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Federalists Ascendant
ADAMS’ PRESIDENCY
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STARTER – OCTOBER 8TH
What two things did George Washington warn of us in his farewell address?
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STARTER – OCTOBER 9TH
Should the political opposition have the right to criticize a president’s foreign policy?
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STARTER – OCTOBER 10TH
What were the effects and Alien and Sedition Acts?
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Development of Political Parties
Washington “above” politics, but a federalist
Federalist party emerges John Adams, Hamilton, etc
Characteristics Pro industrial development
Pro British
Pro strong central government
“Looser” interpretation of Constitution
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Development of Political Parties
Democratic-Republicans (D-Rs) Thomas Jefferson, Madison, etc
Characteristics Pro agriculture
Pro revolutionary France
Pro “common” man
Pro States rights (vs. strong central government)
Strict interpretation of Constitution
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Election of 1796
First post-Washington election
John Adams (F) – 71 EV
Thomas Jefferson (D-R) – 68 EV
Thomas Pinckney (F) – 59 EV
Aaron Burr (D-R) – 30 EV
President = John Adams (F)VP = Thomas Jefferson (D-R)
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President, VP From Different Parties
Constitution
President to be person with most EVs
VP to be person with second most EVs
No concept of “ticket” or pres, VP running together
Founders did not anticipate rise of political parties
Became big problem in Adams’ Admin.
VP Jefferson Pres. Adams
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John Adams
Born in Massachusetts
Raised a “puritan-lite” Became a lawyer
Second cousins to Samuel Adams
Joined patriot cause after Stamp Act
Popularized argument “no taxation without representation”
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John Adams
During Rev. War, served in Continental Congress Served on “Committee of 5” Looked to for advice on
forming governments / writing constitutions
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Adams in Europe
1777 – Adams sent to France as diplomat
Sent back to Europe to negotiate peace treaty, 1779-80
Continued to serve as ambassador to Holland (1780-82), England (1785-88)
Portrait of Treaty of Paris negotiators(British refused to pose – portrait neverFinished)
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Vice President Adams
Came in second in election of 1788, 1792 (second of revolutionary generation, only after Washington)
Washington rarely asked Adams’ opinion
Adams’ main job = president of Senate
His opinion on the Vice-presidency:
"My country has in its wisdom contrived for me the most insignificant office that ever the invention of man contrived or his imagination conceived."
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President Adams: Foreign Policy
Continued neutrality Adams wanted to stay out
of war between Britain, France
Problem: Jay’s Treaty angered French, so they began attacking American shipping
Adams sent diplomats to negotiate with French (Pinckney, Gerry, Marshall)
French (in distance) bearing downon damaged American ship
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John Adams: XYZ Affair
Three French agents demanded $250k bribe, $12 million loan to help French fight wars and public apology just to let Americans see French foreign minister
Americans went home, instead
Americans (at left) facing Frenchrevolutionary demands, in US
newspaper cartoon
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John Adams: XYZ Affair
Jefferson demanded to see reports from diplomats (Why?)
Released to public, changing French agents’ names to X, Y and Z
Huge public outcry: “Millions for defense, but not one cent for tribute!”
Token handed out during XYZ Affair
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Assignment
The scenario: Imagine that someone is blackmailing you for $1,000. If you do not pay, they will tell your parents (or friends, boyfriend, etc) your deepest darkest secret. You have the money to pay them….but you really don’t want to.
What is your final decision? Why?
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JOHN ADAMS: “QUASI-WAR”
Quasi-War: No declaration, but French, American warships attacked each other and merchant ships
American negotiators offered French same terms as Jays Treaty, but French refused
1800: Adams renegotiated treaty US drops claim for damaged
merchant ships France released US from alliance
of 1778 Weakened US affection for
French
USS Constellation – active duringQuasi War
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John Adams: Domestic Affairs Alien-Sedition Acts (1798)
Alien Friends Act Authorized the president to deport any resident alien
considered "dangerous to the peace and safety of the United States.”
Aimed at French sympathizers Alien Enemies Act (still in effect)
authorized the president to apprehend and deport resident aliens if their home countries were at war with the United States
Naturalization Act Extended the duration of residence required for aliens to
become citizens to 14 years Sedition Act
made it a crime to publish "false, scandalous, and malicious writing" against the government or its officials
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John Adams: Domestic Affairs Reaction to Sedition Act Jefferson: Unconstitutional!!
First Amendment Tenth Amendment No Judicial Review yet (M v M in 1803) –
thus, exercise of “undelegated powers” by Feds
TJ, James Madison introduce KY and VA Resolutions Called on states to nullify laws Compact theory: US made up of
voluntary union of states giving some power to central gov’t; but states do not give away their sovereignty
If state’s sovereignty violated, then state had right to nullify Federal act or secede from union
“The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people.”
“Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the Press . . .”
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John Adams: Domestic AffairsAlien-Sedition Acts in
Action No aliens deported (many
fled) 25 people, mainly D-R
newspaper editors, arrested under Sedition Act (incl. 1 congressman!)
11 tried, 10 convictedLed to end of Federalist
Party Federalists tossed out of
office After his election, President
Jefferson pardoned all those convicted under Sedition Act
The power of the press . . .
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The 1800 Election
One of the nastiest elections ever (slander, personal attacks) Jefferson v. Adams Campaign destroyed
friendship, for years Jefferson, Burr tie; election
goes to Federalist House On 35 ballots, deadlocked 8
states to 8 states On 36th ballot, Hamilton
convinced other Federalists to change vote to Jefferson (Burr was personal enemy)
Jefferson (D-R) 73Burr (D-R) 73J. Adams (F) 65Pinckney (F) 64
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1800 Election Aftermath
12th Amendment President, VP run as a ticket Each elector casts 1 vote for a president, & 1
vote for a VP President, VP must win absolute majority of EC
votes Deadlocks go to House, where each state gets
one vote for any of top 3 ticketsFederalists lose control of legislature, Fed
bureaucracyAdams: Midnight appointments to judiciary
(eventually leads to Marbury v. Madison)
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New Republic Timeline
Constitutional Convention Shay’s Rebellion Adoption of the Articles of
Confederation Shays’ Rebellion George Washington’s
Presidency John Adam’s Presidency XYZ Affair Election of 1796 Election of 1800 Jay’s Treaty Whiskey Rebellion
Choose 8 of the events listed below. You will plot those 8 events on a timeline. You will draw a picture in the background
of your timeline that represents on of those events.
On the back or a separate sheet of paper, write a 3 sentence description of each even you chose.
Pinckney’s Treaty Judiciary Act of 1789 Quasi-War Alien and Sedition Acts Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions Adoption of the Constitution