First-and Second-Order Adaptation to Salinity and Water Logging: Case of Coastal Embankment in
Satkhira District of Bangladesh
Md. Hafiz Iqbal PhD Researcher, Bangladesh University of Professionals (BUP)
E-mail: [email protected]
Session 11: RESILIENT LIVELIHOOD
9 January 2018 Independent University, Bangladesh (IUB)
1
2
2
Coping
Impact
Change
Adaptation
Corresponds with
Corresponds with
Immediate;
related to hazard impacts
during the disaster or crisis
Directly related to the hazard:
damage and losses;
immediate consequences
Medium and long-term
reorganization;
adjustment, changes in
institutions required
Turning point-different development path than before
Source: Adapted from Birkman(2011), Birkman et al.(2010a) and (2009)
Introduction
3
Introduction
Comprehensive adaptive programs are essential to protect climate and human induced hazards
Natural hazards
First order adaptation (Coastal embankment project since 1960s)
Water logging and accumulation of salinity
Second order adaptation for restoration & resilience of livelihood
4
Introduction
Coastal Embankment Project (CEP) & first order adaptation
o 1566 km long 37 polders and 282 sluice gates were constructed in Khulna, Satkhira and Jessore districts in 1966. o It aimed to solve the flood problem of the coastal areas(IFI Watch Bangladesh 2006). o Its purpose was to convert the seasonally flooded coastal wetlands into reclaimed land for permanent agricultural production. o It also aimed to protect human settlements from the cyclone, tidal surge and associated floods, saline water intrusion etc.
What lacked in CEP ?
o No consideration of spatial geo-physical set up of coastal region. o Denaturing the nature without considering the ‘Anthropology of climate change’. o No consideration of local perception and natural indigenous adaptation practices.
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Introduction
These pictures speak a lot
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Introduction
The aftermath of CEP as first order adaptation
The cumulative effects of the first order adaptation sparked the second order impacts
Rivers sited up and failed to maintain natural courses
Internal drainage congestion and heavy external siltation aggravated water logging
chronic water logging led to environmental ,social and economic degradation
Salinity intrusion degraded the agricultural productivity and livelihood patterns
Second order adaptive measures are highly required for restoration of the normal livelihood, building resilience and enhance coping capacities
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Objectives
RO1: To access the cost-benefits analysis under the second order adaptation
with respect to Net Return Analysis & Benefit Cost Ration Analysis
RO4: To development of approach of management strategy guided by second order adaptation.
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Study Area (Satkhira District)
0
0 0
22 15 22 25
89 00 89 15
oN to N Altitudes
E to E Longitudes
9 9
Study Area (Satkhira District)
(Source: Calculated by the Author based on the data from Khulna SRDI, 2012)
9
7 8.6
16
19.6
26
31.3
13.3
9 8
10 10.2
15
17
10.5
7 6.5
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
January February March April May June July August
( )
( )
Water salinity ECw
Soil salinity ECe
Wa
ter
& s
oil
sa
lin
it y
(d
S/m
)
Month
Figure : Levels of salinity under the polder area Satkhira district for different month of 2012.
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Methodology
1
( )..........................................( )
( ).............................................( )
,
........................( )
...................( )
n
qi i
i
GM GR TVC i
NR GR TC ii
Whwer
GR P Q iii
TC TFC TVC iv
Net Return Analysis
Benefit Cost Ratio
................................( )TR
BCR vTC
The farm is treated as a profitable farm if the value of BCR>1
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Methodology
Data Collection
Secondary source
In-depth interview
FGD
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Result & Discussion Floating garden
Indian Spinach Red Spinach Coriander Leaves Tomato Plant
Yield (kg)/0.16 acre 5,000Kg 1,000 Kg 250Kg 50,000 PCs
Cost (Tk.)/0.16 acre Tk.10,500.00 Tk.10,500.00 Tk.10,500.00 Tk.10,500.00
Income/0.16 acre Tk.25,000.00 Tk.20,000.00 Tk.30,000.00 Tk.35,000.00
Profit (Tk.)/0.16 acre Tk.14,500.00 Tk.9,500.00 Tk.19,500.00 Tk.24,500.00
BCR 2.38>1 1.90>1 2.86>1 3.33>1 Note. Rate of exchange (ROE) at 28 August, 2017: US$ 1= Tk. 80.69. Tk.: Stands for Taka (Bangladeshi currency).
(Source: Author’s calculation)
Table: Economic benefits of growing vegetables in the floating garden for a year under the provision of 2nd order adaptation
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Case aquaculture
Result & Discussion
Shrimp cultivation based on the cage system
Production/ha 283 Kg
Cost/ha Tk. 43,731.00
Income/ha Tk. 69,530.00
Profit/ha Tk. 25,799.00
BCR 1.58>1
(Source: Author’s calculation)
Table : Economic benefit of shrimp cultivation based on the cage system for a year under the provision of second-order adaptation
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Seed variety
Result & Discussion
Rain fed variety (Aman rice) Wheat Cotton
Yield (kg)/acre 956 Kg 944 Kg 360 Kg
Cost (Kg)/acre Tk.14703.00 Tk.10179.00 Tk.31860.00
Income(kg)/acre Tk.16650.00 Tk.23600.00 Tk.54000.00
Profit (Tk.)/acre Tk.1947.00 Tk.13421.00 Tk.22140.00
BCR 1.13>1 2.32>1 1.69>0
Table : Economic benefits of growing vegetables in the floating garden for a year under the provision of second-order adaptation
(Source: Author’s calculation)
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Result & Discussion
Pit system gardening
Sweet Gourd Bottle Gourd Wax Gourd Hyacinth Been
Yield (kg)/0.16 acre 90 Kg (App.) 77 Kg (App.) 30Kg (App.) 30 Kg (App.)
Cost (Tk.)/0.16 acre Tk.1000.00 Tk.1000.00 Tk.1000.00 Tk.1000.00
Income/0.16 acre Tk.1700.00 Tk.1500.00 Tk.1400.00 Tk.2200.00
Profit (Tk.)/0.16 acre Tk.700.00 Tk.500.00 Tk.400.00 Tk.1200.00
BCR 1.7>1 1.5>1 1.4>1 2.2>0
(Source: Author’s calculation)
Table : Economic benefits of growing selected vegetables in pit system gardening under the provision of second-order adaptation
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Conclusions
o Community should give more importance on indigenous and traditional knowledge based adaptation
approach .
o Government should give more incentive and subsidy on indigenous adaptation based
farming system or project.
o Role of NGOs, R & D based strategies and training activities play an important role to formulate
good and ideal adaptive measure.
o Knowledge sharing, relevant information and resource flows are vital inputs to make good
adaptive measure under different hazardous conditions.
o First-order adaptive measure should be taken into consideration of the spatial geo-physical set up .
oSecond-order adaptive measure should focus on diversified and new opportunity generated
activities so that affected people can easily adapt themselves with the unexpected hazards or disasters.
Adaptation measures are very important for survival. It should closely be allied to flexible, resilient, effective, environmentally friendly, sustain and stable
Final Words
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This slide is made possible by the support of American people through the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). The contents are the sole responsibility of the presenter and do not necessarily reflect the views of USAID or the United States government.
Indigenous knowledge based adaptation and wise use of resource can improve the livelihood conditions