federal emergency management agency unit 5 - 1 u nit 3- mitigation measures by type of disaster

Federal Emergency Management AgencyUnit 5 - 1

UUnit 3- Mitigation Measures nit 3- Mitigation Measures by Type of Disasterby Type of Disaster

Federal Emergency Management AgencyUnit 3E - 2

EarthquakesEarthquakes

Location of EarthquakesLocation of Earthquakes


Typical earthquake hazards:Typical earthquake hazards: Lateral and vertical ground motionsLateral and vertical ground motions DisplacementsDisplacements Soil Settlement/LiquefactionSoil Settlement/Liquefaction Secondary effectsSecondary effects

EarthquakesEarthquakes


Ground Motions (Shear and

Overturning)

Earthquake HazardsEarthquake Hazards


Displacements

(Gravity Effects)



Soil Settlement/

Liquefaction



Secondary Effects (landslides, tsunamis)



Earthquake Mitigation - Earthquake Mitigation - BuildingsBuildings

Most commonly damaged Most commonly damaged facilities in earthquakesfacilities in earthquakes

Commonly damaged componentsCommonly damaged components Structural Building ElementsStructural Building Elements Non-Structural Building ElementsNon-Structural Building Elements Building Utility SystemsBuilding Utility Systems Building ContentsBuilding Contents


Earthquake Mitigation – Earthquake Mitigation – Structural Building ElementsStructural Building Elements

Typically damaged byTypically damaged by Deficient Wall BracingDeficient Wall Bracing Weak Floor/Roof SystemsWeak Floor/Roof Systems Weak ConnectionsWeak Connections Soft Story ConditionSoft Story Condition Lack of Reinforcement/ConfinementLack of Reinforcement/Confinement Poor Seismic ResponsePoor Seismic Response


Scenario:Scenario: The county warehouse, an un-reinforced The county warehouse, an un-reinforced

masonry building, suffered earthquake masonry building, suffered earthquake damage to its load-bearing outer walls.damage to its load-bearing outer walls.

Determine possible mitigation Determine possible mitigation measuresmeasures



Mitigation for Mitigation for Deficient Wall Deficient Wall BracingBracing

Reinforce with Reinforce with shear walls, cross shear walls, cross bracingbracing

Brace long walls Brace long walls with crosswallswith crosswalls

Brace cripple wallsBrace cripple walls



Typically damaged byTypically damaged by Deficient Bracing of Exterior ElementsDeficient Bracing of Exterior Elements Poor Anchorage of Interior ElementsPoor Anchorage of Interior Elements

Earthquake Mitigation – Non-Earthquake Mitigation – Non-Structural Building ElementsStructural Building Elements


Mitigation for Mitigation for Deficient Bracing of Deficient Bracing of Exterior ElementsExterior Elements

Brace parapetsBrace parapets Anchor cornicesAnchor cornices Brace/support Brace/support

chimneyschimneys Secure wall panel Secure wall panel

anchorsanchors Brace large windowsBrace large windows Strengthen window Strengthen window

glassglass



Mitigation for Poor Mitigation for Poor Anchorage of Anchorage of Interior ElementsInterior Elements

Secure suspended Secure suspended ceilingsceilings

Secure overhead/ Secure overhead/ pendant lighting pendant lighting fixturesfixtures

Brace interior Brace interior partitionspartitions

Anchor raised Anchor raised computer floorscomputer floors



Typically damaged byTypically damaged by Poor Anchorage of EquipmentPoor Anchorage of Equipment Improper ConnectionsImproper Connections

Earthquake Mitigation – Earthquake Mitigation – Building Utility SystemsBuilding Utility Systems


Mitigation for Poor Mitigation for Poor Anchorage of Anchorage of EquipmentEquipment

Anchor heavy Anchor heavy equipmentequipment

Secure propane Secure propane tanks/gas cylinderstanks/gas cylinders

Secure elevator Secure elevator counterweightscounterweights

Install elevator seismic Install elevator seismic cutoff systemcutoff system



Mitigation for Mitigation for Improper Improper ConnectionsConnections

Brace overhead Brace overhead utility pipesutility pipes

Secure HVAC Secure HVAC ductsducts

Install flexible Install flexible connections, connections, shutoff valvesshutoff valves



Typically damaged byTypically damaged by Movement of FurnishingsMovement of Furnishings

Earthquake Mitigation – Earthquake Mitigation – ContentsContents


Mitigation for Mitigation for Movement of Movement of FurnishingsFurnishings

Restrain desktop Restrain desktop computers & computers & equipmentequipment

Secure hazardous Secure hazardous materialsmaterials

Anchor automated Anchor automated filing systemsfiling systems

Secure miscellaneous Secure miscellaneous furnishingsfurnishings

Earthquake Mitigation – Earthquake Mitigation – ContentsContents


Typically damaged byTypically damaged by Poor Equipment Anchorage/StabilityPoor Equipment Anchorage/Stability Soil Movement/Settlement Soil Movement/Settlement Shaking of Tank StructuresShaking of Tank Structures

Earthquake Mitigation – Earthquake Mitigation – UtilitiesUtilities


Scenario:Scenario: Soil settlement as the result of an Soil settlement as the result of an

earthquake ruptured the city’s 24-inch earthquake ruptured the city’s 24-inch underground water main.underground water main.




Mitigation for Soil Mitigation for Soil Movement/ Movement/ SettlementSettlement

Install expansion Install expansion jointsjoints

Restrain pipesRestrain pipes Improve pipe Improve pipe

materialsmaterials



Typically damaged byTypically damaged by Pier FailurePier Failure Slab FailureSlab Failure Span FailureSpan Failure Cap Beam FailureCap Beam Failure

Focus on highway bridgesFocus on highway bridges

Earthquake Mitigation – Earthquake Mitigation – BridgesBridges


Scenario:Scenario: A two-span county bridge was damaged A two-span county bridge was damaged

when earthquake shaking caused one of when earthquake shaking caused one of the spans to fall off the center pier.the spans to fall off the center pier.




Mitigation for Span Mitigation for Span FailureFailure

Add cable restrainersAdd cable restrainers Construct shear blocksConstruct shear blocks Install diaphragms to Install diaphragms to

brace spansbrace spans Extend bearing seatsExtend bearing seats Add lock-up devices to Add lock-up devices to

jointsjoints Add isolation bearingsAdd isolation bearings Eliminate simply Eliminate simply

supported spanssupported spans


federal emergency management agency unit 5 - 1 u nit 3- mitigation measures by type of disaster

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