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Building Community: Identity,
Interdiscursivity and LanguageChoice in Everyday Narrative
Zane GoebelGraduate School of Letters,
Nagoya UniversityJAPAN
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1. INTRODUCTION
Aim - to show the relationships between everyday
narrative (EN), code genesis and identity/communityformation projects in a diverse setting.
Thesis My main argument is that:
1)by participating in EN (and conversation moregenerally) old-timers and newcomers alike are engaged
in ongoing identification projects.
2)Part of this process is the building of new linguisticrepertoires that are indexed (but never fixed) to a
particular identity.
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1.1 How the paper will proceed
2. Language, Socialization & Identity (Re)production.
3. Narrative Analysis
4. Fieldwork methods & setting
1. Methods
2. Local patterns of exchange
3. Enregistered varieties
5. Building community, identity and linguistic repertories
6. Social identification and reification across speech settings
7. Conclusions
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Language Socialization - Through observation & participation
in recurrent settings newcomers learn, that is, index linguisticforms with context > forms part of CC (e.g. Ochs 1988).
Communities of Practice (COP) identities, communities, and
the meaning of linguistic forms are outcomes of their
negotiation in situated interaction (e.g. Wenger 1998)
A COP can be as small as two participants.
Social Identification is constantly evolving and relies upon the
appropriation of resources from various timeframes
(Wortham 2005, 2006)
Social identification relies upon the linking of linguistic forms
from one speech situation to the next = interdiscursivity
2. Language, Socialization & Identity (Re)production
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Timeframes (TF), social identification & reification
5
SHORTEST TF
Initial Situated
Interaction
LONGEST TF (Resource Set 1)
Enregistered varieties (Agha2003) that link social personaand characteristics withlinguistic forms
RESOURCES SET 2
Local styles = lang
+ context)
PROCEDURAL TF
Subsequent
interaction
RESOURCES SET 3
Styles as a result ofparticipation in otherCOP
RESOURCE SETS1, 2 & 3)
Resources and indexical relations built in procedural timeframe
increasingly mediate appropriation of Resource Sets 1 & 3
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3 Narrative Analysis
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EverydayNarrative
Canonical
Casual Conversations
Recent events
Not performance
Multiparty
Some Differences
Gathered using interviews
Life Histories
Performance
One teller
Similarities
Often about problematic events or things that run counter to
tellers expectation (Ochs & Capps 2001; Ochs 2004)
Used to socialize newcomers about community expectations
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Based on 2.5 years fieldwork in two RT in Semarang
Primary fieldwork methods drawn from EOC (e.g. Hymes) &
interactional sociolinguistics (e.g. Gumperz), including:
participation in, recording, observation of interactions, such as monthly
meetings, working bees (Kerja bakti), religious festivals (halal bihalal,
natalan, pengajian, etc.), daily conversations among neighbors, sporting
events/games
Post-recording playback interviews Use of questionnaires in the last few months of fieldwork asking for
judgments about social relationships based on transcribed talk and
contextual info.
Semi-structured interviews in the last month
4 Fieldwork Methods and Setting
4.1 Methods (Details in Goebel 2000, 2002, 2005)
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4.2 Local patterns of linguistic exchange
CONTEXT INTRA-ETHNIC INTER-ETHNIC
Unfamiliar/stranger kramaJavanese Indonesian
Familiar/Intimate ngokoJavanese ngokoJavanese
8
Table 2: Indexical relationships between code choice & context
Reflected prolonged (1-8 years of interaction), frequent
(daily or weekly) and intense (more than just a greeting)
These locally developed styles with their links to context are
local language ideologies (see Appendices B & D)
These styles are contextualization cues and/or resources
which help signal intent and interpret talk in interaction.
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Enregisterment can be defined as processes which produce a
register that is differentiatable within a language. These
processes rely on meta-discourse in literature, media +
adoption in schooling. Such processes help index social
characteristics and personas to a language variety over time in
public spaces (Agha 2003; 2006). Education and the popular mass media have unintentionally
enregistered ethnic identity with language in Indonesia, e.g.
Indonesian as a language of the stranger and local
languages as the language of insiders and adequation
(Goebel 2007, Forthcoming, Under review) See Appendix E.
Such enregistered varieties can be appropriated and
recontextualized in situated interaction.
4.3 Enregisterment in Indonesia
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Look at talk that occurs in 2 re-occurring female RT meetings.
Usually the heads of household would attend, though of the
23 households rarely were there more than 15 attendees.
There were was one newcomer, Bu Zainudin, who attendedboth meetings.
To visually represent what newcomers might perceive I have
put Indonesian in plain font, ngokoJavanese in redbold,
and bold italicsindicates those forms that can be classified
as either ngokoJavanese or Indonesian).
5 Building community, identity and linguistic repertories
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Diagram 1 An RT meeting in RT08
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Diagram 05 An RT meeting in RT08
Extract 13 taken from Tape
Recorder
entrance
Kris* YudiantoZainuddin*
Joko
Feizal*
Mardiono
Pujianto Taufik* Nurholis
Abdurrahman*
Sumaryono*
SuntoroNaryono
d
oo
r
table
divider stairs
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Bu Naryono
123
45
Bu Manurung #kui lho# .+ditarik?+wongkan? ngga pernahketemuyo ndewek karep kih? .
lepas ngono lho soko tanggungjawab#RTiki ndewek kihemoh# =
That Bu Manurung, asked [formonetary contributions she] cannever be found, yeah [her]
individual wish is to not take anyRTresponsibilities, [she] is notinterested
Bu Joko
6 = lho ojo manggon neng ken
(???)
Well dont live here(???) (???)
Bu Naryono
78
anu opo ndewek ora tahu tekoloh?kan? ya nggak boleh ok =
Ah what is it, [she] has nevershown up, [you] arent allowed
Bu Sumaryono
9 = dia tuh dia statusnya di sini apa? = She, what is her [residency] status hereBu Naryono
10 = lah iya That is right.
Bu Sumaryono
1112 dia di sini minta surat RT kan? jangan>DIKASIH> = She is here, [if she] asks for an RTletter, dont GIVE IT [to her]
Extract 1 Socialization: (Re)producing norms for conduct
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As can be seen in lines 1-5, 7-8 Bu Naryono states her
expectations for RT members through pointing to someone
who has deviated from these expectations.
The expectations:
Make contributions to the upkeep and running of the
neighborhood,
Attend neighborhood meetings.
Note also that while Bu Naryono mentions these expectations,
it is Bu Joko and Bu Sumaryono who cite solutions orsanctions.
Thus, we can say that there is a co-construction of RT norms
and what it means to be a member of this RT (IDENTITY).
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We can see the inter-related nature of social practiceand identity through seeing expectations about practicesimultaneously defining what social characteristics
contribute to identity or membership in this setting.
The us and them/her dichotomy being invoked here is
given further emphasis through recourse to local language
ideologies, longer-term ideologies (i.e. enregisteredforms) and resources from membership in other COPs
Especially the ideology of regional languages (in this case
ngokoJavanese) as the language of insiders andIndonesian being for conversations with outsiders.
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Extract 2 Socialization through language usage:(Re)producing norms for speaking conduct
Bu Naryono
131415
= wong lag emben ngentoh nang ken? .saya tuhsewaktu waktu#pind:ah# =
A while ago [she] camehere [and said] at sometime or another I will move[from here].
Bu Sumaryono
16 = kabehW:ONG? = AllPEOPLE[move]
Bu Naryono
17 = lah iya = That is right.
Bu Sumaryono
18 semua ORANG wongkantor
aja tidak ada menetap
All PEOPLE, even office
workers, none stayforever.
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What is interesting in the above extract is the alternation from
ngokoJavanese on lines 13-14 to Indonesian on lines 14-15.
In this case it can be classified as codeswitching because incontrast to her earlier alternation between I and NJ which
could be found within one sense unit, here there is a clear
pause separating different code choices.
It helps highlight insider-outsider relationships with ngoko
Javanese being used by an insider, Bu Naryono, and
Indonesian being reportedly used by Bu Tobing, the deviant
outsider.
Are these repertoires i.e. NJ among locals appropriated by
observer (Bu Zainudin)??
B Z i di
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Extract 3 (Re)producing or reifying norms for speaking conduct?Bu Zainudin
1234
5678
tohBu (.2) itu katanya kan adik (.1) itulohBu adik saya itukan waktu pertamakali bawabarang itu minta itu mintatolong samaadik saya soal engga
ada laki laki yang mau ngangkutngangkut nurunin itu adik sayaditolong (.2) dia (.3) dia ngangkut itumalam malam itu bawakke ruma:h?terus dia =
HehBu he said [my] younger brotherright, [I] mean my younger brother right,the first time when goods were brought[by truck to next door], [they] asked
asked for help from my brother becausethere were nomen to lift and unload [thetruck]. [So] my younger brother helped,he, he lifted and carried it into thehouse.
Bu Naryono910
=jeneng ngerepotk tonggokokngono kuwi jeneng=
Hemthats called inconveniencingthe neighbors, thats what doingthat is called.
Bu Zainudin
1112 = yasoalnyaenggaada siapa siapawaktu itu {sih Bu haha Yeahthe problem was at that time therewas notanybody around Bu haha
Bu Naryono
1314
{ lahsalah wong gowobarang ra nggowo { wongpiy
Yeah[well] thats the problem ofthe person who brought the goods, [gee how stupid] not [also] bringingsomeone with [to do this].
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I interpret Bu Zainudins usage of NJ forms soalthe
problem/because and bawakto bring something for
someone (lines 6 & 8) as evidence for developing linguistic
repertoire indexed with these participants.
This is so because Bu Zainudin actually knew both NJ & KJ but
chose not to use it in all of the interaction > testing the
interactional waters
In subsequent interactions over the 2.5 years fieldwork was
undertaken these speaker moved increasingly to NJ exchange
in an (inter-ethnic interaction)
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6 Conclusions
In bring this all together perhaps the most important point is:
There is a difference between competence in a languagevariety and a developing communicative competence
The later is tied with a particular community of practice, anew linguistic medium, and an emerging identity, such as
regular attendee of RT meetings, reliable payer of RTdues, frequent conversation partner, and increasingly
competent user ofngokoJavanese.
In this sense our newcomer, Bu Zainudin, can be seen to
have chosen not to continue the exchange in ngokoJavanesebecause she is aware that doing so may have been indicativeof a type of identity that wasnt yet ratifiable.
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THANK YOU
QUESTIONS?
COMMENTS?
References Cited and other useful sources
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References Cited and other useful sourcesAgha, Asif. 2003. The social life of cultural value. Language and Communication23: 231-273.
Agha, Asif. 2006. Language and Social Relations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Alvarez-Cccamo, Celso. 1998. From 'switching code' to code-switching. In Peter Auer (ed.) Code-switching inconversation: Language, interaction and identity. New York: Routledge.29-48.
Auer, Peter. 1995. The pragmatics of code-switching: A sequential approach. In Lesley Milroy and Pieter Muysken
(eds.) One speaker, two languages: Cross-disciplinary perspectives on code-switching. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.115-135.
Gafaranga, Joseph. 2001. Linguistic identities in talk-in-interaction: Order in bilingual conversation. Journal ofPragmatics33: 1901-1925.
Gafaranga, Joseph, and Maria-Carma Torras. 2002. Interactional otherness: Towards a redefinition ofcodeswitching. The International Journal of Bilingualism6: 1-22.
Gardner-Chloros, Penelope. 1995. Code-switching in community, regional and national repertoires: The myth of
the discreteness of linguistic systems. In Lesley Milroy and Pieter Muysken (eds.) One speaker, twolanguages: Cross-disciplinary perspectives on code-switching. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.68-89.
Goebel, Zane. 2007. Enregisterment and Appropriation in Javanese-Indonesian Bilingual Talk.Language inSociety36: 511-531.
Goebel, Zane. Under Review. Language, Region, and Ethnicity in Indonesia. Bijdragen tot de Taal, Land- enVolkenkunde.
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Linguistic Anthropology, 18/1.Gumperz, John Joseph. 1982. Discourse strategies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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Ochs, Elinor. 1988. Culture and language development: Language acquisition and language socialization in aSamoan village. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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References Cited and other useful sourcesOchs, Elinor. 2004. Narrative lessons. In Alessandro Duranti (ed.)A Companion to Linguistic Anthropology.
Oxford: Blackwell.269-289.
Ochs, Elinor, and L Capps. 2001. Living Narrative. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Oesch-Serra, Cecilia. 1998. Discourse connectives in bilingual conversation: the case of and emerging Italian-French mixed code. In Peter Auer (ed.) Code-switching in conversation: Language, interaction and identity.
New York: Routledge.101-122.Schieffelin, Bambi B., and Elinor Ochs (eds.). 1986. Language socialization across cultures. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
Wenger, Etienne. 1998. Communities of Practice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Wortham, Stanton E. F. 2005. Socialization beyond the Speech Event. Journal of Linguistic Anthropology15: 95-112.
Wortham, Stanton E. F. 2006. Learning Identity: The Joint Emergence of Social Identification and Academic
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