Energy Systems and Storage Integration R&D at NREL
David Mooney
April 5, 2011
Renewable and Efficiency Technology Integration
Highly Efficient •Integrated Renewables
Distributed & Utility‐Scale Renewable Power
Integrated and Sustainable
Renewable Fuels
Highly Efficient • Fuel Flexible
Community & Industrial Systems
Electricity Generation & Delivery Systems
Fuel Production Systems
Transportation Systems
The Built Environment
Integrated SystemsSustainable Design
Su
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Sys
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Provide Credible and Objective Data and Analyses to InformPolicy and Investment Decisions
Create the Lab of the Future to Support Innovation and Serve as a Leadership Example for Sustainable Development
Deliver Market‐Relevant Scientific and Technical Knowledge and Sustainable Energy
Innovations
Enable Integration of Renewable and
Efficiency Technologies in Systems at all Scales
Increase the Speed of Commercialization and
the Scale of Deployment
NR
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Str
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By 2035, 80% of America’s electricity will come from clean energy sources
Support deployment of 1 million electric vehicles (EVs) on the road by 2015
Double renewable energy generation by 2012
Reduce our daily petroleum consumption in 2020 by 3.5 million barrels (18%), from a 19-million barrel baseline, and by 85% by 2050
Reduce energy-related greenhouse gas emissions by 17% by 2020 and 83% by 2050, from a 2005 baseline
Renewable and Efficiency Technology Integration
Storage Technology Efforts at NREL
Renewable and Efficiency Technology Integration
Concentrating Solar Power Offers Near-Term Storage Solutions
Central Receiver: Pre-commercial, pilot-scale deployments
Parabolic Troughs: Commercial, utility-scale deployments
Renewable and Efficiency Technology Integration
Parabolic Trough Power Plant
Renewable and Efficiency Technology Integration
Parabolic Trough Power Plant w/ 2-Tank Indirect Molten Salt Thermal Storage
HX
HotTank
ColdTank
Renewable and Efficiency Technology Integration
50 MW AndaSol One and TwoParabolic Trough Plant w/ 7-hr Storage, Andalucía
Scenario Wind PV CSP w storage
Low penetration (10% wind, 1% solar) 13.5% 35.0% 94.5%
Med penetration (20% wind, 3% solar) 12.8% 29.3% 94.8%
High penetration (30% wind, 5% solar) 12.3% 27.7% 95.3%
Renewable and Efficiency Technology Integration
Wind2Battery Project•The first installation of a battery (1 MW Sodium-Sulfur) as a direct wind energy storage device in the United States
•Xcel Energy an NREL are conducting the Wind2Battery project in order to evaluate the effectiveness of NaS battery technology in facilitating the integration of wind energy onto the grid. This includes the investigation of:
• Basic Generation Storage, Economic Dispatch, Frequency Regulation, Wind Smoothing, and Wind Leveling
•NREL supported Xcel Energy’s analysis efforts through:
• Modeling of the W2B system including battery and related power systems
• Creation of a web application for use in data processing and visualization
•NREL also created a battery model that can be used to model any configuration and type of battery, accessible from a web application
Renewable and Efficiency Technology Integration
Container Integrated Concept
Mobile Hybrid Power for Forward Operations
Renewable and Efficiency Technology Integration
Storage in Grid Integration Studies
Renewable and Efficiency Technology Integration
• Storage is always useful, but may not always be economic
• Detailed simulation of power system operation find no needfor storage up to 35% penetration
• Experience with more than 31,000 MW of installed wind in the US shows no need for storage
• However: storage can be very beneficial with and without RE
• Depends on cost-benefit
Large-scale studies (EWITS and WWSIS) do not find a need for storage at RE penetrations up to 35% of all electricity, although storage does have value
What Do Large-Scale Integration Studies Find?
Renewable and Efficiency Technology Integration
Flexibility and Economics are Key
• In addition to storage, additional sources of flexibility may be needed at high penetration rates
newer types of generation: CTs, reciprocating engines
• Institutional flexibility
Fast energy markets
Sub-hourly scheduling protocols with neighboring balancing areas
• Demand response
• Plug-hybrid vehicles in the future
Renewable and Efficiency Technology Integration
Dispatch during mid-April
No Wind/Solar 35% Wind/Solar
Renewable and Efficiency Technology Integration
Current and Future Integration Labs
Renewable and Efficiency Technology Integration
DC Bus – Allows up to 10 DC device (Battery, PV) connections
AC Bus (3Phase, 480V, 400A rated) – Allows up to 15 AC device (inverters, microturbine, generators) connections
Switch Panel – Computer controlled. Allows tester to easily configure systems.
NREL Distributed Energy Resource Test FacilityAdvancing Renewable, Distributed Energy, and Hydrogen Technologies
Renewable and Efficiency Technology Integration
Distributed Energy InterconnectionDistributed Energy
ResourcesInterconnection Technologies
Electric Power Systems
Fuel Cell PV
Microturbine Wind
Generator
Inverter
Switchgear, Relays, & Controls
Functions
• Power Conversion
• Power Conditioning
• Power Quality
• Protection
• DER and Load Control
• Ancillary Services
• Communications
• Metering
Microgrids
Energy Storage
Loads
Local Loads
Load Simulators
Utility System
PHEV - V2G
Renewable and Efficiency Technology Integration
ESIF – The Future of Integration R&D at NREL
LaboratoriesHPC Offices
Renewable and Efficiency Technology Integration
180,000 sq. ft.24 Laboratories400 Teraflop Computer200 researchersDesign 2010 - 2011Construction start 2011Completion early 2013
180,000 sq. ft.24 Laboratories400 Teraflop Computer200 researchersDesign 2010 - 2011Construction start 2011Completion early 2013
ESIF
VisitorCenter
RSF
S&TF
ESIF Snapshot
Renewable and Efficiency Technology Integration
ESIF Design
• Integration RD&E for– PV– CSP– Wind– H2– Built environment– Demand side tech– Storage– Smart grid– Microgrids
• Indoor and outdoor labs and test beds
Renewable and Efficiency Technology Integration
Creating Unique National Assets
• High-power (2+ MW scale at 480V and 13kV) capability to test prototype hardware
• Renewable and efficiency hardware-in-the-loop testing of components and systems into full scale simulations of the distribution and transmission systems as well as the built environment
• Virtual utility operations and simulation dedicated to integration of RE and EE technologies at scale
• Smart grid testing and validation lab
• 400+ teraflop computer with petabyte data center dedicated to EE and RE
3 kW Load Bank
15 kW Load Bank Inverter #1
AC OutputELGAR Grid Simulator #1
Power Electronics AC Bus Device #8
Power Electronics AC Bus 4 Relay
ELGAR Grid Simulator #2
Power Electronics Test
Bench
PAD1 PAD2 PAD3 PAD4
PAB3
PAB4
PAB2
Each relay shown includes integrated voltage and current sensing with communication to the master SCADA
Configurable fused disconnect (FD) (“lug or plug”)
PAB1
PAD9 PAD10 PAD11 PAD12
PAD5 PAD6 PAD7 PAD8
PAD13 PAD14 PAD15 PAD16
AC Bus 1 Venus
AC Bus 2 Venus
AC Bus 3 Venus
AC Bus 4 Venus AC Bus 4 Mars
AC Bus 3 Mars
AC Bus 2 Mars
AC Bus 1 Mars
Device Under Test (DUT)
DUT
FD FD FD FD FD FD FD FD
FD FD FD FD FD FD FD FD
Renewable and Efficiency Technology Integration
Hardware Validation and System Simulation IntegrationHardware- and Systems-in-the-Loop
HIL I/OInterface
Visualization Interface
Load Banks
Grid Simulator
PV Array
Simulation and Visualization at ESIF
Actual hardware at ESIF
Subdevelopment with PV at end of circuit
Utility Substation
Inverter is replicated in 100 homes on circuit
Actual utility circuit model
Unit under test
• State of the art electric systems simulation and visualization in an HPC environment
• Component and systems testing and validation at MW-scale powers
• Integration of functioning systems with utility system simulations for real-time, real-power evaluation of high penetration scenarios
Renewable and Efficiency Technology Integration
Integration of Transmission and Distribution Systems Operations
PNNL ‐ Electricity Infrastructure Operations Center (EIOC) ‐Managing the transmission andsub‐transmission networks of regional utilities
Distribution/ Transmission
Interface
Building Loads
Grid Simulator
Distributed Generation
Transmission ModelDistribution Model
Hardware/ Distribution Simulation
Interface
Actual Hardware
NREL ‐ Energy Systems Integration Facility (ESIF) – Integration of actual and simulation distributed generation and local loads and the distribution system
ESIF will enable the development of the tools and techniques needed to actively manage the distribution system and have it reliably interface with the transmission system under high RE penetration scenarios.