Download - Erik Erikson
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Erik Erikson
Psychosocial Development
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Erikson Versus Freud
• Erikson felt Freud placed undue emphasis on sexual instincts in regard to personality.
• Eriskon said the climate of the mother-infant relationship is much more important to personality development.
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Psychosocial Development
• Proposed stages of personality development based on social stages of life.
• Erikson’s stages focus on conflicts throughout our life spans and how we deal with and make decisions regarding those conflicts.
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The Stages of Development
• Each is labeled according to possible outcomes, which are opposites.
• Resolution of each stage is extremely important.• Erikson assumed most people would end up with
a blending of the outcomes of these stages.• Erikson said the goal of adolescence was to attain
ego identity, or a firm sense of what one stands for.
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Importance of Ego Identity
• Connecting skills learned in elementary school with occupations in adult years
• Without a firm grasp on ego identity, one is likely to submit to peer pressure and short-sighted hedonism.
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Trust vs. Mistrust (birth- 1 1/2 yrs)
Infants are totally dependent on others – learns to trust others.
• At this stage the caregiver provides food, warmth, and the comfort of physical closeness.
Trust means the child can rely on the caregiver whereas mistrust would mean the child can not rely on the caregiver for meeting basic needs.
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Trust vs. Mistrust Outcomes
Adequate Resolution• Basic sense of safety, security; ability to
rely on forces outside oneself
Inadequate Resolution• Insecurity, anxiety
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Autonomy vs. Self-Doubt1 1/2 – 3 yrs)
• Child tries to become an individual by simple tasks such as walking, talking, using the bathroom
• Autonomy means the child has been able to master a few task on his/her own and therefore feels like a worthy person.
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Autonomy vs. Self-DoubtOutcomes
Adequate Resolution• Perception of self as agent; capable of
controlling one’s own body
Inadequate Resolution• Feelings of inadequacy about self-control or
control over events
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Initiative vs. Guilt(3 – 6 yrs)
• Child tries to take control of environment-choosing what the wear and what to eat
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Initiative Guilt
Often initiate activities Spend time imagining what they want to do, then
think of ways to do those things. Children need to know their ideas, questions &
concepts matter to others Children need chances to create play ideas and put
them into action
Parents scold instead of encourage
Children’s play ideas are not praised
Belittle and ridicule children
Punishing children for acting on their ideas
No encouragement to think or be creative
Parents convey to children that their ideas are not valuable or worthwhile
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Initiative vs. GuiltOutcomes
Adequate Resolution• Confidence in oneself as being able to
initiate or create
Inadequate Resolution• Feeling a lack of self-worth
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Competency vs. Inferiority(6 – puberty)
School activities, sports, social affiliation is extremely important during these years
We become interested in how things are made, how they work, and what they do
Parents are no longer the only influence on stages.
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Competency vs. InferiorityOutcomes
Adequate Resolution• Adequacy in basic social and intellectual
skills; acceptance by peers
Inadequate Resolution• Lack of self-confidence, feelings of failure
both academically and socially
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Identity vs. Identity Role Confusion(13 – 18 yrs)
Seeks to answer “Who am I?” “Will someone love who I am?” “What is my role in life?”
Peers & group identity are important. Confusion results if fail to develop
sense of self
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Identity vs. Identity Role ConfusionOutcomes
Adequate Resolution• Comfortable sense of self as a person, both
unique and socially accepted
Inadequate Resolution• Sense of self as fragmented , shifted,
unclear sense of self
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Intimacy vs. Isolation(18 - 30 yrs)
Formation of permanent relationships Sharing on an intimate level Weeding out of social affiliations Loneliness results without intimacy
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Intimacy vs. IsolationOutcomes
Adequate Resolution• Capacity for closeness and commitment to
others
Inadequate Resolution• Feelings of aloneness, loneliness,
separation; denial of intimacy needs
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Generativity vs. Stagnation(30 – 65 yrs)
Person must give (generate) something important to the world
If does not generate, then he/she is psychologically at a stand-still (stagnation)
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Generativity vs. StagnationOutcomes
Adequate Resolution• Focus on concern beyond oneself, to family,
society, future generations
Inadequate Resolution• Self-indulgent concerns; lack of future
orientation
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Ego Integrity vs. Ego Despair( from 65 yrs on)
Accept the end is near. Find that life was worthwhile – Ego
Integrity. When one looks back and feels no
sense of accomplishment – Ego Despair
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Ego Integrity vs. Ego DespairOutcomes
Adequate Resolution• Sense of wholeness; basic satisfaction with
life
Inadequate Resolution• Feelings of futility, disappointment