Download - Federal Emergency Management Agency Unit 5 - 1 U nit 3- Mitigation Measures by Type of Disaster
Federal Emergency Management AgencyUnit 5 - 1
UUnit 3- Mitigation Measures nit 3- Mitigation Measures by Type of Disasterby Type of Disaster
Federal Emergency Management AgencyUnit 3E - 2
EarthquakesEarthquakes
Location of EarthquakesLocation of Earthquakes
Federal Emergency Management AgencyUnit 3E - 3
Typical earthquake hazards:Typical earthquake hazards: Lateral and vertical ground motionsLateral and vertical ground motions DisplacementsDisplacements Soil Settlement/LiquefactionSoil Settlement/Liquefaction Secondary effectsSecondary effects
EarthquakesEarthquakes
Federal Emergency Management AgencyUnit 3E - 4
Ground Motions (Shear and
Overturning)
Earthquake HazardsEarthquake Hazards
Federal Emergency Management AgencyUnit 3E - 5
Displacements
(Gravity Effects)
Earthquake HazardsEarthquake Hazards
Federal Emergency Management AgencyUnit 3E - 6
Soil Settlement/
Liquefaction
Earthquake HazardsEarthquake Hazards
Federal Emergency Management AgencyUnit 3E - 7
Secondary Effects (landslides, tsunamis)
Earthquake HazardsEarthquake Hazards
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Earthquake Mitigation - Earthquake Mitigation - BuildingsBuildings
Most commonly damaged Most commonly damaged facilities in earthquakesfacilities in earthquakes
Commonly damaged componentsCommonly damaged components Structural Building ElementsStructural Building Elements Non-Structural Building ElementsNon-Structural Building Elements Building Utility SystemsBuilding Utility Systems Building ContentsBuilding Contents
Federal Emergency Management AgencyUnit 3E - 9
Earthquake Mitigation – Earthquake Mitigation – Structural Building ElementsStructural Building Elements
Typically damaged byTypically damaged by Deficient Wall BracingDeficient Wall Bracing Weak Floor/Roof SystemsWeak Floor/Roof Systems Weak ConnectionsWeak Connections Soft Story ConditionSoft Story Condition Lack of Reinforcement/ConfinementLack of Reinforcement/Confinement Poor Seismic ResponsePoor Seismic Response
Federal Emergency Management AgencyUnit 3E - 10
Scenario:Scenario: The county warehouse, an un-reinforced The county warehouse, an un-reinforced
masonry building, suffered earthquake masonry building, suffered earthquake damage to its load-bearing outer walls.damage to its load-bearing outer walls.
Determine possible mitigation Determine possible mitigation measuresmeasures
Earthquake Mitigation – Earthquake Mitigation – Structural Building ElementsStructural Building Elements
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Mitigation for Mitigation for Deficient Wall Deficient Wall BracingBracing
Reinforce with Reinforce with shear walls, cross shear walls, cross bracingbracing
Brace long walls Brace long walls with crosswallswith crosswalls
Brace cripple wallsBrace cripple walls
Earthquake Mitigation – Earthquake Mitigation – Structural Building ElementsStructural Building Elements
Federal Emergency Management AgencyUnit 3E - 12
Typically damaged byTypically damaged by Deficient Bracing of Exterior ElementsDeficient Bracing of Exterior Elements Poor Anchorage of Interior ElementsPoor Anchorage of Interior Elements
Earthquake Mitigation – Non-Earthquake Mitigation – Non-Structural Building ElementsStructural Building Elements
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Mitigation for Mitigation for Deficient Bracing of Deficient Bracing of Exterior ElementsExterior Elements
Brace parapetsBrace parapets Anchor cornicesAnchor cornices Brace/support Brace/support
chimneyschimneys Secure wall panel Secure wall panel
anchorsanchors Brace large windowsBrace large windows Strengthen window Strengthen window
glassglass
Earthquake Mitigation – Non-Earthquake Mitigation – Non-Structural Building ElementsStructural Building Elements
Federal Emergency Management AgencyUnit 3E - 14
Mitigation for Poor Mitigation for Poor Anchorage of Anchorage of Interior ElementsInterior Elements
Secure suspended Secure suspended ceilingsceilings
Secure overhead/ Secure overhead/ pendant lighting pendant lighting fixturesfixtures
Brace interior Brace interior partitionspartitions
Anchor raised Anchor raised computer floorscomputer floors
Earthquake Mitigation – Non-Earthquake Mitigation – Non-Structural Building ElementsStructural Building Elements
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Typically damaged byTypically damaged by Poor Anchorage of EquipmentPoor Anchorage of Equipment Improper ConnectionsImproper Connections
Earthquake Mitigation – Earthquake Mitigation – Building Utility SystemsBuilding Utility Systems
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Mitigation for Poor Mitigation for Poor Anchorage of Anchorage of EquipmentEquipment
Anchor heavy Anchor heavy equipmentequipment
Secure propane Secure propane tanks/gas cylinderstanks/gas cylinders
Secure elevator Secure elevator counterweightscounterweights
Install elevator seismic Install elevator seismic cutoff systemcutoff system
Earthquake Mitigation – Earthquake Mitigation – Building Utility SystemsBuilding Utility Systems
Federal Emergency Management AgencyUnit 3E - 17
Mitigation for Mitigation for Improper Improper ConnectionsConnections
Brace overhead Brace overhead utility pipesutility pipes
Secure HVAC Secure HVAC ductsducts
Install flexible Install flexible connections, connections, shutoff valvesshutoff valves
Earthquake Mitigation – Earthquake Mitigation – Building Utility SystemsBuilding Utility Systems
Federal Emergency Management AgencyUnit 3E - 18
Typically damaged byTypically damaged by Movement of FurnishingsMovement of Furnishings
Earthquake Mitigation – Earthquake Mitigation – ContentsContents
Federal Emergency Management AgencyUnit 3E - 19
Mitigation for Mitigation for Movement of Movement of FurnishingsFurnishings
Restrain desktop Restrain desktop computers & computers & equipmentequipment
Secure hazardous Secure hazardous materialsmaterials
Anchor automated Anchor automated filing systemsfiling systems
Secure miscellaneous Secure miscellaneous furnishingsfurnishings
Earthquake Mitigation – Earthquake Mitigation – ContentsContents
Federal Emergency Management AgencyUnit 3E - 20
Typically damaged byTypically damaged by Poor Equipment Anchorage/StabilityPoor Equipment Anchorage/Stability Soil Movement/Settlement Soil Movement/Settlement Shaking of Tank StructuresShaking of Tank Structures
Earthquake Mitigation – Earthquake Mitigation – UtilitiesUtilities
Federal Emergency Management AgencyUnit 3E - 21
Scenario:Scenario: Soil settlement as the result of an Soil settlement as the result of an
earthquake ruptured the city’s 24-inch earthquake ruptured the city’s 24-inch underground water main.underground water main.
Determine possible mitigation Determine possible mitigation measuresmeasures
Earthquake Mitigation – Earthquake Mitigation – UtilitiesUtilities
Federal Emergency Management AgencyUnit 3E - 22
Mitigation for Soil Mitigation for Soil Movement/ Movement/ SettlementSettlement
Install expansion Install expansion jointsjoints
Restrain pipesRestrain pipes Improve pipe Improve pipe
materialsmaterials
Earthquake Mitigation – Earthquake Mitigation – UtilitiesUtilities
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Typically damaged byTypically damaged by Pier FailurePier Failure Slab FailureSlab Failure Span FailureSpan Failure Cap Beam FailureCap Beam Failure
Focus on highway bridgesFocus on highway bridges
Earthquake Mitigation – Earthquake Mitigation – BridgesBridges
Federal Emergency Management AgencyUnit 3E - 24
Scenario:Scenario: A two-span county bridge was damaged A two-span county bridge was damaged
when earthquake shaking caused one of when earthquake shaking caused one of the spans to fall off the center pier.the spans to fall off the center pier.
Determine possible mitigation Determine possible mitigation measuresmeasures
Earthquake Mitigation – Earthquake Mitigation – BridgesBridges
Federal Emergency Management AgencyUnit 3E - 25
Mitigation for Span Mitigation for Span FailureFailure
Add cable restrainersAdd cable restrainers Construct shear blocksConstruct shear blocks Install diaphragms to Install diaphragms to
brace spansbrace spans Extend bearing seatsExtend bearing seats Add lock-up devices to Add lock-up devices to
jointsjoints Add isolation bearingsAdd isolation bearings Eliminate simply Eliminate simply
supported spanssupported spans
Earthquake Mitigation – Earthquake Mitigation – BridgesBridges