipal boundaries. Manyof these Howell schools also serve asemergency shelter locations, whichdoubles the risk potential of damageto these facilities. There are also fourtownships with a concentration ofschool facilities; they are: Genoa,Hartland, Brighton and HamburgTownships. Each of thesecommunities are at greater risk ofhaving school facilities damaged inthe event of a hazard.

• Child Care and Learning Facilties -In the event of a county-wideemergency, it would be a challenge toevacuate young children from areachild care facilities, because they arewidely dispersed throughoutLivingston County. The child caremap illustrates that the greatestnumber of facilities are located withinthe City of Howell, Brighton andGenoa Townships with at least 4facilities in each community.

• Senior and Health Care Facilities -Senior housing, senior centers andhealth care facilities arepredominantly located in the Village ofFowlerville, and the Cities of Howelland Brighton. Each of thesecommunities contains at least 4 ofthese facilities. Additionally the City of

Howell contains the only full servicehospital, St. Joseph Mercy LivingstonHospital; making this facilityparticularly critical.

Facilities that significantly impact thelocal or regional economy

• Major Employers - Grand RiverAvenue between the Village ofFowlerville, the City of Howell, the Cityof Brighton and Brighton Township,connects most of the county’s majorprivate employers. Seventy-fivepercent (75%) of the major employerson the associated map, are locatedon this stretch of Grand River.

• Industrial Parks/Areas - Much likethe locational pattern of majoremployers, Livingston Countyindustrial parks and areas are closelyaligned with the Grand River Avenuecorridor extending from the Village ofFowlerville through the cities of Howelland Brighton to Brighton Township.The majority of industrial parks andareas are located in the southeastquadrant communities of Green OakTownship, Genoa Township, and theCity of Brighton.

Facilities with special considerations thatif damaged, would result in high deathtolls

• High Density Housing/Manufactured Housing Parks -Manufactured housing parks tend tobe clustered around the Village ofFowlerville (3 parks), the City ofHowell (5 parks), and the City ofBrighton (4 parks). Another area ofconcentration is Green Oak Townshipwhere 4 manufactured housing parksare located.



Chapter 6

• Regulated Dams - Regulated damsare very dispersed throughoutLivingston County. There are 4communities that each contain at least3 regulated dams: Putnam, Hamburg,Brighton and Hartland Townships.Another locational characteristic ofregulated dams is that they areconsistently located on the following 7county water courses: Hell Creek(through Putnam and UnadillaTownships), Honey Creek (thoughPutnam Township), Chilson Creek(through Hamburg Township), theHuron River (through Green OakTownship), Ore Creek (through Tyrone,Hartland, Brighton and GenoaTownships), Bogue Creek (throughCohoctah Township and the City ofHowell) and the Shiawasee River(through Howell Township).

Facilities that provide essential services

• Emergency Shelters - Emergencyshelters are very concentrated aroundthe cities of Howell (15 shelters) andBrighton (14 shelters) where many ofthe public schools and churches arebeing utilized (e.g. 11 schools, 3churches and 1 agency in the City ofHowell). Hartland Township and theVillage of Pinckney also contain alarge number of shelters due to theutilization of school district facilties asshelters.

• Worship/Assembly Facilities -Workship/Assembly Facilitiesprimarily surround the Cities of Howelland Brighton (Genoa and BrightonTownships), the Village of Pinckney(Putnam Township) and HartlandTownship. Many of these facilities alsoserve as Emergency Shelters.

Facilities containing hazardous materials

• Hazardous Substance Sites -Hazardous substance sites areprimarily located in the easternLivingston County communities of theCity of Brighton, Brighton Townshipand Hartland Township. Each of thesecommunities contain 5 facilities thathouse hazardous substances. TheCity of Howell is the only other countycommunity that also contains 5hazardous substance facilities.

Facilities that provide lifeline utilitysystems

• Sewer and Water Treatment Plants -Over half of the county’s sewer andwater treatment plants are located inthe southeast quadrant of the county,most within close proximity to the Cityof Brighton. The City of Howell and thetownships surrounding it, representanother county location with severalsewer and water treatment facilities.

Facilities that are fundamental totransportation

• Public Works - Public works facilitiesare primarily located in the Village ofFowlerville, the cities of Howell andBrighton and Brighton Township.There are two public works facilities ineach of these locations. Half of thesefacilities are municipal, and theMichigan Department of Transportationoperates the two facilities in BrightonTownship. The Livingston CountyRoad Commission operates one of thetwo facilities in both Fowlerville and theCity of Brighton.



Facilities that ensure a full recovery ofthe community

• Emergency Services - Emergencyservice facilities such as police, fireand EMS are located in everyLivingston County community exceptConway, Deerfield, Tyrone, and IoscoTownships. There are fourcommunities that contain four or morefacility locations, The City of Howell,Brighton Township, Green OakTownship and Hamburg Township.

• Public Governmental Facilities -The location of local, county, state andfederal government facilities aredispersed throughout LivingstonCounty. A township, village or city hallis located in each of the twentycommunities. As the LivingstonCounty seat of government, the City ofHowell contains most of the county’sgovernment facilities (6). The Villagesof Fowlerville and Pinckney also havea high number of government facilities(3 each) since the villages house theoffices of the surrounding townships.Lastly, Howell Township is a fourthlocation with many governmentfacilities (3), primarily countygovernment facilities.

Sources:

State And Local Mitigation Planning how-to-guide: Understanding Your Risks, FederalEmergency Management Agency, Version1.0, August 2001

Michigan Department of Education, Office ofGreat Start, Website Child Care Listing

Livingston Educational Service AgencyLivingston County School Directory, 2014-2015

2003 Livingston County Data Book andCommunity Profiles, Livingston CountyDepartment of Planning

Livingston County Geographic InformationSystem Department

Livington County Senior Consortium onAging, Senior Housing Guide - 2013


Livingston County Department of PublicHealth

Livingston County Drain Commissioner

Livingston County EMS

Southeast Michigan Council of Goverments(SEMCOG)

Top Employers & Foreign Investors,Livingston County Regional Data, Ann ArborSPARK

Crain’s List: Liivngston County’s LargestEmployers, Crain’s Detroit Business,January 2013



Chapter 7

Goals and objectives serve as policystatements for emergency managementdecisions in the communities in which theyare adopted. Following are the goals andobjectives which support the ideas and intentof this hazard mitigation plan.

Objectives:

• Encourage Livingston Countycommunities to integrate the goals andobjectives of the Hazard MitigationPlan, Livingston County, Michigan, intotheir master plan.

• Encourage Livingston Countycommunities to integrate hazardmitigation language throughout theirmaster plan or as a separate element(chapter) within their master plan(with use of content from the Hazard

Chapter 7: Hazard Mitigation Goals And Objectives

Goal #1: Reduce propertydamage and create disasterresistant structures byencouraging the integration ofhazard mitigationconsiderations into land useplanning and management, andland development processes.

Mitigation Plan, Livingston, Michigan).

• Encourage Livingston Countycommunities to adopt zoningordinance and master plan languagethat limits impervious surfaces in theircommunity.

• Encourage additional LivingstonCounty communities to replicate andadopt the zoning ordinance languageof our Huron River communitiesregarding stream bank preservationand buffering, in order to protect otherprominent river and stream corridorsin Livingston County.

• Encourage Livingston Countycommunities to practice flood plainmanagement practices by adoptingzoning ordinance and master planlanguage that prohibits newdevelopment in flood plain areas andclassifies current development in floodplains as nonconforming uses that willeventually be eliminated.

• Encourage Livingston Countycommunities to adopt wellheadprotection language in their zoningordinances and master plans.

• Encourage Livingston Countycommunities to adopt stormwatermanagement language consistent withthe Livingston County DrainCommissioner’s stormwaterstandards, in their zoning ordinancesand master plans.

• Encourage Livingston Countycommunities to adopt wetlandprotection ordinances for wetlandareas that are not regulated by the

GOGOGOGOGOALS:ALS:ALS:ALS:ALS:Broad conceptual statements of intentthat establish the direction for the HazardMitigation Plan.

OBJECTIVES:OBJECTIVES:OBJECTIVES:OBJECTIVES:OBJECTIVES:Measurable, detailed statements thatdescribe the tasks to be carried out inthe process of realizing goals.



Goal #4: Minimize disaster-related injuries and loss of lifethrough public education, hazardanalysis, and early warning.

Michigan Department ofEnvironmental Quality (MDEQ).

• Encourage Livingston Countycommunities to adopt zoningordinance and master plan languagethat incorporates transportationplanning standards that maximizeroadway and driveway access andimprove emergency response timesto all inhabited or developed areas ofthe community.

Objectives:

• Encourage proper separation andbuffering between potentiallyhazardous land uses and all other landuses; particularly those land uses withspecial needs populations such asschools, nursing homes and hospitals.

• Encourage disaster-resistant publicand private utility infrastructure that isable to provide non-interrupted,reliable service during severe weatherevents, temperature extremes, andoccurrences of all hazards.

• Encourage disaster-resistantmanagement practices for public andprivate dams in Livingston County.

Objectives:

• Avoid structures on hilltop locations.Site new development away fromslopes of 12% or greater, and softsoils that are prone to soil erosion.

• Encourage open space andagricultural preservation as a meansof maintaining a buffer zone ordefensible space between structuresand natural features that arevulnerable to hazards (e.g.grasslands, woodlands, flood plains,water courses).

Objectives:

• Encourage a collaborative approachto establishing and maintainingstream guage devices in LivingstonCounty water courses that are proneto flooding.

• Research and identify the optimumreverse notification system for publicnotification of hazards in LivingstonCounty.

• Encourage the placement ofadditional public warning sirens inLivingston County communities.

• Provide Livingston Countycommunities with educationalmaterials that will increase publicawareness of, and participation inhazard mitigation programs.

Goal #2: Employ LivingstonCounty land use practices thatminimize vulnerability to allhazards.

Goal #3: Employ LivingstonCounty land use practices thatminimize disturbance to naturalfeatures and decrease thepotential for natural disasters.



Chapter 7

• Distribute a copy of the HazardMitigation Plan, Livingston County,Michigan, and the Livingston CountyEmergency Operation Plan to all localunits of government and emergencyservice providers in Livingston Countywith a full explanation of plancontent.

• Encourage Livingston County localunits of government to conduct an in-depth hazard analysis and lossestimation for their community basedon the methods used in the HazardMitigation Plan, Livingston County,Michigan.

• Encourage use of Livingston CountyGIS mapping of natural features (e.g.topography, wetlands), man-madefeatures (e.g. infrastructure,developments, roadways), zoning andland use, for use in comparativeanalysis that leads to good planning/hazard mitigation analysis anddecision-making.

Objectives:

• Encourage Livingston Countycommunities to participate in theNational Flood Insurance Program(NFIP).

• Encourage Livingston Countycommunities to participate inwatershed management issuesthrough local watershed councils.

• Encourage Livingston Countycommunities to participate inenvironmental health educationalefforts aimed at the proper location,installation, cleaning, monitoring andmaintenance of community wells andseptic tanks.

• Encourage Livingston Countycommunities to participate in localemergency management effortsthrough Livingston County 911 CentralDispatch/Emergency Managementand the Emergency ManagementDivision of the Michigan Departmentof State Police.

• Provide Livingston County leadership,direction, coordination, guidance, andadvocacy to hazard mitigation effortsin Michigan.

Sources:

Livingston County Comprehensive PlanSummary, Livingston County Department ofPlanning, December 2002.

Michigan Hazard Mitigation Plan,Emergency Management Division MichiganDepartment of State Police and the MichiganHazard Mitigation Coordinating Council,2000.

Michigan Hazard Mitigation CoordinatingCouncil, Report of Activities 2001,Emergency Management Division MichiganDepartment of State Police, May 2002.

Goal #5: Build partnershipsbetween public safety agenciesand organizations to enhanceand improve the safety andwell-being of all LivingstonCounty communities.



Following are examples of many types ofmitigation strategies for natural hazards thatare currently active in Livingston County.While this is not an exhaustive list ofstrategies, it does represent how the variouslevels of government are striving towards thecommon goal of a disaster resistantLivingston County community.

State Government

Michigan Department of Transportation(MDOT)

Transportation Infrastructure -MDOT constructed a $32 million LatsonRoad Interchange that opened the firstweek of December, 2013. The entireproject included a full interchange, thewidening of Grand River Avenue andLatson roads, the rebuilding of NixonRoad (renamed to South Latson) and therelocation of Beck Road.

Major safety and operationalimprovements are currently being madeto the I-96/U.S. 23 interchange in BrightonTownship. Improvements will includeconstructing new through-lanes on I-96between the current eastbound andwestbound lanes; building three newbridges over northbound and southboundUS-23, and over Old US-23; changing theexisting lanes of I-96 to collector-distributor (CD) lanes for easier and saferlane changes for ramp traffic; andRebuilding the existing six bridges overUS-23 and Old US-23. It is anticipatedthat the project will take two years tocomplete.

Michigan State Police EmergencyManagement Division

Chapter 8: Existing Hazard Mitigation Strategies

Professional Emergency Management(PEM) Courses -This program provides a curriculumdesigned to meet the specific training andeducation needs of emergencymanagement professionals. There arefour components of the program that mustbe completed within a four year time spanin order to qualify for the Michigan PEMdesignation: registration for the PEMprogram; on-line and classroom courses;two years of experience in emergencymanagement or a related field; and apassing grade of a minimum 75% on acomprehensive exam of all requiredcoursework.

Michigan Emergency ManagementAssistance Compact (MEMAC) -This compact is designed to helpMichigan’s local political subdivisions,large and small, share vital public safetyservices and resources. MEMAC createsan organized process and structure forjurisdictions across the state to render orreceive assistance in times of majorcrisis. The compact addressesproblematic issues such as workman’scompensation insurance, expensereimbursement and liability coverage.MEMAC supplements rather thanreplaces existing local mutual aidagreements already in place to handle“routine” public safety services amongneighboring jurisdictions.

County Government


The Livingston County EmergencyManagement department is the lead agencyfor emergency management efforts in



Chapter 8

Livingston County. The department embracesthe five phases of emergency management:Prevention; Preparedness; Mitigation;Response and Recovery. Responsibilitiesinclude a wide range of activities including:coordination of the county’s EmergencyOperations Center (EOC); grantadministration; community education;training; field response and a host of otheractivities at the local, regional, and statelevels. Following is a description of some ofthese hazard mitigation responsibilities.

Homeland Security Grant - LivingstonCounty has been awarded funding toprovide training and equipment forresponders and emergencies. Trainingand purchases include:

• Medical Response Trailer• Air Monitors• SWAT Training• 800 MHz Radio Equipment• All Terrain Emergency Response

Vehicle• Modems for Communications• Fibler Optic Connectivity• Siren Warning System• HazMat Training

Emergency School Response -Livingston County EmergencyManagement coordinates the schedulingof school safety drills, as well as ensuresthat the drills are conducted in a safe andefficient manner. The drills consist oftornado, fire and lock down / shelter inplace. These drills are conductedthroughout the school year and apply toboth public and private schools.

Livingston County EmergencyManagement also aids schools byassisting with emergency plans,vulnerability/safety assessments, first aidadministration, emergency response

coordinantion, training and communityeducation.

Livingston County Department ofPlanning

County Planning has authored manyeducational products that relate to the issueof hazard mitigation. For instance:

Comprehensive Plan/HazardMitigation Interface - This guidebook isdesigned to enable the reader to developstrategies to integrate hazard mitigationinto the community master plan. The bookreviews principles of emergencymanagement and the practice ofcommunity planning, defining the “commonthreads” that bind the two disciplines,suggesting integrative strategies leadingto a community hazard mitigation actionplan.

Land Use Analyses - This technicalreport contains an impervious surfaceanalysis that determines the amount ofsurfaces in Livingston County that preventthe infiltration of water into the soil. This isdetermined through existing land use andforecast for the future based on localplans. The analysis explains the impactsof impervious surfaces on stormwater,flooding, streams and wetlands and howregulation may help or hinder the spreadof impervious surfaces. The findings ofthis analysis map the percent ofimpervious surfaces throughout the countybased on current land use and future landuse plans.

Livingston County’s High-QualityNatural Areas - This publicationinventories and prioritizes high qualitynatural areas throughout LivingstonCounty. The publication also presents anumber of personal behavior



modifications and policy tools that can beused to protect the county’s natural areas.

Livingston County ComprehensivePlan Summary - The purpose of this planis to guide the coordinated, orderly, andwell-balanced development of the county.The plan is also intended to assist localunits of government in the preparation oftheir own plans and ordinances byproviding a broader perspective and clearlystating the goals and policies of the County.A Hazard Mitigation section with countygoals and policies is included in the plan.The Department recently began theprocess of developing a new LivingstonCounty Master Plan in partnership with thelocal communities. It is expected that theplan will be complete in 2016.

Municipal Risk Management Brochures- In partnership with the Michigan MunicipalRisk Management Authority (MMRMA), therisk insurer for Livingston Countygovernment, the Livingston CountyDepartment of Planning has produced avariety of risk reduction guidancedocuments including: Issues of PublicPolicy In Emergency Management,Integrating Hazard Mitigation AndComprehensive Planning, HazardMitigation Planning, and DevelopingDisaster-Resistant/SustainableCommunities. These brochures regardreducing community risk to potential naturaland man-made disasters by improvingpublic policy decisions through integrationof the emergency management functioninto the comprehensive planning process.The intent of these educational pieces is toreduce a community’s exposure to litigationand to mitigate public and private sectorlosses due to disasters.

Livingston County Drain Commissioner’sOffice

Most if not all of the services provided by theLivingston County Drain Commissioner’sOffice are related to hazard mitigation.Particularly relevant to this document are thefollowing services that they provide:

Soil Erosion Control - Constructionactivity is one of the main causes ofaccelerated erosion. As the designatedcounty enforcement agency for soilerosion control, the Livingston CountyDrain Commissioner’s Office issueseither a soil erosion control permit(grading permit) or grading waiver prior tothe start of any construction activity inLivingston County.

Storm Water Drainage - The DrainCommissioner’s Office maintainsapproximately 400 drains in LivingstonCounty. Their office must address allreports of drain flooding and any personalinjury or property damage that hasoccurred as a result of a county stormdrain system. Additionally, the DrainCommissioner’s Office performs drainmaintenance activities with their own crewor that of a local contractor, and petitionedstormwater or sanitary drain projects thatare requested by a local unit ofgovernment or by petition of a group oflandowners.

Sanitary System Operation - TheDepartment of Public Works, whichoperates out of the Drain Commissioner’soffice, runs the Livingston RegionalSanitary Sewer System, which includesapproximately 68 miles of collectionsewers and twenty eight sanitary pumpingstations. Wastewater collected by thissystem is pumped to the LindenWastewater Treatment plant operated by



Chapter 8

the Genessee County Division of Waterand Waste Services. In addition to thislarge collection system, ten small sanitarysystems (servicing individualneighborhoods) are operated by theLivingston County Drain Commissioner’soffice.

Lake Improvement Projects - The DrainCommissioner’s Office coordinates lakeimprovement projects such as watersampling for water temperature, nutrientsand other water chemistry measurements;lake vegetation surveys for nuisanceaquatic plant control; and lake aerationand removal of undesirable materials.

Dam Inspection - The Livingston CountyDrain Commissioner operates 9 dams asthe delegated authority of LivingstonCounty, pursuant to part 307 (Inland LakeLevels) of the Natural Resources andEnvironmental Protection Act (NREPA), asamended. Under the Provisions of theDam Safety Act, Park 315 of NREPA, theCounty is required to inspect dams everythree to five years based on the hazardclassification of the structures. The countyhas three dams with a hazardclassification of “significant”, or “high”.These are the Nichwagh Lake Dam inGreen Oak Township, the Hiland LakeDam in the unincorporated community ofHell in Putnam Township, and theThompson Lake Dam in the City of Howell.The Drain Commissioner’s officemaintains Emergency Action Plans foreach of these structures. Copies of theseplans are also kept by DrainCommissioner staff who are on call duringtimes of potential emergency responseactivity associated with flooding.

Livingston County Departmentof Public Health

The Livingston County Department of PublicHealth is highly involved in a wide variety ofemergency management activities such as:participation on the Local EmergencyPlanning Committee (LEPC); SARA Title IIIsite specific emergency response plans;consultative services during emergencyevents; daily communicable diseasesurveillance; and representation in theLivingston County Emergency OperationsCenter (EOC) in the event of an emergency.In addition, the department provides thefollowing unique emergency management-related products:

Emergency Preparedness Websitehttps://www.livgov.com/health/ep/Pages/default.aspx - The LivingstonCounty Department of Public Healthmaintains an exemplary website that localcommunities could use as a model. Thewebsite has an EmergencyPreparedness tab that addresses sixsubject areas. The Family Preparednesssection provides valuable informationabout the importance of preparing ahousehold emergency plan to keep yourfamily safe. The National TerrorismAdvisory System section of the websitecommunicates information about terroristthreats by providing timely, detailedinformation to the public, governmentagencies, first responders, airports andother transprotation hubs, and the privatesector. A Public Health Preparedness &Training section explains how LivingstonCounty’s Department of Public Healthcollaborates with local emergencypartners and engages in emergencytraining exercises. The section describesthe various preparedness initiatives of thedepartment such as the Cities ReadinessInitiative, and outlines past emergency



training exercises explaining the partnersinvolved, and the purpose of the exercise.A section on the Livingston CountyMedical Reserve Corps describes thisgroup of volunteers that train, exerciseand respond to public healthemergencies. Lastly, two additionalsections provide links to local EmergencyPreparedness Partners and variousEmergency Preparedness Websites.

The Environmental Health Division of theDepartment of Public Health provides thefollowing services relative to hazardmitigation:

• information and maps of known orsuspected sites of environmentalsensitivity

• pest and insect control

• vector bourn disease monitoring

• public health investigations

• campground inspections

• food service licensing

• restaurant inspections

• food recall notices and advisories

• hydrogeologic investigation(determining suitability of conditionsfor on-site water supply)

• sanitary code enforcement

• indoor air quality consultation

• sanitation inspection

• regulation of on-site sewage disposal

• ground water programs

Local Government

Some of Livingston County’s twenty localunits of government have integrated hazardmitigation strategies into their local zoningordinances or comprehensive (master) plans.The strategies listed below represent asample, and are not inclusive of all LivingstonCounty local government examples. Thesestrategies represent some of the moreinnovative local initiatives that can bereplicated by other Livingston Countycommunities that do not have hazardmitigation language in their zoning or plandocuments.

Zoning Ordinances:

Natural Rivers Overlay Zone orZoning District - A Flood MitigationStrategy - Green Oak and HamburgTownships have established either aNatural River district or overlay zone. Thiszoning language reinforces the NaturalRivers Act (Part 305 of Act. No. 451 of thePublic Acts of 1994).

These river strategies aid flood hazardmitigation by:

• stabilizing the riverbank so thaterosion and other sediment does notfill the waterway and alter or impedethe course of the river water

• protecting the natural flood waterstorage capacity of the river floodplain

• preventing flood damage andassociated public relief expenditurescreated by improper construction ofstructures in the floodplain



Chapter 8

• keeping nutrients such as fertilizersout of the waterway so that unnaturalvegetation growth does not congestthe course of river waters

• protecting individuals from investingfunds in structures proposed forlocation on lands unsuitable fordevelopment because of high groundwater, erosion or vulnerability to flooddamage

• regulating the cutting and removal ofvegetation along the river so that thenatural vegetation continues toprovide a natural filter for storm waterand sediment runoff

Green Oak Township Natural RiverOverlay Zone:

• Green Oak Township designated(mapped) an area that overlaysexisting zoning. While the underlying,existing zoning governs permitted &special uses and most otherregulations, the overlay zone addsregulations to govern a unique featurewithin that area (the Huron River andits tributaries in this case)

• the overlay zone is an area 400 feetfrom the ordinary high water mark oneach side and parallel to the HuronRiver and its tributaries

• minimum river front lot width: 150 feet

• building setback from river: 125 feetfrom the ordinary high water mark(may be decreased to 75 feet if thereis a rise in topography from the riverbank)

• other required building setbacks: 50feet from the edge of a steep slope/

bluff, and no building on land that issubject to flooding

• other required regulations:commercial uses and structures areprohibited within the overlay zone; Nocutting or filling on the floodplain, andfilling for buildings on the upland within500 feet of the river’s edge where thegroundwater table is within 6 feet ofthe surface

• a natural vegetative strip: a naturalvegetative strip of 100 feet from theriver’s edge shall be maintained oneach parcel or lot. This naturalvegetative strip shall be horizontalfrom and perpendicular to the river’sedge. Three zones comprise this 100foot vegetative strip and each zonehas requirements regarding the typeof vegetation that is allowed

Hamburg Township Natural RiverZoning District:

• Hamburg Township established aNatural River zoning district along bothsides of the Huron River

• minimum river front lot width: 150 feet

• septic system setback: 125 feet fromthe ordinary high water mark of theHuron River

• building setback from river: 125 feetfrom the ordinary high water mark

• other required building setbacks: 100feet from the top of a bluff, and nobuilding on land that is in a floodway,wetland, or floodplain (exceptaccessory buildings/structures)

• Cutting or filling for building on the



floodplain is prohibited

• a natural vegetative strip: A naturalvegetative strip of 100 feet horizontalfrom and perpendicular to the river’sedge. A detailed plan for cutting andremoval of river vegetation shall besubmitted to the township for reviewand approval or denial. The use ofpesticides, herbicides or fertilizers isnot allowed in the natural vegetativestrip except when utilized in accordwith the advice and supervision of aqualified specialist

Tributary Overlay Zone - A FloodMitigation Strategy

Green Oak Township Overlay Zone:Green Oak Township originally establishedan overlay zone for two creeks within thetownship but then later expanded it toseveral tributaries denoted on the GreenOak Township zoning map. The tributarystrategies aid flood hazard mitigation inthe same way that the river strategies do.

• the overlay zone is an area 125 feetfrom the ordinary high water mark oneach side of and parallel to thedesignated tributaries

• building setbacks: new buildings shallbe set back 125 feet from the watersedge

• other required regulations: The use ofpesticides, herbicides and fertilizers isprohibited within the overlay zone;septic system drainfields shall be setback at least 100 feet from the tributaryedge or outside the required naturalvegetation strip, if further.

• natural vegetative strip: a naturalvegetative strip shall be maintained on

each parcel or lot between the water’sedge and a line, each point of which isone hundred (100) feet horizontal fromand perpendicular to the water’sedge. The natural vegetation stripshall have 3 distinct zones: WaterSide Zone; Middle Zone; and OuterZone. Each zone has requiredmimimum widths and vegetativetargets.

Environmental Review Boards - A Floodand General Environmental MitigationStrategy

Hamburg Township HamburgEnvironmental Review Board (HERB)- Hamburg Township established theHamburg Environmental Review Board(HERB) for review of any land use permit,site plan, subdivision, condominium orland division application that may posesignificant impacts on the human andnatural environment. HERB reviewsspecific applications at the request of theHamburg Township Zoning Administratoror the Planning Commission.

• HERB comments on environmentalconcerns related to the project andcompliance with any Township,County, State and/or Federalenvironmental regulations

• after their review, HERB makes arecommendation to the TownshipPlanning Commission on the project’scompliance with applicableenvironmental regulations, concernswith significant environmental impactsresulting from the proposal, andsuggested mitigative measures tominimize the impacts

• any wetland determinations referred toHERB shall be reviewed for



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completeness, accuracy of thedelineation, review of regulatorydetermination, and impacts to thewetland and natural resources ofHamburg Township

• applicants are required to submit acopy of any Michigan Department ofNatural Resources (MDNR) wetlanduse permit applications. HERB mayforward a written recommendationregarding the permit application to theMDNR and HERB may request that theMDNR hold a public hearing for anywetland use permit application beingconsidered by the MDNR

• the HERB may study and documentthe environmental value ofnoncontiguous wetlands under fiveacres that are not regulated by theMDNR. The HERB will determine thewetland’s value in preserving thetownship’s natural resources frompollution, impairment or destruction.The HERB may notify the MDNR of itsfindings in writing and makerecommendations on the MDNR’sexercise of regulation over thesewetland areas

Environmental Provisions Articles - AGeneral Environmental MitigationStrategy

Some local governments in Livingston Countyhave drafted an environmental provisionsarticle for their zoning ordinance. Thesearticles contain protective regulations forresources such as floodplains, wetlands,watercourses, natural topography andvegetation.

Hamburg Township EnvironmentalProvisions, Article 9.00

• provisions regarding creation oralteration of water bodies: HamburgTownship provides several statementsof intent for providing theseprovisions, among these statementsis the following: To provide for theprotection of soils capable ofproviding necessary filtration for themaintenance of aquifer stability

• provisions regarding landscape:Hamburg Township provides severalstatements of intent for providingthese provisions, among thesestatements are the following: Reducesoil erosion and depletion; andincrease soil water retention, therebyhelping to prevent flooding

• provisions regarding open space:Hamburg Township requires theprovision of a silt fence to prevent anyconstruction-related debris fromimpacting natural areas not includedwithin the development area duringconstruction

• provisions regarding floodplain areas:Hamburg Township has delineatedfloodplain areas on the Zoning DistrictMap of Hamburg Township. Land usein floodplain areas must adhere to thestandards and regulations of theunderlying zoning district and to theadditional standards and regulationsof these floodplain provisions

Wellhead Protection Ordinances - AnInfrastructure and Public HealthMitigation Strategy

The communities that are part of the MarionHowell Oceola Genoa (MHOG) WaterAuthority have been particularly active inprotecting their drinking water sources byadopting well-head protection language as



part of their zoning ordinance. Following is asample of regulations from Marion Township’sordinance language.

Marion Township Wellhead Protectionand Hazardous Substance OverlayZone

• zones “A” and “B” were established andmapped. Zone “A” is the wellheaddelineation area and it is equivalent tothe ten year time of travel distance(TOT) or the distance that ground waterwill travel in ten years. Zone “B” is the“secondary impact area” and it includesall areas outside the wellheaddelineation area

• in Zone “A” there are five permitteduses, one permitted use subject tospecial use approval, and 26 prohibiteduses

• in Zone “B” all uses permitted andspecially permitted in the underlyingzoning districts are allowed, providedthey meet the performance standards ofthis ordinance language

• the performance standards of thisordinance language apply to Zone “A”and Zone “B”. The standards regardissues such as: septic tanks andassociated drainfields; protection of thenatural environment; storm watermanagement; storage of hazardoussubstances; floor drains; secondarycontainment facilities; areas andfacilities for loading and unloadinghazardous substances; undergroundstorage tanks; well abandonment; siteswith contaminated soils and/orgroundwater; construction;maintenance; and site plan review anddevelopment standards for groundwaterprotection

Schedule of Zoning District Regulations -A Flooding Mitigation Strategy

Hamburg Township Schedule of Area,Height, and Bulk Regulations - In aneffort to control the amount of impervioussurfaces in Hamburg Township, andthereby reduce the potential for areaflooding, the township planningcommission has added more detailed lotcoverage regulations to the Schedule ofArea, Height, and Bulk Regulations intheir zoning ordinance.

The township defines maximum lotcoverage/total impermeable surface asthe total footprint of buildings, parking,paved and gravel storage yards,driveways, streets, roads and sidewalksdivided by the size of the site, excludingwater bodies and wetlands. Single familyor two family residential lots may have upto an additional 10 percent lot coverageafter approval of a grading and drainageplan, prepared by a registered engineeror a registered landscape architect andapproved by the Township Engineer.

According to the Southeast MichiganCouncil of Governments, 40% impervioussurface represents typical mediumdensity residential which is consistentwith many of the Hamburg zoning districtsthat allow this percentage. However, acounty-wide impervious surface ratioshould be less than10%; stream andwetland degradation begins at levels ofimperviousness as low as 10%.

Comprehensive / Master Plans:

The Village of Pinckney Master Plan,May 2015, Hazard Mitigation Appendix- When drafting the 2015 Village ofPinckney Master Plan, village planningcommissioners and their planningconsultant decided to address hazard



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mitigation in an appendix to the plan.The Hazard Mitigation appendix focuseson measures that the Village can take toprepare for and mitigate the effects ofpotential hazards. Five natural hazardsare addressed in more detail. Theyinclude: Flooding; Tornadoes, Lightning;Earthquakes and Winter Storms.

Some of the suggested mitigationstrategies for these hazards include:FEMA Flood Insurance; NOAA weatherradios; avoiding parks and open spacesduring lightning storms; earthquake ridersto homeowners insurance; and auxilliaryheat sources such as wood burningstoves.

Emergency Services Websites

Hamburg Township Fire Departmentwebsite - The Hamburg Township FireDepartment has created a veryinformative page of their websiteregarding siren notification. The siteprovides the locations of the four sirens inthe Township and addresses the mostfrequently asked questions regardingsiren notification such as: the differencebetween a Tornado Siren and an OutdoorWarning Siren; what it means when asiren is activated; when the sirens aretested; when the sirens are activiated forweather; and what you should do whenthe sirens are activated.Website address: www.hamburg.mi.us/fire/

Flood Insurance Rating

The National Flood Insurance Program(NFIP) offers flood insurance in communtiiesthat comply with minimum standards forfloodplain management. The NFIP’sCommunity Rating System (CRS) recognizes

community efforts beyond those minimumstandards by reducing flood insurancepremiums for the community’s propertyowners. Eligible community efforts must meetthe three goals of the CRS. Those goals are:1.) reduce flood damage to insurable property;2.) strengthen and support the insuranceaspects of the NFIP; and 3.) encourage acomprehensive approach to floodplainmanagement.

FEMA reports that although CRS communitiesrepresent only 5 percent of the over 22,000communities participating in the NFIP, morethan 68% of all flood insurance poolicies arewirtten in CRS communities.

The CRS uses a class rating system similar tofire insurance rating to determinine floodinsurance premium reductions for residents.CRS Classes are rated from 9 to 1. FEMAstates that most communities enter theprogram at a CRS Class 9 or Class 8 ratingwhich entitles residents in Special FloodHazard Areas (SFHA) to a 5% discount ontheir flood insurance premiums for a Class 9or a 10% discount for Class 8. Each CRSClass improvement results in a 5% greaterdiscount on flood insurance premiums forproperties in the SFHA.

Hamburg Township Flood InsuranceRating - Hamburg Township participatesin the NFIP Community Rating System. In1998, the Township sent staff to theEmergency Management Institute inEmmitsburg, Maryland where staff tooktraining courses. Township staff learnedthat in order to improve their insuranceclass rating from a Class 10 to a Class 9,the township had to score 500 or morepoints using CRS scoring methods. In theirinitial application they addressed manycommunity activities that they willundertake in order to score the 500 points



necessary for a change in class rating.Among those activities noted, were twomandatory flood management activities:the issuance of elevation certificates andaddressing repetitive loss claims.

Hamburg Township committed tomaintaining elevation certificates for newconstruction in the floodplain, and thetownship uses FEMA’s ElevationCertificate Computer Program to trackcertificates on computer.

Hamburg Township personnel alsoresearched whether there are any NFIPpolicy holders in the Township that havemade multiple claims for the sameproperty. They found that there were a veryminimal number of repetitive lossproperties, therefore, the Township isrequired to participate in FloodplainManagement Planning by preparing,adopting, implementing and updating acomprehsnsive flood hazard mitigationplan using a standard planning process.This activity has been accomplishedthrough Hamburg Township’s 2012adoption of the Hamburg TownshipFlooding Response Action Plan (FRAP).This plan can be downloaded or printedfrom the Township website.

Due to the Township’s exemplaryparticipation in the NFIP CommunityRating System, the Township hassuccessfully improved their CRS Classrating from 10 to 9 and more recently, from9 to 8.

Sources:

2004 Hazardous Materials & EmergencyManagement Training Catalog, TheMichigan State Police EmergencyManagement Division, 2003

Livingston County, Michigan, websitewww.livgov.com

Green Oak Township Zoning Ordinance,Livingston County, Michigan, 2014

Zoning Ordinance Hamburg TownshipLivingston County, Michigan, 2009

Zoning Ordinance Marion TownshipLivingston County, Michigan.

The Village of Pinckney Master Plan,Livingston County, Michigan, 2015

Hamburg Township, Michigan websitewww.hamburg.mi.us

Michigan Hazard Mitigation Plan,Emergency Management Division, MichiganDepartment of State Police, EMD Publication106, March 2000

National Flood Insurance ProgramCommunity Rating System, FederalEmergency Management Agency Brochure,FEMA B-573, May 2015

Community Rating System, FederalEmergency Management Agency FactSheet, October 2015



Chapter 9

Hazard mitigation strategies serve to lessen acommunity’s vulnerability to the hardship andcosts of disasters. This chapter will identifypotential hazard mitigation strategies for thenatural hazards that are most likely to occur inLivingston County. Mitigation strategies withan “all-hazards” approach will also beidentified. Several of these mitigationstrategies will form the core of theImplementation Plan component of thishazard mitigation plan in Chapter 10.

FEMA recognizes the following six broadcategories of mitigation strategies. Thesecategories help clarify the purpose of theproposed strategies listed under eachhazard:

Six Categories of Hazard MitigationStrategies

1. Prevention. Government administrativeor regulatory actions or processes thatinfluence the way land and buildings aredeveloped and built. These actions alsoinclude public activities to reduce hazardlosses.

Examples include: planning and zoning,building codes, capital improvementprograms, open space preservation, andstorm water management regulations.

2. Property Protection. Actions that involvethe modification of existing buildings orstructures to protect them from a hazard,or removal from the hazard area.

Chapter 9: Potential Hazard Mitigation Strategies

Examples include: acquisition, elevation,relocation, structural retrofits, stormshutters, and shatter-resistant glass.

3. Public Education and Awareness.Actions to inform and educate citizens,elected officials, and property ownersabout the hazards and potential ways tomitigate them.

Examples include: outreach projects, realestate disclosure, hazard informationcenters, and school-age and adulteducation programs.

4. Natural Resource Protection. Actionsthat, in addition to minimizing hazardlosses, also preserve or restore thefunctions of natural systems.

Examples include: sediment and erosioncontrol, stream corridor restoration,watershed management, forest andvegetation management, and wetlandrestoration and preservation.

5. Emergency Services. Actions thatprotect people and property during andimmediately after a disaster or hazardevent.

Examples include: warning systems,emergency response services, andprotection of critical facilities.

6. Structural Projects. Actions that involvethe construction of structures to reducethe impact of a hazard.

Example structures include: dams, levees,floodwalls, seawalls, retaining walls, andsafe rooms.

Mitigation is... Any action of a long-term,permanent nature that reduces the actualor potential risk of loss of life or propertyfrom a hazardous event.



All - Hazards Approach to HazardMitigation Strategies

The following hazard mitigation strategyideas are not hazard specific, and they canbe applied to many or all hazards that mayoccur in a community. The strategy ideas areorganized under FEMA’s six categories ofhazard mitigation strategies. The strategyideas are not intended to be an all-encompassing list, rather a list from whichstrategy ideas can be drawn for the hazardmitigation action plan.

Prevention

Incorporating hazard mitigationregulations into the communityzoning ordinance - incorporatingregulations such as: control ofimpervious surfaces, retention ofnatural vegetation along watercoursesand set backs from watercourses andsteep slopes.

Incorporating hazard mitigationpolicies into the communitycomprehensive or master plan -incorporating policies such as: hazardmitigation goals and objectives,development policies for hazard areassuch as floodplains.

Adoption of local hazardmitigation plans - local communitiesshould draft and adopt specific,localized hazard mitigation plansbased on the model provided by theHazard Mitigation Plan, LivingstonCounty, Michigan.

Capital improvement programs -aCapital Improvements Program (CIP)is a community’s proposed scheduleof future capital improvements listed inorder of priority during a specified

period of time. Cost estimates andthe anticipated means of financinghazard mitigation strategies shouldalso be included in the CIP.

Local environmental reviewboards - local communities cancreate environmental review boardsthat review any land use permit, siteplan, subdivision, condominium orland division application that maypose significant impacts on the humanand natural environment.

Enforcement of building codes - allcommunities in Michigan must have abuilding code that conforms to theState Construction Code. Thesecodes ensure that a building or otherstructure will be constructed in amanner that is safe for occupancy anduse. Building codes regulate healthand sanitation requirements for water,ventilation, plumbing, electricity,mechanical equipment, heating andair conditioning. However, if buildingcode provisions are not properlyenforced by a municipality, it couldmake the difference between abuilding or structure that is minimallydamaged by a hazard and one thatsuffers major damage or a total lossfrom a hazard.

Subdivision regulations -subdivision regulations can be aneffective tool in reducing exposureand vulnerability to certain hazardssuch as wildfire and flood, if mitigationfactors are incorporated into theprocess through mechanisms such aslocal planning codes. For instance, acommunity may allow a subdivision tobe placed in a heavily wooded areasusceptible to wildfire, if properengineering measures are taken



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regarding lot size and ingress andegress. These mechanisms providean adequate level of protection todeveloped home sites and theresidents occupying those home sites.

Local emergency operations plans- The Federal EmergencyManagement Agency (FEMA)recommends that each jurisdictiondevelop a comprehensive EmergencyOperations Plan (EOP) for all hazardsthat pose a significant threat to thecommunity. Although there is nostandard format for preparation of alocal EOP, FEMA recommends thatthe EOP consist of the following threecomponents: (1) the basic plan; (2)functional annexes in support of thebasic plan; and (3) hazard-specificappendixes in support of eachfunctional annex.

Emergency plans for criticalfacilities - dependent upon thespecific type of emergency, criticalfacilities can include such publicfacilities as fire stations, utility plantsand municipal buildings, as well asprivate institutions such as nursinghomes, hospitals, schools and jails.Since disasters directly involvingcritical facilities enlarge the scope ofits impact, it is important to identifysuch facilities prior to an emergency.In addition, an emergency plan needsto be prepared for each such facilityand with consideration to the specificchallenges each presents. Forexample, the limited mobility of mostnursing home patients requiresspecial evacuation procedures, whilelife-sustaining equipment needed bysome hospital patients may precludeany evacuation. Such facilities asschools and jails require that

emergency responders account foreach evacuee.

Deed restrictions - a deed restrictionor restrictive covenant placesrestrictions on the use of land andusually is binding upon subsequentowners of the property. For example,as a means of mitigating the damagecaused by flooding, a property ownermay use a deed restriction to prohibitthe use of flood-prone areas for otherthan recreational or open spacepurposes.

Mutual aid agreements - mutual aidagreements may be for reciprocalassistance or may be nonreciprocalservice contracts under which theservice is provided only underdisaster conditions. The mostcommon mutual aid agreements forreciprocal assistance are amongjurisdictions for police, fire andemergency medical care services.The most common example of anonreciprocal service contract is thatnegotiated by many communities withthe American Red Cross forestablishment of emergency sheltersand damage assessment following anoccurrence.

Tax incentives - taxing powers canprovide incentives to undertakemitigation actions. For example, localgovernments can establish“preferential” or “use value” taxes forproperties located in a flood-pronearea if the property owner agrees tomaintain a low-density use of the land.Property is then taxed on the basis ofits actual income production ratherthan its market value.



Transfer of development rights - aTransfer of Development Rights (TDR)program is intended to use propertieslocated within a hazard area (such aswithin a floodplain) for recreational oropen space purposes bycompensating the property owners forthe loss of their right to develop theproperty into more intense land uses.Landowners may sell theirdevelopment rights to otherlandowners in “receiving” districts whomay then use these rights to build athigher densities than allowed undercurrent zoning standards.

Property Protection

Deconcentration of criticalfacilities - during such emergenciesas dam failure, infrastructure disasteror civil disorder, it is important thatcritical facilities be geographicallyspread throughout the community.Such deconcentration minimizes thepossibility of more than one criticalfacility being impacted and therebymitigates the overall impact of theemergency.

Acquisition -if structural measurescannot preclude damage caused byhazards, communities may need topurchase hazard-prone lands tominimize the negative impacts offuture hazards. Public acquisition canoccur through the outright purchase ofsuch properties or through the lessexpensive purchase of easements ordevelopment rights.

Right-of-way maintenance,landscaping and inspection -overgrown vegetation or new growthvegetation in rights-of-way can beeasily uprooted by natural hazards

such as high velocity winds, whichmay damage or completely destroymany underground utilities.Maintenance, such as brush and limbremoval should be addressed on aroutine basis. Landscapingstandards, including the planting ofappropriate vegetation along powerline rights-of-way, should beencouraged. Public utilities shouldimprove existing programs to inspectall rights-of-ways. Current rights-of-way should also be inspected as toproper size. It may be appropriate insome cases to purchase or leaseadditional rights-of-way to helpeliminate the potential damage tolines and poles from fallen limbs ortrees.

Public Education and Awareness

Dissemination of disasterinformation to community groupsand critical facilities - publicpresentations and dissemination ofwritten materials to schools, hospitals,nursing homes, other interestedcommunity groups and the generalpublic, should be a periodic hazardmitigation strategy. Often this occursin the spring during Severe WeatherAwareness Week.

Disaster-related public healthcampaigns - the public needsperiodic media campaigns tobroadcast information about the healthconcerns associated with differenthazards, and how people can protectthemselves.

Sponsor a “Helping YourNeighbors” program - thisprogram, sponsored through the localschool systems, encourages children



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and their families to check on neighborswho require special assistance duringsevere hazard conditions.

Staffing and training of responsepersonnel - a local response trainingprogram should take advantage ofprograms and courses availablethrough FEMA or the state, each ofwhich has a training officer responsiblefor coordinating the delivery of federally-funded emergency managementprograms.

Website information posted byemergency management partners -the internet has become one of themost used sources of publicinformation. All local emergencymanagement partners that maintain awebsite, should endeavor to educatethe public about hazard mitigationstrategies.

Natural Resource Protection

Encourage local communities toimplement an urban forestryprogram - many hazards such as icestorm, severe wind or tornado events,result in falling trees and brancheswhich cause power outages and clogpublic roadways with debris. Urbanforestry programs can help keep tree-related damage and impact to aminimum. This type of program shouldaddress tree maintenance in acomprehensive manner, from propertree selection, to proper placement, toproper tree trimming and long-termcare.

Emergency Services

Strengthened electrical/phoneinfrastructure - the strengthening of

above-ground infrastructure throughuse of metal rather than woodensupports can also help reduce thepotential for disruption.

Underground infrastructure -although more costly, undergroundinstallation of infrastructure can greatlymitigate the disruption of servicecaused by natural hazards. While suchutility services as sanitary sewer lines,storm sewers, water mains and naturalgas lines must be installed beneath thesurface of the ground, electric andtelephone lines have traditionally beenlocated above-ground. As new orreplacement infrastructure isscheduled for installation, the providersshould investigate the costeffectiveness, safety benefits andenvironmental impact of burying theselines.

Back-up power sources for publichealth and safety facilities -communities should consider thepurchase of generators to provide abackup power source for public healthand safety facilities such as water andsewer treatment plants.

Auxiliary power source for criticalfacilities - during an emergency, anauxiliary power source is mandatory formany facilities such as hospitals anddesirable for all inhabited structures.Auxiliary power is also essential forfacilities that serve vulnerablepopulations, such as child care centersand nursing homes. Standbygenerators and battery systems are themost common sources of auxiliarypower during a power outage.

Train weather spotters - localweather spotters should be trained to



identify hazardous conditions and notifythe proper authorities.

Emergency broadcast systems -although the Emergency BroadcastSystem (EBS) is governed by theFederal Communications Commission,local emergency managers areresponsible for transmitting emergencyinformation to the EBS. In addition,emergency managers are responsiblefor ensuring that the information istranslated for non-English speakersand made available to those with visualand hearing disabilities.

Emergency shelters - emergencyshelters provide temporary sheltering,food, clothing, sleepingaccommodations and sanitary facilitiesduring a local emergency. Specialneeds must also be addressed insheltering plans. For instance,individuals requiring medical care mayneed to be sheltered in “medicalshelters” under the supervision of thelocal health department.

Evacuation plans/evacuationroutes - an emergency plan must beprepared in advance of an emergencyto identify those routes adequate foreffective evacuation. FEMA alsosuggests that communities work withlocal social service organizations,home health agencies andtransportation agencies to identify andassist residents who cannot evacuateon their own.

Exercise of plans - people mustbecome accustomed to emergencyoperations plans through trainingexercises designed to increase theirawareness through realisticsimulations.

Structural Projects

Better building design - althoughminimal standards for various types ofconstruction are mandated, builderscan make structures less vulnerable tocertain natural and manmade hazardsthrough the use of better design,engineering and construction materialsand careful siting of facilities.

Natural Hazards

The following hazard mitigation strategy ideasare natural hazard specific, and they do notrepeat the all-hazard mitigation strategieslisted above. The mitigative potential of eachnatural hazard is ranked according to theHazard Profile Evaluation at the beginning ofChapter 4. This ranking is followed bystrategies that are organized under FEMA’ssix categories of hazard mitigation strategies(although all six categories may not beaddressed under each hazard). The strategyideas are not intended to be an all-encompassing list, rather a list from whichstrategy ideas can be drawn for the prioritizedhazard mitigation projects.

Proposed Mitigation Strategies forSevere Winds and Tornadoes:

Mitigative Potential

The Livingston County Hazard ProfileEvaluation ranks the ease with which severewinds and tornadoes can be mitigatedagainst as Impossible.

Prevention

Encourage local ordinancesregarding the anchoring ofmanufactured homes - encouragelocal communities to adopt anordinance that requires the anchoring



Chapter 9

of manufactured home installationslocated outside a designatedfloodplain (this is state mandatedwithin a designated floodplain area).

Disaster insurance - many stateshave established wind damageinsurance pools that allow residents topurchase wind damage insurance tocomplement the federal floodinsurance.

Property Protection

Encourage manufactured homeowners to voluntarily anchor theirunits - mobile home structuresoutside of designated floodplains arenot required to comply with anchoringprovisions, however, owners may wishto comply if made aware of thisproperty protection measure.

Retrofit buildings with structuralbracing and metal connectors - theEmergency Management Division,Michigan Department of State Policeand the Michigan State HousingDevelopment Authority have begun asmall pilot program to protect newconstruction by installing structuralbracing and metal connectors atcritical points of connection in theframe of a structure. If this pilotprogram is successful, it may beexpanded in the future to includeretrofitting existing residential andcommercial structures.

Storm shutters - storm shutters onbuildings minimize the potential ofinjury from flying glass or debris.

Plant windbreaks - plants of varyingheights, widths, species, andcomposition, planted either

individually or in rows, have varyingdegrees of effect on reducing windvelocity.


Outdoor warning siren systems -warning sirens should be in place indensely populated areas where theyare most effective.

Emergency Services

Coordinate with utility companieson local restoration priorities andprocedures

Proposed Mitigation Strategies forSnowstorms, Ice and Sleet:


The Livingston County Hazard ProfileEvaluation ranks the ease with whichsnowstorms, ice and sleet can be mitigatedagainst as Impossible.

Property Protection

Auxiliary Heat Source - Sincesevere winter storms often causepower outages, an auxiliary heatsource for individual residencesminimizes the need for evacuation toemergency shelters. Possible auxiliaryheat sources include fireplaces, woodburning stoves, etc.

Emergency Services

All-terrain emergency vehicles -following a severe winter storm, all-terrain vehicles may be necessary foremergency evacuation, emergencytransit and delivery of neededsupplies. Therefore, an emergency



manager should be aware of availableall-terrain vehicles, snowmobiles, four-wheel-drive vehicles, utility vehiclesand other such vehicles capable oftraversing severe winter conditions.

Structural Projects

Building orientation - Since manywinter storms travel in a predictabledirection, the location of an exteriorexit downwind from the prevailingstorm path maximizes the occupants’ability to exit a structure after such anoccurrence.

Buffer spaces around buildings -As a mitigation measure, open areasdevoid of trees and structures canserve several purposes. If buildingconstruction is planned with bufferspaces surrounding it, this open areacan be used to pile snow after winterstorms.

Increased insulation/increasedroof pitch - While increased structuralinsulation can help mitigate theseverity of a winter storm, anincreased roof pitch may minimize thepotential for structural damage fromexcessive snow accumulation.

Proposed Mitigation Strategies forExtreme Cold/ Extreme Heat:


The Livingston County Hazard ProfileEvaluation ranks the ease with which extremecold and extreme heat can be mitigatedagainst as Possible.

Property Protection

Insulate spaces around airconditioners for a tighter fit

Keep storm windows up all year -storm windows can keep the heatout of a house in the summer thesame way they keep cold out in thewinter.

Emergency Services

Designated cooling/warmingcenters - before a heat or coldemergency occurs, designatefacilities with reliable airconditioning/heating capabilities ascooling/warming centers (perhapsfacilities with back-up generators incase of power loss).

Proposed Hail/ LightningMitigation Strategies:


The Livingston County Hazard ProfileEvaluation ranks the ease with which hailcan be mitigated against as Impossible.Lightning is not ranked in the Hazard ProfileEvaluation.

Emergency Services

Local lightning detectionsystems - a technologicallyadvanced lightning location systemcalled the National LightningDetection Network (NLDN) wasinvented by a private company inArizona. Local lightning detectionsystems are increasingly beinginstalled at outdoor recreationfacilities such as golf courses,parks, and pools. The detectiondevices monitor electrical activity inthe air and activate a warning light orhorn if favorable lightning conditionsexist. This early warning system cangive local officials the time



Chapter 9

necessary to clear outdoor areasbefore actual lightning strikes occur.

Proposed Flooding MitigationStrategies:


The Livingston County Hazard ProfileEvaluation ranks the ease with which floodingcan be mitigated against as Difficult.

Prevention

Adopt, administer and enforce bestfloodplain management practices -practices that are over and above thebasic requirements of the NFIP’scommunity participation requirements.

Establish developmentrequirements for smallwatercourses - adopt requirementsnot addressed in Michigan FloodplainRegulatory Authority regulations.

Emergency plans and requirementsfor development downstream of adam - special planning requirementsfor the area downstream of a dam thatwould be flooded in the event of afailure. The greatest potential for damfailure is during a flood when waterlevels are the highest.

Participation in the Natural RiversProgram - participation andadministration of programrequirements.

Disclosure -disclosure is defined asthe revealing of facts which may berelevant to interested and involvedparties. Disclosure includes revealingthat a given piece of property or astructure is located in a flood hazardzone.

Participation in the Huron RiverWatershed Council

Property Protection

Encourage communityparticipation in the National FloodInsurance Program - forcommunities which do not participatein the National Flood InsuranceProgram (NFIP), three sanctions areimposed. First, federally-backedflood insurance is not available.Second, insurable properties areeligible for limited Federal assistancefollowing a Presidentially-declareddisaster. Third, federally regulatedlenders cannot approve mortgages forstructures without flood insurance. Forthese reasons, all communities thatqualify are strongly encouraged toparticipate in the NFIP.

Community upgrade ofCommunity Rating System (CRS)classification -to achieve a betterflood insurance rate class therebyreducing costs to residents.

Relocation of homes in floodprone areas - such as near dams, infloodplains and on peninsulasbetween water courses.

Relocation of utilities - utilitiesshould be relocated above flood levelin flood prone areas. Most wastewaterfacilities are located in low lying areasdue to the gravity-based flow systemstypical of treatment plants. Optionsinclude relocating the facility to higherground and installing pump systems tocarry the waste uphill, or flood proofingthe existing facility. The relocation ofwastewater treatment facilities shouldbe undertaken as a last resort.



Relocation of uses that areenvironmentally hazardous out ofthe floodplain - by moving hazardsout of the floodplain, the dispersal oftoxic chemicals and agricultural wasteinto adjacent communities and riversystems is reduced significantly.

Elevation of structures - to avoid orminimize flood damage, the lowestfloor of structures should be elevated toa point at or above the base floodelevation (BFE) in floodprone areas.

Floodproofing - existing structuresand facilities can be retrofitted to makethem more floodproof thereby betterprotecting the contents of buildings.Floodproofing allows the structure toremain in its existing location whilereducing the likelihood of flood relateddamages.


Encourage county homeowners topurchase flood insurance - increaseawareness that flood damages are notcovered by homeowners policies.

Increase awareness of publichealth and environmental healthconcerns - technical assistanceregarding drinking water and sanitationis necessary during and after a floodemergency. Water wells must betested for contamination.

Homeowner lawn care education -community education regardingkeeping nutrients such as fertilizers outof waterways so that unnaturalvegetation growth does not congestwater course areas.

Training for private dam operators -training on the most up-to-date

practices regarding dammanagement.


Establishment of parks in thefloodplain - use of a floodplain asparkland is a good way to providepublic access to the naturalenvironment while eliminating usesthat add impervious surface andcontribute to the possibility of flooding.

River, lake and streammanagement - managementrequirements such as minimumsetbacks from a watercourse andretention of natural vegetation in thesetback area.

Drainage management - culverts,county drains, etc...

Erosion control during buildingprocesses

Watershed management - Awatershed is defined as the total areadrained by a given stream or river. Awatershed management plan shouldinclude a watershed analysiscomplete with statistical, schematicand graphic information that can beused to calculate potential runoff,simulate flooding conditions, analyzeproposed site plans and storm drainlayout.

Storm sewer management

Storm water management -communities should regularly inspectdrainage improvements and reviewdrainage maintenance programs.Drainage structures, including culvertsand pipes, should be upgraded asneeded. Perhaps most important is



Chapter 9

the need for communities to bettercoordinate proposed improvementsand existing water management planswith neighboring locales in order toimprove basin-wide storm watermanagement.

Emergency Services

Sandbags and sandbag fillingmachines

Devices that warn of dam failure

Structural Projects

River and stream bankstabilization

Dam repair or replacement

Creation of drainage systems -intended to prevent or alleviateflooding by retarding the amount ofrunoff reaching a body of waterimmediately following a heavy rain,and may consist of catch basins,detention areas, detention ponds,retention basins, storm sewers,swales, ditches, or any combinationthereof.

Retrofits of transportationinfrastructure - in areas prone toflooding, roads and bridges may needto be reinforced to withstand floodingstresses.

Separation of storm drainagesystems from sanitary sewagesystems

Proposed Mitigation Strategies forDam Failure:


The Livingston County Hazard ProfileEvaluation ranks the ease with which damfailure can be mitigated against as Difficult.

Prevention

Emergency action plans - damsthat are over six feet in height thatcreate an impoundment with a surfacearea of more than 5 acres, arerequired to maintain an EmergencyAction Plan. This plan must beconsistent with the local emergencyoperation plan .

Emergency Services

Dam warning systems - warningsystems should be in place to alert thepublic in the event of a dam failure.


Public official awareness - anoutreach effort should be undertakento make public officials more aware ofthe potential dangers associated withexisting dams, particularly those thatare no longer operational.

Technical assistance to privatedam owners - private dam ownersshould be instructed about properdam maintenance and operation.

Emergency Services

Dam inspections - regularinspections that assess the structuralintegrity of dams by a regulatoryauthority such as a local DrainCommissioner’s office.

Structural Projects

Dam repair - exacerbating the



potential risk to citizens is thedisrepair of many dams and the lackof sound plans to help guidenecessary repairs.

PrPrPrPrProposed oposed oposed oposed oposed WWWWWild Firild Firild Firild Firild Fire Mitige Mitige Mitige Mitige MitigaaaaationtiontiontiontionStrategiesStrategiesStrategiesStrategiesStrategies


The Livingston County Hazard ProfileEvaluation ranks the ease with which wildfirescan be mitigated against as Possible.

Prevention

Fire-resistant landscapingordinance language -the spacing,height and type of landscaping can beregulated to minimize the spreading offires from one structure to another.For example, local zoning ordinancescould discourage the use of suchflammable shrubs as cedar, pine andspruce. The National Wildland/UrbanInterface Fire Program has publishedmany helpful materials on how tocreate a fire-resistant landscape.

Greenbelts - required greenbelts(open areas or areas with plantings)can surround a development, act as abuffer between land uses, or mark theedge of a developed area. Well-maintained greenbelts containing little,if any, landscaping can serve as atemporary break in the advance ofwildfire.

Burn permits - to prevent the spreadof fires intentionally set to burn debris,leaves, brush, etc., many communitiesrequire the issuance of a burn permitby the local fire department. Thepurpose of requiring such a permit isto allow the fire department to regulate

the type, size, duration, supervision,conditions and timing of such fires.During dry periods or during highwind conditions, a permit to burnmaterials may be denied.

Site plan design - some localcommunities have language in theirzoning ordinance which includes thelocal Fire Chief in the site planreview process. It is beneficial for aFire Chief to review a site plan tomake certain that the plan assists firesuppression efforts throughmeasures such as: adequatevehicular access, adequate signagefor streets, roads and buildings, andprovision of adequate emergencywater supplies.

Outdoor burning ban - whenconditions of extreme fire hazardexist, the Michigan Department ofNatural Resources can request thatthe Governor issue an outdoorburning ban to mitigate the potentialfor wildfire in all or part of the state. Aban of this nature would restrictsmoking, fireworks, and outdoorburning activities.

Property Protection

Firewise construction - firewiseconstruction involves the use ofbuilding material alternatives suchas: fire-resistent sub-roofs, slate orclay tiles, stucco or masonry exteriorwall facing, and non-flammableshutters.

Roof sprinklers -since the spreadof forest fires is accelerated byairborne embers capable of ignitinga roof surface, the installation of roof-top sprinkler systems is helpful in



Chapter 9

wildfire-prone areas.


Public education regarding theFirewise Communities WildfireProtection Program - this programis designed to educate governmentofficials and a wide variety ofprofessionals, about ways in whichcommunities can be designed andbuilt to minimize the threat fromwildfires. The Firewise CommunitiesProgram holds workshops aroundthe country and also produces anddistributes guidance documents,videos, and software packages onwildland/urban interface fire issues.

Proposed Drought MitigationStrategies


The Livingston County Hazard ProfileEvaluation ranks the ease with whichdrought can be mitigated against asDifficult.


Stream gauges - in cooperationwith the U.S. Geological Survey, over600 government agencies operatestream gauges for data collection.Stream flow data is a good measureof the relative severity of drought.

Proposed Mitigation Strategies forPublic Health:


The Livingston County Hazard ProfileEvaluation in Chapter 4 does not rank theease with which public health can be

mitigated against, however this hazard isaddressed in the appendix of this plan andthe following mitigation strategies may bebeneficial to Livingston County:

Prevention

Food service inspections - routineinspections of food service facilitieshelp protect county consumers fromserious foodborne illnesses.

Disease surveillance - developcollaborative relationships betweenthe agricultural production community,area veterinarians, and appropriatelocal and state governmentalagencies to enhance or put in placesystems for animal and humandisease surveillance.

Property Protection

Septic tank protection - properlocation, installation, cleaning,monitoring and maintenance of septictanks.

Point of Sale program - develop andimplement a county wide Point of Saleprogram that would ensure adequatewastewater and water supplyinfrastructure to the new propertyowner.


Septic and well education -education directed towards newresidents that have come from urbanareas and do not have priorexperience in how to properly clean,monitor and maintain a septic or wellsystem.

Sources:

Comprehensive Plan/Hazard MitigationInterface, Livingston County Department ofPlanning, Winter 1998-1999

Local Hazard Mitigation PlanningWorkbook, Emergency ManagementDivision Michigan Department of StatePolice, EMD-PUB 207, June 2001

Michigan Hazard Mitigation Plan,Emergency Management Division, MichiganDepartment of State Police, EMD Publication106, March 2000


State And Local Mitigation Planning how-toguide: Understanding Your Risks, FederalEmergency Management Agency, Version1.0, August 2001

FEMA Factsheets and Backgrounderinformation resources on hazards, http://www.frma.gov/hazards/

Hazard Mitigation Plan, Town of Merrimack,New Hampshire, September 2002

Availability of immunizations -make the public aware of how toreceive immunizations againstcommunicable diseases.

Communications with specialpopulations - ensure that specialpopulations within Livingston Countyhave ready access to all emergencyevent information (e.g. emergencybroadcast radio within nursinghomes...)

Emergency Services

Response plans for specialpopulations - develop responseplans to deliver emergency services tothe various special populations withinLivingston County.

Structural Projects

Communication Systems - installand/or implement communicationsystems across all health care andhuman service agencies to ensureinteroperability and redundancy.

Hazard Mitigation Strategies

The Hazard Mitigation Strategies of this planwere developed by:

1. reviewing the established goals andobjectives of this plan;

2. analyzing existing/active hazard mitigationstrategies in Livingston County;

3. determining which goals and objectives ofthis plan are not being addressed or areinadequately being addressed by existing/active hazard mitigation strategies inLivingston County;

4. examining other potential strategies thathave been identified and practiced byother sources and;

5. selecting hazard mitigation approachesfrom this list of potential strategies, thataddress the goals and objectives of theplan that were not being addressed orwere inadequately being addressed.

Chapter 10: Hazard Mitigation Strategies, Implementation Planand Plan Maintenance

The resulting list of 2017 hazard mitigationstrategies was updated by the LivingstonCounty Local Emergency PlanningCommittee (LEPC).

The following list of hazard mitigationstrategies is presented in a table format. Thehazard mitigation strategies are listed underthe headings of Goal #1 through Goal #5. Inthe column next to each strategy is thecorresponding objective(s) of the plan beingaddressed by the strategy.

The table also notes all strategies from the2007 Livingston County Hazard MitigationPlan that were completed, deleted, new orcontinued to this 2017 plan.

New or Continued HazardMitigation Strategies

Plan Goal #1 and Objective(s)Being Addressed

Goal #1: Reduce property damage andcreate disaster resistant structures byencouraging the integration of hazardmitigation considerations into land useplanning and management, and landdevelopment processes.

Objectives: Multiple objectives under thisgoal relate to adopting zoning ordinancelanguage that regulates hazard issues suchas: impervious surface, watercourses, andflood plains.

Partner with at least five local communities toincorporate hazard mitigation regulations intotheir community zoning ordinances.(CONTINUED)


192 Livingston County Department of Planning/ Livingston County Emergency Management



Partner with at least five local communitiesto incorporate hazard mitigation policiesinto their community master plans.(CONTINUED)

Goal #1 (see previous page)Objective: Encourage Livingston Countycommunities to integrate the goals andobjectives of the Hazard Mitigation Plan,Livingston County, Michigan, into theirmaster plan.

Objective: Encourage Livingston Countycommuntiies to integrate hazard mitigationlanguage throughout their master plan or as aseparate element (chapter) within theirmaster plan (with use of content from theHazard Mitigation Plan, Livingston County,Michigan).

Goal #1 (see previous page)Objective: Encourage additional LivingstonCounty communities to replicate and adoptthe zoning ordinance language of our HuronRiver communities regarding stream bankpreservation and buffering, in order toprotect other prominent river and streamcorridors in Livingston County.

Feature this best practice in the new 2017Livingston County Master Plan so that thiszoning technique will be more commonlyknown by Livingston County communitiesand better understood so that the practicecan be replicated. (NEW)

Goal #2: Employ Livingston County landuse practices that minimize vulnerabilityto all hazards.

Objective: Encourage disaster-resistantmanagement practices for public and privatedams in Livingston County.

Organize and provide training for privatedam operators in Livingston County;training would include up-to-date dammanagement practices. Evaluate structuralintegrity of county dams when warrantedand make recommendations forreplacement or removal. (CONTINUED)



Encourage Livingston County communitieswith repetitive flooding events to draft aflood action plan modeled after HamburgTownship’s Flood Response Action Plan tominimize losses associated with flooding.

Goal #1 (see previous page)Objective: Encourage Livingston Countycommunities to practice floodplainmanagement practices by adopting zoningordinance and master plan language thatprohibits new development in flood plainareas and classifies current development infloodplains as nonconforming uses that willeventually be elliminated.


193Livingston County Department of Planning/ Livingston County Emergency Management

Chapter 10





Goal #3: Employ Livingston County landuse practices that minimize disturbanceto natural features and decrease thepotential for natural disasters.

Objective: Avoid structures on hilltoplocation. Site new development away fromslopes of 12% or greater, and soft soils thatare prone to soil erosion.

Objective: Encourage open space andagricultural preservation as a means ofmaintaining a buffer zone or defensiblespace between structures and naturalfeatures that are vulnerable to hazards (e.g.grasslands, woodlands, flood plains, watercourses).

Facilitate the acquisition of approximately25 flood-prone properties in lowlandssurrounding Limekiln Lake in Green OakTownship. (CONTINUED)



Develop a model partnership program formaintaining stream guage devices in theHuron River, so that this model can bereplicated for establishing and maintainingstream guages in other Livingston Countywatercourses.(NEW)

Goal #4: Minimize disaster-relatedinjuries and loss of life through publiceducation, hazard analysis, and earlywarning.

Objective: Encourage a collaborativeapproach to establishing and maintainingstream guage devices in Livingston Countywater courses that are prone to flooding.

Goal #2: (See previous page)Ojective: Encourage proper separationand buffering between potentiallyhazardous land uses and all other landuses; particularly those land uses withspecial needs populations such asschools, nursing homes and hospitals.

Feature these best practices in the new2017 Livingston County Master Plan so thatthese zoning techniques will be morecommonly known by Livingston Countycommunities and better understood so thatthe practices can be replicated. (NEW)





Goal #4: Minimize disaster-relatedinjuries and loss of life through publiceducation, hazard analysis, and earlywarning.

Objective: Public awareness andparticipation in new public emergencyalerting system, so that public will be betternotified of hazards in Livingston County.

Develop and deliver a public education/awareness plan for the new publicemergency alerting system throughEverbridge and IPAWS. This awarenessplan will be delivered through publicmeetings, community events, social media,radio and local newspapers. (NEW)

Develop a summary version of the 2017Livingston County Hazard Mitigation Plan.Make summary plan and EmergencyOperation Plan available to all local units ofgovernment and emergency serviceproviders for review and host apresentation that explains the full content ofthe plans. The summary plans shallreference the full plans on the LivingstonCounty website. (CONTINUED - REVISED)

Goal #4 (see above)

Objective: Distribute a copy of the HazardMitigation Plan, Livingston County Michigan,and the Livingston County EmergencyOperation Plan to all local units ofgovernment and emergency serviceproviders in Livingston County with a fullexplanation of plan content.

Goal #4 (see above)

Objective: Encourage Livingston Countylocal units of government to conduct an in-depth hazard analysis and loss estimation fortheir community based on the methods usedin the Hazard Mitigation Plan, LivingstonCounty, Michigan.

Encourage at least five local communitiesto draft and adopt a local hazard mitigationplan; lend technicalassistance.(CONTINUED - REVISED)

Goal #4 (see above)

Objective: Distribute a copy of the HazardMitigation Plan, Livingston County Michigan,and the Livingston County EmergencyOperation Plan to all local units ofgovernment and emergency serviceproviders in Livingston County with a fullexplanation of plan content.

Begin revising Hazard Mitigation Plan,Livingston County, Michigan in2019.(CONTINUED - REVISED)



Chapter 10



Goal #2. This strategy is being removedbecause the Emerald Ash Borer issue is nolonger as critical in Livingston County as itwas in 2007 when the Hazard Mitigation planwas first adopted. Additionally, fundingsources are no longer abundant.

Assist Livingston County’s four cities andvillages in obtaining FEMA Emerald AshBorer funds for the removal and disposal ofdead and dying ash trees on public property.(REMOVED)

Goal #2. This strategy is complete. Analysis ofshelter locations have revealed that more thana dozen new shelters have been establishedsince the plan was adopted in 2007, and thesoutheast quadrant of Livingston County iswell served.

Facilitate the deconcentration of emergencyshelters in Livingston County; to achieve amore even distribution of these facilities,establish five additional shelters in the southeast quadrant of the county where most of thecounty’s population resides.(COMPLETED)

Continue to work on flood mitigationstrategies with the 17 local communitieswho currently participate in the NationalFlood Insurance Program, and encouragethe three non-participating localcommunities to take part in the NFIPprogram. (CONTINUED - REVISED)

Goal #5: Build partnerships betweenpublic safety agencies and organizationsto enhance and improve the safety andwell-being of all Livingston Countycommunities.

Objective: Encourage Livingston Countycommunities to participate in the NationalFlood Insurance Program (NFIP).

Goal #5 (see above)

Objective: Encourage Livingston Countycommunities to participate in localemergency management efforts throughLivingston County 911 Central Dispatch/Emergency Management and the EmergencyManagement Division of the MichiganDepartment of State Police.

Host and facilitate an EmergencyManagment coordination meeting withlong-term care facilities in LivingstonCounty. (NEW)

Completed or Removed HazardMitigation Strategies

Plan Goal Being Addressed andReason for Action

Approach all Livingston Countymunicipalities about their communityburning practices and encourage at leastfive additional communities to require thattheir residents obtain burn permits toensure more regulated and controlledburning practices. (REMOVED)

Goal #1. The Livingston County LEPCdecided to remove this strategy. Theydetermined that the strategy is effective inLivingston County’s two cities, however, it isnot effective in the sixteen townshipsbecause burning practices are very difficultto regulate.



Plan Goal Being Addressed andReason for Action

Completed or Removed HazardMitigation Strategies

Assist with the removal of invasive weedsthat contribute to the flooding of Ore Lakeand the Huron River.(REMOVED)

Assist the MDEQ/FEMA initiative to updateLivingston County floodplain maps.(COMPLETED)

Goal #5. This strategey was completed bythe Livingston County GeographicInformation Services (GIS) department.

Address land use/hazard mitigation conflictsin Howell Township surrounding theLivingston County Airport. Facilitatecooperation between County and HowellTownship officials to minimize conflicts alongthe airport boundaries.(COMPLETED)

Goal #5. Livingston County Administration,Airport and Planning departments assistedHowell Township with zoning and propertyparcel changes for land within andsurrounding the Livingston County Airport.These changes have greatly minimized thepotential for land use/hazard mitigationconflicts.

Goal #5. The Livingston County LEPCdecided to remove this strategy because itwas no longer a top priority. This strategy isbeing effectively addressed by LivingstonCounty Department of Public Health, and theDrain Commission through the LivingstonCounty septage receiving station.

Assist in the development of a county-wideseptage disposal program that providesmethods of safe and effective disposal whileminimizing septage impacts that contribute toother hazards. (REMOVED)

Goal #3. The Livingston County LEPCdecided to remove this strategy. The strategyis currently administered by HamburgTownship with much success.

Implementation Plan

The columns of the following table note thestrategy, responsible entity and partnerentities, local community partners,suggested funding and other resources, thesuggested time frame for accomplishing thestrategy, and finally, the hazard(s) that eachproject addresses, along with the FEMAcategory of mitigation that is addressed bythe strategy (FEMA’s six broad categoriesof mitigation strategy are described inChapter 9: Potential Hazard MitgationStrategies). This last column of informationhelps clarify the purpose of each prioritizedhazard mitigation strategy.

NOTE: The Mitigation Strategies noted inthis table are furthered in the followingImplementation Plan. The ImplementationPlan indicates the Livingston Countycommunity partners that will be involved ineach strategy.



Chapter 10

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Chapter 10

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ind L

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gsto

n

County

sta

ff c

osts

.

The s

yste

m w

ill b

e

mark

ete

d a

t public

meetin

gs, th

rough

socia

l media

, ra

dio

,

and lo

cal n

ew

spaper

art

icle

s. T

here

will

als

o b

e o

pport

uniti

es

for

sig

nin

g u

p for

the

ale

rts a

t com

munity

eve

nts

such a

s the

Liv

ingsto

n C

ounty

Pre

pare

dness E

xpo.

2017-2

019

All-

Hazard

s

Appro

ach.

Public

Educatio

n

and A

ware

ness.

Deve

lop a

nd d

istr

ibute

a s

um

mary

vers

ion o

f th

e a

dopte

d 2

017

Liv

ingsto

n C

ounty

Hazard

Miti

gatio

n

Pla

n. T

he s

um

mary

pla

n s

hould

be

dis

trib

ute

d to a

ll lo

cal u

nits

of

gove

rnm

ent and e

merg

ency

serv

ice

pro

viders

, and s

hould

be

accom

panie

d b

y a p

resenta

tion that

pro

vides a

n o

verv

iew

of th

e full

conte

nt of th

e p

lan in

ord

er

to facili

tate

adoptio

n o

f th

e p

lan b

y lo

cal u

nits

of

gove

rnm

ent.

Liv

ingsto

n

County

Em

erg

ency

Managem

ent

All

twenty

local

units

of

gove

rnm

ent in

Liv

ingsto

n

County

.

In-k

ind L

ivin

gsto

n

County

sta

ff c

osts

.

2017-2

018

All-

Hazard

s

Appro

ach.

Public

Educatio

n

and A

ware

ness.

Imp

lem

en

tati

on

Pla

n



Chapter 10

Str

ate

gy

Re

sp

on

sib

le

En

titi

es

Co

mm

un

ity

Pa

rtn

ers

Fu

nd

ing

an

d

Oth

er

Re

so

urc

es

Tim

e F

ram

e

Ha

za

rd a

nd

FE

MA

Mit

iga

tio

n

Str

ate

gy

In c

om

plia

nce w

ith M

ichig

an A

ct 390

of 1976, assis

t ju

risdic

tions w

ith m

ore

than 1

0,0

00 r

esid

ents

deve

lop a

nd

main

tain

Em

erg

ency

Support

Pla

ns

that coin

cid

e w

ith the C

ounty

's

Em

erg

ency

Opera

tion P

lan (

EO

P).

Make

the C

ounty

EO

P a

vaila

ble

to a

ll

local u

nits

of gove

rnm

ent and

em

erg

ency

serv

ice p

rovi

ders

for

revi

ew

and h

ost a p

resenta

tion that

pro

vides a

n o

verv

iew

of th

e full

conte

nt of th

e p

lan.

Liv

ingsto

n

County

Em

erg

ency

Managem

ent

The follo

win

g

jurisdic

tions

with

in L

ivin

gsto

n

County

eith

er

have

a c

urr

ent

Em

erg

ency

Support

Pla

n o

r

are

activ

ely

work

ing o

n

deve

lopin

g o

ne

with

the

guid

ance o

f th

e

Liv

ingsto

n

County

Em

erg

ency

Managem

ent

Depart

ment;

Brighto

n C

ity a

nd

Brighto

n, G

enoa,

Gre

en O

ak,

Ham

burg

,

Hart

land, M

arion,

Oceola

and

Tyr

one

Tow

nship

s.

In-k

ind L

ivin

gsto

n

County

sta

ff c

osts

.

2018-2

019

All-

Hazard

s

Appro

ach.

Public

Educatio

n

and A

ware

ness.

Imp

lem

en

tati

on

Pla

n



Str

ate

gy

Re

sp

on

sib

le

En

titi

es

Co

mm

un

ity

Pa

rtn

ers

Fu

nd

ing

an

d

Oth

er

Re

so

urc

es

Tim

e F

ram

e

Ha

za

rd a

nd

FE

MA

Mit

iga

tio

n

Str

ate

gy

Ota

in c

om

mitm

ents

fro

m a

t le

ast fiv

e

local c

om

muniti

es for

the d

raft a

nd

adoptio

n o

f th

eir lo

cal h

azard

miti

gatio

n p

lan. T

his

pla

n s

hould

inclu

de a

hazard

analy

sis

and lo

ss

estim

atio

n for

thie

r com

munity

based

on the m

eth

ods u

sed in

the C

ounty

Hazard

Miti

gatio

n P

lan. Lend

technic

al a

ssis

tance.

Liv

ingsto

n

County

Em

erg

ency

Managem

ent and

Pla

nnin

g

Depart

ments

.

The fiv

e m

ost

popula

ted lo

cal

jurisdic

tions in

Liv

ingsto

n

County

: B

righto

n,

Genoa, G

reen

Oak,

Ham

burg

and H

art

land

Tow

nship

s, and

Marion T

ow

nship

at th

eir r

equest.

In-k

ind L

ivin

gsto

n

County

sta

ff c

osts

.

2017-2

021

All-

Hazard

s

Appro

ach.

Pre

ventio

n.

Begin

revi

sin

g the L

ivin

gsto

n C

ounty

Hazard

Miti

gatio

n P

lan to p

repare

for

the n

ew

5 y

ear

cyc

le o

f hazard

miti

gatio

n p

lannin

g b

egin

nin

g in

2022

Liv

ingsto

n

County

Em

erg

ency

Managem

ent

Em

erg

ency

pro

viders

in

Local

Em

erg

ency

Pla

nnin

g

Com

mitt

ee

In-k

ind L

ivin

gsto

n

County

sta

ff c

osts

.

2019-2

021

All-

Hazard

s

Appro

ach.

Public

Educatio

n

and A

ware

ness.

Pre

ventio

n.

Imp

lem

en

tati

on

Pla

n



Chapter 10

Str

ate

gy

Re

sp

on

sib

le

En

titi

es

Co

mm

un

ity

Pa

rtn

ers

Fu

nd

ing

an

d

Oth

er

Re

so

urc

es

Tim

e F

ram

e

Ha

za

rd a

nd

FE

MA

Mit

iga

tio

n

Str

ate

gy

Contin

ue to w

ork

on flo

od m

itigatio

n

str

ate

gie

s w

ith the 1

7 lo

cal

com

muniti

es w

ho c

urr

ently

part

icip

ate

in the N

atio

nal F

lood

Insura

nce P

rogra

m, and e

ncoura

ge

the thre

e n

on-p

art

icip

atin

g lo

cal

com

muniti

es to take

part

in the N

FIP

pro

gra

m.

Liv

ingsto

n

County

Em

erg

ency

Managem

ent and

Dra

in

Com

mis

sio

ner's

Offic

e.

All

jurisdic

tions in

Liv

ingsto

n

County

.

In-k

ind L

ivin

gsto

n

County

sta

ff c

osts

.

2017-2

021

Flo

odin

g.

Public

Educatio

n

and A

ware

ness.

Pro

pert

y

Pro

tectio

n.

Host and facili

tate

an E

merg

ency

Managem

ent coord

inatio

n m

eetin

g

with

long-t

erm

care

facili

ties in

Liv

ingsto

n C

ounty

.

Liv

ingsto

n

County

EM

S a

nd

Em

erg

ency

Managem

ent.

The ju

risdic

tions

in L

ivin

gsto

n

County

that have

long-t

erm

care

facili

ties: th

e 2

citi

es a

nd 2

villa

ges, as w

ell

as B

righto

n,

Genoa,

Ham

burg

,

Hart

land, H

ow

ell

and M

arion

Tow

nship

s.

In-k

ind L

ivin

gsto

n

County

sta

ff c

osts

.

2016-2

017

All-

Hazard

s

Appro

ach.

Public

Educatio

n

and A

ware

ness.

Pre

ventio

n.

Em

erg

ency

Serv

ices.

Imp

lem

en

tati

on

Pla

n



Plan Maintenance

The Livingston County Hazard MitigationPlan will be updated every five years. Therevision process with begin 2 years aheadof the completion of each five year cycle.

In order to track progress, move forward withmitigation accomplishments and update theHazard Mitigation Strategies identified inthis plan, it is recommended that LivingstonCounty’s Local Emergency PlanningCommittee (LEPC) review the strategiesannually or after a hazardous event. TheLEPC will determine whether or notstrategies have been completed or are nolonger feasible and should be removed fromthe plan. The committee’s recommendedrevisions will be reflected in the five yearupdate of the plan. The Emergency ProgramManager is reponsible for initiating thisreview.

A public hearing to review recommendedupdates to the plan and to receive publiccomments, will be held during the five yearupdate of the Livinston County HazardMitigation Plan. The County Board ofCommissioners will adopt the revised plan,as well as the appropriate boards/councilsof the twenty local units of government inLivingston County.

Sources:

Comprehensive Plan/Hazard MitigationInterface, Livingston County Department ofPlanning

Michigan Hazard Mitigation Plan,Emergency Management Division, MichiganDepartment of State Police, EMDPublication 106, March 2000

Michigan Hazard Analysis, MichiganDepartment of State Police, EmergencyManagement Division

State and Local Mitigation Planning how-togude: Understanding Your Risks, FederalEmergency Management Agency, Version1.0, August 2001

Hazard Mitigation Plan, Town of Merrimack,New Hampshire, September 2002

Local Hazard Mitigation PlanningWorkbook, Michigan Department of StatePolice, Emergency Management Division,EMD-PUB 207, June 2001


A-1Livingston County Department of Planning/Livingston County Emergency Management

Appendix

Appendix A: Livingston County Department of Public HealthJurisdictional Hazard Vulnerability Assessment

The Centers for Disease Control andPrevention’s (CDC), Public HealthEmergency Preparedness CooperativeAgreement requires a statewide assessmentof health risks and vulnerabilities. Completionof the Livingston County jurisdictionalassessment should assist in strengtheningemergency response partners, provideMichigan with a current snapshot of key risks,and help the state and locals with futureplanning and plan preparation.

The CDC’s Public Health PreparednessCapabilities establishes the requirements fora jurisdictional risk assessment. Capability 1,Function 1, Priority 2 lists the specificelements that a risk assessment mustinclude. Those elements are:

1) Definition of Risk

2) Use of Geospatial Information System orother mechanism to map locations of at-riskpopulations

3) Evidence of community involvement indetermining areas for risk assessment orhazard mitigation

4) Assessment of potential loss or disruptionof essential services such as clean water,sanitation, or the interruption of healthcareservices, public health agency infrastructure

The risk results shown on the tool will bebased on the highest degree of accuracy thatthe LHD feels they can find. Obviously, someof the hazards will have to be a best estimatebecause there is not hard, factual data tobase responses on. The point of theassessment is to determine what eachjurisdiction believes are the highest risks anddiscuss what the potential impacts on public

health could be. That is part of preparedness,not knowing exactly what to prepare forbecause events have not necessarilyoccurred. We have to make assumptionswhen preparing for hazardous events. Theresults will be as accurate as the informationyou use to complete the tool; it is notexpected that all data will be 100% accurate.

Following are hazard vulnerabilityassessment tables from the Bureau of EMS,Trama, and Preparedness, Division ofEmergency Prepardness and Response.

Hazard Mitigation Plan, Livingston County, MichiganAppendix

A-2 Livingston County Department of Planning/Livingston County Emergency Management

Likelihood Justification Justification- Other

Likelihood of future occurrence

National Planning Scenarios

Natural Disaster – Major Hurricane 1Historical DataNatural Disaster – Major Earthquake 1Historical DataBiological Disease Outbreak – Pandemic flu 1Historical DataBiological – Aerosol Anthrax 1Historical DataBiological – Plague 1Historical DataBiological – Food Contamination 1Historical DataBiological – Foreign Animal Disease 1Historical DataChemical – Toxic Industrial Chemicals 2Historical DataChemical – Chlorine Tank Explosion 1Historical DataChemical – Blister Agent 1Historical DataChemical – Nerve Agent 1Historical DataExplosives – Improvised Explosive 1Historical DataNuclear Detonation – Improvised Device 1Historical DataRadiological – Radiological Dispersal 1Historical DataCyber Attack 1Historical Data

Local Planning HazardsAirplane Crash 1Historical DataBlizzard 2Historical DataCivil Disturbance 1Historical DataComputer Failure 2Historical DataDam Failure 1Historical DataDrought 1Historical DataEarthquake 1Historical DataEpidemic 2Historical DataExtreme Cold 2Historical DataExtreme Heat 1Historical DataFlash Flooding 2Historical DataFlooding 4Historical DataFuel Shortage 1Historical DataHazmat Release/Explosion (fixed site) 2Historical DataHazmat Release/Explosion (transport) 2Historical DataIce Storm 1Historical DataLandslide 1Historical DataMajor Communications Disruption 1Historical DataMultiple House/Building Fire 1Historical DataMultiple Vehicle Highway Accident 2Historical DataMunicipal Water Contamination 1Historical DataNuclear Facility Incident (fixed site) 1Historical DataPandemic 1Historical DataPower Outage 3Historical DataSevere Thunderstorm 4Historical DataSubsidence 1Historical DataTornado 2Historical DataVIP Visit 1Historical DataWater System Failure 1Historical DataWild Fire 1Historical Data

Hazard

1 = Rare (0-1 event / 20 years)

2 = Possible (2-4 events / 20 years)

3 = Likely (5-10 events / 20 years)

4 = Almost Certain (occur annually)

Data reference for response. Please

select one: Historical Data

Other

Data reference for "Other"

response

Name of Submitting Local Public Health Department Representative:List of Participating Partners:



Appendix

Resources

Approximate percentage of community wide resources in place and accessible in the

event of a hazard occurrence.


Natural Disaster – Major Hurricane 2

Natural Disaster – Major Earthquake 2

Biological D isease Outbreak – Pandemic flu 3Biological – Aerosol Anthrax 2

Biological – Plague 3

Biological – Food Contamination 3Biological – Foreign Animal Disease 1

Chemical – Toxic Industrial Chemicals 2

Chemical – Chlorine Tank Explosion 2Chemical – Blister Agent 1

Chemical – Nerve Agent 2

Explosives – Improvised Explosive 2Nuclear Detonation – Improvised Device 1

Radiological – Radiological D ispersal 1

Cyber Attack 1

Local Planning HazardsAirplane Crash 1

Blizzard 3Civil Disturbance 3

Computer Failure 2

Dam Failure 3Drought 3

Earthquake 2

Epidemic 3

Extreme Cold 3

Extreme Heat 3

Flash Flooding 2

Flooding 3

Fuel Shortage 2

Hazmat Release/Explosion (fixed site) 3

Hazmat Release/Explosion (transport) 3

Ice Storm 2

Landslide 3

Major Communications D isruption 2

Multiple House/Building Fire 4

Multiple Vehicle Highway Accident 3

Municipal Water Contamination 3

Nuclear Facility Incident (fixed site) 2

Pandemic 2

Power Outage 3

Severe Thunderstorm 3Subsidence 4Tornado 2VIP Visit 3Water System Failure 3Wild Fire 2

Hazard0 = Not in Place

1 = Less than partia lly in place; < 25% of needed

resources available

2 = Partially in place; 25%-50% of needed

resources available

3 = Subs tantially in place; 51%-75% of needed

resources available

4 = Fully in place; 76%-100% of needed resources

access ible

Number of

FatalitiesJustification Injuries requiring EMS transport Justification Hospitalizations Justification

Population

requiring

Immunization

JustificationPopulation requiring

Mass DecontaminationJustification

Population

requiring Mass

Prophylaxis

Justification

0 = Baseline - added

impact is negligible0 = Baseline - added impact is negligible 0 = Baseline - added impact is negligible


impact is negligible

0 = Baseline - added impact

is negligible


impact is negligible

1 = Minimal - <1% of

population

1 = Minimal - Cases are adequately handled

by agency using existing resources

1 = Minimal - Cases are adequately handled

by agency using existing resources


population


population


population

2 = Moderate - 1-3%

of population

2 = Moderate - Stretches capacity of existing

resources; draws upon resources provided by

mutual aid

2 = Moderate - Stretches capacity of existing

resources; draws upon resources provided by

mutual aid

2 = Moderate - 1-3% of

population


population

2 = Moderate - 1-3%

of population

3 = Severe - 4-10% of

population

3 = Severe - Needs far exceed capacity of

local authority and adjacent mutual providers

3 = Severe - Needs far exceed capacity of

local authority and adjacent mutual providers

3 = Severe - 4-10% of

population

3 = Severe - 4-10% of

population

3 = Severe - 4-10% of

population

National Planning Scenarios4 = Catastrophic -

>10% of population

4 = Catastrophic - Available resources

overwhelmed, requiring significant resources

from outside affected area for response;

recovery will be difficult, even with help of

mutual resources

4 = Catastrophic - Available resources are

overwhelmed, requiring significant resources

from outside affected area for response;

recovery will be difficult, even with help of

mutual resources

4 = Catastrophic -

>10% of population

4 = Catastrophic - >10% of

population

4 = Catastrophic -

>10% of population

Natural Disaster – Major Hurricane 0 Historical Data 0 Historical Data 0 Historical Data 0 Historical Data 0 Historical Data 0 Historical Data 0.00Natural Disaster – Major Earthquake 2 Literature 1 Previous Assumptions 1 Previous Assumptions 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0.67Biological Disease Outbreak – Pandemic flu 2 Historical Data 2 Historical Data 3 Literature 4 Plans 0 Professional Opinion 2 Plans 2.17Biological – Aerosol Anthrax 1 Scenario 4 Scenario 4 Scenario 1 Scenario 3 Scenario 4 Scenario 2.83Biological – Plague 1 Literature 2 Scenario 2 Scenario 1 Literature 0 Literature 2 Scenario 1.33Biological – Food Contamination 1 Literature 1 Scenario 1 Scenario 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0.50Biological – Foreign Animal Disease 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion 0.33Chemical – Toxic Industrial Chemicals 1 Scenario 2 Scenario 2 Scenario 0 Professional Opinion 2 Scenario 0 Professional Opinion 1.17Chemical – Chlorine Tank Explosion 1 Scenario 2 Scenario 2 Scenario 0 Professional Opinion 2 Scenario 0 Professional Opinion 1.17Chemical – Blister Agent 1 Scenario 2 Literature 3 Literature 0 Literature 2 Literature 0 Literature 1.33Chemical – Nerve Agent 2 Scenario 4 Literature 4 Literature 0 Literature 4 Literature 0 Literature 2.33Explosives – Improvised Explosive 1 Scenario 3 Scenario 3 Scenario 0 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion 0 Literature 1.33Nuclear Detonation – Improvised Device 3 Scenario 4 Scenario 4 Scenario 0 Literature 3 Literature 4 Literature 3.00Radiological – Radiological Dispersal 2 Scenario 2 Scenario 2 Scenario 0 Literature 3 Literature 4 Literature 2.17Cyber Attack 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0.00

Local Planning Hazards

Airplane Crash 1 Scenario 4 Scenario 3 Scenario 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 1.33Blizzard 0 Professional Opinion 2 Scenario 1 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0.50Civil Disturbance 0 Previous Assumptions 1 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0.33Computer Failure 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0.00Dam Failure 1 Previous Assumptions 1 Scenario 1 Scenario 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0.50Drought 0 Previous Assumptions 1 Scenario 1 Scenario 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0.33Earthquake 2 Scenario 3 Scenario 3 Scenario 0 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 1.50Epidemic 2 Historical Data 4 Historical Data 4 Historical Data 4 Previous Assumptions 0 Professional Opinion 2 Historical Data 2.67Extreme Cold 0 Historical Data 1 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0.33Extreme Heat 0 Historical Data 1 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0.33Flash Flooding 0 Historical Data 1 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0.33Flooding 0 Historical Data 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0.00Fuel Shortage 0 Historical Data 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0.00Hazmat Release/Explosion (fixed site) 1 Model 2 Scenario 2 Scenario 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0.83Hazmat Release/Explosion (transport) 1 Model 2 Scenario 2 Scenario 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0.83Ice Storm 0 Historical Data 1 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0.33Landslide 0 Historical Data 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0.00Major Communications Disruption 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0.00Multiple House/Building Fire 0 Historical Data 1 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0.33Multiple Vehicle Highway Accident 0 Historical Data 2 Historical Data 2 Historical Data 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0.67Municipal Water Contamination 1 Historical Data 2 Historical Data 2 Historical Data 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion 1.00Nuclear Facility Incident (fixed site) 0 Plans 1 Scenario 2 Scenario 0 Literature 2 Literature 2 Scenario 1.17Pandemic 2 Historical Data 3 Scenario 3 Scenario 4 Plans 0 Professional Opinion 3 Plans 2.50Power Outage 0 Historical Data 1 Historical Data 1 Historical Data 0 Historical Data 0 Historical Data 0 Historical Data 0.33Severe Thunderstorm 0 Historical Data 0 Historical Data 0 Historical Data 0 Historical Data 0 Historical Data 0 Historical Data 0.00Subsidence 0 Historical Data 0 Historical Data 0 Historical Data 0 Historical Data 0 Historical Data 0 Historical Data 0.00Tornado 1 Historical Data 4 Historical Data 4 Historical Data 1 Historical Data 0 Professional Opinion 1 Historical Data 1.83VIP Visit 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0.00Water System Failure 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0.00Wild Fire 0 Scenario 1 Scenario 1 Scenario 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0.33

Community Specific Hazards

Data reference for

response. Please

select one:

Historical Data

Previous

Assumptions

Plans

Sceanrio

Model

Exercise

Professional Opinion

Literature

Other

Hazard

Human Impact

Data reference for

response. Please

select one:

Historical Data

Previous

Assumptions

Plans

Sceanrio

Model

Exercise


Literature

Other

Data reference for

response. Please

select one:

Historical Data

Previous

Assumptions

Plans

Sceanrio

Model

Exercise


Literature

Other

Data reference for

response. Please

select one:

Historical Data

Previous

Assumptions

Plans

Sceanrio

Model

Exercise


Literature

Other

Data reference for

response. Please

select one:

Historical Data

Previous

Assumptions

Plans

Sceanrio

Model

Exercise


Literature

Other

Data reference for

response.

Please select one:

Historical Data

Previous Assumptions

Plans

Sceanrio

Model

Exercise


Literature

Other

Human

Impact Score


Natural Disaster – Major Hurricane

Natural Disaster – Major Earthquake

Biological Disease Outbreak – Pandemic flu

Biological – Aerosol Anthrax

Biological – Plague

Biological – Food Contamination

Biological – Foreign Animal Disease

Chemical – Toxic Industrial Chemicals

Chemical – Chlorine Tank Explosion

Chemical – Blister Agent

Chemical – Nerve Agent

Explosives – Improvised Explosive

Nuclear Detonation – Improvised Device

Radiological – Radiological Dispersal

Cyber Attack


Airplane Crash

Blizzard

Civil Disturbance

Computer Failure

Dam Failure

Drought

Earthquake

Epidemic

Extreme Cold

Extreme Heat

Flash Flooding

Flooding

Fuel Shortage

Hazmat Release/Explosion (fixed site)

Hazmat Release/Explosion (transport)

Ice Storm

Landslide

Major Communications Disruption

Multiple House/Building Fire

Multiple Vehicle Highway Accident

Municipal Water Contamination

Nuclear Facility Incident (fixed site)

Pandemic

Power Outage

Severe Thunderstorm

Subsidence

Tornado

VIP Visit

Water System Failure

Wild Fire


Hazard

Water Supply Contamination

(days in widespread boil

order)

Justification

Water Supply Availability (days

of widespread water service

disruption)

JustificationPopulation Displacement

(residents evacuated)Justification

Public Utilities (hours of

widespread electricity

disruption)

JustificationTransportation (days major

transportation corridors disrupted)Justification

0 = Baseline - no boil water order

issued or issued for <25% of

population

0 = Baseline - Water services not

disrupted or disrupted for <25% of

population

0 = Baseline - No persons

evacuated

0 = Baseline - Electric utilities not

disrupted or disrupted for <25% of the

population

0 = Baseline - No transportation corridors

disrupted

1 = Minimal - Boil water order

issued for up to one day

1 = Minimal - Water services

disrupted for up to one day


population evacuated

1 = Minimal - Widespread (25+% of

population) disruption for up to 4 hours

1 = Minimal - At least 1 major

transportation corridor disrupted for up to

1 day

2 = Moderate - Boil water order

issued for 1 to 3 days

2 = Moderate - Water services

disrupted for 1 to 3 days



2 = Moderate - Widespread disruption

for 4 to 24 hours

2 = Moderate - At least 1 major

transportation corridor disrupted for 1 to 3

days

3 = Severe - Boil water order in

place for 3 to 7 days

3 = Severe - Water services disrupted

for 3 to 7 days

3 = Severe - 25-50% of


3 = Severe - Widespread disruption for

24 to 72 hours

3 = Severe - At least 1 major

transportation corridor disrupted for 4 to 7

days

4 = Catastrophic - Boil water order

in place for more than 1 week

4 = Catastrophic - Water services

disrupted for more than 1 week

4 = Catastrophic - 50+%

evacuated

4 = Catastrophic - Widespread

disruption for more than 72 hours

4 = Catastrophic - At least 1 major

transportation corridor disrupted for 8

days or more

0 Historical Data 0 Historical Data 0 Historical Data 0 Historical Data 0 Historical Data 0.000 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion 0.400 Literature 0 Literature 0 Literature 0 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion 0.200 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion 0.400 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0.200 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0.000 Literature 0 Literature 0 Literature 0 Literature 0 Literature 0.000 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 1 Model 0 Professional Opinion 2 Model 0.600 Exercise 0 Exercise 1 Exercise 0 Exercise 2 Exercise 0.600 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion 0 Previous Assumptions 1 Professional Opinion 0.400 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 1 Previous Assumptions 0 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion 0.400 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion 2 Professional Opinion 0.804 Professional Opinion 4 Professional Opinion 4 Professional Opinion 4 Professional Opinion 4 Professional Opinion 4.000 Professional Opinion 1 Previous Assumptions 1 Professional Opinion 1 Previous Assumptions 1 Previous Assumptions 0.800 Professional Opinion 3 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 3 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 1.20

0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 3 Professional Opinion 0.800 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 3 Professional Opinion 2 Professional Opinion 1.000 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion 0.401 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 3 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 1.000 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0.201 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0.202 Professional Opinion 3 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion 3 Professional Opinion 3 Professional Opinion 2.400 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0.000 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0.000 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0.002 Professional Opinion 2 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 3 Professional Opinion 1.603 Professional Opinion 2 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 3 Professional Opinion 1.800 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0.002 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion 0.802 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion 0.800 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 4 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion 1.000 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0.000 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0.000 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion 0.400 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion 0.204 Professional Opinion 4 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 1.600 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0.200 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0.002 Professional Opinion 2 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 4 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 1.600 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 3 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion 0.800 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion 0.204 Professional Opinion 4 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion 4 Professional Opinion 2 Professional Opinion 3.000 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion 0.204 Professional Opinion 4 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 1.600 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion 3 Professional Opinion 2 Professional Opinion 1.20

Data reference for

response. Please

select one: Historical

Data Previous

Assumptions

Plans Sceanrio

Model

Exercise


Literature

Other

Data reference for

response.

Please select one:

Historical Data

Previous Assumptions

Plans

Sceanrio

Model

Exercise


Literature

Other

Community Infrastructure Impact

Data reference for

response.

Please select one:

Historical Data

Previous

Assumptions

Plans

Sceanrio

Model

Exercise


Literature

Other

Data reference for

response.

Please select one:

Historical Data

Previous

Assumptions

Plans

Sceanrio

Model

Exercise


Literature

Other

Community

Infrastructure

Impact Score

Data reference for

response.

Please select one:

Historical Data

Previous

Assumptions

Plans

Sceanrio

Model

Exercise


Literature

Other
















Cyber Attack


Airplane Crash

Blizzard

Civil Disturbance

Computer Failure

Dam Failure

Drought

Earthquake

Epidemic

Extreme Cold

Extreme Heat

Flash Flooding

Flooding

Fuel Shortage



Ice Storm

Landslide






Pandemic

Power Outage

Severe Thunderstorm

Subsidence

Tornado

VIP Visit


Wild Fire


Hazard

Basic EMS (interruption of EMS

and life support systems)Justification Available Hospital Beds Justification Morgue Beds Available Justification

Pharmacies (number of

functioning pharmacies)Justification

Long Term Care Facilities

(facilities interrupted in service,

impacted by event, evacuated,

etc.)

Justification

0 = Baseline - Negligible deviance

from pre-event norms

0 = Baseline - Negligible deviance from

pre-event norms


pre-event norms


pre-event norms


pre-event norms

1 = Minimal - Disruption to services

is minimal

1 = Minimal - Disruption to services is

minimal


minimal


minimal


minimal

2 = Moderate - Level of service

reduced below pre-event norms;

response is needed from local

authorities and adjacent mutual aid

providers





providers





providers





providers





providers

3 = Severe - Level of service,

including service provided by local


providers, is critically reduced

3 = Severe - Level of service, including

service provided by local authorities

and adjacent mutual aid providers, is

critically reduced




critically reduced




critically reduced




critically reduced

4 = Catastrophic - Services are near

or at complete cessation; significant

resources from outside affected area

are required.

4 = Catastrophic - Services are near or

at complete cessation; significant


are required.




are required.




are required.




are required

0 Historical Data 0 Historical Data 0 Historical Data 0 Historical Data 0 Historical Data 0.001 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion 0.803 Literature 3 Literature 3 Literature 3 Professional Opinion 3 Professional Opinion 3.003 Professional Opinion 3 Previous Assumptions 3 Professional Opinion 3 Professional Opinion 1 Previous Assumptions 2.602 Professional Opinion 2 Professional Opinion 2 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion 1.602 Professional Opinion 2 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion 1.400 Literature 0 Literature 0 Literature 0 Literature 0 Literature 0.002 Professional Opinion 2 Professional Opinion 2 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 2 Professional Opinion 1.602 Exercise 3 Exercise 3 Exercise 1 Exercise 1 Professional Opinion 2.003 Professional Opinion 3 Professional Opinion 2 Professional Opinion 2 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion 2.203 Professional Opinion 3 Professional Opinion 3 Professional Opinion 2 Professional Opinion 1 Previous Assumptions 2.402 Professional Opinion 2 Professional Opinion 3 Professional Opinion 0 Previous Assumptions 1 Previous Assumptions 1.604 Professional Opinion 4 Professional Opinion 4 Professional Opinion 3 Previous Assumptions 4 Professional Opinion 3.803 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion 2 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion 1.600 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 0.00

4 Professional Opinion 4 Professional Opinion 4 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 2.601 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion 0.401 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0.201 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0.400 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0.000 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0.002 Professional Opinion 2 Professional Opinion 2 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion 2 Professional Opinion 1.801 Professional Opinion 2 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion 2 Professional Opinion 2 Professional Opinion 1.601 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion 0.601 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion 0.600 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0.000 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion 0.401 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion 0.402 Professional Opinion 2 Professional Opinion 2 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion 2 Professional Opinion 1.802 Professional Opinion 2 Professional Opinion 2 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion 2 Professional Opinion 1.801 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion 0.400 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0.001 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion 0.601 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion 2 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0.802 Professional Opinion 2 Professional Opinion 2 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 1.200 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion 0.601 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion 0.802 Professional Opinion 3 Professional Opinion 3 Professional Opinion 3 Professional Opinion 3 Professional Opinion 2.801 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion 2 Professional Opinion 1.000 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0.000 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0.003 Professional Opinion 3 Professional Opinion 3 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion 3 Professional Opinion 2.601 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0.201 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion 0.600 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0.00

Interruption of

Health Care

Services

Impact Score

Interruption of Healthcare Services

Data reference for

response.

Please select one:

Historical Data

Previous

Assumptions

Plans

Sceanrio

Model

Exercise


Literature

Other

Data reference for

response.

Please select one:

Historical Data

Previous

Assumptions

Plans

Sceanrio

Model

Exercise


Literature

Other

Data reference for

response.

Please select one:

Historical Data

Previous

Assumptions

Plans

Sceanrio

Model

Exercise


Literature

Other

Data reference for

response.

Please select one:

Historical Data

Previous

Assumptions

Plans

Sceanrio

Model

Exercise


Literature

Other

Data reference for

response.

Please select one:

Historical Data

Previous

Assumptions

Plans

Sceanrio

Model

Exercise


Literature

Other
















Cyber Attack


Airplane Crash

Blizzard

Civil Disturbance

Computer Failure

Dam Failure

Drought

Earthquake

Epidemic

Extreme Cold

Extreme Heat

Flash Flooding

Flooding

Fuel Shortage



Ice Storm

Landslide






Pandemic

Power Outage

Severe Thunderstorm

Subsidence

Tornado

VIP Visit


Wild Fire


Hazard

Personnel (staff available

immediately after the

disaster strikes)

Justification

Equipment Loss (loss in

computer/technology

equipment)

Justification

Vaccines and

Pharmaceuticals (loss in

supplies)

JustificationLaboratory Services

(labs operational)Justification

Community Services (key

partners that could

respond)

JustificationInternal Communications

(staff can be reached 24/7)Justification

Interagency

Communications (agencies

that the HD could

communicate with during

and immediately after

Justification

0 = Baseline - Negligible

deviance from pre-event norms

0 = Baseline - Negligible deviance

from pre-event norms











1 = Minimal - Disruption to

services is minimal


services is minimal


services is minimal


services is minimal


services is minimal


services is minimal


services is minimal



response needed from local

authorities and adjacent mutual

aid providers





aid providers





aid providers





aid providers





aid providers





aid providers





aid providers3 = Severe - Level of service

including service provided by

local authorities and adjacent

mutual aid providers, is critically

reduced

3 = Severe - Level of service




reduced





reduced





reduced





reduced





reduced





reduced4 = Catastrophic - Services are

near or at complete cessation;

significant resources from

outside affected area are

required

4 = Catastrophic - Services are


significant resources from outside

affected area are required





required.





required.





required.





required.





required.

0 Historical Data 0 Historical Data 0 Historical Data 0 Historical Data 0 Historical Data 0 Historical Data 0 Historical Data0 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion2 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 4 Professional Opinion 4 Professional Opinion 3 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion2 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 3 Previous Assumption 3 Professional Opinion 3 Previous Assumption 0 Previous Assumptions 1 Professional Opinion0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 2 Professional Opinion 2 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 2 Professional Opinion 2 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion0 Literature 0 Literature 2 Literature 2 Literature 3 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion1 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion1 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Exercise 2 Exercise 1 Exercise 1 Exercise1 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion1 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion1 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion 2 Professional Opinion 2 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion 2 Professional Opinion4 Professional Opinion 4 Previous Assumption 4 Professional Opinion 2 Professional Opinion 4 Professional Opinion 4 Professional Opinion 4 Professional Opinion2 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion 2 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion 2 Professional Opinion0 Previous Assumption 2 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 2 Professional Opinion 4 Professional Opinion

1 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 2 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion1 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion1 Professional Opinion 2 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion2 Professional Opinion 2 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion 2 Professional Opinion 2 Professional Opinion 2 Professional Opinion 2 Professional Opinion1 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion 2 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion1 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion1 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion1 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion1 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion1 Professional Opinion 2 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion 2 Professional Opinion 2 Professional Opinion0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion1 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion1 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion2 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion3 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 3 Professional Opinion 3 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion 2 Professional Opinion1 Professional Opinion 2 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion3 Professional Opinion 2 Professional Opinion 2 Professional Opinion 3 Professional Opinion 2 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion 1 Professional Opinion0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion1 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion 0 Professional Opinion

Data reference for

response.

Please select one:

Historical Data

Previous

Assumptions

Plans

Sceanrio

Model

Exercise


Literature

Other

Data reference for

response.

Please select one:

Historical Data

Previous

Assumptions

Plans

Sceanrio

Model

Exercise


Literature

Other

Data reference for

response.

Please select one:

Historical Data

Previous

Assumptions

Plans

Sceanrio

Model

Exercise


Literature

Other

Data reference for

response.

Please select one:

Historical Data

Previous

Assumptions

Plans

Sceanrio

Model

Exercise

Professional

Opinion

Literature

Other

Data reference for

response.

Please select one:

Historical Data

Previous

Assumptions

Plans

Sceanrio

Model

Exercise

Professional

Opinion

Literature

Other

Data reference for

response.

Please select one:

Historical Data

Previous

Assumptions

Plans

Sceanrio

Model

Exercise


Literature

Other

Data reference for

response.

Please select one:

Historical Data

Previous

Assumptions

Plans

Sceanrio

Model

Exercise


Literature

Other

Impact on Public Health Agency Infrastructure
















Cyber Attack


Airplane Crash

Blizzard

Civil Disturbance

Computer Failure

Dam Failure

Drought

Earthquake

Epidemic

Extreme Cold

Extreme Heat

Flash Flooding

Flooding

Fuel Shortage



Ice Storm

Landslide






Pandemic

Power Outage

Severe Thunderstorm

Subsidence

Tornado

VIP Visit


Wild Fire


Hazard

0.000.432.141.710.710.571.000.290.710.290.291.433.711.141.14

0.430.570.291.000.000.001.860.860.140.000.000.290.290.140.140.570.001.290.000.290.140.571.711.140.000.002.000.000.140.00

Impact on Public

Health Agency

Infrastructure

Score



Appendix

Raw Score HDP Score

Most Recent TAR Score 94 1

Number of Completed Work Plan

Drills and Exercises (over last year)30 1

Number of Local Health Department

Staff41 1

Do you have access to generators for

your public health facilities (Yes or

No)

yes 1

Incident Commander, Command Staff,

and Section Chiefs have all

completed required NIMS courses

(100, 200, 300, 400, 700, 800)

(Yes or No)

yes 1

Total Health Department

Preparedness Score

Preparedness

Activities completed or

items in place that would

lessen the impacts of a

hazard.

5

Likelihood Population Vulnerability Human Impact

Community

Infrastructure

Impact

Interruption of

Healthcare

Services

Impact on Public

Health Agency

Infrastructure

Community Resources

Available

Health Dept.

PreparednessRISK

Likelihood of future occurrence

Vulnerability is calculated using the social vulnerability index generated by the university of

South Carolina's Hazard and Vulnerability Institute. SoVI scores were analyzed on a scale of

1‐10.

Approximate percentage of resources in place and accessible in the event of a

hazard occurrence.

Activities completed or items in place that would lessen the impacts of a

hazard.


Natural Disaster – Major Hurricane 1.00 1.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.00 5.00 0.00Natural Disaster – Major Earthquake 1.00 1.00 0.67 0.40 0.80 0.43 2.00 5.00 0.33Biological Disease Outbreak – Pandemic flu 1.00 1.00 2.17 0.20 3.00 2.14 3.00 5.00 0.94Biological – Aerosol Anthrax 1.00 1.00 2.83 0.40 2.60 1.71 2.00 5.00 1.08Biological – Plague 1.00 1.00 1.33 0.20 1.60 0.71 3.00 5.00 0.48Biological – Food Contamination 1.00 1.00 0.50 0.00 1.40 0.57 3.00 5.00 0.31Biological – Foreign Animal Disease 1.00 1.00 0.33 0.00 0.00 1.00 1.00 5.00 0.22Chemical – Toxic Industrial Chemicals 2.00 1.00 1.17 0.60 1.60 0.29 2.00 5.00 1.04Chemical – Chlorine Tank Explosion 1.00 1.00 1.17 0.60 2.00 0.71 2.00 5.00 0.64Chemical – Blister Agent 1.00 1.00 1.33 0.40 2.20 0.29 1.00 5.00 0.70Chemical – Nerve Agent 1.00 1.00 2.33 0.40 2.40 0.29 2.00 5.00 0.77Explosives – Improvised Explosive 1.00 1.00 1.33 0.80 1.60 1.43 2.00 5.00 0.74Nuclear Detonation – Improvised Device 1.00 1.00 3.00 4.00 3.80 3.71 1.00 5.00 2.42Radiological – Radiological Dispersal 1.00 1.00 2.17 0.80 1.60 1.14 1.00 5.00 0.95Cyber Attack 1.00 1.00 0.00 1.20 0.00 1.14 1.00 5.00 0.39

Local Planning HazardsAirplane Crash 1.00 1.00 1.33 0.80 2.60 0.43 1.00 5.00 0.86Blizzard 2.00 1.00 0.50 1.00 0.40 0.57 3.00 5.00 0.62Civil Disturbance 1.00 1.00 0.33 0.40 0.20 0.29 3.00 5.00 0.15Computer Failure 2.00 1.00 0.00 1.00 0.40 1.00 2.00 5.00 0.69Dam Failure 1.00 1.00 0.50 0.20 0.00 0.00 3.00 5.00 0.09Drought 1.00 1.00 0.33 0.20 0.00 0.00 3.00 5.00 0.07Earthquake 1.00 1.00 1.50 2.40 1.80 1.86 2.00 5.00 1.08Epidemic 2.00 1.00 2.67 0.00 1.60 0.86 3.00 5.00 1.28Extreme Cold 2.00 1.00 0.33 0.00 0.60 0.14 3.00 5.00 0.27Extreme Heat 1.00 1.00 0.33 0.00 0.60 0.00 3.00 5.00 0.12Flash Flooding 2.00 1.00 0.33 1.60 0.00 0.00 2.00 5.00 0.55Flooding 4.00 1.00 0.00 1.80 0.40 0.29 3.00 5.00 1.24Fuel Shortage 1.00 1.00 0.00 0.00 0.40 0.29 2.00 5.00 0.10Hazmat Release/Explosion (fixed site 2.00 1.00 0.83 0.80 1.80 0.14 3.00 5.00 0.89Hazmat Release/Explosion (transport 2.00 1.00 0.83 0.80 1.80 0.14 3.00 5.00 0.89Ice Storm 1.00 1.00 0.33 1.00 0.40 0.57 2.00 5.00 0.33Landslide 1.00 1.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.00 5.00 0.00Major Communications Disruption 1.00 1.00 0.00 0.00 0.60 1.29 2.00 5.00 0.27Multiple House/Building Fire 1.00 1.00 0.33 0.40 0.80 0.00 4.00 5.00 0.17Multiple Vehicle Highway Accident 2.00 1.00 0.67 0.20 1.20 0.29 3.00 5.00 0.59Municipal Water Contamination 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.60 0.60 0.14 3.00 5.00 0.42Nuclear Facility Incident (fixed site 1.00 1.00 1.17 0.20 0.80 0.57 2.00 5.00 0.39Pandemic 1.00 1.00 2.50 0.00 2.80 1.71 2.00 5.00 1.00Power Outage 3.00 1.00 0.33 1.60 1.00 1.14 3.00 5.00 1.53Severe Thunderstorm 4.00 1.00 0.00 0.80 0.00 0.00 3.00 5.00 0.40Subsidence 1.00 1.00 0.00 0.20 0.00 0.00 4.00 5.00 0.02Tornado 2.00 1.00 1.83 3.00 2.60 2.00 2.00 5.00 2.70VIP Visit 1.00 1.00 0.00 0.20 0.20 0.00 3.00 5.00 0.05Water System Failure 1.00 1.00 0.00 1.60 0.60 0.14 3.00 5.00 0.29Wild Fire 1.00 1.00 0.33 1.20 0.00 0.00 2.00 5.00 0.22


Includes: personnel,

equipment loss,

laboratory services,

vaccines and

pharmaceuticals,

community services,

internal communications,

and interagency

communications.

Risk=Likelihood x ((vulnerability x

impact)/(resources + community preparedness))

Hazard

1 = Rare (0-1 event / 20 years)

2 = Possible (2-4 events / 20 years)

3 = Likely (5-10 events / 20 years)

4 = Almost Certain (occur annually)

1 = Less than partially in place; < 25% of needed resources available2 = Partially in place; 25%‐50% of needed resources available3 = Substantially in place; 51%‐75% of needed resources available4 = Fully in place; 76%‐100% of needed

0 =Low Completion5 = High Completion

1= Low vulnerability10= High Vulnerability

Includes: fatalities, injuries

requiring EMS transport,

trauma center Injuries,

population requiring

immunization, and

population requiring mass

decontamination.

Includes: water supply

contamination, water

supply availability,

population displacement,

public utilities, and

trasportation.

Includes: basic EMS,

outpatient services,

available hospital beds,

trauma units

functioning,

pharmacies, and long

term care facilities.

Relative Risk



Appendix

Hazards RankNatural Disaster – Major Hurricane 44 1 TornadoNatural Disaster – Major Earthquake 29 2 Nuclear Detonation – Improvised DeBiological Disease Outbreak – Pandemic flu 11 3 Power OutageBiological – Aerosol Anthrax 7 4 EpidemicBiological – Plague 23 5 FloodingBiological – Food Contamination 30Biological – Foreign Animal Disease 34Chemical – Toxic Industrial Chemicals 8Chemical – Chlorine Tank Explosion 19Chemical – Blister Agent 17Chemical – Nerve Agent 15Explosives – Improvised Explosive 16Nuclear Detonation – Improvised Device 2Radiological – Radiological Dispersal 10Cyber Attack 27Airplane Crash 14Blizzard 20Civil Disturbance 37Computer Failure 18Dam Failure 40Drought 41Earthquake 6Epidemic 4Extreme Cold 33Extreme Heat 38Flash Flooding 22Flooding 5Fuel Shortage 39Hazmat Release/Explosion (fixed site) 12Hazmat Release/Explosion (transport) 12Ice Storm 28Landslide 44Major Communications Disruption 32Multiple House/Building Fire 36Multiple Vehicle Highway Accident 21Municipal Water Contamination 24Nuclear Facility Incident (fixed site) 26Pandemic 9Power Outage 3Severe Thunderstorm 25Subsidence 43Tornado 1VIP Visit 42Water System Failure 31Wild Fire 35

Top 5 Risks



0.00

0.50

1.00

1.50

2.00

2.50

3.00

Natural D

isaster –

Major Hurricane

Natural D

isaster –

Major Ea

rthq

uake

Biological Disease Outbreak –

Pand

emic flu

Biological –Aerosol Anthrax

Biological –Plague

Biological –Food

Con

tamination

Biological –Foreign An

imal Disease

Chem

ical –Toxic Ind

ustrial Chemicals

Chem

ical –Ch

lorine

Tank Exp

losion

Ch

emical –Blister A

gent

Chem

ical –Ne

rve Agent

Explosives –Im

provised

Explosive

Nuclear D

eton

ation –Im

provised Device

Radiological –Ra

diological Dispersal

Cybe

r Attack

Airplane

Crash

Blizzard

Civil D

isturbance

Compu

ter F

ailure

Dam Failure

Drou

ght

Earthq

uake

Epidem

icExtrem

e Co

ldExtrem

e Heat

Flash Floo

ding

Floo

ding

Fuel Sho

rtage

Hazm

at Release/Explosio

n (fixed site)

Hazm

at Release/Explosio

n (transpo

rt)

Ice Storm

Land

slide

Major Com

mun

ications Disrup

tion

Multip

le Hou

se/Building Fire

Multip

le Veh

icle Highw

ay Acciden

tMun

icipal W

ater Con

tamination

Nuclear Facility Incide

nt (fixed

site)

Pand

emic

Power Outage

Severe Thu

nderstorm

Subsiden

ceTo

rnad

oVIP Visit


Wild

Fire

Relativ

e Risk

RISK



Appendix

Appendix B: PubPubPubPubPublic Plic Plic Plic Plic Parararararticipaticipaticipaticipaticipation Prtion Prtion Prtion Prtion Processocessocessocessocess



Appendix

Hazard Mitigation Data Collection LetterSent September 9, 2014 to the Following Local Officials

Representing all 20 Local Units of Government in Livingston County

Brighton Charter Township Board of Trustees Handy Township Board of Trusteesc/o Ann Bollin, Clerk c/o Laura Eisle, ClerkBrighton Township Hall Handy Township Hall4363 Buno Road 135 N. Grand AvenueBrighton, MI 48116 P.O. Box 189

Fowlerville, MI 48836Cohoctah Board of Trusteesc/o Brenda Meek, Clerk Hartland Township Board of TrusteesCohoctah Township c/o Larry Hopkins, Clerk6950 Owosso Road Hartland Township HallFowlerville, MI 48836 2655 Clark Road

Hartland, MI 48353Conway Township Board of Trusteesc/o Cindy Dickerson, Clerk Howell Township Board of TrusteesConway Township Hall c/o Carolyn Eaton, ClerkPO Box 1157 Howell Township HallFowlervile, MI 48836 3525 Byron Road

Howell, MI 48855Deerfield Township Board of Trusteesc/o Alfred Mattioli, Clerk Iosco Board of TrusteesDeerfield Township Hall c/o Daniel Delmerico, Clerk4492 Center Road Iosco Township HallLinden, MI 48451 P.O. Box 1079

Fowlerville, MI 48836Genoa Township Board of Trusteesc/o Paulette Skolarus, Clerk Marion Township Board of TrusteesGenoa Township Hall c/o Tammy Beal, Clerk2911 Dorr Road Marion Township HallBrighton, MI 48116 2877 West Coon Lake Road

Howell, MI 48843Green Oak Charter Township Board of Trusteesc/o Michael Sedlak, Clerk Oceola Township Board of TrusteesGreen Oak Township Hall c/o Kathleen McLean, Clerk10001 Silver Lake Road Oceola Township HallBrighton, MI 48116 1577 N. Latson Road

Howell, MI 48844Hamburg Township Board of Trusteesc/o Jim Neilson, Clerk Putnam Township Board of TrusteesHamburg Township Hall c/o Sally Guyon, ClerkPO Box 157 Putnam Township HallHamburg, MI 48139 3280 West M-36

Pinckney, MI 48169



Hazard Mitigation Data Collection LetterSent September 9, 2014 to the Following Local Officials

Representing all 20 Local Units of Government in Livingston County

Tyrone Township Board of Trusteesc/o Keith Kremer, ClerkTyrone Township Hall10408 Center RoadFenton, MI 48430

Unadilla Board of Trusteesc/o Linda Topping, ClerkUnadilla Township HallP.O. Box 120Gregory, MI 48137

City of Brighton Councilc/o Dana Foster, City Manager200 N. First StreetBrighton, MI 48816

City of Howell Councilc/o Shea Charles, City Manager611 E. Grand River AvenueHowell, MI 48843

Village of Fowlerville Councilc/o Kathryn Arledge, Clerk213 S. Grand AvenueFowlerville, MI 48836

Village of Pinckney Councilc/o Amy Salowitz, Clerk220 Howell StreetPinckney, MI 48169



Appendix

Community NameBrighton Township

Cohoctah Township

Conway Township

Deerfield Township

Genoa Township

Green Oak Township

Hamburg Township

Handy Township

Hartland Township

Howell Township

Iosco Township

Marion Township

Oceola Township

Putnam Township

Tyrone Township

Unadilla Township

Putnam Township responded that there are four areas in the Township that have

been identified as potential flood hazards based on historical records; two

creeks, one lake and one dam. They noted the local flood-related ordinances

they have in place and attached maps depicting recent flooding events.

Township responded. No suggested changes to Flood Risk Map


Local Community Response to Public Participation Survey

Source: Livingston County Planning Department, January 2017

Survey Comments/Mapping ResponseTownship responded. No suggested changes to Flood Risk Map


No response

No response

The Township responded that their community has 5 significant Flood Risk

areas. They submitted maps depicting these lake areas designated with a 1%

change of flooding by FEMA.

The Township responded that their community has two significant Flood Risk

areas. They submitted maps depicting the Lime Kiln Subdivision in Section 26

and the Ore Lake Cedarwood Subdivision in Section 18, and a Township-wide

flooding hazard risk map.The Township noted how they address flood risk

through planning and zoning and collaboration with various county entities.The

Township wishes to pursue a Hazard Mitigation Grant for the acquisition of

approximately 25 flood-prone properties in the Lime Kiln Lake area; this

project is further explained in the plan strategies and implementation of

Chapter 10 (see pages 193 and 198).

Hamburg Township responded that they have no suggested changes to the

Flood Risk Map but they did note the water features in their community and the

incidences of flooding that their community has experienced, as well as how

their Township Master Plan and Zoning Ordinance address flooding risk. The

Township also noted their participation in the National Flood Insurance Program.


Howell Township responded that they have several man-made hazards in their

community such as pipelines and fuel at the County Airport.

The Township responded that they have no suggested changes to Flood Risk

Map. The Township asked for more detail about a lake that shows up on the

Flood Risk Map.

Marion Township responded that the Shiawassee and Red Cedar rivers have

been sources of minor flooding over the years, and two recent flooding events

have been caused by beaver dams. The Township noted their collaborative efforts

with other entities to remedy water related concerns.


The Township responded that they have no suggested changes to the Flood Risk

Map. The Township did note that they have been having issues with damage

caused to roads and private property from several beaver colonies throughout the

community. An additional issue has been controlling the invasive species

Phragmites.



Community NameCity of Brighton

City of Howell

Village of Fowlerville

Village of Pinckney

TOTALS

Local Community Response to Public Participation Survey

Source: Livingston County Planning Department, January 2017

Survey Comments/Mapping Response

The City of Howell responded that they have flooding associated with the county

drain behind the old Red Cross building on Grand River Ave. Additionally, the

CSX train viaduct on Grand River Ave. continues to present a flooding hazard to

an inadequate MDOT pumping facility.

Village responded. No suggested changes to Flood Risk Map

A total of 18 out of 20 Livingston County local municipalities participated

in this public participation survey.

Pinckney added a small damn over Honey Creek that was donated to the

Village. They noted that the Huron River Watershed Council has suggested they

remove the dam but the Village has not yet done so. It is an unregulated dam.

The City of Brighton noted that they have problems with invasive species in their

community, but it is a difficult hazard to map.

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Appendix Hazard Mitigation Plan; Livingston County, Michigan

Appendix C: Plan Adoption Process

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Livingston County Department of Planning/Livingston County Emergency Management A-19



Iosco Township

Tyrone Township

Genoa Township

Oceola Township

Marion Township

Handy Township

Conway Township

Hartland Township

Putnam Township

Deerfield TownshipCohoctah Township

Unadilla Township

Howell Township

Brighton Township

Hamburg TownshipGreen Oak Township

City of Howell

City of Brighton

Village of Fowlerville

Village of Pinckney

Livingston County Emergency Warning Sirens

/ Sirens

Source: Livingston County GISPrepared By: Livingston County Department of Planning

March 2006

Note: Each siren serves an approximate1 mile radius and a minimum 1,500Livingston County residents

Appendix D: WWWWWarararararning System Coning System Coning System Coning System Coning System Covvvvverererereraaaaagggggeeeee



Appendix

Livingston County has nine properties thatare listed in the newest official NFIP“repetitive loss” list (2016). All nine of theseproperties were not classified as “mitigated”,so all nine are considered to be at risk.

The locations of these nine at risk propertiesare as follows: Green Oak Township (2properties); Hamburg Township (5properties); City of Howell (1 property); andPutnam Township (1 property). All nineproperties are single-family residential.

Appendix E: NFIP RNFIP RNFIP RNFIP RNFIP Reeeeepetitipetitipetitipetitipetitivvvvve Loss Pre Loss Pre Loss Pre Loss Pre Loss Properoperoperoperopertiestiestiestiesties

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